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Sakurada-Aono M, Sakamoto T, Kobayashi M, Takiuchi Y, Iwai F, Tada K, Sasanuma H, Hirabayashi S, Murakawa Y, Shirakawa K, Sakamoto C, Shindo K, Yasunaga JI, Matsuoka M, Pommier Y, Takeda S, Takaori-Kondo A. HTLV-1 bZIP factor impairs DNA mismatch repair system. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 657:43-49. [PMID: 36972660 PMCID: PMC10115849 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) is a peripheral T-cell malignancy caused by human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1). Microsatellite instability (MSI) has been observed in ATL cells. Although MSI results from impaired mismatch repair (MMR) pathway, no null mutations in the genes encoding MMR factors are detectable in ATL cells. Thus, it is unclear whether or not impairment of MMR causes the MSI in ATL cells. HTLV-1 bZIP factor (HBZ) protein interacts with numerous host transcription factors and significantly contributes to disease pathogenesis and progression. Here we investigated the effect of HBZ on MMR in normal cells. The ectopic expression of HBZ in MMR-proficient cells induced MSI, and also suppressed the expression of several MMR factors. We then hypothesized that the HBZ compromises MMR by interfering with a transcription factor, nuclear respiratory factor 1 (NRF-1), and identified the consensus NRF-1 binding site at the promoter of the gene encoding MutS homologue 2 (MSH2), an essential MMR factor. The luciferase reporter assay revealed that NRF-1 overexpression enhanced MSH2 promoter activity, while co-expression of HBZ reversed this enhancement. These results supported the idea that HBZ suppresses the transcription of MSH2 by inhibiting NRF-1. Our data demonstrate that HBZ causes impaired MMR, and may imply a novel oncogenesis driven by HTLV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maki Sakurada-Aono
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin-kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Takashi Sakamoto
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin-kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.
| | - Masayuki Kobayashi
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin-kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Yoko Takiuchi
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin-kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Fumie Iwai
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin-kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Kohei Tada
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin-kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Sasanuma
- Department of Radiation Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan; Department of Genome Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8506, Japan
| | - Shigeki Hirabayashi
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin-kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan; RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Murakawa
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan; Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (ASHBi), Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan; IFOM ETS-the AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, 20139, Milan, MI, Italy
| | - Kotaro Shirakawa
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin-kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Chihiro Sakamoto
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin-kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Keisuke Shindo
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin-kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichirou Yasunaga
- Department of Hematology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Masao Matsuoka
- Department of Hematology, Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Yves Pommier
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Shunichi Takeda
- Department of Radiation Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan; Shenzhen University School of Medicine, 1066, Xueyuan BLV, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Akifumi Takaori-Kondo
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin-kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
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Benedetti F, Curreli S, Gallo RC, Zella D. Tampering of Viruses and Bacteria with Host DNA Repair: Implications for Cellular Transformation. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:E241. [PMID: 33440726 PMCID: PMC7826954 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13020241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A reduced ability to properly repair DNA is linked to a variety of human diseases, which in almost all cases is associated with an increased probability of the development of cellular transformation and cancer. DNA damage, that ultimately can lead to mutations and genomic instability, is due to many factors, such as oxidative stress, metabolic disorders, viral and microbial pathogens, excess cellular proliferation and chemical factors. In this review, we examine the evidence connecting DNA damage and the mechanisms that viruses and bacteria have evolved to hamper the pathways dedicated to maintaining the integrity of genetic information, thus affecting the ability of their hosts to repair the damage(s). Uncovering new links between these important aspects of cancer biology might lead to the development of new targeted therapies in DNA-repair deficient cancers and improving the efficacy of existing therapies. Here we provide a comprehensive summary detailing the major mechanisms that viruses and bacteria associated with cancer employ to interfere with mechanisms of DNA repair. Comparing these mechanisms could ultimately help provide a common framework to better understand how certain microorganisms are involved in cellular transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Benedetti
- Institute of Human Virology and Global Virus Network Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA;
| | - Sabrina Curreli
- Institute of Human Virology and Global Virus Network Center, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (S.C.); (R.C.G.)
| | - Robert C. Gallo
- Institute of Human Virology and Global Virus Network Center, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (S.C.); (R.C.G.)
| | - Davide Zella
- Institute of Human Virology and Global Virus Network Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA;
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Miyashita K, Fujii K, Taguchi K, Shimokawa M, Yoshida MA, Abe Y, Okamura J, Oda S, Uike N. A specific mode of microsatellite instability is a crucial biomarker in adult T-cell leukaemia/lymphoma patients. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2016; 143:399-408. [PMID: 27783137 PMCID: PMC5306345 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-016-2294-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Microsatellite instability (MSI) has been a long-standing biomarker candidate for drug resistance in tumour cells. Despite numerous clinical studies, the data in the literature are not conclusive. The complexity of the MSI phenomenon in some malignancies may, at least partly, account for the discrepancy. In addition, methodological problems are also pointed out in the assay techniques. We previously established a unique fluorescent technique in which the major methodological problems in conventional assays are overcome. Application of this technique has revealed two distinct modes of microsatellite alterations, i.e. Type A and Type B. More importantly, we demonstrated that Type A MSI is the direct consequence of defective DNA mismatch repair (MMR) that causes cellular resistance against antineoplastic agents. Method We first applied this technique to adult T-cell leukaemia/lymphoma (ATLL). Results The MSI phenomenon was indeed observed in ATLLs (4/20, 20%). Intriguingly, the observed microsatellite alterations were invariably Type A, which implies that the tumours were MMR-defective. Indeed, clinical outcomes of patients with these MSI+ tumours were significantly worse. Furthermore, multivariate analysis revealed that Type A MSI is an independent prognostic factor. Conclusion These observations strongly suggest the possibility of Type A MSI as a prognostic and potentially predictive biomarker in ATLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaname Miyashita
- Clinical Research Institute, National Kyushu Cancer Center, Fukuoka, 811-1395, Japan.,Department of Hematology, National Kyushu Cancer Center, Fukuoka, 811-1395, Japan.,Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Kei Fujii
- Department of Surgery and Oncology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Kenichi Taguchi
- Clinical Research Institute, National Kyushu Cancer Center, Fukuoka, 811-1395, Japan
| | - Mototsugu Shimokawa
- Clinical Research Institute, National Kyushu Cancer Center, Fukuoka, 811-1395, Japan
| | - Mitsuaki A Yoshida
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute of Radiation Emergency Medicine, Hirosaki University, Aomori, 036-8560, Japan
| | - Yasunobu Abe
- Department of Hematology, National Kyushu Cancer Center, Fukuoka, 811-1395, Japan
| | - Jun Okamura
- Clinical Research Institute, National Kyushu Cancer Center, Fukuoka, 811-1395, Japan
| | - Shinya Oda
- Clinical Research Institute, National Kyushu Cancer Center, Fukuoka, 811-1395, Japan.
| | - Naokuni Uike
- Department of Hematology, National Kyushu Cancer Center, Fukuoka, 811-1395, Japan
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Tumor Suppressor Inactivation in the Pathogenesis of Adult T-Cell Leukemia. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2015; 2015:183590. [PMID: 26170835 PMCID: PMC4478360 DOI: 10.1155/2015/183590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tumor suppressor functions are essential to control cellular proliferation, to activate the apoptosis or senescence pathway to eliminate unwanted cells, to link DNA damage signals to cell cycle arrest checkpoints, to activate appropriate DNA repair pathways, and to prevent the loss of adhesion to inhibit initiation of metastases. Therefore, tumor suppressor genes are indispensable to maintaining genetic and genomic integrity. Consequently, inactivation of tumor suppressors by somatic mutations or epigenetic mechanisms is frequently associated with tumor initiation and development. In contrast, reactivation of tumor suppressor functions can effectively reverse the transformed phenotype and lead to cell cycle arrest or death of cancerous cells and be used as a therapeutic strategy. Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) is an aggressive lymphoproliferative disease associated with infection of CD4 T cells by the Human T-cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 (HTLV-I). HTLV-I-associated T-cell transformation is the result of a multistep oncogenic process in which the virus initially induces chronic T-cell proliferation and alters cellular pathways resulting in the accumulation of genetic defects and the deregulated growth of virally infected cells. This review will focus on the current knowledge of the genetic and epigenetic mechanisms regulating the inactivation of tumor suppressors in the pathogenesis of HTLV-I.
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Magalhães M, Oliveira PD, Bittencourt AL, Farre L. Microsatellite alterations are also present in the less aggressive types of adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0003403. [PMID: 25590596 PMCID: PMC4295852 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) is a mature T-cell neoplasia etiologically linked to HTLV-1. Manifestations of ATL are diverse and different clinical types with different tissue involvement and aggressiveness have been described. The mechanisms that lead to the development of ATL clinical types have not yet been clarified. Considering that in ATL patients HTLV-1 infection generally occurs in childhood, a multistep carcinogenesis model has been proposed. Microsatellite alterations are important genetic events in cancer development and these alterations have been reported in the aggressive types of ATL. Little is known about oncogenesis of the less aggressive types. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In this study we investigated the role of the microsatellite alterations in the pathogenesis mediated by HTLV-1 in the different types of ATL. We examined the presence of microsatellite instability (MSI) and loss of heterozigosity (LOH) in matched pair samples (tumoral and normal) of 24 patients with less aggressive types (smoldering and chronic) and in aggressive types (acute and lymphoma) of ATL. Four microsatellite markers D10S190, D10S191, D1391 and DCC were analyzed. MSI was found in four patients, three smoldering and one chronic, and LOH in four patients, three smoldering and one acute. None of the smoldering patients with microsatellite alterations progressed to aggressive ATL. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE To our knowledge, this is the first report describing the presence of MSI and LOH in the less aggressive types of ATL. These results indicate that microsatellite alterations may participate in the development of the less aggressive types of ATL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Magalhães
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathology (LAPEX), Gonçalo Moniz Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (CPQGM/FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Pedro D. Oliveira
- Department of Dermatology, Complexo Hospitalar Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Achiléa L. Bittencourt
- Department of Pathology, Complexo Hospitalar Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Lourdes Farre
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathology (LAPEX), Gonçalo Moniz Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (CPQGM/FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology of Tropical Diseases (INCT/DT), Salvador, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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6
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Marriott SJ, Semmes OJ. Impact of HTLV-I Tax on cell cycle progression and the cellular DNA damage repair response. Oncogene 2005; 24:5986-95. [PMID: 16155605 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1208976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) is the etiologic agent of adult T-cell leukemia (ATL), a rapidly progressing, clonal malignancy of CD4+ T lymphocytes. Fewer than one in 20 infected individuals typically develop ATL and the onset of this cancer occurs after decades of relatively symptom-free infection. Leukemic cells from ATL patients display extensive and varied forms of chromosomal abnormalities and this genomic instability is thought to be a major contributor to the development of ATL. HTLV-I encodes a regulatory protein, Tax, which is necessary and sufficient to transform cells and is therefore considered to be the viral oncoprotein. Tax interacts with numerous cellular proteins to reprogram cellular processes including, but not limited to, transcription, cell cycle regulation, DNA repair, and apoptosis. This review presents an overview of the impact of HTLV-I infection in general, and Tax expression in particular, on cell cycle progression and the repair of DNA damage. The contribution of these activities to genome instability and cellular transformation will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan J Marriott
- Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Mamane Y, Loignon M, Palmer J, Hernandez E, Césaire R, Alaoui-Jamali M, Hiscott J. Repression of DNA repair mechanisms in IRF-4-expressing and HTLV-I-infected T lymphocytes. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2005; 25:43-51. [PMID: 15684621 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2005.25.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T cell leukemia virus (HTLV) is the causative agent of adult T cell leukemia (ATL), an aggressive and fatal leukemia of CD4+ T lymphocytes in which interferon regulatory factor-4 (IRF-4) becomes constitutively expressed, concomitant with major alterations in host gene expression. When constitutively expressed in uninfected T lymphocytes, IRF-4 caused reduced expression of critical DNA repair genes, including Rad51, XRCC1, Ung1, RPA, and proliferative cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), a transcriptional phenotype with striking similarities to the profile observed in HTLV-infected T lymphocytes. Concomitant with the inhibition of gene expression and defects in the DNA repair pathways, increased sensitivity of T lymphocytes to various genotoxic stresses that challenged all major DNA repair pathways were detected. Together, these results support a role for IRF- 4 in the repression of DNA repair activity and an increase in the risk of mutations. IRF-4 may thus represent a previously unidentified endogenous transcriptional repressor of DNA repair mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaël Mamane
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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Morimoto H, Tsukada J, Kominato Y, Tanaka Y. Reduced expression of human mismatch repair genes in adult T-cell leukemia. Am J Hematol 2005; 78:100-7. [PMID: 15682421 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.20259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the expression of six human DNA mismatch repair (MMR) genes, human MutS homologues 2 (hMSH2), 3 (hMSH3), and 6 (hMSH6), human MutL homologue 1 (hMLH1), human post-meiotic segregations 1 (hPMS1) and 2 (hPMS2), in primary leukemic cells obtained from 11 patients with acute-type adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) by using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). In contrast to normal peripheral lymphocytes, all primary ATL samples had reduced or loss of expression of two or more MMR genes, and the expression of several MMR genes was simultaneously suppressed in each ATL patient. Abnormal expression of hMSH2, hMSH3, hMSH6, hMLH1, and hPMS1 was observed more frequently than that of hPMS2. In particular, expression of hMSH2 and hPMS1 was reduced in all cases. Western blot analysis further showed reduced expression of both hMSH2 and hPMS1 proteins in all five cases examined. In three out of the 5 cases, both of the two proteins were undetectable. Interestingly, methylation-specific PCR indicated methylation of hPMS1 promoter in all of four ATL cases examined. hPMS1 expression, but not hMSH2 expression, was restored by treatment with a DNA demethylation agent, 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine, suggesting that methylation plays a crucial role in inhibition of the hPMS1 gene expression in ATL. Our results demonstrate that defect of both human MutS and human MutL systems in primary ATL cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Morimoto
- First Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
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Yamane K, Taylor K, Kinsella TJ. Mismatch repair-mediated G2/M arrest by 6-thioguanine involves the ATR–Chk1 pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 318:297-302. [PMID: 15110787 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
DNA mismatch repair (MMR) deficiency in human cancers is associated with resistance to a spectrum of clinically active chemotherapy drugs, including 6-thioguanine (6-TG). We and others have shown that 6-TG-induced DNA mismatches result in a prolonged G2/M cell cycle arrest followed by apoptosis in MMR(+) human cancer cells, although the signaling pathways are not clearly understood. In this study, we found that prolonged (up to 4 days) treatment with 6-TG (3microM) resulted in a progressive phosphorylation of Chk1 and Chk2 in MMR(+) HeLa cells, correlating temporally with a drug-induced G2/M arrest. Transfection of HeLa cells with small interfering RNA (siRNA) against the ataxia telangiectasia-related (ATR) kinase or against the Chk1 kinase destroyed the G2/M checkpoint and enhanced the apoptosis following 6-TG treatment. On the other hand, the induction of a G2/M population by 6-TG was similar in ATM(-/-) and ATM(+) human fibroblasts, suggesting that the ATM-Chk2 pathway does not play a major role in this 6-TG response. Our results indicate that 6-TG DNA mismatches activate the ATR-Chk1 pathway in the MMR(+) cells, resulting in a G2/M checkpoint response
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiko Yamane
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Case Western Reserve University, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center/University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, OH 44106-4942, USA
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10
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Scarisbrick JJ, Mitchell TJ, Calonje E, Orchard G, Russell-Jones R, Whittaker SJ. Microsatellite Instability Is Associated with Hypermethylation of the hMLH1 Gene and Reduced Gene Expression in Mycosis Fungoides. J Invest Dermatol 2003; 121:894-901. [PMID: 14632210 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2003.12496.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Fifty-one mycosis fungoides samples were analyzed for microsatellite instability (MSI) using the panel of markers recommended for hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer kindred and a panel we designed for cutaneous T cell lymphoma in order to compare detection rates and determine if MSI is a genome-wide phenomenon. Samples demonstrating MSI were analyzed for abnormalities of the hMLH1 gene including loss of heterozygosity, mutations, and promoter hypermethylation. MSI was detected in 16% using the hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer panel and 22% with the cutaneous T cell lymphoma panel. Overall, 27% demonstrated MSI and 73% had a stable phenotype. hMLH1 gene studies did not detect loss of heterozygosity or reveal any mutations. Promoter hypermethylation was detected in nine of 14 patients with MSI, however (64%). In addition hMLH1 and hMSH2 protein expression was studied using immunohistochemical techniques. Five of nine patients with MSI and hMLH1 promoter methylation showed abnormal hMLH1 protein expression with normal hMSH2 gene expression. All other patients tested demonstrated normal hMLH1 and hMSH2 protein expression. MSI was found to be more prevalent in tumor stage mycosis fungoides (47%) than early stage disease (20%) and was associated with an older age of onset of mycosis fungoides. MSI may be a consequence of hMLH1 promoter hypermethylation in mycosis fungoides patients and may prevent transcription in a subset of patients. This suggests that the development of a mutator phenotype may contribute to disease progression in mycosis fungoides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia J Scarisbrick
- Skin Tumour Unit, St John's Institute Dermatology, St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK.
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11
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Richard SM, Knuutila S, Peltomäki P, Bianchi MS, Bianchi NO. Y chromosome instability in lymphoproliferative disorders. Mutat Res 2003; 525:103-7. [PMID: 12650910 DOI: 10.1016/s0027-5107(03)00007-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Silvina M Richard
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular, Calle 526 e/10 y 11, CC 403, 1900 La Plata, Argentina.
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12
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Gu L, Cline-Brown B, Zhang F, Qiu L, Li GM. Mismatch repair deficiency in hematological malignancies with microsatellite instability. Oncogene 2002; 21:5758-64. [PMID: 12173046 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1205695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2002] [Revised: 05/15/2002] [Accepted: 05/20/2002] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in human mismatch repair (MMR) genes are the genetic basis for certain types of solid tumors displaying microsatellite instability (MSI). MSI has also been observed in hematological malignancies, but whether these hematological malignancies are associated with MMR deficiency is still unclear. Using both biochemical and genetic approaches, this study analysed MMR proficiency in 11 cell lines derived from patients with hematological malignancies and demonstrated that six out of seven hematological cancer cell lines with MSI were defective in strand-specific MMR. In vitro complementation experiments, using characterized MMR mutant extracts or purified proteins, showed that these hematological cancer cells were defective in either hMutS(alpha) (a heterodimer of hMSH2 and hMSH6) or hMutL(alpha) (a heterodimer of hMLH1 and hPMS2). Furthermore, cell lines deficient in hMutS(alpha) showed large deletions or point mutations in hMSH2, while those deficient in hMutL(alpha) exhibited point mutations in hMLH1 or a lack of expression of hPMS2. From these results, we conclude that, as in solid tumors, hematological malignancies with MSI are also associated with MMR deficiency, and that the cause of MMR deficiency in these cell lines is due to a defective MutS(alpha) or MutL(alpha). We also report here, for the first time, that an MSI-positive cell line derived from Burkitt's lymphoma is proficient in MMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liya Gu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky, KY 40536, USA.
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Okazaki S, Moriuchi R, Yosizuka N, Sugahara K, Maeda T, Jinnai I, Tomonaga M, Kamihira S, Katamine S. HTLV-1 proviruses encoding non-functional TAX in adult T-cell leukemia. Virus Genes 2002; 23:123-35. [PMID: 11724264 DOI: 10.1023/a:1011840918149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) is associated with prior infection with human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1). TAX, the major transactivator of HTLV-1, has been implicated in the immortalization of infected T-cells, but molecular mechanisms of in vivo malignant cell transformation induced by HTLV-1 remain unclear. To investigate the role of TAX in the monoclonal proliferation of ATL cells, we determined the nucleotide sequence of tax DNA clones obtained from 6 ATL patients and analysed the biological function of their products. We found that ATL cells from 2 of these patients possessed tax with a nonsense or frame-shift mutation resulting in the premature termination of its protein product, which was no longer functional. This strongly argued against an indispensable role of TAX for the maintenance of ATL cells in vivo. On the other hand, the frequency of nucleotide substitutions found in non-functional tax DNA clones from these patients was significantly lower than those in functional tax DNA clones from the others, suggesting a role for TAX in the genome instability of infected cells. Although mismatch repair defects in the microsatellite markers, including those in hMSH3, hMSH6, BAX, TGF-beta RII, and E2F4 genes, were infrequent, we found an increase in the number of CAG repeats of the E2F4 microsatellite marker in 1 patient. These findings indicate that while TAX may be a necessary prerequisite for malignant transformation of infected cells, it is not essential for the maintenance of ATL cells in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Okazaki
- Department of Pediatrics, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Japan
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14
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Sasaki O, Meguro K, Tohmiya Y, Funato T, Shibahara S, Sasaki T. Nucleotide alteration of retinoblastoma protein-interacting zinc finger gene, RIZ, in human leukemia. TOHOKU J EXP MED 2002; 196:193-201. [PMID: 12002276 DOI: 10.1620/tjem.196.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The retinoblastoma protein-interacting zinc finger gene (RIZ) is a zinc-finger type DNA binding protein and is postulated as a member of the nuclear protein-methyltransferase superfamily. RIZ gene encodes for two proteins, RIZ1 and RIZ2. While RIZ1 contains the N-terminal PR (PRDI-BF1 and RIZ homologous)-domain, RIZ2 lacks it. RIZ1 is now considered as a tumor suppressor. We analyzed nucleotide alteration of RIZ gene in human leukemia. The results revealed a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), T1704 to A, near the conserved Rb-binding domain, leading to an amino acid change, Asp283 to Glu. Interestingly, 17 of 21 leukemia cell lines are homozygous for the T1704 allele whereas only 2 of 20 normal subjects are homozygous for the allele. In addition, one base pair deletion in the poly (A)9 tract in the coding region near the C-terminal zinc-fingers was identified, resulting in frameshift, in 1 out of 17 leukemia cell lines, but no mutation in samples from 15 patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and 6 patients with adult T cell leukemia (ATL). In the PR or SH3 (src homology 3) domain of the RIZ gene, no mutation was found. These findings suggest that RIZ may be a possible target of structural alteration leading to leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osam Sasaki
- Department of Rheumatology and Hematology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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15
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Ribeiro EMSF, Rodriguez JM, Cóser VM, Sotero MG, Fonseca Neto JM, Pasquini R, Cavalli IJ. Microsatellite instability and cytogenetic survey in myeloid leukemias. Braz J Med Biol Res 2002; 35:153-9. [PMID: 11847518 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2002000200003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Microsatellites are short tandem repeat sequences dispersed throughout the genome. Their instability at multiple genetic loci may result from mismatch repair errors and it occurs in hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer. This instability is also found in many sporadic cancers. In order to evaluate the importance of this process in myeloid leukemias, we studied five loci in different chromosomes of 43 patients, 22 with chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML) in the chronic phase, 7 with CML in blast crisis, and 14 with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), by comparing leukemic DNA extracted from bone marrow and constitutional DNA obtained from buccal epithelial cells. Only one of the 43 patients (2.1%), with relapsed AML, showed an alteration in the allele length at a single locus. Cytogenetic analysis was performed in order to improve the characterization of leukemic subtypes and to determine if specific chromosome aberrations were associated with the presence of microsatellite instability. Several chromosome aberrations were observed, most of them detected at diagnosis and during follow-up of the patients, according to current literature. These findings suggest that microsatellite instability is an infrequent genetic event in myeloid leukemias, adding support to the current view that the mechanisms of genomic instability in solid tumors differ from those observed in leukemias, where specific chromosome aberrations seem to play a major role.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M S F Ribeiro
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brasil.
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16
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Siegel RS, Gartenhaus RB, Kuzel TM. Human T-cell lymphotropic-I-associated leukemia/lymphoma. Curr Treat Options Oncol 2001; 2:291-300. [PMID: 12057109 DOI: 10.1007/s11864-001-0022-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Human T-cell lymphotropic virus-I (HTLV-I)-related adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) is a model disease for proof of viral oncogenesis. HTLV-I infection is endemic in southern Japan and the Caribbean basin, and occurs sporadically in Africa, Central and South America, the Middle East, and the southeastern United States. ATL occurs in only 2% to 4% of HTLV-I-infected people [1-3]. When it does occur, it is usually aggressive and difficult to treat; most people survive for less than 1 year [1-3]. Combination chemotherapy with cytotoxic agents has yielded complete response rates of 20% to 45%, but responses usually last only a few months [3]. Recently, novel treatments, such as monoclonal antibodies directed at the interleukin-2 receptor and the combination of interferon alfa and zidovudine, have been shown to be active in the treatment of patients with ATL. A small percentage of patients achieve long-lasting remissions [2,3].
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Siegel
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Medical School, and the Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, 676 N. St. Clair, Suite 850, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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Siegel R, Gartenhaus R, Kuzel T. HTLV-I associated leukemia/lymphoma: epidemiology, biology, and treatment. Cancer Treat Res 2001; 104:75-88. [PMID: 11191136 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-1601-9_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R Siegel
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University, USA
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Loss of heterozygosity on 10q and microsatellite instability in advanced stages of primary cutaneous T-cell lymphoma and possible association with homozygous deletion of PTEN. Blood 2000. [DOI: 10.1182/blood.v95.9.2937.009k15_2937_2942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous cytogenetic studies of primary cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) were based on limited numbers of patients and seldom showed consistent nonrandom chromosomal abnormalities. In this study, 54 tumor DNA samples from patients with CTCL were analyzed for loss of heterozygosity on 10q. Allelic loss was identified in 10 samples, all of which were from the 44 patients with mycosis fungoides (10/44 patients; 23%). Of the patients with allelic loss, 3 were among the 29 patients with early-stage myosis fungoides (T1 or T2) (3/29 patients; 10%), whereas the other 7 were among the 15 patients with advanced cutaneous disease (T3 or T4) (7/15 patients; 47%). The overlapping region of deletion was between 10q23 and 10q24. In addition, microsatellite instability (MSI) was present in 13 of the 54 samples (24%), 12 from patients with mycosis fungoides and 1 from a patient with Sezary syndrome. There was also an association between MSI and disease progression in patients with mycosis fungoides, with 6 of 15 (40%) patients with MSI having advanced cutaneous disease and only 6 of 29 (21%) having early-stage disease. Samples with allelic loss on 10q were analyzed for abnormalities of the tumor suppressor genePTEN (10q23.3). No tumor-specific mutations were detected, but homozygous deletion was found in 2 patients. Thus, we found loss of heterozygosity on 10q and MSI in advanced cutaneous stages of mycosis fungoides. These findings indicate that a tumor suppressor gene or genes in this region may be associated with disease progression. Furthermore, abnormalities of PTEN may be important in the pathogenesis of mycosis fungoides, but our data imply that this gene is rarely inactivated by small deletions or point mutations.
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