1
|
Zhang N, Lin J, Chin JS, Wiraja C, Xu C, McGrouther DA, Chew SY. Delivery of Wnt inhibitor WIF1 via engineered polymeric microspheres promotes nerve regeneration after sciatic nerve crush. J Tissue Eng 2022; 13:20417314221087417. [PMID: 35422984 PMCID: PMC9003641 DOI: 10.1177/20417314221087417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Injuries within the peripheral nervous system (PNS) lead to sensory and motor deficits, as well as neuropathic pain, which strongly impair the life quality of patients. Although most current PNS injury treatment approaches focus on using growth factors/small molecules to stimulate the regrowth of the injured nerves, these methods neglect another important factor that strongly hinders axon regeneration—the presence of axonal inhibitory molecules. Therefore, this work sought to explore the potential of pathway inhibition in promoting sciatic nerve regeneration. Additionally, the therapeutic window for using pathway inhibitors was uncovered so as to achieve the desired regeneration outcomes. Specifically, we explored the role of Wnt signaling inhibition on PNS regeneration by delivering Wnt inhibitors, sFRP2 and WIF1, after sciatic nerve transection and sciatic nerve crush injuries. Our results demonstrate that WIF1 promoted nerve regeneration ( p < 0.05) after sciatic nerve crush injury. More importantly, we revealed the therapeutic window for the treatment of Wnt inhibitors, which is 1 week post sciatic nerve crush when the non-canonical receptor tyrosine kinase (Ryk) is significantly upregulated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Na Zhang
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Junquan Lin
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jiah Shin Chin
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- NTU Institute for Health Technologies, Interdisciplinary Graduate School, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Christian Wiraja
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chenjie Xu
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, China
| | - Duncan Angus McGrouther
- Department of Hand and Reconstructive Microsurgery, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sing Yian Chew
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Karagyaur M, Rostovtseva A, Dzhauari S, Kozlov E, Lebedeva L, Klimovich P, Balabanyan V, Semina E, Sysoeva V, Shidlovskii Y, Popov V, Stambolsky D. Biodistribution and Safety Studies of a Bicistronic Plasmid for Nerve Repair. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2021; 27:391-400. [PMID: 34015967 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2021.0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene therapy is one of the promising approaches for regenerative medicine. Local and long-term expression of essential growth factors allows to achieve the desired therapeutic effect. However, some aspects of prolonged usage of genetic constructs encoding growth factors, such as toxicity, mutagenicity, genotoxicity, and ability to disseminate from the injection site and mediate ectopic expression of therapeutic proteins, are poorly investigated. These aspects of gene therapy drugs' usage became the subject of this study. To study plasmid biodistribution, toxicity, mutagenicity, and genotoxicity, we used previously described bicistronic genetic construct encoding human brain-derived neurotrophic factor (hBDNF) and human urokinase plasminogen activator (huPA) for nerve repair. Biodistribution studies were conducted in mice: a course of intramuscular plasmid injections was followed by the study of the content of the plasmid (real-time polymerase chain reaction) and recombinant proteins (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) in murine organs and tissues. The study of the plasmid chronic toxicity was carried out on rats with registration of their weight dynamics, neurological status, emotional state, and blood test parameters. The mutagenicity of the plasmid was studied in an in vivo DNA comet test in mice. Plasmid genotoxicity was investigated in the model of somatic recombination in Drosophila females. We have shown that plasmids can disseminate from the injection site, but do not mediate ectopic expression of growth factors upon repeated intramuscular injections. The studied plasmid also does not reveal toxic, mutagenic, or genotoxic effects. During the toxicological study on rats, we have shown that daily injections of this genetic construct, despite its ability to disseminate from the injection site, do not affect the physical, cognitive, and emotional state of experimental animals. We have demonstrated the safety of the bicistronic plasmid, encoding hBDNF and huPA, upon its repeated administration. The properties of genetic constructs strongly depend on their sequence and delivery approach, which requires conducting of their safety studies in each specific case. Impact statement Gene therapy is one of the promising approaches for regenerative medicine. Local and long-term expression of essential growth factors allows to achieve the desired therapeutic effect. However, some aspects of prolonged usage of genetic constructs encoding growth factors, such as toxicity, mutagenicity, genotoxicity, and ability to disseminate from the injection site and mediate ectopic expression of therapeutic proteins, are poorly investigated. These aspects of gene therapy became the subject of this study. To our knowledge, this is a unique study that provides a thorough safety investigation of a bicistronic plasmid after its readministration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maxim Karagyaur
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.,Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Stalik Dzhauari
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Eugene Kozlov
- Department of Gene Expression Regulation in Development, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Lyubov Lebedeva
- Department of Gene Expression Regulation in Development, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Polina Klimovich
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vadim Balabanyan
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Semina
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.,Molecular Endocrinology Lab, Institute of Experimental Cardiology, National Cardiology Research Center Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Veronika Sysoeva
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yulii Shidlovskii
- Department of Gene Expression Regulation in Development, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Department of Biology and General Genetics, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir Popov
- Faculty of Medicine, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry Stambolsky
- Medical Research and Education Center, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Molinnus D, Drinic A, Iken H, Kröger N, Zinser M, Smeets R, Köpf M, Kopp A, Schöning MJ. Towards a flexible electrochemical biosensor fabricated from biocompatible Bombyx mori silk. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 183:113204. [PMID: 33836429 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In modern days, there is an increasing relevance of and demand for flexible and biocompatible sensors for in-vivo and epidermal applications. One promising strategy is the implementation of biological (natural) polymers, which offer new opportunities for flexible biosensor devices due to their high biocompatibility and adjustable biodegradability. As a proof-of-concept experiment, a biosensor was fabricated by combining thin- (for Pt working- and counter electrode) and thick-film (for Ag/AgCl quasi-reference electrode) technologies: The biosensor consists of a fully bio-based and biodegradable fibroin substrate derived from silk fibroin of the silkworm Bombyx mori combined with immobilized enzyme glucose oxidase. The flexible glucose biosensor is encapsulated by a biocompatible silicon rubber which is certificated for a safe use onto human skin. Characterization of the sensor set-up is exemplarily demonstrated by glucose measurements in buffer and Ringer's solution, while the stability of the quasi-reference electrode has been investigated versus a commercial Ag/AgCl reference electrode. Repeated bending studies validated the mechanical properties of the electrode structures. The cross-sensitivity of the biosensor against ascorbic acid, noradrenaline and adrenaline was investigated, too. Additionally, biocompatibility and degradation tests of the silk fibroin with and without thin-film platinum electrodes were carried out.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Denise Molinnus
- Institute of Nano- and Biotechnologies (INB), FH Aachen, Campus Jülich, Heinrich-Mußmann-Strasse 1, 52428, Jülich, Germany
| | - Aleksander Drinic
- Fibrothelium GmbH, TRIWO Technopark Aachen, Philipsstr. 8, 52068, Aachen, Germany
| | - Heiko Iken
- Institute of Nano- and Biotechnologies (INB), FH Aachen, Campus Jülich, Heinrich-Mußmann-Strasse 1, 52428, Jülich, Germany
| | - Nadja Kröger
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, University Hospital of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany
| | - Max Zinser
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, University Hospital of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ralf Smeets
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Division of Regenerative Orofacial Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marius Köpf
- Fibrothelium GmbH, TRIWO Technopark Aachen, Philipsstr. 8, 52068, Aachen, Germany
| | - Alexander Kopp
- Fibrothelium GmbH, TRIWO Technopark Aachen, Philipsstr. 8, 52068, Aachen, Germany
| | - Michael J Schöning
- Institute of Nano- and Biotechnologies (INB), FH Aachen, Campus Jülich, Heinrich-Mußmann-Strasse 1, 52428, Jülich, Germany; Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-3), Wilhelm-Johnen-Strasse 6, 52425, Jülich, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Keshavarz Shahbaz S, Varasteh AR, Koushki K, Ayati SH, Mashayekhi K, Sadeghi M, Moghadam M, Sankian M. Sublingual dendritic cells targeting by aptamer: Possible approach for improvement of sublingual immunotherapy efficacy. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 85:106603. [PMID: 32485357 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The efficacy improvement of current sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) for preventing and treating respiratory airway allergic diseases is the main purpose of many investigations. In this study, we aimed to assess whether ovalbumin (Ova) encapsulated poly (lactic-co-glycolic) acid nanoparticles (PLGA NPs) decorated with dendritic cells (DCs)-specific aptamer could be applied for this purpose.The nanoparticles containing Ova were synthesized by emulsion/solvent evaporation method and attached to DCs-specific aptamer. Ova-sensitized BALB/c mice have been treated in five ways: subcutaneously with free Ova (SCIT), sublingually either with free Ova, Ova-PLGA NPs (two doses), Apt-Ova-PLGA NPs (two doses) and placebo/control Apt-Ova-PLGA NPs. For assessment of immunologic responses, IL-4, IFN-γ, IL-17, IL10, and TGF-β and IgE antibody levels were measured by ELISA and T cell proliferation were evaluated by MTT. In addition, lung and nasal histological examinations, NALF cells counting were carried out. Results declared that the lowest IgE and IL- 4 levels were observed in Apt-Ova-PLGA NPs (both doses). In the other hands, Apt-Ova-PLGA NPs (high dose) showed the highest increase of IFN- γ and TGF- β, decrease of IL-17 levels, total cell count and T-cell proliferation. IL-10 levels showed more decrease in SCIT, Apt-Ova-PLGA NPs (high dose) and Ova-PLGA NPs (high dose) than other groups. Histopathological examinations also confirmed in vitro results. Our findings suggest SLIT with this functionalized delivery system could be a promising approach for promoting the SLIT efficiency by decreasing the required allergen doses through specific delivery of allergen to sublingual DCs and enhancing the suppression of allergic responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sanaz Keshavarz Shahbaz
- Immunology Research Center, Medical School, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Abdol-Reza Varasteh
- Allergy Research Center, Medical School, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Khadijeh Koushki
- Immunology Research Center, Medical School, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Hasan Ayati
- Immunology Research Center, Medical School, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Kazem Mashayekhi
- Immunology Research Center, Medical School, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahvash Sadeghi
- Immunology Research Center, Medical School, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Malihe Moghadam
- Immunology Research Center, Medical School, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Sankian
- Immunology Research Center, Medical School, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Salari F, Varasteh AR, Vahedi F, Hashemi M, Sankian M. Down-regulation of Th2 immune responses by sublingual administration of poly (lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA)-encapsulated allergen in BALB/c mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2015; 29:672-678. [PMID: 26404189 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to investigate whether poly (lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) nanoparticles could enhance sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) efficacy. BALB/c mice sensitized to rChe a 3 were treated sublingually either with soluble rChe a 3 (100μg/dose) or PLGA-encapsulated rChe a 3 (5, 25, or 50μg/dose). SLIT with PLGA-encapsulated rChe a 3 (equivalent to 25 and 50μg rChe a 3 per dose) led to significantly increased antigen-specific IgG2a, along with no effect on allergen-specific IgE and IgG1 antibody levels. In addition, interleukin 4 (IL-4) levels in restimulated splenocytes were significantly less, while interferon-γ (IFN-γ), interleukin-10 (IL-10), and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) levels, as well as Foxp3 expression, were significantly greater than in the control groups. Our findings suggest that PLGA nanoparticle-based vaccination may help rational development of sublingual immunotherapy through reduction of the needed allergen doses and also significantly enhanced systemic T regulatory (Treg) and T helper 1 (Th1) immune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farhad Salari
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
| | - Abdol-Reza Varasteh
- Allergy Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Fatemeh Vahedi
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Biotechnology Department, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Maryam Hashemi
- Nanotechnology Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Mojtaba Sankian
- Immunobiochemistry Lab, Immunology Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
In this article, advances in designing polymeric nanoparticles for targeted cancer gene therapy are reviewed. Characterization and evaluation of biomaterials, targeting ligands, and transcriptional elements are each discussed. Advances in biomaterials have driven improvements to nanoparticle stability and tissue targeting, conjugation of ligands to the surface of polymeric nanoparticles enable binding to specific cancer cells, and the design of transcriptional elements has enabled selective DNA expression specific to the cancer cells. Together, these features have improved the performance of polymeric nanoparticles as targeted non-viral gene delivery vectors to treat cancer. As polymeric nanoparticles can be designed to be biodegradable, non-toxic, and to have reduced immunogenicity and tumorigenicity compared to viral platforms, they have significant potential for clinical use. Results of polymeric gene therapy in clinical trials and future directions for the engineering of nanoparticle systems for targeted cancer gene therapy are also presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jayoung Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - David R. Wilson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Camila G. Zamboni
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jordan J. Green
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ping Y, Wu D, Kumar JN, Cheng W, Lay CL, Liu Y. Redox-Responsive Hyperbranched Poly(amido amine)s with Tertiary Amino Cores for Gene Delivery. Biomacromolecules 2013; 14:2083-94. [DOI: 10.1021/bm400460r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Ping
- Institute of Materials
Research
and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 3 Research Link, Singapore 117602, Singapore
| | - Decheng Wu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics & Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jatin Nitin Kumar
- Institute of Materials
Research
and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 3 Research Link, Singapore 117602, Singapore
| | - Weiren Cheng
- Institute of Materials
Research
and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 3 Research Link, Singapore 117602, Singapore
| | - Chee Leng Lay
- Institute of Materials
Research
and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 3 Research Link, Singapore 117602, Singapore
| | - Ye Liu
- Institute of Materials
Research
and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 3 Research Link, Singapore 117602, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Tyagi RK, Garg NK, Sahu T. Vaccination Strategies against Malaria: novel carrier(s) more than a tour de force. J Control Release 2012; 162:242-54. [PMID: 22564369 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Revised: 04/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The introduction of vaccine technology has facilitated an unprecedented multi-antigen approach to develop an effective vaccine against complex systemic inflammatory pathogens such as Plasmodium spp. that cause severe malaria. The capacity of multi subunit DNA vaccine encoding different stage Plasmodium antigens to induce CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocytes and interferon-γ responses in mice, monkeys and humans has been observed. Moreover, genetic vaccination may be capable of eliciting both cell mediated and humoral immune responses. The cytotoxic T cell responses are categorically needed against intracellular hepatic stage and humoral response with antibodies targeted against antigens from all stages of malaria parasite life cycle. Therefore, the key to success for any DNA based vaccine is to design a vector able to serve as a safe and efficient delivery system. This has encouraged the development of non-viral DNA-mediated gene transfer techniques such as liposome, virosomes, microsphere and nanoparticles. Efficient and relatively safe DNA transfection using lipoplexes makes them an appealing alternative to be explored for gene delivery. Also, liposome-entrapped DNA has been shown to enhance the potency of DNA vaccines, possibly by facilitating uptake of the plasmid by antigen-presenting cells (APC). Another recent technology using cationic lipids has been deployed and has generated substantial interest in this approach to gene transfer. In this review we discussed various aspects that could be decisive in the formulation of efficient and stable carrier system(s) for the development of malaria vaccine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev K Tyagi
- Global Health Infectious Disease Research Program, Department of Global Health, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, 3720 Spectrum Blvd, Tampa, FL 33612-9415, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
McNeela EA, Lavelle EC. Recent Advances in Microparticle and Nanoparticle Delivery Vehicles for Mucosal Vaccination. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2011; 354:75-99. [DOI: 10.1007/82_2011_140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
|
10
|
Barbon CM, Baker L, Lajoie C, Ramstedt U, Hedley ML, Luby TM. In vivo electroporation enhances the potency of poly-lactide co-glycolide (PLG) plasmid DNA immunization. Vaccine 2010; 28:7852-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.09.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2009] [Revised: 09/22/2010] [Accepted: 09/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
11
|
Soderquist RG, Mahoney MJ. Central nervous system delivery of large molecules: challenges and new frontiers for intrathecally administered therapeutics. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2010; 7:285-93. [PMID: 20201735 DOI: 10.1517/17425240903540205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Therapeutic proteins and DNA constructs offer promise for the treatment of central nervous system disorders, yet significant biological barriers limit the ability of these molecules to reach the central nervous system from the bloodstream. Direct administrations to the cerebrospinal fluid (intrathecal administration) comprise an emerging field to facilitate the efficient delivery of these biological macromolecules to central nervous system tissues. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW Previous reports from 1990 to the present time describing the interactions and turnover of the cerebrospinal fluid within the intrathecal space, characterizations of the effects that therapeutic proteins and DNA have shown after intrathecal delivery through a lumbar route, and reports of emerging technologies to address the limitations of intrathecally administered macromolecules are reviewed. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN This review provides an overview of the limitations that must be overcome for intrathecally administered biological macromolecules and the recent advances and promising approaches for surmounting these limitations. TAKE HOME MESSAGE Emerging approaches that stabilize and sustain the delivery of intrathecally administered biological macromolecules may enhance substantially the clinical relevance of promising therapeutic proteins and DNA constructs for the treatment of various central nervous system disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan G Soderquist
- University of Colorado at Boulder, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, 424 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Morais JM, Papadimitrakopoulos F, Burgess DJ. Biomaterials/tissue interactions: possible solutions to overcome foreign body response. AAPS J 2010; 12:188-96. [PMID: 20143194 PMCID: PMC2844517 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-010-9175-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 331] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2009] [Accepted: 01/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, a variety of biomaterial implantable devices has been developed. Of particular significance to pharmaceutical sciences is the progress made on the development of drug/implantable device combination products. However, the clinical application of these devices is still a critical issue due to the host response, which results from both the tissue trauma during implantation and the presence of the device in the body. Accordingly, the in vivo functionality and durability of any implantable device can be compromised by the body response to the foreign material. Numerous strategies to overcome negative body reactions have been reported. The aim of this review is to outline some key issues of biomaterial/tissue interactions such as foreign body response and biocompatibility and biocompatibility assessment. In addition, general approaches used to overcome the in vivo instability of implantable devices are presented, including (a) biocompatible material coatings, (b) steroidal and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and (c) angiogenic drugs. In particular, strategies to overcome host response to glucose biosensors are summarized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline M. Morais
- />Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, 69 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269 USA
| | | | - Diane J. Burgess
- />Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, 69 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269 USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
McCullough KC, Summerfield A. Targeting the porcine immune system--particulate vaccines in the 21st century. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 33:394-409. [PMID: 18771683 PMCID: PMC7103233 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2008.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2008] [Revised: 07/11/2008] [Accepted: 07/11/2008] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
During the last decade, the propagation of immunological knowledge describing the critical role of dendritic cells (DC) in the induction of efficacious immune responses has promoted research and development of vaccines systematically targeting DC. Based on the promise for the rational design of vaccine platforms, the current review will provide an update on particle-based vaccines of both viral and synthetic origin, giving examples of recombinant virus carriers such as adenoviruses and biodegradable particulate carriers. The viral carriers carry pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP), used by the original virus for targeting DC, and are particularly efficient and versatile gene delivery vectors. Efforts in the field of synthetic vaccine carriers are focussing on decorating the particle surface with ligands for DC receptors such as heparan sulphate glycosaminoglycan structures, integrins, Siglecs, galectins, C-type lectins and toll-like receptors. The emphasis of this review will be placed on targeting the porcine immune system, but reference will be made to advances with murine and human vaccine delivery systems where information on DC targeting is available.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth C McCullough
- Institute of Virology and Immunoprophylaxis, Sensemattstrasse 293, CH-3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Onuki Y, Bhardwaj U, Papadimitrakopoulos F, Burgess DJ. A review of the biocompatibility of implantable devices: current challenges to overcome foreign body response. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2008; 2:1003-15. [PMID: 19885290 PMCID: PMC2769826 DOI: 10.1177/193229680800200610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, a variety of devices (drug-eluting stents, artificial organs, biosensors, catheters, scaffolds for tissue engineering, heart valves, etc.) have been developed for implantation into patients. However, when such devices are implanted into the body, the body can react to these in a number of different ways. These reactions can result in an unexpected risk for patients. Therefore, it is important to assess and optimize the biocompatibility of implantable devices. To date, numerous strategies have been investigated to overcome body reactions induced by the implantation of devices. This review focuses on the foreign body response and the approaches that have been taken to overcome this. The biological response following device implantation and the methods for biocompatibility evaluation are summarized. Then the risks of implantable devices and the challenges to overcome these problems are introduced. Specifically, the challenges used to overcome the functional loss of glucose sensors, restenosis after stent implantation, and calcification induced by implantable devices are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Onuki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Upkar Bhardwaj
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | | | - Diane J. Burgess
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abbas AO, Donovan MD, Salem AK. Formulating poly(lactide-co-glycolide) particles for plasmid DNA delivery. J Pharm Sci 2008; 97:2448-61. [PMID: 17918737 DOI: 10.1002/jps.21215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Biodegradable poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) particles have shown significant potential for sustained and targeted delivery of several pharmaceutical agents, including plasmid DNA (pDNA). Here, we survey current approaches to PLGA particle preparation for pDNA delivery and discuss recent progress on optimizing formulation development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aiman O Abbas
- Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, S228 Pharmacy Building, 115 S Grand Avenue, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ruberti M, De Melo LK, Dos Santos SA, Brandao IT, Soares EG, Silva CL, Júnior JMR. Prime-boost Vaccination based on DNA and Protein-loaded Microspheres for Tuberculosis Prevention. J Drug Target 2008; 12:195-203. [PMID: 15506168 DOI: 10.1080/10611860410001723126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the use of a vaccine formulation based on a mixture of two different PLGA microspheres, composed by faster and slower release profiles, containing DNA encoding hsp65 and the recombinant hsp65 protein, respectively, aiming to DNA priming and protein boost after a single dose vaccination. The combination of PLGA50:50 microspheres containing DNA-hsp65 and trehalose dimycolate (TDM) with PLGA75:25 microspheres containing recombinant hsp65 (prime-boost Me) was able to induce high levels of anti-hsp65 specific antibodies. The serum levels of these specific antibodies remained high during 90 days after vaccination, whereas the DNA Me formulation based only in DNA-hsp65 plus TDM-loaded microspheres was not able to sustain the high antibody levels during the same period. Production of IFN-gamma was significant in animals vaccinated with both formulations, while the prime-boost Me vaccinated mice sustained higher levels of this cytokine during all the evaluation period. Thus, prime-boost strategy by using biodegradable microspheres seems to be a promising strategy to stimulate long-lasting immune response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maristela Ruberti
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo. Av. Bandeirantes 3.900, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14049-900, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Tyagi RK, Sharma PK, Vyas SP, Mehta A. Various carrier system(s)- mediated genetic vaccination strategies against malaria. Expert Rev Vaccines 2008; 7:499-520. [PMID: 18444895 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.7.4.499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The introduction of vaccine technology has facilitated an unprecedented multiantigen approach to develop an effective vaccine against complex pathogens, such as Plasmodium spp., that cause severe malaria. The capacity of multisubunit DNA vaccines encoding different stage Plasmodium antigens to induce CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocytes and IFN-gamma responses in mice, monkeys and humans has been observed. Moreover, genetic vaccination may be multi-immune (i.e., capable of eliciting more than one type of immune response, including cell-mediated and humoral). In the case of malaria parasites, a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte response is categorically needed against the intracellular hepatocyte stage while a humoral response, with antibodies targeted against antigens from all stages of the life cycle, is also needed. Therefore, the key to success for any DNA-based therapy is to design a vector able to serve as a safe and efficient delivery system. This has encouraged the development of nonviral DNA-mediated gene-transfer techniques, such as liposomes, virosomes, microspheres and nanoparticles. Efficient and relatively safe DNA transfection using lipoplexes makes them an appealing alternative to be explored for gene delivery. In addition, liposome-entrapped DNA has been shown to enhance the potency of DNA vaccines, possibly by facilitating uptake of the plasmid by antigen-presenting cells. Another recent technology using cationic lipids has been deployed and has generated substantial interest in this approach to gene transfer. This review comprises various aspects that could be decisive in the formulation of efficient and stable carrier system(s) for the development of malaria vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev K Tyagi
- Biomedical Parasitology Unit, Pasteur Institute, 25-28 Rue Du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Trombone APF, Silva CL, Almeida LP, Rosada RS, Lima KM, Oliver C, Jamur MC, Coelho-Castelo AAM. Tissue distribution of DNA-Hsp65/TDM-loaded PLGA microspheres and uptake by phagocytic cells. GENETIC VACCINES AND THERAPY 2007; 5:9. [PMID: 17880727 PMCID: PMC2042973 DOI: 10.1186/1479-0556-5-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2007] [Accepted: 09/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to demonstrate that microspheres, used as delivery vehicle of DNA-Hsp65/TDM [plasmid DNA encoding heat shock protein 65 (Hsp65) coencapsulated with trehalose dimycolate (TDM) into PLGA microspheres], are widely spread among several organs after intramuscular administration in BALB/c mice. In general, we showed that these particles were phagocytosed by antigen presenting cells, such as macrophages and dendritic cells. Besides, it was demonstrated herein that draining lymph node cells presented a significant increase in the number of cells expressing costimulatory molecules (CD80 and CD86) and MHC class II, and also that the administration of the DNA-Hsp65/TDM and vector/TDM formulations resulted in the up-regulation of CD80, CD86 and MHC class II expression when compared to control formulations (vector/TDM and empty). Regarding the intracellular trafficking we observed that following phagocytosis, the microspheres were not found in the late endosomes and/or lysosomes, until 15 days after internalization, and we suggest that these constructions were hydrolysed in early compartments. Overall, these data expand our knowledge on PLGA [poly (lactic-co- glycolic acid)] microspheres as gene carriers in vaccination strategies, as well as open perspectives for their potential use in clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula F Trombone
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, 14049-900, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
- NPT – Núcleo de Pesquisas em Tuberculose – Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, 14049-900, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - Celio L Silva
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, 14049-900, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
- NPT – Núcleo de Pesquisas em Tuberculose – Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, 14049-900, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - Luciana P Almeida
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, 14049-900, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
- NPT – Núcleo de Pesquisas em Tuberculose – Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, 14049-900, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - Rogerio S Rosada
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, 14049-900, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
- NPT – Núcleo de Pesquisas em Tuberculose – Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, 14049-900, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - Karla M Lima
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, 14049-900, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - Constance Oliver
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, 14049-900, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - Maria C Jamur
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, 14049-900, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - Arlete AM Coelho-Castelo
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, 14049-900, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
- NPT – Núcleo de Pesquisas em Tuberculose – Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, 14049-900, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Brannon-Peppas L, Ghosn B, Roy K, Cornetta K. Encapsulation of nucleic acids and opportunities for cancer treatment. Pharm Res 2007; 24:618-27. [PMID: 17372693 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-006-9208-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2006] [Accepted: 12/05/2006] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The development of nucleic acid drugs for the treatment of various cancers has shown great promise in recent years. However, efficient delivery of these drugs to target cells remains a significant challenge towards the successful development of such therapies. This review provides a comprehensive overview of encapsulation technologies being developed for the delivery of nucleic acid-based anti-cancer agents. Both micro and nanoparticles systems are discussed along with their use in delivering plasmid DNA as well as oligonucleotides. The majority of the systems discussed have used DNA immunotherapy as the potential mode of anticancer therapy, which requires targeting to antigen presenting cells. Other applications, including those with oligonucleotides, focus on targeting tumor cells directly. The results obtained so far show the excellent promise of encapsulation as an efficient means of delivering therapeutic nucleic acids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Brannon-Peppas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station, Mailcode C0300, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Milligan ED, Soderquist RG, Malone SM, Mahoney JH, Hughes TS, Langer SJ, Sloane EM, Maier SF, Leinwand LA, Watkins LR, Mahoney MJ. Intrathecal polymer-based interleukin-10 gene delivery for neuropathic pain. NEURON GLIA BIOLOGY 2006; 2:293-308. [PMID: 18079973 PMCID: PMC2133369 DOI: 10.1017/s1740925x07000488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Research on communication between glia and neurons has increased in the past decade. The onset of neuropathic pain, a major clinical problem that is not resolved by available therapeutics, involves activation of spinal cord glia through the release of proinflammatory cytokines in acute animal models of neuropathic pain. Here, we demonstrate for the first time that the spinal action of the proinflammatory cytokine, interleukin 1 (IL-1) is involved in maintaining persistent (2 months) allodynia induced by chronic-constriction injury (CCI). The anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 can suppress proinflammatory cytokines and spinal cord glial amplification of pain. Given that IL-1 is a key mediator of neuropathic pain, developing a clinically viable means of long-term delivery of IL-10 to the spinal cord is desirable. High doses of intrathecal IL-10-gene therapy using naked plasmid DNA (free pDNA-IL-10) is effective, but the dose required limits its potential clinical utility. Here we show that intrathecal gene therapy for neuropathic pain is improved sufficiently using two, distinct synthetic polymers, poly(lactic-co-glycolic) and polyethylenimine, that substantially lower doses of pDNA-IL-10 are effective. In conclusion, synthetic polymers used as i.t. gene-delivery systems are well-tolerated and improve the long-duration efficacy of pDNA-IL-10 gene therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erin D Milligan
- Department of Psychology, Campus Box 345, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309-0345, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Coelho-Castelo AAM, Trombone AP, Rosada RS, Santos RR, Bonato VLD, Sartori A, Silva CL. Tissue distribution of a plasmid DNA encoding Hsp65 gene is dependent on the dose administered through intramuscular delivery. GENETIC VACCINES AND THERAPY 2006; 4:1. [PMID: 16445866 PMCID: PMC1403771 DOI: 10.1186/1479-0556-4-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2005] [Accepted: 01/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In order to assess a new strategy of DNA vaccine for a more complete understanding of its action in immune response, it is important to determine the in vivo biodistribution fate and antigen expression. In previous studies, our group focused on the prophylactic and therapeutic use of a plasmid DNA encoding the Mycobacterium leprae 65-kDa heat shock protein (Hsp65) and achieved an efficient immune response induction as well as protection against virulent M. tuberculosis challenge. In the present study, we examined in vivo tissue distribution of naked DNA-Hsp65 vaccine, the Hsp65 message, genome integration and methylation status of plasmid DNA. The DNA-Hsp65 was detectable in several tissue types, indicating that DNA-Hsp65 disseminates widely throughout the body. The biodistribution was dose-dependent. In contrast, RT-PCR detected the Hsp65 message for at least 15 days in muscle or liver tissue from immunized mice. We also analyzed the methylation status and integration of the injected plasmid DNA into the host cellular genome. The bacterial methylation pattern persisted for at least 6 months, indicating that the plasmid DNA-Hsp65 does not replicate in mammalian tissue, and Southern blot analysis showed that plasmid DNA was not integrated. These results have important implications for the use of DNA-Hsp65 vaccine in a clinical setting and open new perspectives for DNA vaccines and new considerations about the inoculation site and delivery system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- AAM Coelho-Castelo
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Faculdade de Medicina Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
- REDE-TB: Rede Brasileira de combate à tuberculose, USP, Riberiao Preto, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - AP Trombone
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Faculdade de Medicina Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
- REDE-TB: Rede Brasileira de combate à tuberculose, USP, Riberiao Preto, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - RS Rosada
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Faculdade de Medicina Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
- REDE-TB: Rede Brasileira de combate à tuberculose, USP, Riberiao Preto, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - RR Santos
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Faculdade de Medicina Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
- REDE-TB: Rede Brasileira de combate à tuberculose, USP, Riberiao Preto, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - VLD Bonato
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Faculdade de Medicina Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
- REDE-TB: Rede Brasileira de combate à tuberculose, USP, Riberiao Preto, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - A Sartori
- Instituto de Biociências, UNESP, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - CL Silva
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Faculdade de Medicina Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
- REDE-TB: Rede Brasileira de combate à tuberculose, USP, Riberiao Preto, São Paulo, Brasil
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
With advances in biotechnology, genomics, and combinatorial chemistry, a wide variety of new, more potent and specific therapeutics are being created. Because of common problems such as low solubility, high potency, and/or poor stability of many of these new drugs, the means of drug delivery can impact efficacy and potential for commercialization as much as the nature of the drug itself. Thus, there is a corresponding need for safer and more effective methods and devices for drug delivery. Indeed, drug delivery systems—designed to provide a therapeutic agent in the needed amount, at the right time, to the proper location in the body, in a manner that optimizes efficacy, increases compliance and minimizes side effects—were responsible for $47 billion in sales in 2002, and the drug delivery market is expected to grow to $67 billion by 2006.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Ferrari
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX ,University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX ,Rice University, Houston, TX ,University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX ,Texas Alliance for NanoHealth, Houston, TX
| | - Abraham P. Lee
- Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine
| | - L. James Lee
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Luzardo-Alvarez A, Blarer N, Peter K, Romero JF, Reymond C, Corradin G, Gander B. Biodegradable microspheres alone do not stimulate murine macrophages in vitro, but prolong antigen presentation by macrophages in vitro and stimulate a solid immune response in mice. J Control Release 2005; 109:62-76. [PMID: 16269200 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2005.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2005] [Accepted: 08/15/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to analyze the potential of various types of biodegradable microspheres (MS) (i) to activate in vitro cell line-derived macrophages (RAW 264.7, Mphi), and primary peritoneal and bone marrow-derived mouse Mphi, to prolong the release and presentation of microencapsulated synthetic malaria antigens by Mphi after uptake of antigen-loaded MS, and (ii) to stimulate an immune response in mice against a microencapsulated synthetic malaria antigen. The MS were made of various types of poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) or chitosan cross-linked with tripolyphosphate. PLGA, but not chitosan MS, were efficiently ingested by Mphi. Upon exposure to the various MS types, Mphi increased only the production of reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI), while the production of nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), and the expression of cyclooxigenase-2 (COX-2), inducible NO synthase (iNOS), the cell surface markers MHC class I and II, and CD 86 remained unaffected. In vitro release of the microencapsulated antigen from PLGA50:50 MS followed a pulsatile pattern and extended over 14 weeks. This prolonged antigen release was also mirrored in the significantly prolonged antigen presentation over more than 7 days by Mphi after uptake of antigen-loaded PLGA MS. Finally, antigen-loaded PLGA MS induced a solid immune response in mice after a single s.c.-injection, which was only slightly inferior to the antibody titers measured with the control formulation with Montanide ISA720. These results suggest that MS are well tolerated by Mphi. The prolonged antigen presentation by Mphi, as measured in vitro, along with the capacity to induce a strong immune response in animals emphasize that biodegradable MS are a very promising delivery system for both preventive and immunotherapeutic vaccines.
Collapse
|
24
|
Kasper FK, Seidlits SK, Tang A, Crowther RS, Carney DH, Barry MA, Mikos AG. In vitro release of plasmid DNA from oligo(poly(ethylene glycol) fumarate) hydrogels. J Control Release 2005; 104:521-39. [PMID: 15911051 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2005.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2004] [Revised: 03/08/2005] [Accepted: 03/08/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This research investigates the release of plasmid DNA in vitro from novel, injectable hydrogels based on the polymer oligo(poly(ethylene glycol) fumarate) (OPF). These biodegradable hydrogels can be crosslinked under physiological conditions to physically entrap plasmid DNA. The DNA release kinetics were characterized fluorescently with the PicoGreen and OliGreen Reagents as well as through the use of radiolabeled plasmid. Further, the ability of the released DNA to be expressed was assessed through bacterial transformations. It was found that plasmid DNA can be released in a sustained, linear fashion over the course of 45-62 days, with the release kinetics depending upon the molecular weight of the poly(ethylene glycol) from which the OPF was synthesized. Two formulations of OPF were synthesized from poly(ethylene glycol) of a nominal molecular weight of either 3.35K (termed OPF 3K) or 10K (termed OPF 10K). By the time the gels had completely degraded, 97.8+/-0.3% of the initially loaded DNA was recovered from OPF 3K hydrogels, with 80.8+/-1.9% of the initial DNA retaining its double-stranded form. Likewise, for OPF 10K gels, 92.1+/-4.3% of the initially loaded DNA was recovered upon complete degradation of the gels, with 81.6+/-3.8% of the initial DNA retaining double-stranded form. Experiments suggest that the release of plasmid DNA from OPF hydrogels is dominated by the degradation of the gels. Bacterial transformation results indicated that the DNA retained bioactivity over the course of 42 days of release. Thus, these studies demonstrate the potential of OPF hydrogels in controlled gene delivery applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Kurtis Kasper
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, PO Box 1892, MS-142, Houston, TX 77251-1892, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Huang YC, Simmons C, Kaigler D, Rice KG, Mooney DJ. Bone regeneration in a rat cranial defect with delivery of PEI-condensed plasmid DNA encoding for bone morphogenetic protein-4 (BMP-4). Gene Ther 2005; 12:418-26. [PMID: 15647766 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3302439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Gene therapy approaches to bone tissue engineering have been widely explored. While localized delivery of plasmid DNA encoding for osteogenic factors is attractive for promoting bone regeneration, the low transfection efficiency inherent with plasmid delivery may limit this approach. We hypothesized that this limitation could be overcome by condensing plasmid DNA with nonviral vectors such as poly(ethylenimine) (PEI), and delivering the plasmid DNA in a sustained and localized manner from poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) scaffolds. To address this possibility, scaffolds delivering plasmid DNA encoding for bone morphogenetic protein-4 (BMP-4) were implanted into a cranial critical-sized defect for time periods up to 15 weeks. The control conditions included no scaffold (defect left empty), blank scaffolds (no delivered DNA), and scaffolds encapsulating plasmid DNA (non-condensed). Histological and microcomputed tomography analysis of the defect sites over time demonstrated that bone regeneration was significant at the defect edges and within the defect site when scaffolds encapsulating condensed DNA were placed in the defect. In contrast, bone formation was mainly confined to the defect edges within scaffolds encapsulating plasmid DNA, and when blank scaffolds were used to fill the defect. Histomorphometric analysis revealed a significant increase in total bone formation (at least 4.5-fold) within scaffolds incorporating condensed DNA, relative to blank scaffolds and scaffolds incorporating uncondensed DNA at each time point. In addition, there was a significant increase both in osteoid and mineralized tissue density within scaffolds incorporating condensed DNA, when compared with blank scaffolds and scaffolds incorporating uncondensed DNA, suggesting that delivery of condensed DNA led to more complete mineralized tissue regeneration within the defect area. This study demonstrated that the scaffold delivery system encapsulating PEI-condensed DNA encoding for BMP-4 was capable of enhancing bone formation and may find applications in other tissue types.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y-C Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Jilek S, Zurkaulen H, Pavlovic J, Merkle HP, Walter E. Transfection of a mouse dendritic cell line by plasmid DNA-loaded PLGA microparticles in vitro. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2005; 58:491-9. [PMID: 15451523 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2004.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2004] [Revised: 03/23/2004] [Accepted: 03/23/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Targeting of DC for DNA vaccination may be achieved by DNA-loaded poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) biodegradable microparticles, since DC efficiently capture these microparticles in vitro and in vivo. DNA was encapsulated in PLGA microparticles by spray-drying. Various additives were tested and process parameters adjusted in order to prevent degradation of the DNA during encapsulation. The highest degree of supercoiled DNA was maintained by adding a strong buffering agent, such as PBS or NaHCO(3), whereas the cryoprotective lactose did not show a significant protective effect. DNA-containing PLGA microparticles were administered to a mouse DC line. Transfection efficacy was compared with commonly employed cationic transfectants and was visually assessed by green fluorescent protein expression. Transfection rate was very low in DC for all microparticle formulations and was comparable with commonly used cationic transfectants. It is concluded that the transfection of DC using PLGA microparticles is feasible, but efforts need to be undertaken to improve transfection efficiency in vitro, which may in addition lead to improved immune responses in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Jilek
- Department of Chemistry and Applied BioSciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich (ETH Zurich), Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Abstract
Controlled release drug delivery employs drug-encapsulating devices from which therapeutic agents may be released at controlled rates for long periods of time, ranging from days to months. Such systems offer numerous advantages over traditional methods of drug delivery, including tailoring of drug release rates, protection of fragile drugs and increased patient comfort and compliance. Polymeric microspheres are ideal vehicles for many controlled delivery applications due to their ability to encapsulate a variety of drugs, biocompatibility, high bioavailability and sustained drug release characteristics. Research discussed in this review is focused on improving large-scale manufacturing, maintaining drug stability and enhancing control of drug release rates. This paper describes methods of microparticle fabrication and the major factors controlling the release rates of encapsulated drugs. Furthermore, recent advances in the use of polymer microsphere-based systems for delivery of single-shot vaccines, plasmid DNA and therapeutic proteins are discussed, as well as some future directions of microsphere research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neelesh K Varde
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Jabbari E. Release characteristics of a model plasmid DNA encapsulated in biodegradable poly(ethylene glycol fumarate)/acrylamide hydrogel microspheres. J Microencapsul 2005; 21:525-38. [PMID: 15513759 DOI: 10.1080/02652040410001729296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Biodegradable hydrogel microspheres were synthesized by free radical suspension copolymerization of poly(ethylene glycol fumarate) macromer with bisacrylamide (PEGF/PAM). The acidic initiator ammonium persulphate in combination with the basic accelerator, N,N,N',N'-tetramethyethylenediamine, were used to form the PEGF/PAM hydrogel at a neutral pH. The equilibrium water content of the microspheres was greater than 90% w/w. A model double stranded plasmid DNA (dsDNA) coding for the enhanced green fluorescence protein (pEGFP) gene was encapsulated in the hydrogel and the effect of loading and water content before swelling on release kinetics was investigated. Fluorescent confocal microscopy demonstrated that the encapsulated dsDNA was in the biologically active double stranded configuration. The highest loading of 0.81 mg ml(-1) resulted in the best encapsulation efficiency of 95%. For that loading, 6% of the dsDNA was released in 25 days at a rate of 16 ng ml(-1). The highest water content of 70% resulted in the highest burst release of 27% and 14% of the dsDNA was released in 25 days at a rate of 30 ng ml(-1). For elucidating the release mechanism, the network mesh size was compared with the radius of gyration (Rg) of the dsDNA plasmid. The mesh size was 7 nm, which was less than Rg of the dsDNA (31 nm) but greater than the chain diameter of 1.1 nm. Since the mesh size was less than Rg, the release mechanism was by reptation of the segments of dsDNA within the tube formed by the network chains between crosslinks. These results indicate that the hydrogel mesh size and the size of the plasmid control the release mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Jabbari
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, 6100 Main, Houston, TX 77005-1892, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Rodrigues Júnior JM, Lima KDM, Castelo AAMC, Martins VLDB, Santos SAD, Faccioli LH, Silva CL. É possível uma vacina gênica auxiliar no controle da tuberculose? J Bras Pneumol 2004. [DOI: 10.1590/s1806-37132004000400013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Vacinas de DNA, ainda em fase de experimentação e testes clínicos, podem se tornar uma importante ferramenta de combate a doenças infecciosas para as quais, até hoje, não existe prevenção segura e eficaz, como a tuberculose. Nos últimos anos vários estudos têm sido dedicados ao desenvolvimento de vacinas de DNA que codificam proteínas de micobactérias, entre as quais destacam-se as que codificam o antígeno 85 (Ag 85) e a proteína de choque térmico de 65 kDa (hsp65). Estes dois antígenos foram os mais estudados apresentando resultados bastante satisfatórios em ensaios pré-clínicos e com grande volume de dados registrados na literatura. Além de proteger contra infecção experimental por Mycobacterium tuberculosis virulenta, a vacina DNA-hsp65 também apresenta atividade terapêutica, ou seja, é capaz de curar os animais previamente infectados, inclusive aqueles com bacilos resistentes a múltiplas drogas. Esta vacina, hoje em avaliação clínica no Brasil também para o tratamento de câncer, é capaz de induzir a produção de citocinas de padrão Th1 tal como IFN- interferon-gama, associadas ao controle da doença. Além disso, a vacina de DNA-hsp65 é capaz de estimular clones de células CD8 citotóxicos e CD4 que podem ser caracterizados como células de memória sendo responsáveis por conferir imunidade duradoura contra a infecção. Quando utilizada na terapia da infecção, a vacina de DNA-hsp65 faz com que haja uma mudança no padrão de resposta imune, induzindo a secreção de citocinas de padrão Th1 criando um ambiente favorável à erradicação do bacilo. Os resultados demonstram ainda que a via de administração e a formulação na qual a vacina é administrada exerce fundamental influência no padrão e duração da resposta imune desencadeada. O conjunto de resultados hoje disponíveis mostra que uma vacina de DNA contra a tuberculose contribuirá de maneira significativa no controle desta doença.
Collapse
|
30
|
Luby TM, Cole G, Baker L, Kornher JS, Ramstedt U, Hedley ML. Repeated immunization with plasmid DNA formulated in poly(lactide-co-glycolide) microparticles is well tolerated and stimulates durable T cell responses to the tumor-associated antigen cytochrome P450 1B1. Clin Immunol 2004; 112:45-53. [PMID: 15207781 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2004.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2003] [Accepted: 04/06/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Injection of microparticle-encapsulated DNA elicits immune responses to plasmid-encoded antigens in mice and humans. Cytochrome P450 CYP1B1 (CYP1B1) is a member of the CYP1 P450 enzyme family that is overexpressed in a variety of solid tumors. The work described herein was performed to study the kinetics of stimulating T cell responsiveness with an encapsulated DNA encoding CYP1B1 and provides support for the clinical development of this formulation. Immunization of HLA-A2/Kb transgenic mice with human CYP1B1 encoding plasmid DNA formulated in poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLG) microparticles elicits CD8+ T cells that respond to human CYP1B1-positive target cells. The duration of the immune response, the effect on the immune response of multiple injections, and the safety of repeated injections were studied. These results show that the PLG-encapsulated DNA therapeutic elicits durable immune responses to CYP1B1, the responses are dependent on repeat immunization, and that the formulation is well tolerated.
Collapse
|
31
|
Quick DJ, Macdonald KK, Anseth KS. Delivering DNA from photocrosslinked, surface eroding polyanhydrides. J Control Release 2004; 97:333-43. [PMID: 15196760 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2004.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2003] [Accepted: 03/01/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Sustained delivery of DNA has the potential to enhance long-term gene therapy; however, precise control of a wide range of DNA release profiles may be needed. In this work, multifunctional anhydride monomers were photocrosslinked to produce hydrophobic, highly crosslinked polymer networks that degrade by surface erosion. Surface-eroding polymers can deliver molecules of a wide range of sizes at sustained, steady rates, which is advantageous for DNA delivery, where the high molecular weight may complicate control of the release profiles. When plasmid DNA was released from photocrosslinked polyanhydride matrices, DNA recovery was low (approximately 25%). Electrophoresis indicated that the plasmid DNA was released primarily in the relaxed and supercoiled forms, yet the relative fraction of released DNA in the supercoiled form decreased over time. To improve DNA recovery and reduce the damaging effects of polymer degradation, DNA was pre-encapsulated in alginate microparticles, which served as a temporary coating that quickly dissolved upon microparticle release from the polyanhydride matrix. As photocrosslinked polyanhydrides have highly predictable drug release profiles that depend on the polymer erosion rate and implant geometry and not on the entrapped molecule size, they can serve dual purposes in many biomaterial applications where structural support and drug release would be beneficial.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deborah J Quick
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, ECCH 111, UCB 424, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Liu JW, Shi YH, Le GW, Fang XX. Metabolic kinetics of foreign plasmid DNA uptake via gastrointestinal tract in mice. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2004; 12:1108-1113. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v12.i5.1108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To analyse the changes of foreign plasmid copies in different tissues after uptake via gastrointestinal tract and to evaluate the possibility of foreign plasmid integrating on the host genome.
METHODS: Samples including lung, kidney, spleen, mesenteric lymph node, thymus, gonads, feces, duodenum, large intestine, blood and liver were obtained 1, 3, 6, 24, and 48 h and 3, 6 wk after oral administration of 200 mg plasmid pcDNA3s. PCR technique was used to detect the distribution and kinetics of plasmid in different tissues. Genomic DNA was assayed for integrated plasmid by PCR after purification of high-molecular-weight genomic DNA away from free plasmid by using gel electrophoresis.
RESULTS: Plasmid could be detected in almost all tissues 1 h after oral administration and the copies of plasmid in tissues changed with time. Foreign plasmid could be detected only in kidney and blood at sixth week time. Foreign plasmid mainly as fragment survived in vivo.
CONCLUSION: Foreign plasmid can be absorbed by gastrointestinal tract and distribute in different tissues quickly, surviving as the form of fragment. Foreign plasmid DNA probably integrates into the host genome via the gastrointestinal tract.
Collapse
|
33
|
Wang C, Ge Q, Ting D, Nguyen D, Shen HR, Chen J, Eisen HN, Heller J, Langer R, Putnam D. Molecularly engineered poly(ortho ester) microspheres for enhanced delivery of DNA vaccines. NATURE MATERIALS 2004; 3:190-196. [PMID: 14991022 DOI: 10.1038/nmat1075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2003] [Accepted: 01/16/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Genetic vaccination using plasmid DNA presents a unique opportunity for achieving potent immune responses without the potential limitations of many conventional vaccines. Here we report the design of synthetic biodegradable polymers specifically for enhancing DNA vaccine efficacy in vivo. We molecularly engineered poly(ortho ester) microspheres that are non-toxic to cells, protect DNA from degradation, enable uptake by antigen-presenting cells, and release DNA rapidly in response to phagosomal pH. One type of microsphere of poly(ortho esters) that releases DNA vaccines in synchrony with the natural development of adaptive immunity, elicited distinct primary and secondary humoral and cellular immune responses in mice, and suppressed the growth of tumour cells bearing a model antigen. This polymer microparticulate system could, with further study, have implications for advancing the clinical utility of DNA vaccines as well as other nucleic-acid-based therapeutics against viral infections and cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chun Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, E25-342, 77 Mass. Ave., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Kasper F, Mikos AG. BIOMATERIALS AND GENE THERAPY. ADVANCES IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING: MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR FOUNDATIONS OF BIOMATERIALS 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2377(03)29005-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
35
|
Affiliation(s)
- Freda K Stevenson
- Molecular Immunology Group, Tenovus Laboratory, Cancer Sciences Division Southampton University Hospitals Trust, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Hedley ML. Formulations containing poly(lactide-co-glycolide) and plasmid DNA expression vectors. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2003; 3:903-10. [PMID: 12943449 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.3.6.903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
DNA expression vectors have the potential to be useful therapeutics for a wide variety of applications. However, development has been hindered by the lack of systems that provide protection from nuclease-based attack, enable cell or tissue localisation, promote adequate gene expression or provide for controlled release. At least one synthetic polymer, poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLG), may provide benefit in this regard. This polymer has a history of safe use in humans, has been demonstrated effective as a delivery system, its use is not hindered by composition patents, and Good Manufacturing Practices grade material is readily available from commercial sources. Safety and applicability to clinical medicine have been proven by use of the polymer as a microparticle delivery vehicle for peptides (luteinizing hormone releasing hormone agonist peptides; Lupron Depot [TAP Pharmaceuticals]; Zoladex [AstraZeneca]) and proteins (human growth hormone recombinant protein, Nutropin Depot [Genentech]). This report focuses on the expanding field of PLG-based DNA delivery and provides a review on research and clinical experience with PLG-plasmid formulations.
Collapse
|
37
|
Fournier E, Passirani C, Montero-Menei CN, Benoit JP. Biocompatibility of implantable synthetic polymeric drug carriers: focus on brain biocompatibility. Biomaterials 2003; 24:3311-31. [PMID: 12763459 DOI: 10.1016/s0142-9612(03)00161-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Numerous polymeric biomaterials are implanted each year in human bodies. Among them, drug delivery devices are potent novel powerful therapeutics for diseases which lack efficient treatments. Controlled release systems are in direct and sustained contact with the tissues, and some of them degrade in situ. Thus, both the material itself and its degradation products must be devoid of toxicity. The knowledge and understanding of the criteria and mechanisms determining the biocompatibility of biomaterials are therefore of great importance. The classical tissue response to a foreign material leads to the encapsulation of the implant, which may impair the drug diffusion in the surrounding tissue and/or cause implant failure. This tissue response depends on different factors, especially on the implantation site. Indeed, several organs possess a particular immunological status, which may reduce the inflammatory and immune reactions. Among them, the central nervous system is of particular interest, since many pathologies still need curative treatments. This review describes the classical foreign body reaction and exposes the particularities of the central nervous system response. The recent in vivo biocompatibility studies of implanted synthetic polymeric drug carriers are summarized in order to illustrate the behavior of different classes of polymers and the methodologies used to evaluate their tolerance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Fournier
- Inserm ERIT-M 0104, Ingénierie de la Vectorisation Particulaire, 10, rue André Bocquel, 49100 Angers, France
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Abstract
DNA vaccines have been widely used in laboratory animals and non-human primates over the last decade to induce antibody and cellular immune responses. This approach has shown some promise, in models of infectious diseases of both bacterial and viral origin as well as in tumour models. Clinical trials have shown that DNA vaccines appear safe and well tolerated, but need to be made much more potent to be candidates for preventive immunisation of humans. This review describes recent work to improve the delivery of plasmid DNA vaccines and also to increase the immunogenicity of antigens expressed from the DNA vaccine plasmids, including various formulations and molecular adjuvants. Because DNA vaccines are relatively new and represent a novel vaccine technology, certain safety issues, such as the potential for induction of autoimmune disease and integration into the host genome, must be examined carefully. If potency can be improved and safety established, plasmid DNA vaccines offer advantages in speed, simplicity, and breadth of immune response that may be useful for the immunisation of humans against infectious diseases and cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John Donnelly
- Chiron Corporation, 4560 Horton Street--M/S 4.3, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Abstract
Non-viral DNA vectors have several advantages over viral vectors. For example, virus production is expensive and there are safety concerns regarding viral manipulations. In addition, the size of the delivered plasmid is limited by the size of the viral capsid, whereas this is not a problem with non-viral vectors. The major disadvantage of using non-viral DNA delivery vectors, compared with their viral counterparts, is the low transfection efficiency. This has resulted in low levels of usage in clinical trials. Consequently, the majority of research into non-viral gene therapy has been focused on developing more efficient vectors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele D Schmidt-Wolf
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Bonn, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Kempf M, Mandal B, Jilek S, Thiele L, Vörös J, Textor M, Merkle HP, Walter E. Improved stimulation of human dendritic cells by receptor engagement with surface-modified microparticles. J Drug Target 2003; 11:11-8. [PMID: 12852436 DOI: 10.1080/1061186031000072978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) need to be stimulated before they can function to initiate immune responses. This study investigates whether microparticles loaded with antibodies specific for selected receptors expressed by DC can induce stimulation of these cells. Plain microparticles were compared with microparticles which were surface-loaded with specific antibodies for human CD40, Fc(gamma), alpha(v)beta3 and alpha(v)beta5 integrin receptors. The antibodies were either physically adsorbed or covalently linked to the microparticle surface. Anti-CD40 antibody and human IgG immobilised on the surface of microparticles induced enhanced DC maturation and activation as expressed by CD83 and CD86 upregulation. IL-12 secretion was induced at a detectable but relatively low level. Both anti-integrin antibodies (anti-alpha(v)beta3 and anti-alpha(v)beta5) induced comparable and considerable maturation of DC, but only anti-alpha(v)beta3 antibody induced significant activation of DC, whereas anti-alpha(v)beta5 did not. The stimulatory effects were most pronounced by employing microparticles with covalently linked antibodies, but were also observed to a minor extent when the antibodies were physically adsorbed to polystyrene and biodegradable poly(lactide-co-glycolide) microparticles. Engineering of microparticles by surface conjugation of specific ligands to stimulate DC may increase the effectiveness of microparticulate vaccine delivery systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Kempf
- Department of Applied BioSciences, Drug Formulation & Delivery Group, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich (ETH), Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Dass CR, Burton MA. Modified microplex vector enhances transfection of cells in culture while maintaining tumour-selective gene delivery in-vivo. J Pharm Pharmacol 2003; 55:19-25. [PMID: 12625863 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.2003.tb02429.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A non-commercial liposome (dimethyl dioctadecyl ammonium bromide:dioleoyl phosphatidylethanolamine) was compared with a commercial variety (Lipofectamine) for transfection of cultured rat adenocarcinoma cells and in an in-vivo kidney tumour model. Transfection of the cells in culture and in tumours in-vivo was variable with both types of liposomes. A high-dose microplex (lipoplex-microsphere) vector enhanced liposome-mediated transfection of cells in culture. When these high-dose microplexes were tested in-vivo, they were better than both microspherical and liposomal delivery modes in terms of transgene expression levels and the tumour-to-normal tissue ratio of gene delivery. Microplexes have been demonstrated to be capable of not only selective delivery of plasmids to solid tumours, but also of increasing transfection in cell culture, a finding that may be used in ex-vivo transfection studies. It is hypothesized that microspheres anchored the combination vector closer to the cultured cells, allowing attached liposomes to gain easier access into cells. In-vivo, microspheres permitted the microplexes to selectively deliver their genetic payload within the tumour tissue, from where the action of cationic liposomes on cellular membranes facilitated increased access of plasmids into the cytosol of target cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Crispin R Dass
- Charles Sturt University, Box 588, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia.
| | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Thiele L, Merkle HP, Walter E. Phagocytosis of synthetic particulate vaccine delivery systems to program dendritic cells. Expert Rev Vaccines 2002; 1:215-26. [PMID: 12901560 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.1.2.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic prospects of particulates are increasingly recognized for vaccination purposes. Compared with biologic particulates, such as live or attenuated bacterial vectors and viral vectors, synthetic particulates may be expected to ease the hurdles of quality assurance and validation in vaccine development and production and shorten the time for approval and to the market. The ability of synthetic antigen-loaded particulates to elicit strong immune responses, even with low amounts of antigen and to weakly immunogenic epitopes, is suggested to be due to their efficient cross-talk with the most potent antigen-presenting cells, such as dendritic cells. Moreover, the potential of particulates for intracellular delivery and directing intracellular trafficking of antigens has evolved as a promising opportunity to target the major histocompatibility complex I pathway. In summary, synthetic particulate vaccine delivery systems are likely to play an increasingly active role in enhancing or even enabling the immunostimulating effect of antigens upon direct interaction with the target cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lars Thiele
- Department of Applied BioSciences, ETH Zurich, Switzerland.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Bramwell VW, Eyles JE, Somavarapu S, Alpar HO. Liposome/DNA complexes coated with biodegradable PLA improve immune responses to plasmid encoding hepatitis B surface antigen. Immunology 2002; 106:412-8. [PMID: 12100730 PMCID: PMC1782737 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.2002.01448.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We hypothesized that the addition of polymer to the surface of liposome/DNA complexes may potentially enhance in vivo delivery of plasmid DNA to antigen-presenting cells and thereby facilitate enhanced immune responses to encoded protein. BALB/c mice were immunized subcutaneously or intramuscularly three times with a total of 50 microg of the plasmid pRc/CMV-HBs(S) (ayw subtype) encoding for the hepatitis B surface antigen. We measured transgene-specific total immunoglobulin G (IgG), IgG2a, IgG2b and IgG1 antibody responses as well as splenocyte and T-cell proliferation and cytokine production upon re-stimulation following immunization. Modification of lipid/DNA complexes by the polymer precipitation method used here for the addition of poly(d,l-lactic acid) was found to be consistently and significantly more effective than either unmodified liposomal DNA or naked DNA in eliciting transgene-specific immune responses to plasmid-encoded antigen when administered by the subcutaneous route. In addition, the polymer-modified formulations delivered by this route were more effective than naked DNA delivered by the intramuscular route in inducing antibody responses (n=5, P<0.03). Our observations provide 'proof of principle' for the use of these multicomponent formulations, which offer potential for manipulation and increased transfection efficiency in vivo for the purposes of genetic immunization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent W Bramwell
- Centre for Drug Delivery Research, School of Pharmacy, University of London, UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Newman KD, Elamanchili P, Kwon GS, Samuel J. Uptake of poly(D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) microspheres by antigen-presenting cells in vivo. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS RESEARCH 2002; 60:480-6. [PMID: 11920673 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.10019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells are the most potent antigen-presenting cells (APC) and the most effective stimulators of primary T cell responses. Based on the strong influence of the APC on the immune response, we investigated cellular uptake of a biodegradable antigen delivery system, poly(D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microspheres, at two sites of injection: intraperitoneal and intradermal. We hypothesized that a fluorescent probe, tetramethylrhodamine labeled dextran, loaded in PLGA microspheres would be taken up by APCs and thereby provide a means for studying cellular uptake of PLGA microspheres in vivo. Phagocytic load and cell phenotype were determined using flow cytometry and confocal laser scanning microscopy. The results revealed cellular uptake of tetramethylrhodamine dextran loaded PLGA microspheres at both injection sites. After intraperitoneal immunization, the predominant cell phagocytosing PLGA microspheres in the peritoneal cavity was the macrophage whereas the intradermal immunization resulted in uptake of PLGA microspheres by dendritic cells. Hence, these results suggest that the profile for cellular uptake varies with the site of injection. More importantly, this study provides direct and conclusive evidence of uptake of PLGA microspheres by the most potent APC, the dendritic cell.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kimberley D Newman
- 3118 Dentistry/Pharmacy Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2N8
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
McKeever U, Barman S, Hao T, Chambers P, Song S, Lunsford L, Hsu YY, Roy K, Hedley ML. Protective immune responses elicited in mice by immunization with formulations of poly(lactide-co-glycolide) microparticles. Vaccine 2002; 20:1524-31. [PMID: 11858858 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(01)00509-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Parenteral administration of microparticle encapsulated DNA elicits immune responses to the encoded antigens. Experiments were performed to test whether the addition of certain lipophilic agents to such formulations enhanced the activity of a beta-galactosidase (beta-gal) DNA vaccine. Addition of either taurocholic acid (TA) or monomethoxy polyethylene-glycol-distearoylphosphatidylehanolamine (PEG-DSPE) increased the efficiency of DNA encapsulation. Immunization of mice with encapsulated DNA formulations containing either compound significantly increased the number of antibody positive responders over that achieved with non-lipid containing particles. Moreover, responding animals demonstrated trends towards higher antibody titers and increased T cell responses. Tumor protection against the CT26.CL25 tumor cell line was demonstrated with lipid and non-lipid containing formulations. These results are the first demonstration of protection obtained by parenteral administration of PLG encapsulated DNA vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- U McKeever
- Zycos Inc., 44 Hartwell Avenue, Lexington, MA 02421, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Abstract
The vasculature of a tumour provides the most effective route by which neoplastic cells may be reached and eradicated by drugs. The fact that a tumour's vasculature is relatively more permeable than healthy host tissue should enable selective delivery of drugs to tumour tissue. Such delivery is relevant to carrier-mediated delivery of genetic medicine to tumours. This review discusses the potential of delivering therapeutic oligonucleotides (ONs) to tumours using cationic liposomes and cyclodextrins (CyDs), and the major hindrances posed by the tumour itself on such delivery. Cationic liposomes are generally 100-200 nm in diameter, whereas CyDs typically span 1.5 nm across. Cationic liposomes have been used for the introduction of nucleic acids into mammalian cells for more than a decade. CyD molecules are routinely used as agents that engender cholesterol efflux from lipid-laden cells, thus having an efficacious potential in the management of atherosclerosis. A recent trend is to employ these oligosaccharide molecules for delivering nucleic acids in cells both in-vitro and in-vivo. Comparisons are made with other ON delivery agents, such as porphyrin derivatives (< 1 nm), branched chain dendrimers (approximately 10 nm), polyethylenimine polymers (approximately 10 nm), nanoparticles (20-1,000 nm) and microspheres (> 1 microm), in the context of delivery to solid tumours. A discourse on how the chemical and physical properties of these carriers may affect the uptake of ONs into cells, particularly in-vivo, forms a major basis of this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Crispin R Dass
- Johnson & Johnson Research, Strawberry Hills, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Abstract
The framework for regulating DNA vaccines has been in place since the first clinical trial was initiated in the mid-1990s. American and European regulatory guidance has evolved on the basis of insights provided by ongoing preclinical and clinical studies. These include analyses of the safety of DNA vaccines in normal volunteers, and recent data concerning the tissue distribution, persistence, and integration potential of DNA plasmids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H A Smith
- Office of Vaccine Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 20892, Bethesda, MD, US
| | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Abstract
Development of an efficient method for introducing a therapeutic gene into target cells in vivo is the key issue in treating genetic and acquired diseases by gene therapy. To this end, various nonviral vectors have been designed and developed, and some of them are in clinical trials. The simplest approach is naked DNA injection into local tissues or systemic circulation. Physical (gene gun, electroporation) and chemical (cationic lipid or polymer) approaches have also been utilized to improve the efficiency and target cell specificity of gene transfer by plasmid DNA. After administration, however, nonviral vectors encounter many hurdles that result in diminished gene transfer in target cells. Cationic vectors sometimes attract serum proteins and blood cells when entering into blood circulation, which results in dynamic changes in their physicochemical properties. To reach target cells, nonviral vectors should pass through the capillaries, avoid recognition by mononuclear phagocytes, emerge from the blood vessels to the interstitium, and bind to the surface of the target cells. They then need to be internalized, escape from endosomes, and then find a way to the nucleus, avoiding cytoplasmic degradation. Successful clinical applications of nonviral vectors will rely on a better understanding of barriers in gene transfer and development of vectors that can overcome these barriers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Nishikawa
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Spack EG, Sorgi FL. Developing non-viral DNA delivery systems for cancer and infectious disease. Drug Discov Today 2001; 6:186-197. [PMID: 11173266 DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6446(00)01633-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Efforts to deliver therapeutic genes are frequently rebuffed by the body's adaptive immune response against viral delivery vectors. Attempts to circumvent this problem using non-viral delivery systems have encountered problems with transient expression and inflammatory responses induced by reaction of the innate immune system reacting against bacterial DNA. However, within the past decade, these barriers to non-viral DNA delivery have been recognized as potential allies in the development of novel vaccines for cancer and infectious disease. This review summarizes preclinical and current clinical studies testing the formulation, delivery route and adjuvant options in the development of novel DNA-based vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E G. Spack
- InterMune Pharmaceuticals, CA-94010, Burlingame, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|