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Meireles DDA, Yokomizo CH, Silva FP, Venâncio TM, Degenhardt MFDS, Oliveira CLPD, Netto LES. Functional diversity of YbbN/CnoX proteins: Insights from a comparative analysis of three thioredoxin-like oxidoreductases from Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Xylella fastidiosa and Escherichia coli. Redox Biol 2024; 72:103128. [PMID: 38554523 PMCID: PMC10998233 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2024.103128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024] Open
Abstract
YbbN/CnoX are proteins that display a Thioredoxin (Trx) domain linked to a tetratricopeptide domain. YbbN from Escherichia coli (EcYbbN) displays a co-chaperone (holdase) activity that is induced by HOCl. Here, we compared EcYbbN with YbbN proteins from Xylella fastidiosa (XfYbbN) and from Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PaYbbN). EcYbbN presents a redox active Cys residue at Trx domain (Cys63), 24 residues away from SQHC motif (SQHC[N24]C) that can form mixed disulfides with target proteins. In contrast, XfYbbN and PaYbbN present two Cys residues in the CXXC (CAPC) motif, while only PaYbbN shows the Cys residue equivalent to Cys63 of EcYbbN. Our phylogenetic analysis revealed that most of the YbbN proteins are in the bacteria domain of life and that their members can be divided into four groups according to the conserved Cys residues. EcYbbN (SQHC[N24]C), XfYbbN (CAPC[N24]V) and PaYbbN (CAPC[N24]C) are representatives of three sub-families. In contrast to EcYbbN, both XfYbbN and PaYbbN: (1) reduced an artificial disulfide (DTNB) and (2) supported the peroxidase activity of Peroxiredoxin Q from X. fastidiosa, suggesting that these proteins might function similarly to the canonical Trx enzymes. Indeed, XfYbbN was reduced by XfTrx reductase with a high catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km = 1.27 x 107 M-1 s-1), similar to the canonical XfTrx (XfTsnC). Furthermore, EcYbbN and XfYbbN, but not PaYbbN displayed HOCl-induced holdase activity. Remarkably, EcYbbN gained disulfide reductase activity while lost the HOCl-activated chaperone function, when the SQHC was replaced by CQHC. In contrast, the XfYbbN CAPA mutant lost the disulfide reductase activity, while kept its HOCl-induced chaperone function. In all cases, the induction of the holdase activity was accompanied by YbbN oligomerization. Finally, we showed that deletion of ybbN gene did not render in P. aeruginosa more sensitive stressful treatments. Therefore, YbbN/CnoX proteins display distinct properties, depending on the presence of the three conserved Cys residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo de Abreu Meireles
- Laboratório de Fisiologia e Bioquímica de Microrganismos, (LFBM), Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos do Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil.
| | - César Henrique Yokomizo
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Francisnei Pedrosa Silva
- Laboratório de Química e Função de Peptídeos e Proteínas (LQFPP), Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos do Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - Thiago Motta Venâncio
- Laboratório de Química e Função de Peptídeos e Proteínas (LQFPP), Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos do Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | | | | | - Luis Eduardo Soares Netto
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Zhuravlev A, Ezeriņa D, Ivanova J, Guriev N, Pugovkina N, Shatrova A, Aksenov N, Messens J, Lyublinskaya O. HyPer as a tool to determine the reductive activity in cellular compartments. Redox Biol 2024; 70:103058. [PMID: 38310683 PMCID: PMC10848024 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2024.103058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
A multitude of cellular metabolic and regulatory processes rely on controlled thiol reduction and oxidation mechanisms. Due to our aerobic environment, research preferentially focuses on oxidation processes, leading to limited tools tailored for investigating cellular reduction. Here, we advocate for repurposing HyPer1, initially designed as a fluorescent probe for H2O2 levels, as a tool to measure the reductive power in various cellular compartments. The response of HyPer1 depends on kinetics between thiol oxidation and reduction in its OxyR sensing domain. Here, we focused on the reduction half-reaction of HyPer1. We showed that HyPer1 primarily relies on Trx/TrxR-mediated reduction in the cytosol and nucleus, characterized by a second order rate constant of 5.8 × 102 M-1s-1. On the other hand, within the mitochondria, HyPer1 is predominantly reduced by glutathione (GSH). The GSH-mediated reduction rate constant is 1.8 M-1s-1. Using human leukemia K-562 cells after a brief oxidative exposure, we quantified the compartmentalized Trx/TrxR and GSH-dependent reductive activity using HyPer1. Notably, the recovery period for mitochondrial HyPer1 was twice as long compared to cytosolic and nuclear HyPer1. After exploring various human cells, we revealed a potent cytosolic Trx/TrxR pathway, particularly pronounced in cancer cell lines such as K-562 and HeLa. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that HyPer1 can be harnessed as a robust tool for assessing compartmentalized reduction activity in cells following oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Zhuravlev
- Department of Intracellular Signaling and Transport, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretskii Pr. 4, St. Petersburg, 194064, Russia
| | - Daria Ezeriņa
- VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, Vlaams Instituut Voor Biotechnologie, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium; Brussels Center for Redox Biology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium; Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Julia Ivanova
- Department of Intracellular Signaling and Transport, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretskii Pr. 4, St. Petersburg, 194064, Russia
| | - Nikita Guriev
- Department of Intracellular Signaling and Transport, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretskii Pr. 4, St. Petersburg, 194064, Russia
| | - Natalia Pugovkina
- Department of Intracellular Signaling and Transport, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretskii Pr. 4, St. Petersburg, 194064, Russia
| | - Alla Shatrova
- Department of Intracellular Signaling and Transport, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretskii Pr. 4, St. Petersburg, 194064, Russia
| | - Nikolay Aksenov
- Department of Intracellular Signaling and Transport, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretskii Pr. 4, St. Petersburg, 194064, Russia
| | - Joris Messens
- VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, Vlaams Instituut Voor Biotechnologie, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium; Brussels Center for Redox Biology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium; Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Olga Lyublinskaya
- Department of Intracellular Signaling and Transport, Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretskii Pr. 4, St. Petersburg, 194064, Russia.
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Ziyatdinova G, Gimadutdinova L. Recent Advances in Electrochemical Sensors for Sulfur-Containing Antioxidants. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:1440. [PMID: 37512751 PMCID: PMC10384414 DOI: 10.3390/mi14071440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Sulfur-containing antioxidants are an important part of the antioxidant defense systems in living organisms under the frame of a thiol-disulfide equilibrium. Among them, l-cysteine, l-homocysteine, l-methionine, glutathione, and α-lipoic acid are the most typical representatives. Their actions in living systems are briefly discussed. Being electroactive, sulfur-containing antioxidants are interesting analytes to be determined using various types of electrochemical sensors. Attention is paid to the chemically modified electrodes with various nanostructured coverages. The analytical capabilities of electrochemical sensors for sulfur-containing antioxidant quantification are summarized and discussed. The data are summarized and presented on the basis of the electrode surface modifier applied, i.e., carbon nanomaterials, metal and metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) and nanostructures, organic mediators, polymeric coverage, and mixed modifiers. The combination of various types of nanomaterials provides a wider linear dynamic range, lower limits of detection, and higher selectivity in comparison to bare electrodes and sensors based on the one type of surface modifier. The perspective of the combination of chromatography with electrochemical detection providing the possibility for simultaneous determination of sulfur-containing antioxidants in a complex matrix has also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guzel Ziyatdinova
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Kazan Federal University, Kremleyevskaya, 18, Kazan 420008, Russia
| | - Liliya Gimadutdinova
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Kazan Federal University, Kremleyevskaya, 18, Kazan 420008, Russia
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Zhao H, Xu C, Wang T, Liu J. Biomimetic Construction of Artificial Selenoenzymes. Biomimetics (Basel) 2023; 8:biomimetics8010054. [PMID: 36810385 PMCID: PMC9944854 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics8010054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Selenium exists in the form of selenocysteines in selenoproteins and plays a pivotal role in the catalytic process of the antioxidative enzymes. In order to study the structural and functional properties of selenium in selenoproteins, explore the significance of the role of selenium in the fields of biology and chemistry, scientists conducted a series of artificial simulations on selenoproteins. In this review, we sum up the progress and developed strategies in the construction of artificial selenoenzyme. Using different mechanisms from different catalytic angles, selenium-containing catalytic antibodies, semi-synthetic selenonezyme, and the selenium-containing molecularly imprinted enzymes have been constructed. A variety of synthetic selenoenzyme models have been designed and constructed by selecting host molecules such as cyclodextrins, dendrimers, and hyperbranched polymers as the main scaffolds. Then, a variety of selenoprotein assemblies as well as cascade antioxidant nanoenzymes were built by using electrostatic interaction, metal coordination, and host-guest interaction. The unique redox properties of selenoenzyme glutathione peroxidase (GPx) can be reproduced.
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Theoretical Evaluation of Sulfur-Based Reactions as a Model for Biological Antioxidant Defense. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314515. [PMID: 36498842 PMCID: PMC9741100 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfur-containing amino acids, Methionine (Met) and Cysteine (Cys), are very susceptible to Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). Therefore, sulfur-based reactions regulate many biological processes, playing a key role in maintaining cellular redox homeostasis and modulating intracellular signaling cascades. In oxidative conditions, Met acts as a ROS scavenger, through Met sulfoxide formation, while thiol/disulfide interchange reactions take place between Cys residues as a response to many environmental stimuli. In this work, we apply a QM/MM theoretical-computational approach, which combines quantum-mechanical calculations with classical molecular dynamics simulations to estimate the free energy profile for the above-mentioned reactions in solution. The results obtained, in good agreement with experimental data, show the validity of our approach in modeling sulfur-based reactions, enabling us to study these mechanisms in more complex biological systems.
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Meireles DA, da Silva Neto JF, Domingos RM, Alegria TGP, Santos LCM, Netto LES. Ohr - OhrR, a neglected and highly efficient antioxidant system: Structure, catalysis, phylogeny, regulation, and physiological roles. Free Radic Biol Med 2022; 185:6-24. [PMID: 35452809 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Ohrs (organic hydroperoxide resistance proteins) are antioxidant enzymes that play central roles in the response of microorganisms to organic peroxides. Here, we describe recent advances in the structure, catalysis, phylogeny, regulation, and physiological roles of Ohr proteins and of its transcriptional regulator, OhrR, highlighting their unique features. Ohr is extremely efficient in reducing fatty acid peroxides and peroxynitrite, two oxidants relevant in host-pathogen interactions. The highly reactive Cys residue of Ohr, named peroxidatic Cys (Cp), composes together with an arginine and a glutamate the catalytic triad. The catalytic cycle of Ohrs involves a condensation between a sulfenic acid (Cp-SOH) and the thiol of the second conserved Cys, leading to the formation of an intra-subunit disulfide bond, which is then reduced by dihydrolipoamide or lipoylated proteins. A structural switch takes place during catalysis, with the opening and closure of the active site by the so-called Arg-loop. Ohr is part of the Ohr/OsmC super-family that also comprises OsmC and Ohr-like proteins. Members of the Ohr, OsmC and Ohr-like subgroups present low sequence similarities among themselves, but share a high structural conservation, presenting two Cys residues in their active site. The pattern of gene expression is also distinct among members of the Ohr/OsmC subfamilies. The expression of ohr genes increases upon organic hydroperoxides treatment, whereas the signals for the upregulation of osmC are entry into the stationary phase and/or osmotic stress. For many ohr genes, the upregulation by organic hydroperoxides is mediated by OhrR, a Cys-based transcriptional regulator that only binds to its target DNAs in its reduced state. Since Ohrs and OhrRs are involved in virulence of some microorganisms and are absent in vertebrate and vascular plants, they may represent targets for novel therapeutic approaches based on the disruption of this key bacterial organic peroxide defense system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo A Meireles
- Laboratório de Fisiologia e Bioquímica de Microrganismos (LFBM) da Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Brazil
| | - José F da Silva Neto
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo (FMRP-USP), Brazil
| | | | - Thiago G P Alegria
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lene Clara M Santos
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luis Eduardo S Netto
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil.
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Tango R, Koeda A, Nagamine K, Tokito S, Niwa O, Ishikawa S, Sugimoto M. Development of a highly sensitive Prussian-blue-based enzymatic biosensor for L-carnitine employing the thiol/disulfide exchange reaction. ANAL SCI 2022; 38:963-968. [PMID: 35578012 DOI: 10.1007/s44211-022-00122-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
This is the first report of conducting proof-of-concept study for amperometric acetyltransferase-based L-carnitine sensor by employing the thiol/disulfide exchange reaction. The carnitine acetyltransferase (CrAT) catalyzes the reaction between acetyl-CoA and L-carnitine to produce CoA which is difficult to detect directly by electrochemical methods owing to steric hindrance and electrostatic effect of CoA. The thiol/disulfide exchange reaction between CoA and cystamine was mediated in the enzymatic reaction to produce electrochemically detectable low molecular weight of cationic cysteamine. The sensor exhibited high sensitivity and selectivity for L-carnitine in the concentration range 0.28-50 µM with a limit of detection of 0.28 µM. This is a promising strategy for L-carnitine sensing in point-of-care testing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Tango
- Graduate School of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata University, 4-3-16, Jonan, Yonezawa, 992-8510, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Aya Koeda
- Graduate School of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata University, 4-3-16, Jonan, Yonezawa, 992-8510, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Kuniaki Nagamine
- Graduate School of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata University, 4-3-16, Jonan, Yonezawa, 992-8510, Yamagata, Japan.
| | - Shizuo Tokito
- Graduate School of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata University, 4-3-16, Jonan, Yonezawa, 992-8510, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Osamu Niwa
- Saitama Institute of Technology, 1690, Fusaiji, Fukaya, 369-0293, Saitama, Japan
| | - Shigeo Ishikawa
- Department of Dentistry, Oral and Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, 2-2-2, lida-nishi, Yamagata, 990-9585, Japan
| | - Masahiro Sugimoto
- Research and Development Center for Minimally Invasive Therapies, Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 160-0023, Japan
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Qu R, Li G. Overview of Liquid Crystal Biosensors: From Basic Theory to Advanced Applications. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12040205. [PMID: 35448265 PMCID: PMC9032088 DOI: 10.3390/bios12040205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Liquid crystals (LCs), as the remarkable optical materials possessing stimuli-responsive property and optical modulation property simultaneously, have been utilized to fabricate a wide variety of optical devices. Integrating the LCs and receptors together, LC biosensors aimed at detecting various biomolecules have been extensively explored. Compared with the traditional biosensing technologies, the LC biosensors are simple, visualized, and efficient. Owning to the irreplaceable superiorities, the research enthusiasm for the LC biosensors is rapidly rising. As a result, it is necessary to overview the development of the LC biosensors to guide future work. This article reviews the basic theory and advanced applications of LC biosensors. We first discuss different mesophases and geometries employed to fabricate LC biosensors, after which we introduce various detecting mechanisms involved in biomolecular detection. We then focus on diverse detection targets such as proteins, enzymes, nucleic acids, glucose, cholesterol, bile acids, and lipopolysaccharides. For each of these targets, the development history and state-of-the-art work are exhibited in detail. Finally, the current challenges and potential development directions of the LC biosensors are introduced briefly.
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Vicker SL, Maina EN, Showalter AK, Tran N, Davidson EE, Bailey MR, McGarry SW, Freije WM, West JD. Broader than expected tolerance for substitutions in the WCGPCK catalytic motif of yeast thioredoxin 2. Free Radic Biol Med 2022; 178:308-313. [PMID: 34530076 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Thioredoxins constitute a key class of oxidant defense enzymes that facilitate disulfide bond reduction in oxidized substrate proteins. While thioredoxin's WCGPCK active site motif is highly conserved in traditional model organisms, predicted thioredoxins from newly sequenced genomes show variability in this motif, making ascertaining which genes encode functional thioredoxins with robust activity a challenge. To address this problem, we generated a semi-saturation mutagenesis library of approximately 70 thioredoxin variants harboring mutations adjacent to their catalytic cysteines, making substitutions in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae thioredoxin Trx2. Using this library, we determined how such substitutions impact oxidant defense in yeast along with how they influence disulfide reduction and interaction with binding partners in vivo. The majority of thioredoxin variants screened rescued the slow growth phenotype that accompanies deletion of the yeast cytosolic thioredoxins; however, the ability of these mutant proteins to protect against H2O2-mediated toxicity, facilitate disulfide reduction, and interact with redox partners varied widely, depending on the site being mutated and the substitution made. We report that thioredoxin is less tolerant of substitutions at its conserved tryptophan and proline in the active site motif, while it is more amenable to substitutions at the conserved glycine and lysine. Our work highlights a noteworthy plasticity within the active site of this critical oxidant defense enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shayna L Vicker
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biology Program, Departments of Biology and Chemistry, The College of Wooster, Wooster, OH, USA
| | - Eran N Maina
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biology Program, Departments of Biology and Chemistry, The College of Wooster, Wooster, OH, USA
| | - Abigail K Showalter
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biology Program, Departments of Biology and Chemistry, The College of Wooster, Wooster, OH, USA
| | - Nghi Tran
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biology Program, Departments of Biology and Chemistry, The College of Wooster, Wooster, OH, USA
| | - Emma E Davidson
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biology Program, Departments of Biology and Chemistry, The College of Wooster, Wooster, OH, USA
| | - Morgan R Bailey
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biology Program, Departments of Biology and Chemistry, The College of Wooster, Wooster, OH, USA
| | - Stephen W McGarry
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biology Program, Departments of Biology and Chemistry, The College of Wooster, Wooster, OH, USA
| | - Wilson M Freije
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biology Program, Departments of Biology and Chemistry, The College of Wooster, Wooster, OH, USA
| | - James D West
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biology Program, Departments of Biology and Chemistry, The College of Wooster, Wooster, OH, USA.
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Pillay CS, John N. Can thiol-based redox systems be utilized as parts for synthetic biology applications? Redox Rep 2021; 26:147-159. [PMID: 34378494 PMCID: PMC8366655 DOI: 10.1080/13510002.2021.1966183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Synthetic biology has emerged from molecular biology and engineering approaches and aims to develop novel, biologically-inspired systems for industrial and basic research applications ranging from biocomputing to drug production. Surprisingly, redoxin (thioredoxin, glutaredoxin, peroxiredoxin) and other thiol-based redox systems have not been widely utilized in many of these synthetic biology applications. METHODS We reviewed thiol-based redox systems and the development of synthetic biology applications that have used thiol-dependent parts. RESULTS The development of circuits to facilitate cytoplasmic disulfide bonding, biocomputing and the treatment of intestinal bowel disease are amongst the applications that have used thiol-based parts. We propose that genetically encoded redox sensors, thiol-based biomaterials and intracellular hydrogen peroxide generators may also be valuable components for synthetic biology applications. DISCUSSION Thiol-based systems play multiple roles in cellular redox metabolism, antioxidant defense and signaling and could therefore offer a vast and diverse portfolio of components, parts and devices for synthetic biology applications. However, factors limiting the adoption of redoxin systems for synthetic biology applications include the orthogonality of thiol-based components, limitations in the methods to characterize thiol-based systems and an incomplete understanding of the design principles of these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ché S. Pillay
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - Nolyn John
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
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Alves JA, Previato-Mello M, Barroso KCM, Koide T, da Silva Neto JF. The MarR family regulator OsbR controls oxidative stress response, anaerobic nitrate respiration, and biofilm formation in Chromobacterium violaceum. BMC Microbiol 2021; 21:304. [PMID: 34736409 PMCID: PMC8567585 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-021-02369-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chromobacterium violaceum is an environmental opportunistic pathogen that causes rare but deadly infections in humans. The transcriptional regulators that C. violaceum uses to sense and respond to environmental cues remain largely unknown. Results Here, we described a novel transcriptional regulator in C. violaceum belonging to the MarR family that we named OsbR (oxidative stress response and biofilm formation regulator). Transcriptome profiling by DNA microarray using strains with deletion or overexpression of osbR showed that OsbR exerts a global regulatory role in C. violaceum, regulating genes involved in oxidative stress response, nitrate reduction, biofilm formation, and several metabolic pathways. EMSA assays showed that OsbR binds to the promoter regions of several OsbR-regulated genes, and the in vitro DNA binding activity was inhibited by oxidants. We demonstrated that the overexpression of osbR caused activation of ohrA even in the presence of the repressor OhrR, which resulted in improved growth under organic hydroperoxide treatment, as seem by growth curve assays. We showed that the proper regulation of the nar genes by OsbR ensures optimal growth of C. violaceum under anaerobic conditions by tuning the reduction of nitrate to nitrite. Finally, the osbR overexpressing strain showed a reduction in biofilm formation, and this phenotype correlated with the OsbR-mediated repression of two gene clusters encoding putative adhesins. Conclusions Together, our data indicated that OsbR is a MarR-type regulator that controls the expression of a large number of genes in C. violaceum, thereby contributing to oxidative stress defense (ohrA/ohrR), anaerobic respiration (narK1K2 and narGHJI), and biofilm formation (putative RTX adhesins). Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12866-021-02369-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Júlia A Alves
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Maristela Previato-Mello
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Kelly C M Barroso
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Tie Koide
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - José F da Silva Neto
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
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Demasi M, Augusto O, Bechara EJH, Bicev RN, Cerqueira FM, da Cunha FM, Denicola A, Gomes F, Miyamoto S, Netto LES, Randall LM, Stevani CV, Thomson L. Oxidative Modification of Proteins: From Damage to Catalysis, Signaling, and Beyond. Antioxid Redox Signal 2021; 35:1016-1080. [PMID: 33726509 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2020.8176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Significance: The systematic investigation of oxidative modification of proteins by reactive oxygen species started in 1980. Later, it was shown that reactive nitrogen species could also modify proteins. Some protein oxidative modifications promote loss of protein function, cleavage or aggregation, and some result in proteo-toxicity and cellular homeostasis disruption. Recent Advances: Previously, protein oxidation was associated exclusively to damage. However, not all oxidative modifications are necessarily associated with damage, as with Met and Cys protein residue oxidation. In these cases, redox state changes can alter protein structure, catalytic function, and signaling processes in response to metabolic and/or environmental alterations. This review aims to integrate the present knowledge on redox modifications of proteins with their fate and role in redox signaling and human pathological conditions. Critical Issues: It is hypothesized that protein oxidation participates in the development and progression of many pathological conditions. However, no quantitative data have been correlated with specific oxidized proteins or the progression or severity of pathological conditions. Hence, the comprehension of the mechanisms underlying these modifications, their importance in human pathologies, and the fate of the modified proteins is of clinical relevance. Future Directions: We discuss new tools to cope with protein oxidation and suggest new approaches for integrating knowledge about protein oxidation and redox processes with human pathophysiological conditions. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 35, 1016-1080.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilene Demasi
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Biofísica, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ohara Augusto
- Departamento de Bioquímica and Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Etelvino J H Bechara
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renata N Bicev
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda M Cerqueira
- CENTD, Centre of Excellence in New Target Discovery, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda M da Cunha
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Denicola
- Laboratorios Fisicoquímica Biológica-Enzimología, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Química Biológica, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Fernando Gomes
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sayuri Miyamoto
- Departamento de Bioquímica and Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luis E S Netto
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lía M Randall
- Laboratorios Fisicoquímica Biológica-Enzimología, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Química Biológica, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Cassius V Stevani
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leonor Thomson
- Laboratorios Fisicoquímica Biológica-Enzimología, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Química Biológica, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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13
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Relevance of peroxiredoxins in pathogenic microorganisms. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:5701-5717. [PMID: 34258640 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11360-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The oxidative and nitrosative responses generated by animals and plants are important defenses against infection and establishment of pathogenic microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, and protozoa. Among distinct oxidant species, hydroperoxides are a group of chemically diverse compounds that comprise small hydrophilic molecules, such as hydrogen peroxide and peroxynitrite, and bulky hydrophobic species, such as organic hydroperoxides. Peroxiredoxins (Prx) are ubiquitous enzymes that use a highly reactive cysteine residue to decompose hydroperoxides and can also perform other functions, like molecular chaperone and phospholipase activities, contributing to microbial protection against the host defenses. Prx are present in distinct cell compartments and, in some cases, they can be secreted to the extracellular environment. Despite their high abundance, Prx expression can be further increased in response to oxidative stress promoted by host defense systems, by treatment with hydroperoxides or by antibiotics. In consequence, some isoforms have been described as virulence factors, highlighting their importance in pathogenesis. Prx are very diverse and are classified into six different classes (Prx1-AhpC, BCP-PrxQ, Tpx, Prx5, Prx6, and AhpE) based on structural and biochemical features. Some groups are absent in hosts, while others present structural peculiarities that differentiate them from the host's isoforms. In this context, the intrinsic characteristics of these enzymes may aid the development of new drugs to combat pathogenic microorganisms. Additionally, since some isoforms are also found in the extracellular environment, Prx emerge as attractive targets for the production of diagnostic tests and vaccines. KEY POINTS: • Peroxiredoxins are front-line defenses against host oxidative and nitrosative stress. • Functional and structural peculiarities differ pathogen and host enzymes. • Peroxiredoxins are potential targets to microbicidal drugs.
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14
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Hydrogen peroxide reactivity and specificity in thiol-based cell signalling. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 48:745-754. [PMID: 32412042 DOI: 10.1042/bst20190049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Reversible oxidation of thiol proteins is an important cell signalling mechanism. In many cases, this involves generation or exposure of the cells to H2O2, and oxidation of proteins that are not particularly H2O2-reactive. There is a conundrum as to how these proteins are oxidised when other highly reactive proteins such as peroxiredoxins are present. This article discusses potential mechanisms, focussing on recent evidence for oxidation being localised within the cell, redox relays involving peroxiredoxins operating in some signalling pathways, and mechanisms for facilitated or directed oxidation of specific targets. These findings help define conditions that enable redox signalling but there is still much to learn regarding mechanisms.
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15
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Jayasree EG, Sukumar C. A DFT study on the cleavage of dichalcogenide bridges in cystines and selenocystines: Effect of hydrogen bonding. Inorganica Chim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2020.119897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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16
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Longo LVG, Breyer CA, Novaes GM, Gegembauer G, Leitão NP, Octaviano CE, Toyama MH, de Oliveira MA, Puccia R. The Human Pathogen Paracoccidioides brasiliensis Has a Unique 1-Cys Peroxiredoxin That Localizes Both Intracellularly and at the Cell Surface. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:394. [PMID: 32850492 PMCID: PMC7417364 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Paracoccidioides brasiliensis is a temperature-dependent dimorphic fungus that causes systemic paracoccidioidomycosis, a granulomatous disease. The massive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by the host's cellular immune response is an essential strategy to restrain the fungal growth. Among the ROS, the hydroperoxides are very toxic antimicrobial compounds and fungal peroxidases are part of the pathogen neutralizing antioxidant arsenal against the host's defense. Among them, the peroxiredoxins are highlighted, since some estimates suggest that they are capable of decomposing most of the hydroperoxides generated in the host's mitochondria and cytosol. We presently characterized a unique P. brasiliensis 1-Cys peroxiredoxin (PbPrx1). Our results reveal that it can decompose hydrogen peroxide and organic hydroperoxides very efficiently. We showed that dithiolic, but not monothiolic compounds or heterologous thioredoxin reductant systems, were able to retain the enzyme activity. Structural analysis revealed that PbPrx1 has an α/β structure that is similar to the 1-Cys secondary structures described to date and that the quaternary conformation is represented by a dimer, independently of the redox state. We investigated the PbPrx1 localization using confocal microscopy, fluorescence-activated cell sorter, and immunoblot, and the results suggested that it localizes both in the cytoplasm and at the cell wall of the yeast and mycelial forms of P. brasiliensis, as well as in the yeast mitochondria. Our present results point to a possible role of this unique P. brasiliensis 1-Cys Prx1 in the fungal antioxidant defense mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Valle Guilhen Longo
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina-Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alexandre Breyer
- Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Machado Novaes
- Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gregory Gegembauer
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina-Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Natanael Pinheiro Leitão
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina-Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carla Elizabete Octaviano
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina-Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcos Hikari Toyama
- Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Rosana Puccia
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina-Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Ahuie GK, Gagnon H, Pace PE, Peskin AV, Wagner RJ, Naylor S, Klarskov K. Investigating protein thiol chemistry associated with dehydroascorbate, homocysteine and glutathione using mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34:e8774. [PMID: 32119756 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Oxidative stress is an imbalance between reactive free radical oxygen species and antioxidant defenses. Its consequences can lead to numerous pathologies. Regulating oxidative stress is the complex interplay between antioxidant recycling and thiol-containing regulatory proteins. Understanding these regulatory mechanisms is important for preventing onset of oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to investigae S-thiol protein chemistry associated with oxidized vitamin C (dehydroascorbate, DHA), homocysteine (HcySH) and glutathione (GSH) using mass spectrometry. METHODS Glutaredoxin-1 (Grx-1) was incubated with DHA, with and without GSH and HcySH. Disulfide formation was followed by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) of intact proteins and by LC/ESI-MS/MS of peptides from protein tryptic digestions. The mechanism of DHA-mediated S-thiolation was investigated using two synthetic peptides: AcFHACAAK and AcFHACE. Three proteins, i.e. human hemoglobin (HHb), recombinant peroxiredoxin 2 (Prdx2) and Grx-1, were S-homocysteinylated followed by S-transthiolyation with GSH and investigated by ESI-MS and ESI-MS/MS. RESULTS ESI-MS analysis reveals that DHA mediates disulfide formation and S-thiolation by HcySH as well as GSH of Grx-1. LC/ESI-MS/MS analysis allows identification of Grx-1 S-thiolated cysteine adducts. The mechanism by which DHA mediates S-thiolation of heptapeptide AcFHACAAK is shown to be via initial formation of a thiohemiketal adduct. In addition, ESI-MS of intact proteins shows that GSH can S-transthiolate S-homocysteinylated Grx-1_ HHb and Prdx2. The GS-S-protein adducts over time dominate the ESI-MS spectrum profile. CONCLUSIONS Mass spectrometry is a unique analytical technique for probing complex reaction mechanisms associated with oxidative stress. Using model proteins, ESI-MS reveals the mechanism of DHA-facilitated S-thiolation, which consists of thiohemiketal formation, disulfide formation or S-thiolation. Furthermore, protein S-thiolation by HcySH can be reversed by reversible GSH thiol exchange. The use of mass spectrometry with in vitro models of protein S-thiolation in oxidative stress may provide significant insight into possible mechanisms of action occurring in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Kouakou Ahuie
- Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001 Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, Quebec, J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Hugo Gagnon
- PhenoSwitch Bioscience, 975 Rue Léon-Trépanier, Sherbrooke, Quebec, J1G 5J6, Canada
| | - Paul E Pace
- Centre for Free Radical Research, University of Otago Christchurch, 2 Riccarton Avenue, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
| | - Alexander V Peskin
- Centre for Free Radical Research, University of Otago Christchurch, 2 Riccarton Avenue, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
| | - Richard J Wagner
- Département de Médecine Nucléaire et Radiobiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001 Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, Quebec, J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Stephen Naylor
- ReNeuroGen LLC, 2160 San Fernando Drive, Elm Grove, WI, 53122, USA
| | - Klaus Klarskov
- Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001 Avenue Nord, Sherbrooke, Quebec, J1H 5N4, Canada
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18
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Glutaredoxin-like protein (GLP)-a novel bacteria sulfurtransferase that protects cells against cyanide and oxidative stresses. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:5477-5492. [PMID: 32307572 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10491-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The pathogen Xylella fastidiosa belongs to the Xanthomonadaceae family, a large group of Gram-negative bacteria that cause diseases in many economically important crops. A predicted gene, annotated as glutaredoxin-like protein (glp), was found to be highly conserved among the genomes of different genera within this family and highly expressed in X. fastidiosa. Analysis of the GLP protein sequences revealed three protein domains: one similar to monothiol glutaredoxins (Grx), an Fe-S cluster and a thiosulfate sulfurtransferase/rhodanese domain (Tst/Rho), which is generally involved in sulfur metabolism and cyanide detoxification. To characterize the biochemical properties of GLP, we expressed and purified the X. fastidiosa recombinant GLP enzyme. Grx activity and Fe-S cluster formation were not observed, while an evaluation of Tst/Rho enzymatic activity revealed that GLP can detoxify cyanide and transfer inorganic sulfur to acceptor molecules in vitro. The biological activity of GLP relies on the cysteine residues in the Grx and Tst/Rho domains (Cys33 and Cys266, respectively), and structural analysis showed that GLP and GLPC266S were able to form high molecular weight oligomers (> 600 kDa), while replacement of Cys33 with Ser destabilized the quaternary structure. In vivo heterologous enzyme expression experiments in Escherichia coli revealed that GLP can protect bacteria against high concentrations of cyanide and hydrogen peroxide. Finally, phylogenetic analysis showed that homologous glp genes are distributed across Gram-negative bacterial families with conservation of the N- to C-domain order. However, no eukaryotic organism contains this enzyme. Altogether, these results suggest that GLP is an important enzyme with cyanide-decomposing and sulfurtransferase functions in bacteria, whose presence in eukaryotes we could not observe, representing a promising biological target for new pharmaceuticals.
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19
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Madusanka RK, Tharuka MDN, Liyanage DS, Sirisena DMKP, Lee J. Role of rockfish (Sebastes schlegelii) glutaredoxin 1 in innate immunity, and alleviation of cellular oxidative stress: Insights into localization, molecular characteristics, transcription, and function. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 243-244:110432. [PMID: 32119919 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2020.110432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Glutaredoxins are a group of heat stable oxidoreductases ubiquitously found in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. They are widely known for GSH (glutathione)-dependent protein disulfide reduction and cellular redox homeostasis. This study was performed to identify and characterize rockfish (Sebastes schlegelii) glutaredoxin 1 (SsGrx1) at molecular, transcriptional, and functional levels. The coding sequence of SsGrx1 was 318 bp in length and encoded a protein containing 106 amino acids. The molecular weight and theoretical isoelectric point of the putative SsGrx1 protein were 11.6 kDa and 6.71 kDa, respectively. The amino acid sequence of SsGrx1 comprised a CPYC redox active motif surrounded by several conserved GSH binding sites. The modeled protein structure was found to consist of five α-helices and four β-sheets, similar to human Grx1. SsGrx1 showed a tissue specific expression in all the tissues tested, with the highest expression in the kidney. Immune stimulation by lipopolysaccharides (LPS), polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (polyI:C), and Streptococcus iniae (S. iniae) could significantly modulate the SsGrx1 expression pattern in the blood and gills. Analysis of its subcellular localization disclosed that SsGrx1 was prominently localized in the cytosol. Recombinant SsGrx1 (rSsGrx1) exhibited significant activity in insulin disulfide reduction assay and HED (β-Hydroxyethyl Disulfide) assay. Furthermore, transient overexpression of SsGrx1 in FHM (fathead minnow) cells significantly enhanced cell survival upon H2O2-induced apoptosis. Collectively, our findings strongly suggest that SsGrx1 plays a crucial role in providing rockfish immune protection against pathogens and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajamanthrilage Kasun Madusanka
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63243, Republic of Korea; Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63333, Republic of Korea
| | - M D Neranjan Tharuka
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63243, Republic of Korea; Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63333, Republic of Korea
| | - D S Liyanage
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63243, Republic of Korea; Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63333, Republic of Korea
| | - D M K P Sirisena
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63243, Republic of Korea; Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63333, Republic of Korea
| | - Jehee Lee
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63243, Republic of Korea; Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province 63333, Republic of Korea.
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20
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Xu Y, Liu Y, Hu X, Qin R, Su H, Li J, Yang P. The Synthesis of a 2D Ultra‐Large Protein Supramolecular Nanofilm by Chemoselective Thiol–Disulfide Exchange and its Emergent Functions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:2850-2859. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201912848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid ChemistryMinistry of EducationSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringShaanxi Normal University Xi'an 710119 China
| | - Yongchun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid ChemistryMinistry of EducationSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringShaanxi Normal University Xi'an 710119 China
| | - Xinyi Hu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid ChemistryMinistry of EducationSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringShaanxi Normal University Xi'an 710119 China
| | - Rongrong Qin
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid ChemistryMinistry of EducationSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringShaanxi Normal University Xi'an 710119 China
| | - Hao Su
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid ChemistryMinistry of EducationSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringShaanxi Normal University Xi'an 710119 China
| | - Juling Li
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid ChemistryMinistry of EducationSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringShaanxi Normal University Xi'an 710119 China
| | - Peng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid ChemistryMinistry of EducationSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringShaanxi Normal University Xi'an 710119 China
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21
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Xu Y, Liu Y, Hu X, Qin R, Su H, Li J, Yang P. The Synthesis of a 2D Ultra‐Large Protein Supramolecular Nanofilm by Chemoselective Thiol–Disulfide Exchange and its Emergent Functions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201912848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid ChemistryMinistry of EducationSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringShaanxi Normal University Xi'an 710119 China
| | - Yongchun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid ChemistryMinistry of EducationSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringShaanxi Normal University Xi'an 710119 China
| | - Xinyi Hu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid ChemistryMinistry of EducationSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringShaanxi Normal University Xi'an 710119 China
| | - Rongrong Qin
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid ChemistryMinistry of EducationSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringShaanxi Normal University Xi'an 710119 China
| | - Hao Su
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid ChemistryMinistry of EducationSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringShaanxi Normal University Xi'an 710119 China
| | - Juling Li
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid ChemistryMinistry of EducationSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringShaanxi Normal University Xi'an 710119 China
| | - Peng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid ChemistryMinistry of EducationSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringShaanxi Normal University Xi'an 710119 China
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22
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Enhanced bacterial inactivation in apple juice by synergistic interactions between phenolic acids and mild food processing technologies. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2019.102186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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23
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Napolitano S, Reber RJ, Rubini M, Glockshuber R. Functional analyses of ancestral thioredoxins provide insights into their evolutionary history. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:14105-14118. [PMID: 31366732 PMCID: PMC6755812 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.009718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Thioredoxin (Trx) is a conserved, cytosolic reductase in all known organisms. The enzyme receives two electrons from NADPH via thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) and passes them on to multiple cellular reductases via disulfide exchange. Despite the ubiquity of thioredoxins in all taxa, little is known about the functions of resurrected ancestral thioredoxins in the context of a modern mesophilic organism. Here, we report on functional in vitro and in vivo analyses of seven resurrected Precambrian thioredoxins, dating back 1–4 billion years, in the Escherichia coli cytoplasm. Using synthetic gene constructs for recombinant expression of the ancestral enzymes, along with thermodynamic and kinetic assays, we show that all ancestral thioredoxins, as today's thioredoxins, exhibit strongly reducing redox potentials, suggesting that thioredoxins served as catalysts of cellular reduction reactions from the beginning of evolution, even before the oxygen catastrophe. A detailed, quantitative characterization of their interactions with the electron donor TrxR from Escherichia coli and the electron acceptor methionine sulfoxide reductase, also from E. coli, strongly hinted that thioredoxins and thioredoxin reductases co-evolved and that the promiscuity of thioredoxins toward downstream electron acceptors was maintained during evolution. In summary, our findings suggest that thioredoxins evolved high specificity for their sole electron donor TrxR while maintaining promiscuity to their multiple electron acceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Napolitano
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Otto-Stern-Weg 5, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Robin J Reber
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Otto-Stern-Weg 5, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marina Rubini
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Rudi Glockshuber
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Otto-Stern-Weg 5, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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24
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Jeong H, Kang Y, Kim J, Kim BK, Hong S. Factors that determine thione(thiol)-disulfide interconversion in a bis(thiosemicarbazone) copper(ii) complex. RSC Adv 2019; 9:9049-9052. [PMID: 35517656 PMCID: PMC9062045 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra01115c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Solvent-, acidity-, and redox-responsive thione(thiol)-disulfide interconversion were achieved by a dinuclear copper(ii) complex bearing a bis(thiosemicarbazone) (bTSC) ligand. The role of copper(ii) ion coordination was rationalized by parallel comparison with a bare bTSC ligand and zinc(ii) bTSC complexes under identical reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haewon Jeong
- Department of Chemistry, Sookmyung Women's University Seoul 04310 Korea
| | - Yeji Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Sookmyung Women's University Seoul 04310 Korea
| | - Jin Kim
- Western Seoul Centre, Korea Basic Science Institute Seoul 03759 Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Kwon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Sookmyung Women's University Seoul 04310 Korea
| | - Seungwoo Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Sookmyung Women's University Seoul 04310 Korea
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25
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Zheng Y, Zheng W, Zhu D, Chang H. Theoretical modeling of pKa's of thiol compounds in aqueous solution. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj06259e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The pKa's of different kinds of thiols (R-SH) were investigated by using the M06-2X method with a SMDsSAS model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Zheng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shanghai University of Engineering Science
- Shanghai 201620
- China
| | - Wenrui Zheng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shanghai University of Engineering Science
- Shanghai 201620
- China
| | - Danfeng Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shanghai University of Engineering Science
- Shanghai 201620
- China
| | - Huifang Chang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shanghai University of Engineering Science
- Shanghai 201620
- China
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26
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Xiao Z, La Fontaine S, Bush AI, Wedd AG. Molecular Mechanisms of Glutaredoxin Enzymes: Versatile Hubs for Thiol-Disulfide Exchange between Protein Thiols and Glutathione. J Mol Biol 2018; 431:158-177. [PMID: 30552876 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The tripeptide glutathione (GSH) and its oxidized form glutathione disulfide (GSSG) constitute a key redox couple in cells. In particular, they partner protein thiols in reversible thiol-disulfide exchange reactions that act as switches in cell signaling and redox homeostasis. Disruption of these processes may impair cellular redox signal transduction and induce redox misbalances that are linked directly to aging processes and to a range of pathological conditions including cancer, cardiovascular diseases and neurological disorders. Glutaredoxins are a class of GSH-dependent oxidoreductase enzymes that specifically catalyze reversible thiol-disulfide exchange reactions between protein thiols and the abundant thiol pool GSSG/GSH. They protect protein thiols from irreversible oxidation, regulate their activities under a variety of cellular conditions and are key players in cell signaling and redox homeostasis. On the other hand, they may also function as metal-binding proteins with a possible role in the cellular homeostasis and metabolism of essential metals copper and iron. However, the molecular basis and underlying mechanisms of glutaredoxin action remain elusive in many situations. This review focuses specifically on these aspects in the context of recent developments that illuminate some of these uncertainties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiguang Xiao
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - Sharon La Fontaine
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia
| | - Ashley I Bush
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Anthony G Wedd
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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27
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Sousa SF, Neves RP, Waheed SO, Fernandes PA, Ramos MJ. Structural and mechanistic aspects of S-S bonds in the thioredoxin-like family of proteins. Biol Chem 2018; 400:575-587. [DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2018-0319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Disulfide bonds play a critical role in a variety of structural and mechanistic processes associated with proteins inside the cells and in the extracellular environment. The thioredoxin family of proteins like thioredoxin (Trx), glutaredoxin (Grx) and protein disulfide isomerase, are involved in the formation, transfer or isomerization of disulfide bonds through a characteristic thiol-disulfide exchange reaction. Here, we review the structural and mechanistic determinants behind the thiol-disulfide exchange reactions for the different enzyme types within this family, rationalizing the known experimental data in light of the results from computational studies. The analysis sheds new atomic-level insight into the structural and mechanistic variations that characterize the different enzymes in the family, helping to explain the associated functional diversity. Furthermore, we review here a pattern of stabilization/destabilization of the conserved active-site cysteine residues presented beforehand, which is fully consistent with the observed roles played by the thioredoxin family of enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sérgio F. Sousa
- UCIBIO@REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências , Universidade do Porto , Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n , 4169-007 Porto , Portugal
| | - Rui P.P. Neves
- UCIBIO@REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências , Universidade do Porto , Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n , 4169-007 Porto , Portugal
| | - Sodiq O. Waheed
- UCIBIO@REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências , Universidade do Porto , Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n , 4169-007 Porto , Portugal
| | - Pedro A. Fernandes
- UCIBIO@REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências , Universidade do Porto , Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n , 4169-007 Porto , Portugal
| | - Maria João Ramos
- UCIBIO@REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências , Universidade do Porto , Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n , 4169-007 Porto , Portugal
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28
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Zhang W, Niu X, Ding J, Hu Y, Jin C. Intra- and inter-protein couplings of backbone motions underlie protein thiol-disulfide exchange cascade. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15448. [PMID: 30337655 PMCID: PMC6193951 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33766-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The thioredoxin (Trx)-coupled arsenate reductase (ArsC) is a family of enzymes that catalyzes the reduction of arsenate to arsenite in the arsenic detoxification pathway. The catalytic cycle involves a series of relayed intramolecular and intermolecular thiol-disulfide exchange reactions. Structures at different reaction stages have been determined, suggesting significant conformational fluctuations along the reaction pathway. Herein, we use two state-of-the-art NMR methods, the chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) and the CPMG-based relaxation dispersion (CPMG RD) experiments, to probe the conformational dynamics of B. subtilis ArsC in all reaction stages, namely the enzymatic active reduced state, the intra-molecular C10-C82 disulfide-bonded intermediate state, the inactive oxidized state, and the inter-molecular disulfide-bonded protein complex with Trx. Our results reveal highly rugged energy landscapes in the active reduced state, and suggest global collective motions in both the C10-C82 disulfide-bonded intermediate and the mixed-disulfide Trx-ArsC complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.,Beijing Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Center, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xiaogang Niu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.,Beijing Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Center, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jienv Ding
- College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.,Beijing Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Center, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.,National Institutes of Health, DHHS 1050 Boyles Street, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Yunfei Hu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China. .,Beijing Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Center, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China. .,Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
| | - Changwen Jin
- College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China. .,College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China. .,Beijing Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Center, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China. .,Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
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29
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Knuesting J, Scheibe R. Small Molecules Govern Thiol Redox Switches. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 23:769-782. [PMID: 30149854 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2018.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Oxygenic photosynthesis gave rise to a regulatory mechanism based on reversible redox-modifications of enzymes. In chloroplasts, such on-off switches separate metabolic pathways to avoid futile cycles. During illumination, the redox interconversions allow for rapidly and finely adjusting activation states of redox-regulated enzymes. Noncovalent effects by metabolites binding to these enzymes, here addressed as 'small molecules', affect the rates of reduction and oxidation. The chloroplast enzymes provide an example for a versatile regulatory principle where small molecules govern thiol switches to integrate redox state and metabolism for an appropriate response to environmental challenges. In general, this principle can be transferred to reactive thiols involved in redox signaling, oxidative stress responses, and in disease of all organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Knuesting
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, Osnabrück University, Barbarastr. 11, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Renate Scheibe
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, Osnabrück University, Barbarastr. 11, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany.
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Stöcker S, Van Laer K, Mijuskovic A, Dick TP. The Conundrum of Hydrogen Peroxide Signaling and the Emerging Role of Peroxiredoxins as Redox Relay Hubs. Antioxid Redox Signal 2018; 28:558-573. [PMID: 28587525 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is known to act as a messenger in signal transduction. How H2O2 leads to selective and efficient oxidation of specific thiols on specific signaling proteins remains one of the most important open questions in redox biology. Recent Advances: Increasing evidence implicates thiol peroxidases as mediators of protein thiol oxidation. Recently, this evidence has been extended to include the peroxiredoxins (Prxs). Prxs are exceptionally sensitive to H2O2, abundantly expressed and capture most of the H2O2 that is generated inside cells. CRITICAL ISSUES The overall prevalence and importance of Prx-based redox signaling relays are still unknown. The same is true for alternative mechanisms of redox signaling. FUTURE DIRECTIONS It will be important to clarify the relative contributions of Prx-mediated and direct thiol oxidation to H2O2 signaling. Many questions relating to Prx-based redox relays remain to be answered, including their mechanism, structural organization, and the potential role of adaptor proteins. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 28, 558-573.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Stöcker
- Division of Redox Regulation, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) , Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Koen Van Laer
- Division of Redox Regulation, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) , Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ana Mijuskovic
- Division of Redox Regulation, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) , Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tobias P Dick
- Division of Redox Regulation, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) , Heidelberg, Germany
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31
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Biddau M, Bouchut A, Major J, Saveria T, Tottey J, Oka O, van-Lith M, Jennings KE, Ovciarikova J, DeRocher A, Striepen B, Waller RF, Parsons M, Sheiner L. Two essential Thioredoxins mediate apicoplast biogenesis, protein import, and gene expression in Toxoplasma gondii. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1006836. [PMID: 29470517 PMCID: PMC5823475 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Apicomplexan parasites are global killers, being the causative agents of diseases like toxoplasmosis and malaria. These parasites are known to be hypersensitive to redox imbalance, yet little is understood about the cellular roles of their various redox regulators. The apicoplast, an essential plastid organelle, is a verified apicomplexan drug target. Nuclear-encoded apicoplast proteins traffic through the ER and multiple apicoplast sub-compartments to their place of function. We propose that thioredoxins contribute to the control of protein trafficking and of protein function within these apicoplast compartments. We studied the role of two Toxoplasma gondiiapicoplast thioredoxins (TgATrx), both essential for parasite survival. By describing the cellular phenotypes of the conditional depletion of either of these redox regulated enzymes we show that each of them contributes to a different apicoplast biogenesis pathway. We provide evidence for TgATrx1’s involvement in ER to apicoplast trafficking and TgATrx2 in the control of apicoplast gene expression components. Substrate pull-down further recognizes gene expression factors that interact with TgATrx2. We use genetic complementation to demonstrate that the function of both TgATrxs is dependent on their disulphide exchange activity. Finally, TgATrx2 is divergent from human thioredoxins. We demonstrate its activity in vitro thus providing scope for drug screening. Our study represents the first functional characterization of thioredoxins in Toxoplasma, highlights the importance of redox regulation of apicoplast functions and provides new tools to study redox biology in these parasites. To survive, apicomplexan parasites must adjust to the redox insults they experience. These parasites undergo redox stresses induced by the host cell within which they live, by the host immune system, and by their own metabolic activities. Yet the myriad of cellular processes that are affected by redox changes and that may take part in maintaining the redox balance within the parasite are largely understudied. Thioredoxins are enzymes that link the redox state of subcellular environments to the functional state or the cellular trafficking of their substrate proteins. In this work, we identify two pathways that are controlled by two thioredoxins in the apicomplexan Toxoplasma gondii, and demonstrate that both are essential for parasite survival. We show that each of these enzymes contributes to the function of the apicomplexan plastid, the apicoplast, a unique parasite organelle with importance for drug discovery efforts. We thus highlight that part of the apicomplexan sensitivity to redox imbalance is specifically related to the apicoplast, and point at the importance of thioredoxins in mediating apicoplast biogenesis. Finally, our work raises the potential of apicoplast thioredoxins as new drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Biddau
- Wellcome Centre for Molecular Parasitology, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Anne Bouchut
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Jack Major
- Wellcome Centre for Molecular Parasitology, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Tracy Saveria
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Julie Tottey
- Wellcome Centre for Molecular Parasitology, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Ojore Oka
- Institute of Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, Wolfson Link Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Marcel van-Lith
- Institute of Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, Wolfson Link Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine Elizabeth Jennings
- Center for Tropical & Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Brooks Dr. Athens, GA, United States of America
| | - Jana Ovciarikova
- Wellcome Centre for Molecular Parasitology, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Amy DeRocher
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Boris Striepen
- Center for Tropical & Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Brooks Dr. Athens, GA, United States of America
| | | | - Marilyn Parsons
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Lilach Sheiner
- Wellcome Centre for Molecular Parasitology, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place Glasgow, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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32
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Putzu M, Gräter F, Elstner M, Kubař T. On the mechanism of spontaneous thiol–disulfide exchange in proteins. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:16222-16230. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp01325j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Free energy surfaces from QM/MM metadynamics on model peptides will be a basis to build reactive force field for reaction in proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Putzu
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76131 Karlsruhe
- Germany
- Center for Functional Nanostructures
| | - Frauke Gräter
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing (IWR)
- Heidelberg University
- 69120 Heidelberg
- Germany
- Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies
| | - Marcus Elstner
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76131 Karlsruhe
- Germany
- Institute for Biological Interfaces (IBG-2)
| | - Tomáš Kubař
- Institute of Physical Chemistry
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76131 Karlsruhe
- Germany
- Center for Functional Nanostructures
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33
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Ukuwela AA, Bush AI, Wedd AG, Xiao Z. Glutaredoxins employ parallel monothiol-dithiol mechanisms to catalyze thiol-disulfide exchanges with protein disulfides. Chem Sci 2017; 9:1173-1183. [PMID: 29675162 PMCID: PMC5885593 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc04416j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutaredoxins were demonstrated to be a family of versatile enzymes capable of catalyzing thiol–disulfide exchange involving GSSG/GSH via different catalytic routes either alone or in parallel.
Glutaredoxins (Grxs) are a family of glutathione (GSH)-dependent thiol–disulfide oxidoreductases. They feature GSH-binding sites that directly connect the reversible redox chemistry of protein thiols to the abundant cellular nonprotein thiol pool GSSG/GSH. This work studied the pathways for oxidation of protein dithiols P(SH)2 and reduction of protein disulfides P(SS) catalyzed by Homo sapiens HsGrx1 and Escherichia coli EcGrx1. The metal-binding domain HMA4n(SH)2 was chosen as substrate as it contains a solvent-exposed CysCys motif. Quenching of the reactions with excess iodoacetamide followed by protein speciation analysis via ESI-MS allowed interception and characterization of both substrate and enzyme intermediates. The enzymes shuttle between three catalytically-competent forms (Grx(SH)(S–), Grx(SH)(SSG) and Grx(SS)) and employ conserved parallel monothiol and dithiol mechanisms. Experiments with dithiol and monothiol versions of both Grx enzymes demonstrate which monothiol (plus GSSG or GSH) or dithiol pathways dominate a specific oxidation or reduction reaction. Grxs are shown to be a class of versatile enzymes with diverse catalytic functions that are driven by specific interactions with GSSG/GSH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwinie A Ukuwela
- School of Chemistry , Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute , The University of Melbourne , Parkville , Victoria 3010 , Australia
| | - Ashley I Bush
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre , Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health , The University of Melbourne , Parkville , Victoria 3052 , Australia .
| | - Anthony G Wedd
- School of Chemistry , Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute , The University of Melbourne , Parkville , Victoria 3010 , Australia
| | - Zhiguang Xiao
- School of Chemistry , Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute , The University of Melbourne , Parkville , Victoria 3010 , Australia.,Melbourne Dementia Research Centre , Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health , The University of Melbourne , Parkville , Victoria 3052 , Australia .
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Glutathione metabolism is comparable to a jigsaw puzzle with too many pieces. It is supposed to comprise (i) the reduction of disulfides, hydroperoxides, sulfenic acids, and nitrosothiols, (ii) the detoxification of aldehydes, xenobiotics, and heavy metals, and (iii) the synthesis of eicosanoids, steroids, and iron-sulfur clusters. In addition, glutathione affects oxidative protein folding and redox signaling. Here, I try to provide an overview on the relevance of glutathione-dependent pathways with an emphasis on quantitative data. Recent Advances: Intracellular redox measurements reveal that the cytosol, the nucleus, and mitochondria contain very little glutathione disulfide and that oxidative challenges are rapidly counterbalanced. Genetic approaches suggest that iron metabolism is the centerpiece of the glutathione puzzle in yeast. Furthermore, recent biochemical studies provide novel insights on glutathione transport processes and uncoupling mechanisms. CRITICAL ISSUES Which parts of the glutathione puzzle are most relevant? Does this explain the high intracellular concentrations of reduced glutathione? How can iron-sulfur cluster biogenesis, oxidative protein folding, or redox signaling occur at high glutathione concentrations? Answers to these questions not only seem to depend on the organism, cell type, and subcellular compartment but also on different ideologies among researchers. FUTURE DIRECTIONS A rational approach to compare the relevance of glutathione-dependent pathways is to combine genetic and quantitative kinetic data. However, there are still many missing pieces and too little is known about the compartment-specific repertoire and concentration of numerous metabolites, substrates, enzymes, and transporters as well as rate constants and enzyme kinetic patterns. Gathering this information might require the development of novel tools but is crucial to address potential kinetic competitions and to decipher uncoupling mechanisms to solve the glutathione puzzle. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 27, 1130-1161.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Deponte
- Department of Parasitology, Ruprecht-Karls University , Heidelberg, Germany
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35
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Reduction potentials of protein disulfides and catalysis of glutathionylation and deglutathionylation by glutaredoxin enzymes. Biochem J 2017; 474:3799-3815. [DOI: 10.1042/bcj20170589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Glutaredoxins (Grxs) are a class of GSH (glutathione)-dependent thiol–disulfide oxidoreductase enzymes. They use the cellular redox buffer GSSG (glutathione disulfide)/GSH directly to catalyze these exchange reactions. Grxs feature dithiol active sites and can shuttle rapidly between three oxidation states, namely dithiol Grx(SH)2, mixed disulfide Grx(SH)(SSG) and oxidized disulfide Grx(SS). Each is characterized by a distinct standard reduction potential . The values for the redox couple Grx(SS)/Grx(SH)2 are available, but a recent estimate differs by over 100 mV from the literature values. No estimates are available for for the mixed disulfide couple Grx(SH)(SSG)/(Grx(SH)2 + GSH). This work determined both and for two representative Grx enzymes, Homo sapiens HsGrx1 and Escherichia coli EcGrx1. The empirical approaches were verified rigorously to overcome the sensitivity of these redox-labile enzymes to experimental conditions. The classic method of acid ‘quenching’ was demonstrated to shift the thiol–disulfide redox equilibria. Both enzymes exhibit an (vs. SHE) at a pH of 7.0. Their values (−213 and −230 mV for EcGrx1 and HsGrx1, respectively) are slightly less negative than that () of the redox buffer GSSG/2GSH. Both and vary with log [GSH], but the former more sensitively by a factor of 2. This confers dual catalytic functions to a Grx enzyme as either an oxidase at low [GSH] or as a reductase at high [GSH]. Consequently, these enzymes can participate efficiently in either glutathionylation or deglutathionylation. The catalysis is demonstrated to proceed via a monothiol ping-pong mechanism relying on a single Cys residue only in the dithiol active site.
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36
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Iqbal A, Almeida FCL. 1H, 13C and 15N chemical shift assignments of Saccharomyces cerevisiae type 1 thioredoxin in the oxidized state by solution NMR spectroscopy. BIOMOLECULAR NMR ASSIGNMENTS 2017; 11:221-224. [PMID: 28808882 DOI: 10.1007/s12104-017-9752-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Thioredoxins (Trx) are ubiquitous proteins that regulate several biochemical processes inside the cell. Trx is an important player, displaying oxidoreductase activity and helping to keep and regulate the oxidative state of the cellular environment. Trx also participates in the regulation of many cellular functions, such as DNA synthesis, protection against oxidative stress, cell cycle and signal transduction. The oxidized Trx is the target for another set of proteins, such as thioredoxin reductase (TrR), which used the reductive potential of NADPH. The oxidized state of Trx also plays important role in regulation of redox state in the cells. In this regard, the oxidized form of Trx is a putative conformer that contributes to the cellular redox environment. Here we report the chemical shift assignments (1H, 13C and 15N) in solution at 15 °C. We also showed the secondary structure analysis of the oxidized form of yeast thioredoxin (yTrx1) as basis for future NMR studies of protein-target interactions and dynamics. The assignment was done at low concentration (200 µM) because it is important to keep intact the water cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwar Iqbal
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, CCS/CNRMN, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-599, Brazil
- National Center for Structural Biology and Bioimaging (CENABIO), National Center for Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (CNRMN), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fabio C L Almeida
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, CCS/CNRMN, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-599, Brazil.
- National Center for Structural Biology and Bioimaging (CENABIO), National Center for Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (CNRMN), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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37
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de Souza LF, Schmitz AE, da Silva LCS, de Oliveira KA, Nedel CB, Tasca CI, de Bem AF, Farina M, Dafre AL. Inhibition of reductase systems by 2-AAPA modulates peroxiredoxin oxidation and mitochondrial function in A172 glioblastoma cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2017; 42:273-280. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2017.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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38
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Global Transcriptional Response to Organic Hydroperoxide and the Role of OhrR in the Control of Virulence Traits in Chromobacterium violaceum. Infect Immun 2017; 85:IAI.00017-17. [PMID: 28507067 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00017-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A major pathway for the detoxification of organic hydroperoxides, such as cumene hydroperoxide (CHP), involves the MarR family transcriptional regulator OhrR and the peroxidase OhrA. However, the effect of these peroxides on the global transcriptome and the contribution of the OhrA/OhrR system to bacterial virulence remain poorly explored. Here, we analyzed the transcriptome profiles of Chromobacterium violaceum exposed to CHP and after the deletion of ohrR, and we show that OhrR controls the virulence of this human opportunistic pathogen. DNA microarray and Northern blot analyses of CHP-treated cells revealed the upregulation of genes related to the detoxification of peroxides (antioxidant enzymes and thiol-reducing systems), the degradation of the aromatic moiety of CHP (oxygenases), and protection against other secondary stresses (DNA repair, heat shock, iron limitation, and nitrogen starvation responses). Furthermore, we identified two upregulated genes (ohrA and a putative diguanylate cyclase with a GGDEF domain for cyclic di-GMP [c-di-GMP] synthesis) and three downregulated genes (hemolysin, chitinase, and collagenase) in the ohrR mutant by transcriptome analysis. Importantly, we show that OhrR directly repressed the expression of the putative diguanylate cyclase. Using a mouse infection model, we demonstrate that the ohrR mutant was attenuated for virulence and showed a decreased bacterial burden in the liver. Moreover, an ohrR-diguanylate cyclase double mutant displayed the same virulence as the wild-type strain. In conclusion, we have defined the transcriptional response to CHP, identified potential virulence factors such as diguanylate cyclase as members of the OhrR regulon, and shown that C. violaceum uses the transcriptional regulator OhrR to modulate its virulence.
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Verissimo AF, Khalfaoui-Hassani B, Hwang J, Steimle S, Selamoglu N, Sanders C, Khatchikian CE, Daldal F. The thioreduction component CcmG confers efficiency and the heme ligation component CcmH ensures stereo-specificity during cytochrome c maturation. J Biol Chem 2017. [PMID: 28634234 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.794586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In many Gram-negative bacteria, including Rhodobacter capsulatus, cytochrome c maturation (Ccm) is carried out by a membrane-integral machinery composed of nine proteins (CcmA to I). During this process, the periplasmic thiol-disulfide oxidoreductase DsbA is thought to catalyze the formation of a disulfide bond between the Cys residues at the apocytochrome c heme-binding site (CXXCH). Subsequently, a Ccm-specific thioreductive pathway involving CcmG and CcmH reduces this disulfide bond to allow covalent heme ligation. Currently, the sequence of thioredox reactions occurring between these components and apocytochrome c and the identity of their active Cys residues are unknown. In this work, we first investigated protein-protein interactions among the apocytochrome c, CcmG, and the heme-ligation components CcmF, CcmH, and CcmI. We found that they all interact with each other, forming a CcmFGHI-apocytochrome c complex. Using purified wild-type CcmG, CcmH, and apocytochrome c, as well as their respective Cys mutant variants, we determined the rates of thiol-disulfide exchange reactions between selected pairs of Cys residues from these proteins. We established that CcmG can efficiently reduce the disulfide bond of apocytochrome c and also resolve a mixed disulfide bond formed between apocytochrome c and CcmH. We further show that Cys-45 of CcmH and Cys-34 of apocytochrome c are most likely to form this mixed disulfide bond, which is consistent with the stereo-specificity of the heme-apocytochrome c ligation reaction. We conclude that CcmG confers efficiency, and CcmH ensures stereo-specificity during Ccm and present a comprehensive model for thioreduction reactions that lead to heme-apocytochrome c ligation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia F Verissimo
- From the Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6019
| | - Bahia Khalfaoui-Hassani
- From the Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6019
| | - Josephine Hwang
- From the Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6019
| | - Stefan Steimle
- From the Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6019
| | - Nur Selamoglu
- From the Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6019
| | - Carsten Sanders
- the Department of Physical Sciences, University of Kutztown, Kutztown, Pennsylvania 19530, and
| | - Camilo E Khatchikian
- the Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968
| | - Fevzi Daldal
- From the Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6019,
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40
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Chen W, Tuladhar A, Rolle S, Lai Y, Rodriguez Del Rey F, Zavala CE, Liu Y, Rein KS. Brevetoxin-2, is a unique inhibitor of the C-terminal redox center of mammalian thioredoxin reductase-1. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2017; 329:58-66. [PMID: 28551108 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2017.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Karenia brevis, the Florida red tide dinoflagellate produces a suite of neurotoxins known as the brevetoxins. The most abundant of the brevetoxins PbTx-2, was found to inhibit the thioredoxin-thioredoxin reductase system, whereas the PbTx-3 has no effect on this system. On the other hand, PbTx-2 activates the reduction of small disulfides such as 5,5'-dithio-bis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) by thioredoxin reductase. PbTx-2 has an α, β-unsaturated aldehyde moiety which functions as an efficient electrophile and selenocysteine conjugates are readily formed. PbTx-2 blocks the inhibition of TrxR by the inhibitor curcumin, whereas curcumin blocks PbTx-2 activation of TrxR. It is proposed that the mechanism of inhibition of thioredoxin reduction is via the formation of a Michael adduct between selenocysteine and the α, β-unsaturated aldehyde moiety of PbTx-2. PbTx-2 had no effect on the rates of reactions catalyzed by related enzymes such as glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase or glutaredoxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Miami, FL 33199, United States
| | - Anupama Tuladhar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Miami, FL 33199, United States
| | - Shantelle Rolle
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Miami, FL 33199, United States
| | - Yanhao Lai
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Miami, FL 33199, United States
| | - Freddy Rodriguez Del Rey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Miami, FL 33199, United States
| | - Cristian E Zavala
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Miami, FL 33199, United States
| | - Yuan Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Miami, FL 33199, United States; Biomolecular Sciences Institute, School of Integrated Sciences and Humanity, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Miami, FL 33199, United States
| | - Kathleen S Rein
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Miami, FL 33199, United States.
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41
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Quantitative biology of hydrogen peroxide signaling. Redox Biol 2017; 13:1-7. [PMID: 28528123 PMCID: PMC5436100 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2017.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) controls signaling pathways in cells by oxidative modulation of the activity of redox sensitive proteins denominated redox switches. Here, quantitative biology concepts are applied to review how H2O2 fulfills a key role in information transmission. Equations described lay the foundation of H2O2 signaling, give new insights on H2O2 signaling mechanisms, and help to learn new information from common redox signaling experiments. A key characteristic of H2O2 signaling is that the ratio between reduction and oxidation of redox switches determines the range of H2O2 concentrations to which they respond. Thus, a redox switch with low H2O2-dependent oxidability and slow reduction rate responds to the same range of H2O2 concentrations as a redox switch with high H2O2-dependent oxidability, but that is rapidly reduced. Yet, in the first case the response time is slow while in the second case is rapid. H2O2 sensing and transmission of information can be done directly or by complex mechanisms in which oxidation is relayed between proteins before oxidizing the final regulatory redox target. In spite of being a very simple molecule, H2O2 has a key role in cellular signaling, with the reliability of the information transmitted depending on the inherent chemical reactivity of redox switches, on the presence of localized H2O2 pools, and on the molecular recognition between redox switches and their partners. Hydrogen peroxide signaling proceeds through oxidation of redox switches. Oxidation of redox switches can be direct or mediated by highly reactive sensors. Response of redox switches is controlled by their oxidability and reduction rate. Localized protein interactions ensure the accuracy of information transmission.
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42
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Suzuki Y, Schwartz SL, Mueller NC, Schmitt MJ. Cysteine residues in a yeast viral A/B toxin crucially control host cell killing via pH-triggered disulfide rearrangements. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 28:1123-1131. [PMID: 28228551 PMCID: PMC5391188 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e16-12-0842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
K28 is a viral A/B protein toxin that intoxicates yeast and fungal cells by endocytosis and retrograde transport to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Although toxin translocation into the cytosol occurs on the oxidized α/β heterodimer, the precise mechanism of how the toxin crosses the ER membrane is unknown. Here we identify pH-triggered, toxin-intrinsic thiol rearrangements that crucially control toxin conformation and host cell killing. In the natural habitat and low-pH environment of toxin-secreting killer yeasts, K28 is structurally stable and biologically active as a disulfide-bonded heterodimer, whereas it forms inactive disulfide-bonded oligomers at neutral pH that are caused by activation and thiol deprotonation of β-subunit cysteines. Because such pH increase reflects the pH gradient during compartmental transport within target cells, potential K28 oligomerization in the ER lumen is prevented by protein disulfide isomerase. In addition, we show that pH-triggered thiol rearrangements in K28 can cause the release of cytotoxic α monomers, suggesting a toxin-intrinsic mechanism of disulfide bond reduction and α/β heterodimer dissociation in the cytosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Suzuki
- Molecular and Cell Biology, Department of Biosciences, and Center of Human and Molecular Biology (ZHMB), Saarland University, D-66123 Saarbruecken, Germany
| | - Sara L Schwartz
- Molecular and Cell Biology, Department of Biosciences, and Center of Human and Molecular Biology (ZHMB), Saarland University, D-66123 Saarbruecken, Germany
| | - Nina C Mueller
- Molecular and Cell Biology, Department of Biosciences, and Center of Human and Molecular Biology (ZHMB), Saarland University, D-66123 Saarbruecken, Germany
| | - Manfred J Schmitt
- Molecular and Cell Biology, Department of Biosciences, and Center of Human and Molecular Biology (ZHMB), Saarland University, D-66123 Saarbruecken, Germany
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43
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Sun MA, Wang Y, Zhang Q, Xia Y, Ge W, Guo D. Prediction of reversible disulfide based on features from local structural signatures. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:279. [PMID: 28376774 PMCID: PMC5379614 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-3668-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Disulfide bonds are traditionally considered to play only structural roles. In recent years, increasing evidence suggests that the disulfide proteome is made up of structural disulfides and reversible disulfides. Unlike structural disulfides, reversible disulfides are usually of important functional roles and may serve as redox switches. Interestingly, only specific disulfide bonds are reversible while others are not. However, whether reversible disulfides can be predicted based on structural information remains largely unknown. Methods In this study, two datasets with both types of disulfides were compiled using independent approaches. By comparison of various features extracted from the local structural signatures, we identified several features that differ significantly between reversible and structural disulfides, including disulfide bond length, along with the number, amino acid composition, secondary structure and physical-chemical properties of surrounding amino acids. A SVM-based classifier was developed for predicting reversible disulfides. Results By 10-fold cross-validation, the model achieved accuracy of 0.750, sensitivity of 0.352, specificity of 0.953, MCC of 0.405 and AUC of 0.751 using the RevSS_PDB dataset. The robustness was further validated by using RevSS_RedoxDB as independent testing dataset. This model was applied to proteins with known structures in the PDB database. The results show that one third of the predicted reversible disulfide containing proteins are well-known redox enzymes, while the remaining are non-enzyme proteins. Given that reversible disulfides are frequently reported from functionally important non-enzyme proteins such as transcription factors, the predictions may provide valuable candidates of novel reversible disulfides for further experimental investigation. Conclusions This study provides the first comparative analysis between the reversible and the structural disulfides. Distinct features remarkably different between these two groups of disulfides were identified, and a SVM-based classifier for predicting reversible disulfides was developed accordingly. A web server named RevssPred can be accessed freely from: http://biocomputer.bio.cuhk.edu.hk/RevssPred. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-017-3668-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-An Sun
- School of Life Sciences and the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Yejun Wang
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Nanhai Ave 3688, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- School of Life Sciences and the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Yiji Xia
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Wei Ge
- Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Dianjing Guo
- School of Life Sciences and the State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
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44
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Radi R, Trujillo M. Special issue on "Free Radical and Redox Biochemistry of Thiols". Free Radic Res 2016; 50:123-5. [PMID: 26797473 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2015.1121254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Radi
- a Departamento de Bioquímica and Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research , Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo , Uruguay
| | - Madia Trujillo
- a Departamento de Bioquímica and Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research , Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo , Uruguay
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45
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Kumar A, Balakrishna AM, Nartey W, Manimekalai MSS, Grüber G. Redox chemistry of Mycobacterium tuberculosis alkylhydroperoxide reductase E (AhpE): Structural and mechanistic insight into a mycoredoxin-1 independent reductive pathway of AhpE via mycothiol. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 97:588-601. [PMID: 27417938 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) has the ability to persist within the human host for a long time in a dormant stage and re-merges when the immune system is compromised. The pathogenic bacterium employs an elaborate antioxidant defence machinery composed of the mycothiol- and thioredoxin system in addition to a superoxide dismutase, a catalase, and peroxiredoxins (Prxs). Among the family of Peroxiredoxins, Mtb expresses a 1-cysteine peroxiredoxin, known as alkylhydroperoxide reductase E (MtAhpE), and defined as a potential tuberculosis drug target. The reduced MtAhpE (MtAhpE-SH) scavenges peroxides to become converted to MtAhpE-SOH. To provide continuous availability of MtAhpE-SH, MtAhpE-SOH has to become reduced. Here, we used NMR spectroscopy to delineate the reduced (MtAhpE-SH), sulphenic (MtAhpE-SOH) and sulphinic (MtAhpE-SO2H) states of MtAhpE through cysteinyl-labelling, and provide for the first time evidence of a mycothiol-dependent mechanism of MtAhpE reduction. This is confirmed by crystallographic studies, wherein MtAhpE was crystallized in the presence of mycothiol and the structure was solved at 2.43Å resolution. Combined with NMR-studies, the crystallographic structures reveal conformational changes of important residues during the catalytic cycle of MtAhpE. In addition, alterations of the overall protein in solution due to redox modulation are observed by small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) studies. Finally, by employing SAXS and dynamic light scattering, insight is provided into the most probable physiological oligomeric state of MtAhpE necessary for activity, being also discussed in the context of concerted substrate binding inside the dimeric MtAhpE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvind Kumar
- Nanyang Technological University, School of Biological Sciences, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Republic of Singapore
| | - Asha Manikkoth Balakrishna
- Nanyang Technological University, School of Biological Sciences, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Republic of Singapore
| | - Wilson Nartey
- Nanyang Technological University, School of Biological Sciences, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Republic of Singapore
| | | | - Gerhard Grüber
- Nanyang Technological University, School of Biological Sciences, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Republic of Singapore.
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46
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Netto LES, Antunes F. The Roles of Peroxiredoxin and Thioredoxin in Hydrogen Peroxide Sensing and in Signal Transduction. Mol Cells 2016; 39:65-71. [PMID: 26813662 PMCID: PMC4749877 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2016.2349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A challenge in the redox field is the elucidation of the molecular mechanisms, by which H2O2 mediates signal transduction in cells. This is relevant since redox pathways are disturbed in some pathologies. The transcription factor OxyR is the H2O2 sensor in bacteria, whereas Cys-based peroxidases are involved in the perception of this oxidant in eukaryotic cells. Three possible mechanisms may be involved in H2O2 signaling that are not mutually exclusive. In the simplest pathway, H2O2 signals through direct oxidation of the signaling protein, such as a phosphatase or a transcription factor. Although signaling proteins are frequently observed in the oxidized state in biological systems, in most cases their direct oxidation by H2O2 is too slow (10(1) M(-1)s(-1) range) to outcompete Cys-based peroxidases and glutathione. In some particular cellular compartments (such as vicinity of NADPH oxidases), it is possible that a signaling protein faces extremely high H2O2 concentrations, making the direct oxidation feasible. Alternatively, high H2O2 levels can hyperoxidize peroxiredoxins leading to local building up of H2O2 that then could oxidize a signaling protein (floodgate hypothesis). In a second model, H2O2 oxidizes Cys-based peroxidases that then through thiol-disulfide reshuffling would transmit the oxidized equivalents to the signaling protein. The third model of signaling is centered on the reducing substrate of Cys-based peroxidases that in most cases is thioredoxin. Is this model, peroxiredoxins would signal by modulating the thioredoxin redox status. More kinetic data is required to allow the identification of the complex network of thiol switches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis E. S. Netto
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo – SP,
Brazil
| | - Fernando Antunes
- Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Centro de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa,
Portugal
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