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Koehle MS. Physiological impacts of atmospheric pollution: Effects of environmental air pollution on exercise. Physiol Rep 2024; 12:e16005. [PMID: 38605426 PMCID: PMC11009369 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.16005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
In this review, we discuss some of the recent advances in our understanding of the physiology of the air pollution and exercise. The key areas covered include the effect of exercise intensity, the effects of pre-exposure to air pollution, acclimation to air pollution, and the utility of masks during exercise. Although higher intensity exercise leads to an increase in the inhaled dose of pollutants for a given distance traveled, the acute effects of (diesel exhaust) air pollution do not appear to be more pronounced. Second, exposure to air pollution outside of exercise bouts seems to have an effect on exercise response, although little research has examined this relationship. Third, humans appear to have an ability to acclimate to ground level ozone, but not other pollutants. And finally, masks may have beneficial effects on certain outcomes at low intensity exercise in pollution with significant levels of particles, but more study is required in realistic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Stephen Koehle
- School of KinesiologyUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
- Division of Sport & Exercise MedicineUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
- Canadian Sport Institute – PacificVictoriaBritish ColumbiaCanada
- Athletics CanadaOttawaOntarioCanada
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2
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Cao M, Zheng C, Zhou H, Wang X, Chen Z, Zhang L, Cao X, Tian Y, Han X, Liu H, Liu Y, Xue T, Wang Z, Guan T. Air pollution attenuated the benefits of physical activity on blood pressure: Evidence from a nationwide cross-sectional study. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 262:115345. [PMID: 37572623 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although physical activity (PA) has multiple health benefits, the inhaled dose of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) during PA may increase. The trade-off between harmful effects of PM2.5 exposure and protective effects of PA remain unclear. Our study aims to examine the joint effects of PA and PM2.5 exposure on blood pressure (BP) in Chinese adults. METHODS A total of 203,108 adults aged ≥ 18 years from the China Hypertension Survey study (2012-2015) were included. Individual-level PA was assessed as minutes of metabolic equivalent tasks per week (MET-min/week). The average weekly PM2.5 exposures were estimated by using a spatial resolution of 10 km, integrating multiple data sources, including monitoring values, satellite measurements and model simulations. BP was measured with a professional portable BP monitor. Generalized linear regressions were used to estimate joint associations and to further explore two-dimensional nonlinear associations. RESULTS The median PA and 4-week PM2.5 average exposures were 3213.0 MET-min/week and 47.8 μg/m3, respectively. PA was negatively associated with BP, while PM2.5 exposure was positively with BP. The associations between PA and systolic BP were significantly modified by PM2.5 exposure (Pinteraction < 0.001). Compared with inactive participants under low PM2.5 exposure, those with highest level of PA under low PM2.5 exposure had a 0.90 (95 % CI: 0.53, 1.26) mmHg decrease in systolic BP, whereas they had a 0.48 (95 % CI: 0.07, 0.89) mmHg increase under high PM2.5 exposure. When PM2.5 exposure was approximately > 25 μg/m3, the joint exposure to total PA and PM2.5 was associated with an increase in systolic BP. CONCLUSIONS The benefits of PA on BP were counteracted by high PM2.5 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Cao
- School of Health Policy and Management, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Congyi Zheng
- Division of Prevention and Community Health, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, National Clinical Research Center of Cardiovascular Disease, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Haoqi Zhou
- Division of Prevention and Community Health, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, National Clinical Research Center of Cardiovascular Disease, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Division of Prevention and Community Health, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, National Clinical Research Center of Cardiovascular Disease, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zuo Chen
- Division of Prevention and Community Health, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, National Clinical Research Center of Cardiovascular Disease, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Linfeng Zhang
- Division of Prevention and Community Health, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, National Clinical Research Center of Cardiovascular Disease, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Cao
- Division of Prevention and Community Health, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, National Clinical Research Center of Cardiovascular Disease, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yixin Tian
- Division of Prevention and Community Health, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, National Clinical Research Center of Cardiovascular Disease, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xueyan Han
- School of Health Policy and Management, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hengyi Liu
- Institute of Reproductive and Child Health/National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanli Liu
- School of Health Policy and Management, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Xue
- Institute of Reproductive and Child Health/National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zengwu Wang
- Division of Prevention and Community Health, National Center for Cardiovascular Disease, National Clinical Research Center of Cardiovascular Disease, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
| | - Tianjia Guan
- School of Health Policy and Management, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
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Marmett B, Carvalho RB, Silva GND, Dorneles GP, Romão PRT, Nunes RB, Rhoden CR. The role of O 3 exposure and physical activity status on redox state, inflammation, and pulmonary toxicity of young men: A cross-sectional study. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 231:116020. [PMID: 37119842 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The exposure to traffic-related air pollutants, such as NO2 and O3, are associated with detrimental health effects, becoming one of the greatest public health issues worldwide. Exercising in polluted environments could result in harmful outcomes for health and may blunt the physiological adaptations of exercise training. This study aimed to investigate the influence of physical activity and O3 exposure on redox status, an inflammatory marker, response to stress, and pulmonary toxicity of healthy young individuals. We performed a cross-sectional study with 100 individuals that, based on their exposure to O3 and physical fitness (PF) level, were distributed in four groups: Low PF + Low O3; Low PF + High O3; High PF + Low O3; High PF + High O3. We evaluated personal exposure to NO2 and O3, physical activity level, variables of oxidative stress (SOD, ROS, CAT, GSH, TBARS), pulmonary toxicity (CC16), and inflammatory mediators (IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, HSP70). Spearman correlation test to check the association among the variables was used and to compare groups we used one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni's post hoc and Kruskal Wallis test followed by Dunn's post hoc. O3 levels correlated with physical activity (r = 0.25; p = 0.01) but not with age or markers of body composition (p > 0.05). The individuals with high physical fitness that were less exposed to O3 presented higher CAT activity (p < 0.001), lower TBARS (p < 0.01) and IL-1β concentrations (p < 0.01), higher IL-6 (p < 0.05) and IL-10 concentrations (p < 0.05), lower IL-6:1L-10 ratio (p < 0.05), lower CC16 levels (p < 0.05), and higher HSP70 concentration (p < 0.05). Physical activity could result in higher exposure to O3 that could partially blunt some exercise adaptations, while high physical fitness improved the antioxidant defense system, systemic inflammatory mediators, and pulmonary toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Marmett
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Pollution, Graduate Program in Health Science, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Roseana Boek Carvalho
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Pollution, Graduate Program in Health Science, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Gedaias Noronha da Silva
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Pollution, Graduate Program in Health Science, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Gilson Pires Dorneles
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Graduate Program in Health Science, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Pedro Roosevelt Torres Romão
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Graduate Program in Health Science, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Ramiro Barcos Nunes
- Research Department - Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Sul-rio-grandense, Gravataí, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Ramos Rhoden
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Pollution, Graduate Program in Health Science, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Beavan A, Härtel S, Spielmann J, Koehle M. Air pollution and elite adolescent soccer players' performance and well-being; an observational study. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 175:107943. [PMID: 37146470 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.107943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Exercising outdoors may inadvertently lead to individuals inhaling levels of air pollution that may be detrimental to their health and activity-related performance. Endurance athletes are a particularly susceptible subgroup due to their high ventilation rates sustained over prolonged periods of time coupled with high training loads that often occur outdoors. In this study, we estimate the effects of air pollution on a series of athletic performance parameters in an elite adolescent soccer team. METHODS External, internal, and subjective loads and wellness questionnaires were recorded for the 26 matches and 197 training sessions carried out during the 2018-19 season for a U19 team competing in Germany. Each session was combined with hourly information on the concentration of PM10, O3 and NO2 in spatial proximity to each playing field for the duration of training or playing. RESULTS Increases in PM10 and O3 had significant (p <.001) associations with decreasing total distance (m) ran per session. Furthermore, increases in O3 and NO2 concentrations were related to an increase in average heart rate (p <.05). Moreover, increases in PM10 concentration was associated with increased rating of perceived exertion (p <.001). Last, the total inhaled dose of O3 and NO2 over one session was linked to significant (p <.05) decreases in athletes' wellness scores on the following morning. DISCUSSION We find supporting evidence of the negative effects of air pollution in elite adolescent soccer players in both matches and training. The negative impacts observed on several aspects of performance are present within an elite team that regularly trained in pollution levels well within the normal ranges of what the World Health Organisation (WHO) reports to be suitable air quality. Therefore, mitigation strategies such as monitoring the air quality at the training pitch are recommended to reduce athlete exposure to air pollution even when exercising in moderate air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Beavan
- TSG ResearchLab gGmbH, Psychology Department, Zuzenhausen, Baden-Württemberg, Germany.
| | - Sascha Härtel
- TSG 1899 Hoffenheim, Physiology Department, Zuzenhausen, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Jan Spielmann
- TSG ResearchLab gGmbH, Psychology Department, Zuzenhausen, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Michael Koehle
- Environmental Physiology Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Division of Sport Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Cusick M, Rowland ST, DeFelice N. Impact of air pollution on running performance. Sci Rep 2023; 13:1832. [PMID: 36725956 PMCID: PMC9892497 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-28802-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Air pollution exposures during training may impact race preformances. We aggregated data on 334 collegiate male track & field athletes from 46 universities across the United States over 2010-2014. Using distributed lag non-linear models, we analyzed the relationship between race time and PM2.5, ozone, and two versions of the Air Quality Index (AQI) exposures up to 21 days prior to the race. We observed a 12.8 (95% CI: 1.3, 24.2) second and 11.5 (95% CI: 0.8, 22.1) second increase in race times from 21 days of PM2.5 exposure (10.0 versus 5.0 μg/m3) and ozone exposure (54.9 versus 36.9 ppm), respectively. Exposure measured by the two-pollutant threshold (PM2.5 and ozone) AQI was not significantly associated with race time; however, the association for summed two-pollutant AQI (PM2.5 plus ozone) was similar to associations observed for the individual pollutants (12.4, 95% CI: 1.8, 23.0 s). Training and competing at elevated air pollution levels, even at exposures within AQI's good-to-moderate classifications, was associated with slower race times. This work provides an initial characterization of the effect of air pollution on running performance and a justification for why coaches should consider approaches to reduce air pollution exposures while training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marika Cusick
- Department of Health Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Sebastian T Rowland
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA.,PSE Healthy Energy, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Nicholas DeFelice
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Global Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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Hung A, Koch S, Bougault V, Gee CM, Bertuzzi R, Elmore M, McCluskey P, Hidalgo L, Garcia-Aymerich J, Koehle MS. Personal strategies to mitigate the effects of air pollution exposure during sport and exercise: a narrative review and position statement by the Canadian Academy of Sport and Exercise Medicine and the Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology. Br J Sports Med 2023; 57:193-202. [PMID: 36623867 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2022-106161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution is among the leading environmental threats to health around the world today, particularly in the context of sports and exercise. With the effects of air pollution, pollution episodes (eg, wildfire conflagrations) and climate change becoming increasingly apparent to the general population, so have their impacts on sport and exercise. As such, there has been growing interest in the sporting community (ie, athletes, coaches, and sports science and medicine team members) in practical personal-level actions to reduce the exposure to and risk of air pollution. Limited evidence suggests the following strategies may be employed: minimising all exposures by time and distance, monitoring air pollution conditions for locations of interest, limiting outdoor exercise, using acclimation protocols, wearing N95 face masks and using antioxidant supplementation. The overarching purpose of this position statement by the Canadian Academy of Sport and Exercise Medicine and the Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology is to detail the current state of evidence and provide recommendations on implementing these personal strategies in preventing and mitigating the adverse health and performance effects of air pollution exposure during exercise while recognising the limited evidence base.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Hung
- School of Kinesiology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sarah Koch
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Valerie Bougault
- Laboratoire Motricité Humaine Expertise Sport Santé, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - Cameron Marshall Gee
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Athletics Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Romulo Bertuzzi
- Endurance Performance Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Paddy McCluskey
- Athletics Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Canadian Sport Institute - Pacific, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Laura Hidalgo
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Judith Garcia-Aymerich
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Michael Stephen Koehle
- School of Kinesiology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada .,Division of Sport & Exercise Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Naidu ST, Ferreira RM, Oliveira TDQ, Gondim FDL, Serra DS, Cavalcante FSÁ. Respiratory effects caused by exposure to diesel exhaust particles during moderate exercise: a murine model. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2022; 132:1536-1545. [PMID: 35446598 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00115.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Aerobic exercise is an increasing trend worldwide. However, people are increasingly exercising outdoors, alongside roadways where heavy vehicles release diesel exhaust. We analyzed respiratory effects caused by inhaled diesel particulate emitted by vehicles adhering to Brazilian legislation, PROCONVE Phase P7 (equivalent to EURO 5), as well the effects of exposure during moderate-intensity aerobic exercise. Male C57BL/6 mice were divided into four groups for a 4-wk treadmill protocol: CE (n = 8) received intranasal sterile physiological saline and then performed moderate-intensity exercise (control), CS (n = 10) received saline and then remained stationary on the treadmill (control), DS (n = 9) received intranasal diesel exhaust particles and then remained stationary, and DE (n = 10) was exposed to diesel exhaust and then exercised at moderate intensity. Mice were subsequently connected to a mechanical ventilator (SCIREQ flexiVent, Canada) to analyze the following respiratory mechanics parameters: tissue resistance, elastance, inspiratory capacity, static compliance, Newtonian resistance, and pressure-volume loop area. After euthanasia, peripheral pulmonary tissue strips were extracted and subjected to force-length tests to evaluate parenchymal elastic and mechanical properties, using oscillations applied by a computer-controlled force transducer system; parameters obtained were tissue resistance, elastance, and hysteresivity. DS displayed impaired respiratory mechanics for all parameters, in comparison with CS. DE exhibited significantly reduced inspiratory capacity and static compliance, and increased Newtonian resistance when compared with CE. Exposure to diesel exhaust, both during exercise and rest, still exerts harmful pulmonary effects, even at current legislation limits. These results justify further changes in environmental standards, to reduce the health risks caused by traffic-related pollution.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Exercise, while beneficial, is often performed in areas of greater inhaled particulates. Here we show this effect using mice exposed to controlled diesel particle inhalation and moderate aerobic exercise. Diesel particle inhalation, without or with exercise, worsened both respiratory mechanical properties associated with changes in lung tissue mechanics and morphometry.
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You Y, Wang D, Liu J, Chen Y, Ma X, Li W. Physical Exercise in the Context of Air Pollution: An Emerging Research Topic. Front Physiol 2022; 13:784705. [PMID: 35295574 PMCID: PMC8918627 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.784705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical exercise (PE) brings physiological benefits to human health; paradoxically, exposure to air pollution (AP) is harmful. Hence, the combined effects of AP and PE are interesting issues worth exploring. The objective of this study is to review literature involved in AP-PE fields to perform a knowledge-map analysis and explore the collaborations, current hotspots, physiological applications, and future perspectives. Herein, cluster, co-citation, and co-occurrence analysis were applied using CiteSpace and VOSviewer software. The results demonstrated that AP-PE domains have been springing up and in rapid growth since the 21st century. Subsequently, active countries and institutions were identified, and the productive institutions were mainly located in USA, China, UK, Spain, and Canada. Developed countries seemed to be the major promoters. Additionally, subject analysis found that environmental science, public health, and sports medicine were the core subjects, and multidimensional communications were forming. Thereafter, a holistic presentation of reference co-citation clusters was conducted to discover the research topics and trace the development focuses. Youth, elite athletes, and rural population were regarded as the noteworthy subjects. Commuter exposure and moderate aerobic exercise represented the common research context and exercise strategy, respectively. Simultaneously, the research hotspots and application fields were elaborated by keyword co-occurrence distribution. It was noted that physiological adaptations including respiratory, cardiovascular, metabolic, and mental health were the major themes; oxidative stress and inflammatory response were the mostly referred mechanisms. Finally, several challenges were proposed, which are beneficial to promote the development of the research field. Molecular mechanisms and specific pathways are still unknown and the equilibrium points and dose-effect relationships remain to be further explored. We are highly confident that this study provides a unique perspective to systematically and comprehensively review the pieces of AP-PE research and its related physiological mechanisms for future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanwei You
- Division of Sports Science and Physical Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Dizhi Wang
- Division of Sports Science and Physical Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianxiu Liu
- Division of Sports Science and Physical Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuquan Chen
- Institute of Medical Information/Library, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xindong Ma
- Division of Sports Science and Physical Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Xindong Ma
| | - Wenkai Li
- China Table Tennis College, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
- Wenkai Li
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Long E, Schwartz C, Carlsten C. Controlled human exposure to diesel exhaust: a method for understanding health effects of traffic-related air pollution. Part Fibre Toxicol 2022; 19:15. [PMID: 35216599 PMCID: PMC8876178 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-022-00454-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Diesel exhaust (DE) is a major component of air pollution in urban centers. Controlled human exposure (CHE) experiments are commonly used to investigate the acute effects of DE inhalation specifically and also as a paradigm for investigating responses to traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) more generally. Given the critical role this model plays in our understanding of TRAP’s health effects mechanistically and in support of associated policy and regulation, we review the methodology of CHE to DE (CHE–DE) in detail to distill critical elements so that the results of these studies can be understood in context. From 104 eligible publications, we identified 79 CHE–DE studies and extracted information on DE generation, exposure session characteristics, pollutant and particulate composition of exposures, and participant demographics. Virtually all studies had a crossover design, and most studies involved a single DE exposure per participant. Exposure sessions were typically 1 or 2 h in duration, with participants alternating between exercise and rest. Most CHE–DE targeted a PM concentration of 300 μg/m3. There was a wide range in commonly measured co-pollutants including nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, and total organic compounds. Reporting of detailed parameters of aerosol composition, including particle diameter, was inconsistent between studies, and older studies from a given lab were often cited in lieu of repeating measurements for new experiments. There was a male predominance in participants, and over half of studies involved healthy participants only. Other populations studied include those with asthma, atopy, or metabolic syndrome. Standardization in reporting exposure conditions, potentially using current versions of engines with modern emissions control technology, will allow for more valid comparisons between studies of CHE–DE, while recognizing that diesel engines in much of the world remain old and heterogeneous. Inclusion of female participants as well as populations more susceptible to TRAP will broaden the applicability of results from CHE–DE studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Long
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, 317 - 2194 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Carley Schwartz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Respiratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, 2775 Laurel Street 7th Floor, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Christopher Carlsten
- Department of Medicine, Division of Respiratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, 2775 Laurel Street 7th Floor, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1M9, Canada.
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10
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Long E, Carlsten C. Controlled human exposure to diesel exhaust: results illuminate health effects of traffic-related air pollution and inform future directions. Part Fibre Toxicol 2022; 19:11. [PMID: 35139881 PMCID: PMC8827176 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-022-00450-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Air pollution is an issue of increasing interest due to its globally relevant impacts on morbidity and mortality. Controlled human exposure (CHE) studies are often employed to investigate the impacts of pollution on human health, with diesel exhaust (DE) commonly used as a surrogate of traffic related air pollution (TRAP). This paper will review the results derived from 104 publications of CHE to DE (CHE-DE) with respect to health outcomes. CHE-DE studies have provided mechanistic evidence supporting TRAP’s detrimental effects on related to the cardiovascular system (e.g., vasomotor dysfunction, inhibition of fibrinolysis, and impaired cardiac function) and respiratory system (e.g., airway inflammation, increased airway responsiveness, and clinical symptoms of asthma). Oxidative stress is thought to be the primary mechanism of TRAP-induced effects and has been supported by several CHE-DE studies. A historical limitation of some air pollution research is consideration of TRAP (or its components) in isolation, limiting insight into the interactions between TRAP and other environmental factors often encountered in tandem. CHE-DE studies can help to shed light on complex conditions, and several have included co-exposure to common elements such as allergens, ozone, and activity level. The ability of filters to mitigate the adverse effects of DE, by limiting exposure to the particulate fraction of polluted aerosols, has also been examined. While various biomarkers of DE exposure have been evaluated in CHE-DE studies, a definitive such endpoint has yet to be identified. In spite of the above advantages, this paradigm for TRAP is constrained to acute exposures and can only be indirectly applied to chronic exposures, despite the critical real-world impact of living long-term with TRAP. Those with significant medical conditions are often excluded from CHE-DE studies and so results derived from healthy individuals may not apply to more susceptible populations whose further study is needed to avoid potentially misleading conclusions. In spite of limitations, the contributions of CHE-DE studies have greatly advanced current understanding of the health impacts associated with TRAP exposure, especially regarding mechanisms therein, with important implications for regulation and policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Long
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, 317 - 2194 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Christopher Carlsten
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, 2775 Laurel Street 7th Floor, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1M9, Canada.
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11
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Cruz R, Pasqua L, Silveira A, Damasceno M, Matsuda M, Martins M, Marquezini MV, Lima-Silva AE, Saldiva P, Bertuzzi R. Traffic-related air pollution and endurance exercise: Characterizing non-targeted serum metabolomics profiling. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 291:118204. [PMID: 34560574 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Although the exposure to traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) has emerged as one of main problem worldwide to inhabitants' health in urban centers, its impact on metabolic responses during exercise is poorly understood. The aim of study was to characterize the profile of non-target serum metabolomics during prolonged exercise performed under TRAP conditions. Ten healthy men completed two 90 min constant-load cycling trials under conditions of either TRAP or filtered air. Experimental trials were performed in a chamber located on an avenue with a high volume of vehicle traffic. Blood samples were taken at 30 min, 60 min, and 90 min of exercise. Based on Nuclear Magnetic Resonance metabolomics, the non-target analysis was used to assess the metabolic profile. Twelve, 16 and 18 metabolites were identified as discriminants. These were: at 30 min of exercise, the coefficient of determination (R2) 0.98, the predictive relevance, (Q2) 0.12, and the area under the curve (AUC) 0.91. After 60 min of exercise: (R2: 0.99, Q2: 0.09, AUC: 0.94); and at 90 min of exercise (R2: 0.91, Q2: <0.01, AUC: 0.89), respectively. The discriminant metabolites were then considered for the target analysis, which demonstrated that the metabolic pathways of glycine and serine metabolism (p = 0.03) had been altered under TRAP conditions at 30 min of exercise; arginine and proline metabolism (p = 0.04) at 60 min of exercise; and glycolysis (p = 0.05) at 90 min of exercise. The present results suggest that exposure to TRAP during prolonged exercise leads to a significant change in metabolomics, characterized by a transitional pattern and lastly, impairs the glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramon Cruz
- Endurance Performance Research Group (GEDAE-USP), School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Sports Center, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Pasqua
- Endurance Performance Research Group (GEDAE-USP), School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil
| | - André Silveira
- Endurance Performance Research Group (GEDAE-USP), School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Mayara Damasceno
- Endurance Performance Research Group (GEDAE-USP), School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; CESMAC University Center, Maceió, Brazil
| | - Monique Matsuda
- Laboratory of Investigation in Ophthalmology (LIM-33), Division of Ophthalmology, University of São Paulo Faculty of Medicine, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marco Martins
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mônica V Marquezini
- Pro-Sangue Foundation, São Paulo and Pathology Department, University of São Paulo Faculty of Medicine, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Adriano Eduardo Lima-Silva
- Human Performance Research Group, Academic Department of Physical Education (DAEFI), Federal University of Technology Parana, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Paulo Saldiva
- Institute of Advanced Studies, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Romulo Bertuzzi
- Endurance Performance Research Group (GEDAE-USP), School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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12
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Syed N, Ryu MH, Dhillon S, Schaeffer MR, Ramsook AH, Leung JM, Ryerson CJ, Carlsten C, Guenette JA. Effects of traffic-related air pollution on exercise endurance, dyspnea and cardiorespiratory physiology in health and COPD - A randomized, placebo-controlled crossover trial. Chest 2021; 161:662-675. [PMID: 34699772 DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2021.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals with COPD have increased sensitivity to traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) such as diesel exhaust (DE), but little is known about the acute effects of TRAP on exercise responses in COPD. RESEARCH QUESTION Does pre-exercise exposure to TRAP (DE300, PM2.5=300 μg/m3) have greater adverse effects on exercise endurance, exertional dyspnea, and cardiorespiratory responses to exercise in participants with mild-to-moderate COPD compared to former smokers with normal spirometry and healthy controls? STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS In this double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover study, 11 healthy never-smokers, 9 ex-smokers without COPD and 9 ex-smokers with COPD were separately exposed to filtered air (FA) and DE300 for 2 hours separated by a minimum of 4 weeks. Participants performed symptom limited constant load cycling tests within 2.5 hours of exposure with detailed cardiorespiratory and exertional symptom measurements. RESULTS There was a significant negative effect of TRAP on exercise endurance time in healthy controls (DE300 vs. FA: 10.2±8.2 vs. 12.9±9.5 min, respectively; p=0.03), but not in ex-smokers without COPD (10.1±6.9 vs. 12.2±8.0 min; respectively, p=0.57) or ex-smokers with COPD (9.8±6.4 vs. 8.4±6.6 min, respectively, p=0.31). Furthermore, significant increases in inspiratory duty cycle and absolute end-expiratory and end-inspiratory lung volumes were observed, and dyspnea ratings were elevated at select submaximal measurement times only in healthy controls. INTERPRETATION: Contrary to our hypothesis, it was the healthy controls rather than the ex-smokers with and without COPD that were negatively impacted by TRAP during exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nafeez Syed
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, The University of British Columbia, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Physical Therapy, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Min Hyung Ryu
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, The University of British Columbia, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Satvir Dhillon
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, The University of British Columbia, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Michele R Schaeffer
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, The University of British Columbia, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Physical Therapy, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Andrew H Ramsook
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, The University of British Columbia, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Physical Therapy, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Janice M Leung
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, The University of British Columbia, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Christopher J Ryerson
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, The University of British Columbia, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Christopher Carlsten
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, The University of British Columbia, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jordan A Guenette
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, The University of British Columbia, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Physical Therapy, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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13
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Koch S, Welch JF, Tran R, Ramsook AH, Hung A, Carlsten C, Guenette JA, Koehle MS. Ventilatory responses to constant load exercise following the inhalation of a short-acting ß 2-agonist in a laboratory-controlled diesel exhaust exposure study in individuals with exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 146:106182. [PMID: 33395924 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Individuals with exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) use ß2-agonists to reduce respiratory symptoms during acute exercise. The resultingbronchodilation could increase the dose of inhaled pollutants and impair respiratory function when exercise is performedin air pollution. We aimed to assess respiratory responses in individuals with EIB when completing a cycling bout while being exposed to diesel exhaust (DE) or filtered air (FA) with and without the inhalation of salbutamol (SAL), a short-acting ß2-agonist. METHODS In a double-blind, repeated-measures design, 19 participants with EIB (22-33 years of age) completed four visits: FA-placebo (FA-PLA), FA-SAL, DE-PLA, DE-SAL. After the inhalation of either 400 µg of SAL or PLA, participants sat in the exposure chamber for 60 min, breathing either FA or DE (PM2.5 = 300 μg/m3). Participants then cycled for 30 min at 50 % of peak work rate while breathing FA or DE. Respiratory responses were assessed via spirometry, work of breathing (WOB), fractional use of ventilatory capacity (V̇E/V̇E,CAP), area under the maximal expiratory flow-volume curve (MEFVAUC), and dyspnea during and following cycling. RESULTS Bronchodilation in response to SAL and acute cycling was observed, independent of FA/DE exposure. Specifically, FEV1 was increased by 7.7 % (confidence interval (CI): 7.2-8.2 %; p < 0.01) in response to SAL, and MEFVAUC was increased after cycling by 1.1 % (0.9-1.3 %; p = 0.03). Despite a significant decrease in total WOB by 6.2 J/min (4.7-7.5 J/min; p = 0.049) and a reduction in V̇E/V̇E,CAP by 5.8 % (5-6 %, p < 0.01) in the SAL exposures, no changes were observed in dyspnea. The DE exposure significantly increased V̇E/V̇E,CAP by 2.4 % (0.9-3.9 %; p < 0.01), but this did not affect dyspnea. DISCUSSION Our findings suggest that the use of SAL prior to moderate-intensity exercise when breathing high levels of DE, does not reduce respiratory function or exercise ventilatory responses for up to 60 min following exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Koch
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
| | - Joseph F Welch
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Raymond Tran
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Andrew H Ramsook
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, University of British Columbia and St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Andy Hung
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Christopher Carlsten
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, University of British Columbia and St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jordan A Guenette
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, University of British Columbia and St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Michael S Koehle
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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14
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Morici G, Cibella F, Cogo A, Palange P, Bonsignore MR. Respiratory Effects of Exposure to Traffic-Related Air Pollutants During Exercise. Front Public Health 2020; 8:575137. [PMID: 33425832 PMCID: PMC7793908 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.575137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) is increasing worldwide. Habitual physical activity is known to prevent cardiorespiratory diseases and mortality, but whether exposure to TRAP during exercise affects respiratory health is still uncertain. Exercise causes inflammatory changes in the airways, and its interaction with the effects of TRAP or ozone might be detrimental, for both athletes exercising outdoor and urban active commuters. In this Mini-Review, we summarize the literature on the effects of exposure to TRAP and/or ozone during exercise on lung function, respiratory symptoms, performance, and biomarkers. Ozone negatively affected pulmonary function after exercise, especially after combined exposure to ozone and diesel exhaust (DE). Spirometric changes after exercise during exposure to particulate matter and ultrafine particles suggest a decrease in lung function, especially in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Ozone frequently caused respiratory symptoms during exercise. Women showed decreased exercise performance and higher symptom prevalence than men during TRAP exposure. However, performance was analyzed in few studies. To date, research has not identified reliable biomarkers of TRAP-related lung damage useful for monitoring athletes' health, except in scarce studies on airway cells obtained by induced sputum or bronchoalveolar lavage. In conclusion, despite partly counteracted by the positive effects of habitual exercise, the negative effects of TRAP exposure to pollutants during exercise are hard to assess: outdoor exercise is a complex model, for multiple and variable exposures to air pollutants and pollutant concentrations. Further studies are needed to identify pollutant and/or time thresholds for performing safe outdoor exercise in cities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Morici
- Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics Department, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.,Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council, Palermo, Italy
| | - Fabio Cibella
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council, Palermo, Italy
| | - Annalisa Cogo
- Biomedical Sport Studies Center, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Paolo Palange
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria R Bonsignore
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council, Palermo, Italy.,Department of Health Promotion Sciences Maternal and Infantile Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (PROMISE), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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15
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Koch S, Zelembaba A, Tran R, Laeremans M, Hives B, Carlsten C, De Boever P, Koehle MS. Vascular effects of physical activity are not modified by short-term inhaled diesel exhaust: Results of a controlled human exposure study. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 183:109270. [PMID: 32311911 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The combined effects of physical activity and air pollution exposure on vascular function are insufficiently understood, particularly after the inhalation of a β2-agonist, a vasodilating agent. OBJECTIVE To assess the micro- and macrovascular response to physical activity after β2-agonist use while breathing diesel exhaust (DE) in individuals with exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. METHODS On four exposure visits, eighteen adults inhaled either 400 μg of the β2-agonist salbutamol or placebo before resting for 60 min, followed by a 30-min cycling bout. During rest and cycling, participants inhaled filtered air (FA) or DE (300 μg/m3 of PM2.5). Microvascular (central retinal arteriolar and venular equivalents, CRAE and CRVE, respectively) and macrovascular parameters (blood pressure (BP)) and heart rate (HR)) were assessed at baseline (T1), 10 min (T2) and 70 min (T3) after cycling. RESULTS The cycling bout increased CRAE (T2-T1 difference (95th % confidence interval): 4.88 μm (4.73, 5.00 μm), p < 0.001; T3-T1 difference: 2.10 μm (1.62, 2.58 μm), p = 0.031) and CRVE (T2-T1 difference: 3.78 μm (3.63, 3.92 μm), p < 0.001; T3-T1 difference: 3.73 μm (3.63, 3.92 μm), p < 0.001). The exposure to DE had no effect on CRAE (FA-DE difference at T2: 0.46 μm (-0.02, 0.92 μm); p = 0.790; FA-DE difference at T3: 1.76 μm (1.36, 2.16 μm), p = 0.213) and CRVE (FA-DE difference at T2: 0.26 μm (-0.35, 0.88 μm), p = 0.906; FA-DE difference at T3: 0.55 μm (0.05, 1.06 μm), p = 0.750). Compared to T1, systolic BP was decreased at T2 by 2.5 mmHg (2.8, 2.3 mmHg, p = 0.047), independent of inhaled exposure. Heart rate at T2 was significantly increased by 3 bpm (2, 3 bpm, p = 0.025) after the DE-exposure when compared to FA. DISCUSSION Acute physical activity induces a vasodilatory response in the micro- and macrovasculature in healthy adults by increasing CRAE and CRVE, and by reducing systolic BP post exercise, despite breathing DE. The DE-associated increase in HR might be indicative of an increased sympathetic response to physical activity while breathing DE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Koch
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, 6081 University Boulevard, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z1, Canada.
| | - Ana Zelembaba
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, 6081 University Boulevard, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Raymond Tran
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, 6081 University Boulevard, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Michelle Laeremans
- Health Unit, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Antwerp, Belgium; Centre for Environmental Sciences, Agoralaan building D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Benjamin Hives
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, 6081 University Boulevard, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Christopher Carlsten
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, 2329 West Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Patrick De Boever
- Health Unit, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Antwerp, Belgium; Centre for Environmental Sciences, Agoralaan building D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Michael Stephen Koehle
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, 6081 University Boulevard, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z1, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, 2329 West Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
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16
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Andersen MHG, Frederiksen M, Saber AT, Wils RS, Fonseca AS, Koponen IK, Johannesson S, Roursgaard M, Loft S, Møller P, Vogel U. Health effects of exposure to diesel exhaust in diesel-powered trains. Part Fibre Toxicol 2019; 16:21. [PMID: 31182122 PMCID: PMC6558821 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-019-0306-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Short-term controlled exposure to diesel exhaust (DE) in chamber studies have shown mixed results on lung and systemic effects. There is a paucity of studies on well-characterized real-life DE exposure in humans. In the present study, 29 healthy volunteers were exposed to DE while sitting as passengers in diesel-powered trains. Exposure in electric trains was used as control scenario. Each train scenario consisted of three consecutive days (6 h/day) ending with biomarker samplings. RESULTS Combustion-derived air pollutants were considerably higher in the passenger carriages of diesel trains compared with electric trains. The concentrations of black carbon and ultrafine particles were 8.5 μg/m3 and 1.2-1.8 × 105 particles/cm3 higher, respectively, in diesel as compared to electric trains. Net increases of NOx and NO2 concentrations were 317 μg/m3 and 36 μg/m3. Exposure to DE was associated with reduced lung function and increased levels of DNA strand breaks in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), whereas there were unaltered levels of oxidatively damaged DNA, soluble cell adhesion molecules, acute phase proteins in blood and urinary excretion of metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Also the microvascular function was unaltered. An increase in the low frequency of heart rate variability measures was observed, whereas time-domain measures were unaltered. CONCLUSION Exposure to DE inside diesel-powered trains for 3 days was associated with reduced lung function and systemic effects in terms of altered heart rate variability and increased levels of DNA strand breaks in PBMCs compared with electric trains. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.Gov ( NCT03104387 ). Registered on March 23rd 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Helena Guerra Andersen
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5A, DK-1014, Copenhagen K, Denmark. .,The National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkalle 105, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
| | - Marie Frederiksen
- The National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkalle 105, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Anne Thoustrup Saber
- The National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkalle 105, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Regitze Sølling Wils
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5A, DK-1014, Copenhagen K, Denmark.,The National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkalle 105, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Ana Sofia Fonseca
- The National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkalle 105, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Ismo K Koponen
- The National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkalle 105, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Sandra Johannesson
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Martin Roursgaard
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5A, DK-1014, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Steffen Loft
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5A, DK-1014, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Peter Møller
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5A, DK-1014, Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Ulla Vogel
- The National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkalle 105, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.,DTU Health Tech., Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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17
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Qin F, Yang Y, Wang ST, Dong YN, Xu MX, Wang ZW, Zhao JX. Exercise and air pollutants exposure: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Life Sci 2018; 218:153-164. [PMID: 30582950 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This review aims to systematically review and synthesize scientific evidence for the influence of air pollution exposure and outdoor exercise on health. We conducted a literature search in the PubMed, Cochrane, EMBASE, and Web of Science for articles that evaluated the combination effect of air pollution exposure and exercise on health. Questionnaires regarding exposure history, or studies examining indoor air pollution were excluded. Each included study needs to have clear exercise intervention plan. The pooled estimates of the combination effect of air pollution exposure and outdoor exercise on health were calculated in the meta-analysis. The quality of each included study was assessed and the quality of evidence for each outcome assessed in the meta-analysis was also measured. Twenty-five studies were identified. Six studies addressed ozone exposure, four diesel exhaust exposure, six traffic-related air pollution, ten particulate matter (PM) exposure. Only peak expiratory flow (effect size [ES] = -0.238, 95% confidence interval [CI] = -0.389, -0.088) was found to be significantly decreased after exercise intervention in a polluted environment in the meta-analysis. Seven studies reported exposure to air pollutant during exercise was associated with an increased risk of airway inflammation and decrements in pulmonary function. Six studies discovered that exposure of traffic pollution or high PM during exercise may contribute to changes in blood pressure, systemic conduit artery function and micro-vascular function. The combination effect of air pollution and exercise was found to be associated with the increased risk of potential health problems of cardiopulmonary function, immune function, and exercise performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Qin
- School of Physical Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; Exercise Biological Center, China institute of sport science, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Yang
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA
| | - Song-Tao Wang
- School of Physical Education & Sport Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ya-Nan Dong
- Exercise Biological Center, China institute of sport science, Beijing, China
| | - Min-Xiao Xu
- Exercise Biological Center, China institute of sport science, Beijing, China
| | - Zhong-Wei Wang
- Exercise Biological Center, China institute of sport science, Beijing, China
| | - Jie-Xiu Zhao
- Exercise Biological Center, China institute of sport science, Beijing, China.
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18
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Giles LV, Carlsten C, Koehle MS. The pulmonary and autonomic effects of high-intensity and low-intensity exercise in diesel exhaust. Environ Health 2018; 17:87. [PMID: 30541575 PMCID: PMC6292001 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-018-0434-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to air pollution impairs aspects of pulmonary and autonomic function and causes pulmonary inflammation. However, how exercising in air pollution affects these indices is poorly understood. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the effects of low-intensity and high-intensity cycling with diesel exhaust (DE) exposure on pulmonary function, heart rate variability (HRV), fraction of exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO), norepinephrine and symptoms. METHODS Eighteen males performed 30-min trials of low-intensity or high-intensity cycling (30 and 60% of power at VO2peak) or a resting control condition. For each subject, each trial was performed once breathing filtered air (FA) and once breathing DE (300μg/m3 of PM2.5, six trials in total). Pulmonary function, FeNO, HRV, norepinephrine and symptoms were measured prior to, immediately post, 1 h and 2 h post-exposure. Data were analyzed using repeated-measures ANOVA. RESULTS Throat and chest symptoms were significantly greater immediately following DE exposure than following FA (p < 0.05). FeNO significantly increased 1 h following high-intensity exercise in DE (21.9 (2.4) vs. 19.3 (2.2) ppb) and FA (22.7 (1.7) vs. 19.9 (1.4)); however, there were no differences between the exposure conditions. All HRV indices significantly decreased following high-intensity exercise (p < 0.05) in DE and FA. The exception to this pattern was LF (nu) and LF/HF ratio, which significantly increased following high-intensity exercise (p < 0.05). Plasma norepinephrine (NE) significantly increased following high-intensity exercise in DE and FA, and this increase was greater than following rest and low-intensity exercise (p < 0.05). DE exposure did not modify any effects of exercise intensity on HRV or norepinephrine. CONCLUSIONS Healthy individuals may not experience greater acute pulmonary and autonomic effects from exercising in DE compared to FA; therefore, it is unclear if such individuals will benefit from reducing vigorous activity on days with high concentrations on particulate matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa V Giles
- Sport Science Department, Douglas College, 700 Royal Ave, New Westminster, BC, V3M 5Z5, Canada.
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
| | - Christopher Carlsten
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Institute for Heart and Lung Health, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Michael S Koehle
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Division of Sports Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
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19
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Mu X, Liu J, Yang K, Huang Y, Li X, Yang W, Qi S, Tu W, Shen G, Li Y. 0# Diesel water-accommodated fraction induced lipid homeostasis alteration in zebrafish embryos. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 242:952-961. [PMID: 30373040 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.07.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the developmental effects and corresponding molecular mechanism of diesel in freshwater organisms, zebrafish embryos were exposed to 0# diesel water-accommodated fraction (WAF) at different concentrations. Mortality, embryonic morphological endpoints, transcriptional profile and lipid profile were evaluated after exposure. Exposure to 0# diesel WAF had no significant effect on the survival of zebrafish embryos from 1.5 to 96 hpf. However, a significant increase in mortality was observed at 144 and 196 hpf in the groups of 20 and 40 mg/L 0# diesel WAF. RNA-Seq results demonstrated that 0# diesel WAF could induce significant alterations in transcription profile at concentrations of 0.05 mg/L (the limit for petroleum hydrocarbon concentration in surface water in China) and 5 mg/L. Gene Ontology enrichment and similarity analysis indicated that lipid metabolism, lipid synthesis, biological transport, drug metabolism and homeostatic processes were the most altered biological processes after exposure to 0# diesel WAF. Further, transcription levels of genes involved in cholesterol and fatty acid synthesis were significantly inhibited by diesel WAF according to qPCR results. Lipidomics results also indicated that several lipid species (cholesterol ester, fatty acid, diglyceride and triglyceride) decreased after 0# diesel WAF exposure. These results reflect the potential risk of diesel pollution in freshwater ecosystems especially on the alteration of lipid homeostasis and enable a better understanding of the molecular pathways underlying the action of diesel WAF in zebrafish embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiyan Mu
- Fishery Resource and Environment Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jia Liu
- Fishery Resource and Environment Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Yang
- Fishery Resource and Environment Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Huang
- Fishery Resource and Environment Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuxing Li
- Fishery Resource and Environment Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenbo Yang
- Fishery Resource and Environment Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Suzhen Qi
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenqing Tu
- Research Institute of Poyang Lake, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang 330012, People's Republic of China
| | - Gongming Shen
- Fishery Resource and Environment Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingren Li
- Fishery Resource and Environment Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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Fuertes E, Markevych I, Jarvis D, Vienneau D, de Hoogh K, Antó JM, Bowatte G, Bono R, Corsico AG, Emtner M, Gislason T, Gullón JA, Heinrich J, Henderson J, Holm M, Johannessen A, Leynaert B, Marcon A, Marchetti P, Moratalla JM, Pascual S, Probst-Hensch N, Sánchez-Ramos JL, Siroux V, Sommar J, Weyler J, Kuenzli N, Jacquemin B, Garcia-Aymerich J. Residential air pollution does not modify the positive association between physical activity and lung function in current smokers in the ECRHS study. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 120:364-372. [PMID: 30121517 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Very few studies have examined whether a long-term beneficial effect of physical activity on lung function can be influenced by living in polluted urban areas. OBJECTIVE We assessed whether annual average residential concentrations of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters < 2.5 μm (PM2.5) and <10 μm (PM10) modify the effect of physical activity on lung function among never- (N = 2801) and current (N = 1719) smokers in the multi-center European Community Respiratory Health Survey. METHODS Associations between repeated assessments (at 27-57 and 39-67 years) of being physically active (physical activity: ≥2 times and ≥1 h per week) and forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC) were evaluated using adjusted mixed linear regression models. Models were conducted separately for never- and current smokers and stratified by residential long-term NO2, PM2.5 mass and PM10 mass concentrations (≤75th percentile (low/medium) versus >75th percentile (high)). RESULTS Among current smokers, physical activity and lung function were positively associated regardless of air pollution levels. Among never-smokers, physical activity was associated with lung function in areas with low/medium NO2, PM2.5 mass and PM10 mass concentrations (e.g. mean difference in FVC between active and non-active subjects was 43.0 mL (13.6, 72.5), 49.5 mL (20.1, 78.8) and 49.7 mL (18.6, 80.7), respectively), but these associations were attenuated in high air pollution areas. Only the interaction term of physical activity and PM10 mass for FEV1 among never-smokers was significant (p-value = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS Physical activity has beneficial effects on adult lung function in current smokers, irrespective of residential air pollution levels in Western Europe. Trends among never-smokers living in high air pollution areas are less clear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Fuertes
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain; Population Health and Occupational Diseases, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Iana Markevych
- Institute and Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany; Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Epidemiology I, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Deborah Jarvis
- Population Health and Occupational Diseases, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Danielle Vienneau
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kees de Hoogh
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Josep Maria Antó
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gayan Bowatte
- Allergy and Lung Health Unit, Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Roberto Bono
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Angelo G Corsico
- Division of Respiratory Diseases, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Margareta Emtner
- Department of Medical Sciences, Respiratory, Allergy and Sleep Research, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Thorarinn Gislason
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Sleep, Landspitali University Hospital Reykjavik, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | - Joachim Heinrich
- Population Health and Occupational Diseases, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Institute and Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - John Henderson
- Population Health Sciences, Britsol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Mathias Holm
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ane Johannessen
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Occupational Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Bénédicte Leynaert
- Inserm, UMR 1152, Pathophysiology and Epidemiology of Respiratory Diseases, Paris, France; University Paris Diderot Paris, UMR 1152, Paris, France
| | - Alessandro Marcon
- Unit of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Pierpaolo Marchetti
- Unit of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Jesús Martínez Moratalla
- Servicio de Neumología del Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, (CHUA), Albacete, Spain; Servicio de Salud de Castilla - La Mancha (SESCAM), Spain; Facultad de Medicina de Albacete, Universidad de Castilla - La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - Silvia Pascual
- Respiratory Department, Galdakao Hospital, OSI Barrualde-Galdakao, Biscay, Spain
| | - Nicole Probst-Hensch
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; Department Public Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Valerie Siroux
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, UGA-Inserm U1209-CNRS UMR 5309, Team of Environmental Epidemiology Applied to Reproduction and Respiratory Health, Grenoble, France
| | - Johan Sommar
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Joost Weyler
- Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Nino Kuenzli
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bénédicte Jacquemin
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain; VIMA: Aging and Chronic Diseases, Epidemiological and Public Health Approaches, U1168, Institut Médical de Santé et Recherche Médicale, Villejuif, France; Unité mixte de recherche (UMR)-S1168, Université Versailles St-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Versailles, France
| | - Judith Garcia-Aymerich
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
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Xu Y, Kåredal M, Nielsen J, Adlercreutz M, Bergendorf U, Strandberg B, Antonsson AB, Tinnerberg H, Albin M. Exposure, respiratory symptoms, lung function and inflammation response of road-paving asphalt workers. Occup Environ Med 2018; 75:494-500. [PMID: 29848553 PMCID: PMC6035487 DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2017-104983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Controversy exists as to the health effects of exposure to asphalt and crumb rubber modified (CRM) asphalt, which contains recycled rubber tyres. Objective To assess exposures and effects on airway symptoms, lung function and inflammation biomarkers in conventional and CRM asphalt road pavers. Methods 116 conventional asphalt workers, 51 CRM asphalt workers and 100 controls were investigated. A repeated-measures analysis included 31 workers paving with both types of asphalt. Exposure to dust, nitrosamines, benzothiazole and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) was measured in worksites. Self-reported symptoms, spirometry test and blood sampling were conducted prework and postwork. Symptoms were further collected during off-season for asphalt paving. Results Dust, PAHs and nitrosamine exposure was highly varied, without difference between conventional and CRM asphalt workers. Benzothiazole was higher in CRM asphalt workers (p<0.001). Higher proportions of asphalt workers than controls reported eye symptoms with onset in the current job. Decreased lung function from preworking to postworking was found in CRM asphalt workers and controls. Preworking interleukin-8 was higher in CRM asphalt workers than in the controls, followed by a decrement after 4 days of working. No differences in any studied effects were found between conventional and CRM asphalt paving. Conclusion CRM asphalt workers are exposed to higher benzothiazole. Further studies are needed to identify the source of nitrosamines in conventional asphalt. Mild decrease in lung function in CRM asphalt workers and work-related eye symptoms in both asphalt workers were observed. However, our study did not find strong evidence for severe respiratory symptoms and inflammation response among asphalt workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyi Xu
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Section of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Monica Kåredal
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jörn Nielsen
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Mariana Adlercreutz
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ulf Bergendorf
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Bo Strandberg
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Section of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Håkan Tinnerberg
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Maria Albin
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Unit of Occupational Medicine, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Knaier R, Schäfer J, Rossmeissl A, Klenk C, Hanssen H, Höchsmann C, Cajochen C, Schmidt-Trucksäss A. Prime Time Light Exposures Do Not Seem to Improve Maximal Physical Performance in Male Elite Athletes, but Enhance End-Spurt Performance. Front Physiol 2017; 8:264. [PMID: 28507521 PMCID: PMC5410597 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Many sports competitions take place during television prime time, a time of the day when many athletes have already exceeded their time of peak performance. We assessed the effect of different light exposure modalities on physical performance and melatonin levels in athletes during prime time. Seventy-two young, male elite athletes with a median (interquartile range) age of 23 (21; 29) years and maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max) of 63 (58; 66) ml/kg/min were randomly assigned to three different light exposure groups: bright light (BRIGHT), blue monochromatic light (BLUE), and control light (CONTROL). Each light exposure lasted 60 min and was scheduled to start 17 h after each individual's midpoint of sleep (median time: 9:17 pm). Immediately after light exposure, a 12-min time trial was performed on a bicycle ergometer. The test supervisor and participants were blinded to the light condition each participant was exposed to. The median received light intensities and peak wavelengths (photopic lx/nm) measured at eye level were 1319/545 in BRIGHT, 203/469 in BLUE, and 115/545 in CONTROL. In a multivariate analysis adjusted for individual VO2max, total work performed in 12 min did not significantly differ between the three groups. The amount of exposure to non-image forming light was positively associated with the performance gain during the time trial, defined as the ratio of the work performed in the first and last minute of the time trial, and with stronger melatonin suppression. Specifically, a tenfold increase in the exposure to melanopic light was associated with a performance gain of 8.0% (95% confidence interval: 2.6, 13.3; P = 0.004) and a melatonin decrease of −0.9 pg/ml (95% confidence interval: −1.5, −0.3; P = 0.006). Exposure to bright or blue light did not significantly improve maximum cycling performance in a 12-min all-out time trial. However, it is noteworthy that the estimated difference of 4.1 kJ between BRIGHT and CONTROL might represent an important performance advantage justifying further studies. In conclusion, we report novel evidence that evening light exposure, which strongly impacts the human circadian timing system, enables elite athletes to better maintain performance across a 12-min cycling time trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Knaier
- Division Sports and Exercise Medicine, Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of BaselBasel, Switzerland
| | - Juliane Schäfer
- Division Sports and Exercise Medicine, Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of BaselBasel, Switzerland.,Basel Institute for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University Hospital Basel and University of BaselBasel, Switzerland
| | - Anja Rossmeissl
- Division Sports and Exercise Medicine, Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of BaselBasel, Switzerland
| | - Christopher Klenk
- Division Sports and Exercise Medicine, Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of BaselBasel, Switzerland
| | - Henner Hanssen
- Division Sports and Exercise Medicine, Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of BaselBasel, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Höchsmann
- Division Sports and Exercise Medicine, Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of BaselBasel, Switzerland
| | - Christian Cajochen
- Centre for Chronobiology, Psychiatric Hospital of the University of BaselBasel, Switzerland.,Transfaculty Research Platform Molecular and Cognitive Neurosciences, University of BaselBasel, Switzerland
| | - Arno Schmidt-Trucksäss
- Division Sports and Exercise Medicine, Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of BaselBasel, Switzerland
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Vieira JL, Macedo FY, Benjo AM, Guimarães GV, Contreras JP, Bocchi EA. Systemic effects of controlled exposure to diesel exhaust: a meta-analysis from randomized controlled trials. Ann Med 2017; 49:165-175. [PMID: 27763780 DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2016.1252054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ambient air pollution is associated with adverse cardiovascular events. This meta-analysis aimed to investigate the short-term association between air pollution and cardiovascular effects on healthy volunteers. METHODS We searched databases to identify randomized trials with controlled human exposures to either of two models for studying ambient particulate matter: diesel-exhaust or concentrated ambient particles. Estimates of size effect were performed using standardized mean difference (SMD). Heterogeneity was assessed with I2 statistics. Outcomes were vascular function estimated by forearm blood flow (FBF), blood pressure, heart rate, and blood analysis. RESULTS Database searches yielded 17 articles (n = 342) with sufficient information for meta-analyses. High levels of heterogeneity for the some outcomes were analyzed using random-effects model. The pooled effect estimate showed that short-term exposure to air pollution impaired FBF response from 2.7 to 2.5 mL/100 mL tissue/min (SMD 0.404; p = .006). There was an increase in 5000 platelet/mm3 following pollution exposure (SMD 0.390; p = .050) but no significant differences for other outcomes. CONCLUSION Controlled human exposures to air pollution are associated with the surrogates of vascular dysfunction and increase in platelet count, which might be related to adverse cardiovascular events. Given the worldwide prevalence of exposure to air pollution, these findings are relevant for public health. KEY MESSAGES Controlled exposure to air pollution impairs vasomotor response, which is a surrogate for adverse cardiovascular events. This is the first meta-analysis from randomized clinical trials showing short-term association between air pollution and cardiovascular effects on healthy volunteers. Given the worldwide prevalence of exposure to air pollution, this finding is important for public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jefferson Luis Vieira
- a Department of Heart Failure , Heart Institute (InCor), University of Sao Paulo Medical School , Sao Paulo , Brazil
| | | | | | - Guilherme V Guimarães
- a Department of Heart Failure , Heart Institute (InCor), University of Sao Paulo Medical School , Sao Paulo , Brazil
| | - Johanna Paola Contreras
- d Department of Cardiology , Heart and Failure Transplant, Mount Sinai Hospital , New York , NY , USA
| | - Edimar A Bocchi
- a Department of Heart Failure , Heart Institute (InCor), University of Sao Paulo Medical School , Sao Paulo , Brazil
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Matt F, Cole-Hunter T, Donaire-Gonzalez D, Kubesch N, Martínez D, Carrasco-Turigas G, Nieuwenhuijsen M. Acute respiratory response to traffic-related air pollution during physical activity performance. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2016; 97:45-55. [PMID: 27776225 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical activity (PA) has beneficial, whereas exposure to traffic related air pollution (TRAP) has adverse, respiratory effects. Few studies, however, have examined if the acute effects of TRAP upon respiratory outcomes are modified depending on the level of PA. OBJECTIVES The aim of our study was to disentangle acute effects of TRAP and PA upon respiratory outcomes and assess the impact of participants TRAP pre-exposure. METHODS We conducted a real-world crossover study with repeated measures of 30 healthy adults. Participants completed four 2-h exposure scenarios that included either rest or intermittent exercise in high- and low-traffic environments. Measures of respiratory function were collected at three time points. Pre-exposure to TRAP was ascertained from land-use-modeled address-attributed values. Mixed-effects models were used to estimate the impact of TRAP and PA on respiratory measures as well as potential effect modifications. RESULTS We found that PA was associated with a statistically significant increases of FEV1 (48.5mL, p=0.02), FEV1/FVC (0.64%, p=0.005) and FEF25-75% (97.8mL, p=0.02). An increase in exposure to one unit (1μg/m3) of PMcoarse was associated with a decrease in FEV1 (-1.31mL, p=0.02) and FVC (-1.71mL, p=0.01), respectively. On the other hand, for an otherwise equivalent exposure an increase of PA by one unit (1%Heart rate max) was found to reduce the immediate negative effects of particulate matter (PM) upon PEF (PM2.5, 0.02L/min, p=0.047; PM10, 0.02L/min p=0.02; PMcoarse, 0.03L/min, p=0.02) and the several hours delayed negative effects of PM upon FVC (PMcoarse, 0.11mL, p=0.02). The negative impact of exposure to TRAP constituents on FEV1/FVC and PEF was attenuated in those participants with higher TRAP pre-exposure levels. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that associations between various pollutant exposures and respiratory measures are modified by the level of PA during exposure and TRAP pre-exposure of participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Matt
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain; Rudolf Boehm Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, PGS Toxicology and Environmental Protection, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Biological Safety & Risk Management, Institute Straumann AG, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Tom Cole-Hunter
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - David Donaire-Gonzalez
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; Physical Activity and Sports Sciences Department, Fundació Blanquerna, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nadine Kubesch
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Martínez
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Glòria Carrasco-Turigas
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mark Nieuwenhuijsen
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
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Kubesch NJ, de Nazelle A, Westerdahl D, Martinez D, Carrasco-Turigas G, Bouso L, Guerra S, Nieuwenhuijsen MJ. Respiratory and inflammatory responses to short-term exposure to traffic-related air pollution with and without moderate physical activity. Occup Environ Med 2014; 72:284-93. [DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2014-102106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Abstract
The health benefits of exercise are well known. Many of the most accessible forms of exercise, such as walking, cycling, and running often occur outdoors. This means that exercising outdoors may increase exposure to urban air pollution. Regular exercise plays a key role in improving some of the physiologic mechanisms and health outcomes that air pollution exposure may exacerbate. This problem presents an interesting challenge of balancing the beneficial effects of exercise along with the detrimental effects of air pollution upon health. This article summarizes the pulmonary, cardiovascular, cognitive, and systemic health effects of exposure to particulate matter, ozone, and carbon monoxide during exercise. It also summarizes how air pollution exposure affects maximal oxygen consumption and exercise performance. This article highlights ways in which exercisers could mitigate the adverse health effects of air pollution exposure during exercise and draws attention to the potential importance of land use planning in selecting exercise facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa V Giles
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, 210-6081 University Blvd, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada,
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GILES LUISAV, BRANDENBURG JASONP, CARLSTEN CHRISTOPHER, KOEHLE MICHAELS. Physiological Responses to Diesel Exhaust Exposure Are Modified by Cycling Intensity. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2014; 46:1999-2006. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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29
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Effects of diesel exposure on lung function and inflammation biomarkers from airway and peripheral blood of healthy volunteers in a chamber study. Part Fibre Toxicol 2013; 10:60. [PMID: 24321138 PMCID: PMC4029460 DOI: 10.1186/1743-8977-10-60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Exposure to diesel exhaust causes inflammatory responses. Previous controlled exposure studies at a concentration of 300 μg/m3 of diesel exhaust particles mainly lasted for 1 h. We prolonged the exposure period and investigated how quickly diesel exhaust can induce respiratory and systemic effects. Methods Eighteen healthy volunteers were exposed twice to diluted diesel exhaust (PM1 ~300 μg/m3) and twice to filtered air (PM1 ~2 μg/m3) for 3 h, seated, in a chamber with a double-blind set-up. Immediately before and after exposure, we performed a medical examination, spirometry, rhinometry, nasal lavage and blood sampling. Nasal lavage and blood samples were collected again 20 h post-exposure. Symptom scores and peak expiratory flow (PEF) were assessed before exposure, and at 15, 75, and 135 min of exposure. Results Self-rated throat irritation was higher during diesel exhaust than filtered air exposure. Clinical signs of irritation in the upper airways were also significantly more common after diesel exhaust exposure (odds ratio=3.2, p<0.01). PEF increased during filtered air, but decreased during diesel exhaust exposure, with a statistically significant difference at 75 min (+4 L/min vs. -10 L/min, p=0.005). Monocyte and total leukocyte counts in peripheral blood were higher after exposure to diesel exhaust than filtered air 20 h post-exposure, and a trend (p=0.07) towards increased serum IL-6 concentrations was also observed 20 h post-exposure. Conclusions Diesel exhaust induced acute adverse effects such as symptoms and signs of irritation, decreased PEF, inflammatory markers in healthy volunteers. The effects were first seen at 75 min of exposure.
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