Different sources of fat in starter and its effect on growth performance, blood parameters and immune system of calves

Calf rearing from birth to weaning is a critical and sensitive period in dairy farming, as it determines the future of a herd. The aim of this work was to investigate the effects of different fat sources on growth performance, immune response and rumen and blood parameters in suckling calves. Forty female Holstein calves (average weight 40 kg, body score 3) were studied from birth to weaning (3 to 75 days). A completely randomized design with 4 treatments (10 replicates each) was used: i) control (no fat source), ii) coconut oil (2 % saturated fat), iii) flaxseed oil (2 % linoleic acid), and iv) safflower oil (2 % linoleic acid). Calf performance was evaluated weekly and feces were examined daily. Rumen parameters (volatile fatty acids and pH), blood parameters (glucose, protein, urea and cholesterol) and immune response (white and red blood cells and immunoglobulin G) were assessed at the end of the trial. According to the results, the highest feed intake after 10 weeks was recorded in the safflower oil treatment, which differed significantly from the control treatment (p < 0.05). The highest weight gain of calves fed diets containing unsaturated fats was observed in the 8th, 9th and 10th weeks, which was significantly higher than in the control and treatment containing coconut oil (p < 0.05). The height of experimental calves was affected by fats, except in the 1st and 2nd weeks. The experimental treatments were not significantly different in terms of fecal scores during the entire experimental period (p > 0.05). The effect of the experimental treatments was not significantly dependent on the pH of the calves' rumen fluid during the experimental period. The total volatile fatty acid content was significantly affected by the treatment (p < 0.01) at the end of the experimental period. Blood parameters (glucose, protein and urea), red blood cells and immunoglobulin G of the calves were significantly affected by the treatment (p < 0.05). The results of this study show that the use of different fat sources, especially those with unsaturated fatty acids containing linoleic and linolenic acid, in the starter diet of calves improved growth performance, immune response and rumen/blood parameters in female Holstein calves compared to the other groups.

Effect of dietary supplementation of rubber seed kernel pellet on feed utilization, rumen fermentation, fatty acid profiles and health status in swamp buffalo

OBJECTIVE

Rubber seed kernel is a by-product of rubber cultivation and are high in oil and protein. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of supplementing rubber seed kernel pellet (RUSKEP) on feed intake, nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation, rumen fatty acid profiles, blood parameters, and immune response in swamp buffalo.

METHODS

Four male swamp buffalo with an initial body weight (BW) of 254±10 kg and 26 months of age were used in this research. The experimental design was a 4×4 Latin squared design with RUSKEP supplementation at 0%, 4%, 6%, and 8% of dry matter intake (DMI). Animals were fed concentrate at 1.0% BW, while rice straw was fed ad libitum.

RESULTS

Supplementation with RUSKEP did not change DMI or nutrient digestibility (p>0.05), while ether extract digestibility increased cubically with the addition of RUSKEP (p<0.01). The ruminal pH, ammonia-nitrogen (NH3-N), and the proportion of acetate (C2) were similar among treatments (p>0.05). The proportion of propionate (C3) increased linearly (p≤0.04), leading to a decrease in the acetate to propionate ratio (C2:C3) (p≤0.04) with the addition of RUSKEP. Furthermore, the butyrate (C4) proportion decreased linearly with RUSKEP supplementation (p = 0.03). The addition of RUSKEP did not affect on linoleic acid (C18:2 cis-9,12+trans-9,12), or α-linolenic acid (C18:3 cis9,12,15) (p>0.05). With RUSKEP supplementation, the stearic acid (C18:0) content increased quadratically (p<0.01). The increasing level of RUSKEP was higher in cholesterol and eosinophils (p≤0.03). The immune function (IgA, IgM, and IgG) was similar among treatments (p>0.05).

CONCLUSION

Supplementing RUSKEP with up to 8% of DMI could improve rumen fermentation efficiency without affecting feed utilization, rumen PUFA profile, or immune response in swamp buffalo.

Cytokine profile, differential somatic cell count, and oxidative status of Italian Mediterranean buffalo milk affected by the temperature-humidity index

In the context of climate change, there has been an increased interest in improving management practices for animals genetically adapted to extreme environmental conditions, such as buffaloes. The temperature-humidity index (THI) is used to determine the severity of heat stress in livestock. This study aimed to evaluate the cytokine profile, oxidative staus, differential somatic cell count (DCC), and the surface expression and activity of myeloperoxidase (MPO) in the somatic cells (SCs) of buffalo. Milk samples (n = 216) were collected from the spring to summer season under three different THI classes (THI < 72; ≤72 THI < 76, and THI ≥ 76). The cytokine profile was determined using ELISA, and the expression of DSCC and MPO was determined by flow cytometry. MPO activity was performed on SC extracts using a specific ELISA kit. Oxidative status was determined by the antioxidant/oxidant balance combining the free radical scavenging activity levels, and reactive oxygen and nitrogenous species. The results on the cytokine profile showed that at the THI ≥ 76 the levels of both IL-10 and IFN-γ were highest. IL-1β secretion was lower at the THI < 72 than at the THI values ranging from ≤72 THI < 76. Higher levels of both TNF-α and IL-12 were registered in both THI < 72 and THI ≥ 76 classes. The level of IL-4 was higher in the THI ≥ 76 class than in the ≤72 to <76 range. Data on DCC showed a decrease in the percentage of macrophages and lymphocytes as the THI increased from the ≤72 to <76 range to THI ≥ 76. Furthermore, the highest percentage of polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMNLs) was registered in both ≤72 to <76 and THI ≥ 76 classes. The MPO activity and surface expression on SC were lower at a THI above 76, which could be associated with an absence of inflammation. A condition of oxidative imbalance was registered as demonstrated by the lower levels of antioxidant/oxidant balance along with increasing THI. Present data demonstrated that buffaloes were able to modulate the alteration of immune response activated by heat stress throughout a series of cross-linked mechanisms involving cytokine networks, different somatic cell distribution, and oxidative status.

Nutritional Strategies to Alleviate Stress and Improve Welfare in Dairy Ruminants

Dairy ruminants provide a major part of the livestock and agriculture sectors. Due to the increase in world population and the subsequent increase in dairy product demands, the dairy sector has been intensified. Dairy farming intensification and the subsequent increase in animal nutritional demands and the increase in the average global temperature as well have subjected animals to various stress conditions that impact their health and welfare. Various management practices and nutritional strategies have been proposed and studied to alleviate these impacts, especially under heat stress, as well as during critical periods, like the transition period. Some of the nutritional interventions to cope with stress factors and ensure optimal health and production are the inclusion of functional fatty acids and amino acids and feed additives (minerals, prebiotics, probiotics, essential oils and herbs, phytobiotics, enzymes, etc.) that have been proven to regulate animals' metabolism and improve their antioxidant status and immune function. Thus, these nutritional strategies could be the key to ensuring optimum growth, milk production, and reproduction efficiency. This review summarizes and highlights key nutritional approaches to support the remarkable metabolic adaptations ruminants are facing during the transition period and to reduce heat stress effects and evaluate their beneficial effects on animal physiology, performance, health, as well as welfare.

Effects of dietary supplementation with omega-3 fatty acid-rich linseed on the reproductive performance of ewes in subtropical climates

The present study evaluated the effects of omega-3 (ω-3) fatty acid-rich linseed supplementation on the reproductive performance, endocrine profile, and biochemical profile of ewes reared in subtropical climates. Forty-eight acyclic and clinically healthy Marwari sheep, aged 1.5-2.5 years with no parity, were divided into four groups (n = n = 12 in each). Ewes in the control group (group I) were fed only a basal feed, whereas ewes in the treatment groups II, III, and IV were fed the basal diet along with 10%, 15%, and 20% linseed, respectively, daily on a dry matter basis. The experiment was conducted during the typical breeding season (October-November) of the sheep. The estrus induction rate was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in all treatment groups than in the control group. The estrus induction interval was significantly lower (p < 0.05) in group III. The conception rate in group I was significantly lower (p < 0.05). In addition, ewes in the control group had a significantly lower (p < 0.05) lambing rate than all treatment groups. Serum progesterone concentrations differed significantly (p < 0.05) between the control and the treatment groups on days 15, 30, 45, and 60 of supplementation. On treatment days 15 and 30, the serum estrogen concentrations were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in all treatment groups compared to that in group I. In all treatment groups, monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) decreased significantly (p < 0.05), whereas polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) increased significantly (p < 0.05) from day 15 onward. In conclusion, by providing 15% dietary linseed supplementation to ewes, their reproductive performance can be improved in subtropical climates. Future studies are recommended to further elucidate the role of linseed supplementation in sheep reproduction in subtropical climates.

Feeding Flaxseed and Lupins during the Transition Period in Dairy Cows: Effects on Production Performance, Fertility and Biochemical Blood Indices

Flaxseed and lupin seed were offered as an alternative dietary approach in dairy cows, through the partial substitution of soybean meal. Milk production and fertility traits were investigated. A total of 330 animals were allocated into two groups, treated (n = 176) and control (n = 154). From each group, 30 animals were selected for hematological and cytological studies. The experimental feeding period lasted for 81 days (25 days prepartum and 56 days postpartum). The control ration (group C) contained corn, barley, soybean meal, rapeseed cake, corn silage and lucerne hay; whereas, in the treatment group (group T), 50% of the soybean meal was replaced by an equal mixture of flaxseed and lupins. The two rations were formulated to be isonitrogenous and isoenergetic. Milk samples were analyzed for chemical composition, somatic cell count (SCC) content and total colony forming units (CFU). Blood samples were collected, and serum was analyzed for non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), acute phase proteins (haptoglobin and serum amyloid) and lipid oxidation indices, namely thiobarbituric-acid-reactive substances (TBARS) and catalase activity. To assess polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) numbers, endometrial samples from each cow were collected on days 21 and 42. No difference was recorded between groups in milk yield (p > 0.05). In multiparous cows, NEFA (mMol/L) concentrations were significantly lower in group T than in group C on day 14 (p > 0.009) and on day 42 (p = 0.05), while no difference was detected in the group of primiparous cows. At all time points, serum TBARS and catalase values were similar in both groups (p > 0.05). Multiparous cows in group T expressed the first postpartum estrus and conceived earlier than cows in group C (p ≤ 0.05). Between days 21 to 42 postpartum, the PMN reduction rate was higher in group T animals (p ≤ 0.05). Acute phase protein levels were in general lower in group T animals, and at specific time points differed significantly from group C (p ≤ 0.05). It was concluded that the partial replacement of soybean meal by flaxseed and lupins had no negative effect on milk yield or milk composition, and improved cow fertility; which, along with the lower cost of flaxseed and lupins mixture, may increase milk production profitability.

Heat Stress: Effects on Rumen Microbes and Host Physiology, and Strategies to Alleviate the Negative Impacts on Lactating Dairy Cows

Heat stress (HS) in dairy cows causes considerable losses in the dairy industry worldwide due to reduced animal performance, increased cases of metabolic disorders, altered rumen microbiome, and other health problems. Cows subjected to HS showed decreased ruminal pH and acetate concentration and an increased concentration of ruminal lactate. Heat-stressed cows have an increased abundance of lactate-producing bacteria such as Streptococcus and unclassified Enterobacteriaceae, and soluble carbohydrate utilizers such as Ruminobacter, Treponema, and unclassified Bacteroidaceae. Cellulolytic bacteria, especially Fibrobacteres, increase during HS due to a high heat resistance. Actinobacteria and Acetobacter, both acetate-producing bacteria, decreased under HS conditions. Rumen fermentation functions, blood parameters, and metabolites are also affected by the physiological responses of the animal during HS. Isoleucine, methionine, myo-inositol, lactate, tryptophan, tyrosine, 1,5-anhydro-D-sorbitol, 3-phenylpropionic acid, urea, and valine decreased under these conditions. These responses affect feed consumption and production efficiency in milk yield, growth rate, and reproduction. At the cellular level, activation of heat shock transcription factor (HSF) (located throughout the nucleus and the cytoplasm) and increased expression of heat shock proteins (HSPs) are the usual responses to cope with homeostasis. HSP70 is the most abundant HSP family responsible for the environmental stress response, while HSF1 is essential for increasing cell temperature. The expression of bovine lymphocyte antigen and histocompatibility complex class II (DRB3) is downregulated during HS, while HSP90 beta I and HSP70 1A are upregulated. HS increases the expression of the cytosolic arginine sensor for mTORC1 subunits 1 and 2, phosphorylation of mammalian target of rapamycin and decreases the phosphorylation of Janus kinase-2 (a signal transducer and activator of transcription factor-5). These changes in physiology, metabolism, and microbiomes in heat-stressed dairy cows require urgent alleviation strategies. Establishing control measures to combat HS can be facilitated by elucidating mechanisms, including proper HS assessment, access to cooling facilities, special feeding and care, efficient water systems, and supplementation with vitamins, minerals, plant extracts, and probiotics. Understanding the relationship between HS and the rumen microbiome could contribute to the development of manipulation strategies to alleviate the influence of HS. This review comprehensively elaborates on the impact of HS in dairy cows and introduces different alleviation strategies to minimize HS.

Effect of Varying Levels of Hempseed Meal Supplementation on Humoral and Cell-Mediated Immune Responses of Goats

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of varying levels of hempseed meal supplementation on antibody and cell-mediated immune responses, as well as the expression of some of the important immunoregulatory cytokines. Treatments consisted of hempseed meal supplementation at 0 (control), 10, 20, and 30% of the total diet. Goats were randomly assigned to one of the four treatments n = 10. Cell-mediated immune response was evaluated on day 59 of the feeding period by measuring skinfold thickness at 24 h following intradermal injection of phytohemagglutinin. A significant increase in skinfold thickness was observed with increasing levels of supplementation as compared to that of the control group. Serum antibody titers to chicken ovalbumin were not significantly different between treatment groups. Cytokine concentrations of IL-6 increased linearly with increasing level of supplementation (p < 0.05), contrarily to the linear decrease that was observed for TNF-α (p < 0.05). Although IL-2 tended to increase with the 10 and 30% levels of supplementation (p < 0.07), the result was not significant, and no significant differences were obtained with respect to IL-4 concentrations. Cytokine gene expression values measured by RT-PCR, however, demonstrated some significant differences. HSM supplementation had no significant effect on the expression of IL-2 or IL-6. However, significant differences were observed with the 30% supplementation for IL-4 and TNF-α as compared to that of the control group (p < 0.05). IL-4 was down regulated for the 10 and 20% treatment groups but was upregulated for the 30% treatment group. TNF-α was downregulated in the 10% but upregulated for the 20 and 30% treatment groups. No significant differences were observed for the serum cortisol concentration or white blood cell counts. These results suggested that hempseed meal supplementation may improve cell-mediated immune response while having no effect on antibody-mediated immune response. However, more research needs to be conducted to determine the most efficacious inclusion rate.

Bovine Immunology: Implications for Dairy Cattle

The growing world population (7.8 billion) exerts an increased pressure on the cattle industry amongst others. Intensification and expansion of milk and beef production inevitably leads to increased risk of infectious disease spread and exacerbation. This indicates that improved understanding of cattle immune function is needed to provide optimal tools to combat the existing and future pathogens and improve food security. While dairy and beef cattle production is easily the world's most important agricultural industry, there are few current comprehensive reviews of bovine immunobiology. High-yielding dairy cattle and their calves are more vulnerable to various diseases leading to shorter life expectancy and reduced environmental fitness. In this manuscript, we seek to fill this paucity of knowledge and provide an up-to-date overview of immune function in cattle emphasizing the unresolved challenges and most urgent needs in rearing dairy calves. We will also discuss how the combination of available preventative and treatment strategies and herd management practices can maintain optimal health in dairy cows during the transition (periparturient) period and in neonatal calves.

NETosis of Peripheral Neutrophils Isolated From Dairy Cows Fed Olive Pomace

Neutrophils represent primary mobile phagocytes recruited to the site of infection, and their functions are essential to enhance animals' health performance. Neutrophils have an essential role in innate immunity and are able to kill the pathogens via the synthesis of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). The objective of the present work was the study of the in vitro NETosis of peripheral neutrophils isolated from dairy cows supplemented with olive pomace. Dairy cows (n = 16) balanced for parity (3.67 ± 1.5 for CON, 3.67 ± 1.9 for OP), milk yield (24.3 ± 4.5 kg d⁻¹for CON and 24.9 ± 1.7 kg d⁻¹ for OP), the number of days in milk (109 ± 83.5 for CON and 196 ± 51 for OP), and body weight (647 ± 44.3 kg for CON and 675 ± 70.7 kg for OP) were divided into two experimental groups fed with a control diet (CON) and supplemented with 6% of olive pomace (OP). Peripheral blood neutrophils were isolated and stimulated in vitro with phorbol-myristate-acetate (PMA) as a marker for activation and reactivity of the neutrophils. After isolation, both the viability and CD11b expression were analyzed by flow cytometry. Both NETosis by neutrophil elastase-DNA complex system and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity were evaluated by ELISA. The specific antibodies against MPO and citrullination of Histone-H1 were used for investigating NETosis by immunofluorescence microscopy. The neutrophil elastase-DNA complexes produced during NETosis and MPO activity of neutrophil extracts were affected by OP supplementation. Furthermore, results from immunofluorescence analysis of NETosis depicted a similar result found by ELISA showing a higher expression of MPO and citrullination of Histone-H1 in OP than the CON neutrophils. In addition, all data showed that the OP diet resulted in a better response of neutrophils to PMA stimulation than the CON diet, which did not support the neutrophils' responses to PMA stimulation. Our results demonstrated that OP supplementation can enhance the neutrophil function in dairy cows leading to udder defense and inflammation response especially when an immunosuppression state can occur.

Effect of seasonal thermal stress on oxidative status, immune response and stress hormones of lactating dairy cows

This study aimed to assess the impact of seasonal thermal stress on oxidative stress, immune response, and stress hormones of lactating dairy cows in subtropical regions with different levels of temperature-humidity index (THI). A total of 32 healthy lactating Holstein dairy cows experienced 4 seasons (8 cows/season). The physiological parameters were categorized into low THI (LTHI, THI = 42.97 ± 0.95) in winter, moderate THI (MTHI, THI = 61.84 ± 0.42) in spring and autumn, and high THI period (HTHI, THI = 86.09 ± 0.23) in summer. The blood samples were collected twice in each season to measure oxidative stress, inflammatory and hormonal parameters. Our results showed THI had a positive correlation with the rectal temperature (R 2 = 0.821, P < 0.001) and respiratory rate (R 2 = 0.816, P < 0.001). Dry matter intake, milk yield and fat percentage also significantly differed among groups (P < 0.05). Compared with the MTHI group, the LTHI group exhibited a significant increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) level (P < 0.001), and the HTHI group displayed a significant increase in levels of cortisol, interleukin (IL)-10, IL-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α (P < 0.001). Opposite changes in serum endotoxin and immunoglobulin G levels were observed with the increasing THI (P < 0.001). LTHI notably increased the triiodothyronine level, although the thyroxine level was reduced by LTHI and HTHI compared with the MTHI group. In conclusion, LTHI and HTHI conditions may induce different degrees of oxidative stress, inflammation response, and stress hormone imbalances on lactating dairy cows, therefore environmental management is necessary for the health of dairy cows in extreme weather conditions.

Identification of circRNA-Associated-ceRNA Networks Involved in Milk Fat Metabolism under Heat Stress

Summer temperatures are generally high in Southern China, and cows are likely to suffer a heat stress reaction. Heat stress will have a negative impact on the performance of dairy cows; however, the mechanism by which high temperature affects lactation is not clear. CircRNA is a type of non-coding RNA discovered in recent years, which performs a crucial function in many biological activities. However, the effects of circRNA on lactation function of dairy cows under heat stress is unknown. The present study aimed to explore the expression levels of circRNA in the mammary gland tissue of cows under heat stress. Firstly, we collected blood and milk samples of summer and winter cows and evaluated lactation performance using serum indicators, milk production, and milk composition. Incorporating the calculation of the temperature and humidity index, we conformed the heat stress status of cows in summer. Heat stress increased the concentration of HSP70 and decreased the concentration of SOD and PRL. Heat stress not only reduced milk yield but also affected milk quality, with milk lactose and milk protein decreasing with increased temperature. The analysis of the fatty acid composition in summer milk found significantly reduced concentrations of unsaturated fatty acids, especially long-chain unsaturated fatty acids. Sequencing of the cow's mammary gland transcriptome revealed that compared to the appropriate temperature (ST) group, the heat stress (HS) group had a total of 2204 upregulated and 3501 downregulated transcripts. GO enrichment and KEGG pathway analysis showed that these genes were mainly related to milk fat metabolism. In addition, 19 upregulated and 19 downregulated circRNA candidates were found in response to heat stress. We used Pearson's test to establish the correlation of circRNA-mRNA and identified four pairs of circRNA-miRNA networks between four circRNAs, six miRNAs, and the CD36 gene. In this study, we revealed the possible role of circRNAs in lactation of dairy cows and identified that circRNA-miRNA-mRNA networks might exist in the cow's mammary glands, providing valuable experience for dairy lactation and milk quality.

Nutritional strategies for alleviating the detrimental effects of heat stress in dairy cows: a review

Heat stress responses negatively impact production performance, milk quality, body temperature, and other parameters in dairy cows. As global warming continues unabated, heat stress in dairy cows is likely to become more widespread in the future. To address this challenge, researchers have evaluated a number of potentially available nutritional strategies, including dietary fat, dietary fiber, dietary microbial additives, minerals, vitamins, metal ion buffer, plant extracts, and other anti-stress additives. In this paper, we discuss the evidence for the efficacy of these nutritional strategies aimed at alleviating the detrimental effects of heat stress in dairy cows. It was comprised of the treatment (dosage and usage), animal information (lactation stage and number of dairy cows), THI value (level of heat stress), duration of exposure, the changes of feed intake and milk yield (production performance), the changes of milk protein and milk fat (milk quality), the changes of rectal temperature and respiration rate (body temperature), other indices, and reference resources. The results of these studies are presented with statistical justification in the tables. In total, the 49 kinds of dietary interventions derived from these eight types of nutritional strategies may provide an appropriate means of mitigating heat stress on a particular dairy farm based on the explanation of the results.

The impact of heat stress on the immune system in dairy cattle: A review

Heat stress is well documented to have a negative influence on livestock productivity and these impacts may be exacerbated by climate change. Dairy cattle can be more vulnerable to the negative effects of heat stress as these adverse impacts may be more profound during pregnancy and lactation. New emerging diseases are usually linked to a positive relationship with climate change and the survival of microrganisms and/or their vectors. These diseases may exaggerate the immune suppression associated with the immune suppressive effect of heat stress that is mediated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) and the sympathetic-adrenal-medullary (SAM) axes. It has been established that heat stress has a negative impact on the immune system via cell mediated and humoral immune responses. Heat stress activates the HPA axis and increases peripheral levels of glucocorticoids subsequently suppressing the synthesis and release of cytokines. Heat stress has been reported to induce increased blood cortisol concentrations which have been shown to inhibit the production of cytokines such as interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-5, IL-6, IL-12, interferon γ (IFNγ), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF- α). The impact of heat stress on the immune responses of dairy cows could be mediated by developing appropriate amelioration strategies through nutritional interventions and cooling management. In addition, improving current animal selection methods and the development of climate resilient breeds may support the sustainability of livestock production systems into the future.

Genome-wide association study of endo-parasite phenotypes using imputed whole-genome sequence data in dairy and beef cattle

BACKGROUND

Quantitative genetic studies suggest the existence of variation at the genome level that affects the ability of cattle to resist to parasitic diseases. The objective of the current study was to identify regions of the bovine genome that are associated with resistance to endo-parasites.

METHODS

Individual cattle records were available for Fasciola hepatica-damaged liver from 18 abattoirs. Deregressed estimated breeding values (EBV) for F. hepatica-damaged liver were generated for genotyped animals with a record for F. hepatica-damaged liver and for genotyped sires with a least one progeny record for F. hepatica-damaged liver; 3702 animals were available. In addition, individual cow records for antibody response to F. hepatica on 6388 genotyped dairy cows, antibody response to Ostertagia ostertagi on 8334 genotyped dairy cows and antibody response to Neospora caninum on 4597 genotyped dairy cows were adjusted for non-genetic effects. Genotypes were imputed to whole-sequence; after edits, 14,190,141 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 16,603,644 SNPs were available for cattle with deregressed EBV for F. hepatica-damaged liver and cows with an antibody response to a parasitic disease, respectively. Association analyses were undertaken using linear regression on one SNP at a time, in which a genomic relationship matrix accounted for the relationships between animals.

RESULTS

Genomic regions for F. hepatica-damaged liver were located on Bos taurus autosomes (BTA) 1, 8, 11, 16, 17 and 18; each region included at least one SNP with a p value lower than 10^-6. Five SNPs were identified as significant (q value < 0.05) for antibody response to N. caninum and were located on BTA21 or 25. For antibody response to F. hepatica and O. ostertagi, six and nine quantitative trait loci (QTL) regions that included at least one SNP with a p value lower than 10^-6 were identified, respectively. Gene set enrichment analysis revealed a significant association between functional annotations related to the olfactory system and QTL that were suggestively associated with endo-parasite phenotypes.

CONCLUSIONS

A number of novel genomic regions were suggestively associated with endo-parasite phenotypes across the bovine genome and two genomic regions on BTA21 and 25 were associated with antibody response to N. caninum.

Heat stress abatement during the postpartum period: effects on whole lactation milk yield, indicators of metabolic status, inflammatory cytokines, and biomarkers of the oxidative stress

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of cooling upon calving in alleviating the adverse effects of heat stress in Holstein lactating cows. Production performance, indicators of metabolic status, immune response, and biomarkers of oxidative stress were measured. Based on mature equivalent milk production, parity, and calving date, 46 multiparous lactating cows were allotted to groups of equal sizes (n = 23); heat stressed (HS; BW = 658 ± 28 kg [mean ± SD]; BCS = 2.7 ± 0.18; parity = 3 ± 0.12) and cooled (CL; BW = 668 ± 23 kg; BCS = 2.8 ± 0.14; parity = 3 ± 0.25). Cows were housed in sand-bedded individual stalls equipped with misters and fans which were on from 1000 to 1800 hours for CL group. DMI and milk yield were measured from calving for 7 wk. Body condition score and BW were recorded weekly. Blood samples were collected weekly to measure the metabolic and antioxidant status, inflammatory cytokines, and immunoglobulins. Rectal temperature was measured daily at 1400 hour. Mean daily maximum temperature, minimum relative humidity, and maximum temperature-humidity index was 37.0 °C, 31.9%, and 83.4 for HS and 27.3 °C, 44.9%, and 75.7 for CL, respectively. Heat-stressed cows exhibited greater rectal temperature (39.8 vs. 39.1 °C) and lower feed intake (19.8 vs. 21.3 kg/d) relative to CL cows. Milk yield, including raw (31.2 vs. 38.6 kg/d) and fat- and protein-corrected (32.1 vs. 35.7 kg/d) milk, was lower in HS vs. CL cows, respectively. The percentages of milk protein (3.25 vs. 3.06), lactose (4.73 vs. 4.58), and solids-not-fat (8.63 vs. 8.38) but not milk fat (4.31 vs. 3.59) were higher in HS cows than in CL cows, respectively. Somatic cell score was greater in HS cows as compared with CL cows. Cooled cows lost less body condition as compared with HS cows. Blood plasma concentrations of glucose, non-esterified fatty acids, and β-hydroxybutyric acid were lower in HS cows. Blood plasma concentrations of malondialdehyde (2.13 vs. 1.84 nmol/mL), reactive oxygen species (579 vs. 561 U/mL), and total antioxidant capacity (4.49 vs. 4.06 U/mL) were greater in HS cows than in CL cows. Blood plasma concentrations of the inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1α, and interleukin-2) and immunoglobulins (IgA, IgM, and IgG) were lower in HS cows than in CL cows. These findings demonstrated that cooling dairy cows during the early postpartum improved the production performance, indicators of metabolic status, immune response, and antioxidant capacity.

Effect of Diet Supplementation with Quinoa Seed and/or Linseed on Immune Response, Productivity and Meat Quality in Merinos Derived Lambs

Simple Summary

Stressful conditions can play an important role in affecting welfare, productive performances and meat quality of lambs. The relation between nutrition and immune response has been investigated in the livestock production, particularly in dairy cattle and sheep. Due to costs related to animal feed it is useful to evaluate the proper feeding strategy supplementation for improving animal welfare and lamb meat quality. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of supplementation with linseed, quinoa seed and their combination on metabolic profile, immune system, and cortisol response in blood and on meat quality of merinos derived lambs. Both linseed and quinoa supplementation enhanced the immune responses of lambs, and showed a hypo cholesterol effect on blood of lambs. Moreover, lambs supplemented with linseed resulted in the lowest level of cortisol secretion during the loading test demonstrating the link between stress and the immune system. In addition, data from the present experiment highlighted that linseed supplementation in lambs enhance meat quality producing a better meat tenderness. These findings should be considered for development of specific strategies aimed at improving the quality of meat and sustaining lambs’ welfare.

Abstract

In the last years several studies have investigated the strong relation between nutrition and immune response in the livestock production, particularly in dairy cattle and sheep. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of supplementation based on linseed, quinoa seeds and their combination on welfare, productivity and quality of meat from merinos derived lambs. 32 weaned lambs were divided into 4 experimental groups: quinoa (Q), linseed (LS) and combination of quinoa and linseed (LS + Q) that received the respective supplementation and control group (C) without supplementation. Lambs from all supplemented groups showed lower plasma urea, creatinine and cholesterol than control. Both linseed and quinoa supplementation enhanced the cell-mediated immune responses of lambs, furthermore, linseed supplementation resulted in the lowest level of cortisol secretion after handling, loading and transport. Meat from lambs supplemented with linseed and LS + Q showed the highest pH, at 1 and 3 h post-mortem, while, meat from all supplemented groups was more tender than meat from control. Results indicated that linseed and quinoa seeds supplementation can help the animal to cope with stressful events due to the close link between stress responses and the immune system and for improving meat quality in terms of better tenderness.

Immune response, productivity and quality of milk from grazing goats as affected by dietary polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation

This study was undertaken to assess how diet supplemented with fish oil and linseed improve the immune profile, the production performance, and milk quality of grazing goats by a diet supplementation of fish oil or linseed. Twenty-four Garganica grazing goats were divided into three groups named control (CON), fish oil (FO) and linseed (LIN) according to the fat supplement received in their diet. In vivo immune responses were evaluated by monitoring cell-mediated and humoral immune responses in order to verify the effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids supplementation on goats' health status. Goat milk samples were analysed weekly to determine milk chemical composition, fatty acid profile, and somatic cell count. Diet based on linseed supplementation (LIN) significantly increased milk yield by 30%, milk fat yield by 67%, protein yield by 34%, and casein yield by 41% as compared with CON. Fat content increased by 30% in LIN milk as compared with CON milk, and by 12% as compared with FO milk. Linseed modified milk fatty acid profile; LIN milk showed lower SFA and higher PUFA than FO milk. The modified fatty acid composition of LIN milk resulted in lower AI and TI indexes than FO and CON milk. Linseed and fish oil administration can reduce humoral immunity of goats, but has no effect in their cellular immunity. Dietary linseed supplementation in grazing dairy goat supports feeding programs to improve milk composition and quality, and a modulation of their immune responses.

Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids from flaxseed affect immune responses of dairy sheep around parturition

The objective of the study was to characterize the immune profile of dairy ewes fed flaxseed, rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), around parturition. The hypothesis to be verified was that a physiological stressor, such as parturition, could be overcome with a nutritional manipulation in the diet of the animal in order to guarantee welfare of animals and to sustain their immune responses. Twenty Comisana ewes were divided in two groups (10 ewes/group), and fed a supplementation of whole flaxseed in the diet (FS group) or no supplementation (CON group). Blood samples were collected at parturition and then 7, 14, 21, 28, and 42 day post partum. Plasma samples were used to assess the humoral immune response after ovalbumin (OVA) immunization. At parturition, at 14 day, and 42 day post partum the level of plasma cytokines was assessed. The sheep showed a reduced responsiveness to OVA immunization. In FS ewes the IL-6 level remained unchanged until 14 day post partum and then significantly decreased from 14 day to 42 day post partum. IL-10 level was significantly higher in FS ewes than in CON ewes at 14 day. At parturition IL-1β level was significantly lower in FS ewes than in CON ewes and significantly decreased in both groups from parturition to 42 day. In conclusion, PUFA from flaxseed, as supplement in the diet of ewes around parturition can modulate sheep immune reactivity by influencing cytokine production.

Influence of dietary supplementation with flaxseed and lactobacilli on the cells of local innate immunity response in the jejunal mucosa in piglets after weaning

A histological study was designed to determine the influence of flaxseed and/or lactobacilli inclusion in the diet of piglets from 10 days before to 21 days after weaning. The selected inflammatory cell population incidence in the piglet jejunal mucosa was investigated. Significantly higher numbers of myeloperoxidase-positive (P<0.01) and CD163-positive (P<0.001) cells in the jejunal mucosa were recorded on the weaning day and for 7 days after (P<0.001 and P<0.01, respectively) in the flaxseed group compared with the basal diet. The number of intraepithelial lymphocytes was also significantly increased until 3 days after weaning (P<0.001). A prolonged significant increase in the myeloperoxidase-positive cells and intraepithelial lymphocyte numbers in the flaxseed+lactobacilli group was detected. In contrast, the number of CD163-positive cells in the flaxseed+lactobacilli group was significantly lower on the day of weaning (P<0.05) and 3 days after (P<0.01). The same effect was observed in the group with lactobacilli alone during the first 3 days after weaning (P<0.05 and P<0.01, respectively) and these findings indicate down-regulation of CD163 expression in the jejunal mucosa by lactobacilli. The presence of lactobacilli in the diet had a stimulatory effect on goblet cell quantity in the epithelium (P<0.001) and a distinct 50% reduction in the flaxseed group (P<0.01) compared with the basal diet was observed on the weaning day. A significant increase in myeloperoxidase-positive cell number in the jejunal mucosa in the flaxseed+lactobacilli group was the only significant difference (P<0.05 and P<0.01, respectively) found 21 days after weaning in comparison with all the other groups, indicating the pro-inflammatory effect of this feed additive combination. We conclude that dietary supplementation with flaxseed and lactobacilli on the cells of local innate immunity response in the jejunal mucosa in piglets after weaning might be linked with significant anti-inflammatory effects in the jejunal mucosa.

Effects of diets containing grape seed, linseed, or both on milk production traits, liver and kidney activities, and immunity of lactating dairy ewes

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of the dietary inclusion of grape seed, alone or in combination with linseed, on milk production traits, immune response, and liver and kidney metabolic activity of lactating ewes. Twenty-four Sarda dairy ewes were randomly assigned to 4 dietary treatments consisting of a control diet (CON), a diet containing 300 g/d per head of grape seed (GS), a diet containing 220 g/d per head of extruded linseed (LIN), and a diet containing a mix of 300 g/d per head of grape seed and 220 g/d per head of extruded linseed (MIX). The study lasted 10 wk, with 2 wk of adaptation period and 8 wk of experimental period. Milk yield was measured and samples were collected weekly and analyzed for fat, protein, casein, lactose, pH, milk urea nitrogen, and somatic cell count. Blood samples were collected every 2 wk by jugular vein puncture and analyzed for hematological parameters, for albumin, alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin, creatinine, gamma glutamyltransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, protein, blood urea nitrogen, and for anti-albumin IgG, IL-6, and lymphocyte T-helper (CD4(+)) and lymphocyte T-cytotoxic (CD8(+)) cells. On d 0, 45, and 60 of the trial, lymphocyte response to phytohemagglutinin was determined in vivo on each animal by measuring skin-fold thickness (SFT) at the site of phytohemagglutinin injection. Humoral response to chicken egg albumin was stimulated by a subcutaneous injection with albumin. Dietary treatments did not affect milk yield and composition. Milk urea nitrogen and lactose were affected by diet × period. Diets did not influence hematological, kidney, and liver parameters, except for blood urea nitrogen, which decreased in LIN and increased in MIX compared with CON and GS. Dietary treatments did not alter CD4(+), CD8(+), and CD4(+)-to-CD8(+) ratio. The SFT was reduced in GS and MIX and increased in LIN compared with CON. The IgG and IL-6 were affected by diet × period. The reduction in IgG on d 60 and SFT in ewes fed GS suggests an immunomodulatory effect of this residue. The limited variation in milk and hematological and metabolic parameters suggests that GS and LIN can be included, alone or in combination, in the diet of dairy ewes without adverse effects on milk production and health status.

Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activation and immune regulation in heat-stressed sheep after supplementation with polyunsaturated fatty acids

The aim of this study was to assess the effects of supplementation with polyunsaturated fatty acids from different sources on immune regulation and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activation in heat-stressed sheep. The experiment was carried out during the summer 2012. Thirty-two Comisana ewes were divided into 4 groups (8 sheep/group): (1) supplemented with whole flaxseed (FS); (2) supplemented with Ascophyllum nodosum (AG); (3) supplemented with a combination of flaxseed and A. nodosum (FS+AG); and (4) control (C; no supplementation). On d 22 of the experiment, cortisol concentrations in sheep blood were measured after an injection of ACTH. Cellular immune response was evaluated by intradermic injection of phytohemagglutinin (PHA) at 0, 15, and 30 d of the trial. Humoral response to ovalbumin (OVA) was measured at 0, 15, and 30 d. At 0, 15, and 30 d of the experiment, blood samples were collected from each ewe to determine production of T-helper (Th)1 cytokines (IL-12 and IFN-γ), and Th2 cytokines (IL-10, IL-4, IL-13), and concentrations of heat shock proteins (HSP) 70 and 90. Ewes supplemented with flaxseed alone had greater cortisol concentrations and a longer-lasting cell-mediated immune response compared with ewes in the control and other groups. Anti-OVA IgG concentrations increased in all groups throughout the trial, even though ewes in the FS+AG group had the lowest anti-OVA IgG concentrations at 15 d. The level of IL-10 increased in all groups throughout the experiment; the FS+AG group had the lowest IL-13 concentration at 15 and 30 d. The concentration of HSP 70 increased in AG ewes at the end of the experiment and decreased in FS ewes, whereas that of HSP 90 increased in FS ewes compared with FS+AG ewes. Flaxseed supplementation was found to influence in vivo HPA activation in heat-stressed sheep, resulting in increased cortisol concentrations, probably to meet increased energy demand for thermoregulation. Flaxseed supplementation also supported Th1 response via a complex cross-talk between IL-10, IL-12, and IFN-γ production.

Dietary glutamine enhances immune responses of dairy cows under high ambient temperature

The objective of the study was to determine the effects of adding Gln or Gln in combination with flaxseed to the diet on milk production and immune response of dairy cows during the summer season. The experiment lasted 60 d and involved 24 lactating Friesian cows, divided into 4 groups of 6 animals, fed as follows: (1) control diet, (2) control diet supplemented with 160 g/d of rumen-protected Gln (GLN), (3) control diet supplemented with whole flaxseed (FS), and (4) control diet supplemented with both flaxseed and Gln (FS+GLN). Individual milk samples were collected at morning and afternoon milkings every 14 d throughout the experiment and analyzed for pH, total protein, casein, fat, lactose content, and somatic cell count. Milk samples were also analyzed for milk fatty acid profile. Monitoring of cow immune responses was carried out by the determination of lymphocyte response to phytohemagglutinin in vivo on each animal by measurement of skin-fold thickness at site of phytohemagglutinin injection. A humoral response to chicken egg albumin (OVA) was determined following a subcutaneous injection with OVA. Plasma samples were measured for the presence of anti-OVA IgG, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-10. Results indicate that Gln administration can be used to support dairy cows under a hot climate, because Gln was able to enhance cow immune reactions in terms of a strengthening of cell-mediated immune response, which is weakened in cows under heat stress. In addition, an increase in milk and fat, protein, and casein yields in response to GLN was observed. When administrating Gln in combination with flaxseed, milk production and milk fat profile did not further increase compared with FS milk, and a reduction in immune reactivity compared with FS and GLN cows was found.

Effects of dietary fish meal and soybean meal on the ovine innate and acquired immune response during pregnancy and lactation

In recent years, livestock producers have been supplementing animal diets with fish meal (FM) to produce value-added products for health conscious consumers. As components of FM have unique neuroendocrine-immunomodulatory properties, we hypothesize that livestock producers may be influencing the overall health of their animals by supplementing diets with FM. In this study, 40 pregnant ewes were supplemented with rumen protected (RP) soybean meal (SBM: control diet) or RP FM, commencing gestation day 100 (gd100), in order to evaluate the impact of FM supplementation on the innate and acquired immune response and neuroendocrine response of sheep during pregnancy and lactation. On gd135, half the ewes from each diet (n = 10 FM, n = 10 SBM) were challenged iv with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to simulate a systemic bacterial infection and the febrile, respiratory and neuroendocrine responses were monitored over time; the other half (n = 10 FM, n = 10 SBM) of the ewes received a saline injection as control. On lactation day 20 (ld20), all ewes (n = 20 FM, n = 20 SBM) were sensitized with hen egg white lysozyme (HEWL) and the serum haptoglobin (Hp) response was measured over time. The cutaneous hypersensitivity response (CHR) to HEWL challenge was measured on ld30 (n = 20 FM, n = 20 SBM), and blood samples were collected over time to measure the primary and secondary immunoglobulin G (IgG) response to HEWL. There was an attenuated trend in the LPS-induced febrile response by the FM treatment when compared with the SBM treatment (P = 0.06), as was also true for the respiratory response (P = 0.07), but significant differences in neuroendocrine function (serum cortisol and plasma ACTH) were not observed between treatments. Basal Hp levels were significantly lower in the FM supplemented ewes when compared with the SBM supplemented ewes (P < 0.01), and the Hp response to HEWL sensitization differed significantly over time between treatments (P < 0.01). The CHR to HEWL was also significantly attenuated in the FM treatment compared with the SBM (P < 0.01); however, treatment differences in the primary and secondary IgG responses to HEWL were not observed. These results indicate that FM supplementation differentially affects the innate and acquired immune responses in pregnant and lactating sheep compared with a typical SBM diet of commercial flocks. The long-term implications of this immunomodulation warrant further investigation.

Probiotics in milk replacer influence lamb immune function and meat quality

This study was undertaken to assess the effect of milk replacer (MR) containing Lactobacillus acidophilus and a mix of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis and Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum on lamb immune response and on lamb meat quality. A 6-week-trial was conducted on 40 male Comisana lambs, divided into four groups, fed maternal milk (MM), MR, MR with L. acidophilus supplementation (MRL) and MR with a mix (1 : 1) of B. animalis subsp. lactis and B. longum subsp. longum supplementations (MRB). Lambs fed MR containing a mix of bifidobacteria showed the highest in vivo cellular immune response to phytohemagglutinin, whereas MM and MRB showed the highest antibody response to ovalbumin. At day 11 of the trial, MRL displayed the highest value of Interleukin-10; differences disappeared among groups subsequently. Blood cholesterol levels in lambs fed MR containing L. acidophilus was almost halved compared with that found in MM and MR groups. Meat from artificially reared lambs was characterized by trans-11 18:1 and total conjugated 18:2n-6, whereas meat from the dam-suckled lambs was characterized by 14:0, cis-9 14:1 and 16:0. Polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acid ratio was higher in meat of MR, MRL and MRB than in MM lambs. Meat from artificially reared lamb fed MR containing probiotics showed an improved fatty acid profile for human diet.

Fatty acid intake alters growth and immunity in milk-fed calves

The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of supplementing milk replacer (MR) with NeoTec4 (Provimi North America, Brookville, OH), a commercially available blend of butyric acid, coconut oil, and flax oil, on calf growth, efficiency, and indices of immune function. In trial 1a, 48 male Holstein calves were fed either a control MR that contained only animal fat or the same MR with NeoTec4 (treatment) along with free-choice starter. The MR (28.7% crude protein, 15.6% fat) was fed at an average of 1 kg of dry matter (DM)/d. In trial 1b, weaned calves from trial 1a were all fed dry starter for 28 d without NeoTec4 (phase 1), and then half the calves were fed NeoTec4 for 28 d (phase 2). In trial 2, 40 male Holstein calves were fed a control MR with lard, coconut oil, and soy lecithin or the same MR supplemented with NeoTec4 (treatment). The MR (22.8% crude protein, 18.9% fat) was fed at an average of 1 kg of DM/d; no starter was fed. In trial 1a, NeoTec4 improved average daily gain, feed intake, and feed efficiency, reduced the number of days that calves experienced scours, and reduced the medical treatments for clostridium sickness. In trials 1a and 2, NeoTec4 altered the inflammatory response to vaccination with Pasteurella at 5 wk of age and to challenge with Salmonella toxin at less than 2 wk of age (fed NeoTec4 for 6 d), as observed by reduced hyperthermia and hypophagia, and altered the tumor necrosis factor-α response. In addition, NeoTec4 enhanced the response in IL-4 and globular protein estimates postchallenge and enhanced titers for bovine viral diarrhea and respiratory parainfluenza-3. Postchallenge serum concentrations of albumin were lower and urea nitrogen concentrations were greater in control calves than in calves fed NeoTec4. In trial 1b, performance did not differ during the first 28 d when no calves received NeoTec4, but calves receiving NeoTec4 in the second 28 d had greater average daily gain and feed efficiency. We conclude that supplementation of MR with NeoTec4 alters some immune and inflammatory responses, including increasing titers to bovine viral diarrhea and respiratory parainfluenza-3 vaccinations, reduces scours, reduces medical treatments for clostridium sickness, and improves growth rates and feed efficiency.

Effect of solar radiation and flaxseed supplementation on milk production and fatty acid profile of lactating ewes under high ambient temperature

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of protection from solar radiation and whole flaxseed supplementation on milk yield and milk fatty acid profile in lactating ewes exposed to high ambient temperature. The experiment was conducted during summer and involved 40 ewes divided into 4 groups. The ewes were either exposed (not offered shade) or protected from solar radiation (offered shade). For each solar radiation treatment, ewes were supplemented with whole flaxseed or not. Milk samples from each ewe were collected at the morning and afternoon milking every week, and analyzed for pH, total protein, casein, fat, and lactose content, somatic cell count, and renneting parameters (clotting time, rate of clot formation, and clot firmness after 30 min). At the beginning of the experiment, and then at d 23 and 44, milk samples were analyzed for milk fatty acids using gas chromatography. Flaxseed supplementation significantly increased milk yield, fat, protein, and casein yields, and somatic cell count, and increased fat and lactose contents of milk. A decrease of saturated fatty acids from C6:0 to C16:0 and an increase of C18:1 trans-11 and C18:2 cis-9,trans-11 was observed in milk from flaxseed-supplemented ewes. Flaxseed supplementation decreased saturated fatty acids content and increased total monounsaturated fatty acids content, the total content of isomers of conjugated linoleic acid, and polyunsaturated fatty acids content in milk. Flaxseed also increased the α-linolenic acid content of milk. As a result, milk from supplemented groups showed an increase in n-3 fatty acid content. Flaxseed supplementation decreased short-chain and medium-chain fatty acids, and increased long-chain fatty acid content of milk. On average, flaxseed supplementation increased the C18:2 cis-9,trans-11/C18:1 trans-11 Δ(9)-desaturase index starting from d 23 of the experiment, in correspondence with the highest C18:2 cis-9,trans-11 content of milk from flaxseed-supplemented ewes. Flaxseed decreased atherogenic and thrombogenic indices of milk. Protection from solar radiation during summer did not improve yield and composition of ewe milk. Nevertheless, milk from ewes exposed to solar radiation showed decreased long-chain fatty acid and polyunsaturated fatty acids contents, and in particular, decreased vaccenic acid, rumenic acid, and total conjugated linoleic acid contents.

Preliminary assessment of binary ethylenimine inactivated and saponized cutaneous warts (BPV-2) therapeutic vaccine for enzootic bovine haematuria in hill cows

A preliminary therapeutic vaccine trial was conducted in hill cows to evaluate the therapeutic potential of binary ethylenimine (BEI) inactivated and saponized bovine papillomavirus-2 (BPV-2) for enzootic bovine haematuria (EBH). Although the vaccine failed to show favorable clinical vaccine results in treatment of EBH affected cows at 120 days post-vaccination but immunopathological responses were encouraging. A significant difference was observed in humoral (against Brucella abortus strain 19S) and cell-mediated (in vivo phytohaemagglutination delayed type hypersensitivity (PHA DTH) test and CD4+/CD8+ T-cells ratio by FACS analysis) immune responses following vaccination. The vaccinated animals grossly failed to show regression of bladder tumours but microscopically engorgement and marked perivascular infiltration of mononuclear cells was observed which are indicative of the induction of initial stages of tumour regression. Overall results indicated that the therapeutic vaccine developed can have potentials for treating EBH in cows, for which further modifications in vaccine dose and field trial is required.