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Zhang J, Zhang C, Yang X, Li L, Cao Y, Zhang X, Zhou S, Ma J, Li M, Hou X, Zhang Z, Yao J. Short- and long-term effects of different forage types supplemented in preweaning dairy calves on performance and milk production into first lactation. J Dairy Sci 2024:S0022-0302(24)00779-3. [PMID: 38754819 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-24244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
We investigated the short- and long-term effects of different forage types supplemented in preweaning dairy calves on growth performance, blood metabolites, rumen fermentation, bacterial community, and milk production during first lactation. Sixty healthy 1-mo-old female Holstein calves were blocked by birth date and body weight and randomly assigned to one of 3 groups (n = 20): normal milk and pelleted starter feeding (CON), supplemented with chopped oat hay [75.0 g/d/calf (dry matter (DM) basis); OAH], or alfalfa hay [75.0 g/d/calf (DM basis); ALF]. The forage supplementation started when calves were 30 d old (D1 of the experimental period) and ended when they were 73 d old (D44 of the experimental period when calves were weaned. Milk and feed intakes and fecal consistency scores were recorded daily. Growth performance, rumen fluid, and blood samples were collected bi-weekly. After weaning, all the calves were integrated with the same barn and diets. After calving, the milk production was recorded daily. During the experimental period, the OAH group had greater solid feed and total DM intakes and greater rumen pH than the CON group (P ≤ 0.04), but had lower forage intake and crude protein digestibility than the ALF group (P ≤ 0.04). The ALF group had higher rumen pH and blood β-hydroxybutyrate concentration (P ≤ 0.04), lower fecal score (P = 0.02), and greater ether extract digestibility (P = 0.02) than the CON group. The ALF and OAH groups had lower concentrations of ruminal total volatile fatty acids (P = 0.01). Still, the ALF group had a greater proportion of acetate and a relative abundance of cellulose degradation-related bacteria (Lachnoclostridium_1 and Oribacterium) and a lower relative abundance of inflammation-related bacteria (Erysipelotrichaceae_UCG-009) in the rumen compared with CON. Interestingly, the average milk production from 6 to 200 d in milk (DIM) was greater in the ALF group (P < 0.01) even though no significant effects were found on the rumen fermentation parameters and blood metabolites at 200 DIM. Generally, alfalfa hay supplementation in preweaning dairy calves had positive effects in the short- and long-term in terms of rumen development, health status, and future milk production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Chenguang Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Xuexin Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Lei Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Yangchun Cao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Xia Zhang
- Modern Farming (Group) Co., Ltd., Maanshan 243121, China
| | - Shuai Zhou
- Ningxia Xingyuanda Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Co., Ltd., Lingwu 750406, China
| | - Jiajun Ma
- Ningxia Xingyuanda Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Co., Ltd., Lingwu 750406, China
| | - Mengmeng Li
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xinfeng Hou
- Hebei Leyuan Animal Husbandry Co., Ltd., Shijiazhuang 050000, China
| | - Zhihong Zhang
- Hebei Leyuan Animal Husbandry Co., Ltd., Shijiazhuang 050000, China
| | - Junhu Yao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China.
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McCarthy HR, Cantor MC, Lopez AJ, Pineda A, Nagorske M, Renaud DL, Steele MA. Effects of supplementing colostrum beyond the first day of life on growth and health parameters of preweaning Holstein heifers. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:3280-3291. [PMID: 37977445 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-23649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
The preweaning period for a dairy calf is characterized by high morbidity and mortality rates, leading to financial losses for producers. Identifying strategies to improve the health and welfare of calves while reducing antimicrobial use continues to be crucial to the success of the dairy industry. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of feeding colostrum replacer (CR) to dairy heifer calves beyond d 1 of life on growth, serum IgG, the incidence of diarrhea and bovine respiratory disease (BRD), and the risk of mortality in the preweaning period. At birth, Holstein heifer calves (n = 200; 50/treatment) weighing 40.7 ± 0.35 kg (mean ± SE) were fed 3.2 L of CR (205 g IgG/feeding) at 0 h and 12 h of life. Calves were then randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatments: 450 g of milk replacer (MR) from d 2 to 14 (control, CON), 380 g of CR + 225 g of MR from d 2 to 3, then 450 g of MR from d 4 to 14 (transition, TRAN), 45 g of CR + 450 g of MR from d 2 to 14 (extended, EXT); or 380 g of CR + 225 g of MR from d 2 to 3, then 45 g of CR + 450 g of MR from d 4 to 14 (transition + extended, TRAN+EXT). Each treatment was reconstituted to 3 L and fed twice daily. All CR treatments were fed using bovine-derived CR containing 27% IgG. From d 15 to 41, all calves were fed 600 g of MR reconstituted to 4 L twice daily. Body weight was recorded at birth and every 7 d until study completion on d 49. Blood samples were taken daily until d 7 to evaluate serum IgG and then every 7 d until d 49. A health assessment was performed daily to evaluate calves for BRD and diarrhea. Data were analyzed using mixed linear regression, mixed logistic regression, and survival analysis models in SAS 9.4. Serum IgG concentrations were not affected by treatment for the study period. The EXT and TRAN+EXT groups had greater average daily gain (ADG) from d 7 to 14 (0.14 kg/d) and the TRAN group had greater ADG from d 14 to 21 (0.11 kg/d), compared with CON. There was no association of treatment with the odds or the duration of a diarrhea bout. However, provision of CR to the TRAN and EXT calves was associated with a reduced hazard of diarrhea compared with CON calves. Furthermore, TRAN and EXT calves have a lower hazard of mortality compared with CON calves, with TRAN and EXT calves had a 2.8- and 3.8-times lower hazard of mortality, respectively. Our findings suggest that the supplementation of CR to dairy calves positively affects ADG, and reduces the hazard of diarrhea and mortality during the preweaning period. Future research should look to further refine the supplementation strategy of CR to calves and explore the mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- H R McCarthy
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Animal Science and Nutrition, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 1Y2
| | - M C Cantor
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 1Y2; Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, College Park, PA 16802
| | - A J Lopez
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Animal Science and Nutrition, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 1Y2
| | - A Pineda
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Animal Science and Nutrition, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 1Y2
| | - M Nagorske
- Saskatoon Colostrum Company Ltd., Saskatoon, SK, Canada S7K 6A2
| | - D L Renaud
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 1Y2
| | - M A Steele
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Animal Science and Nutrition, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 1Y2.
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Revilla-Ruiz A, Carulla P, Fernandez-Novo A, de Mercado E, Pérez-Navarro A, Patrón-Collantes R, Sebastián F, Pérez-Garnelo SS, González-Martín JV, Estellés F, Villagrá A, Astiz S. Effect of Milk-Feeding Frequency and Calcium Gluconate Supplementation on Growth, Health, and Reproductive and Metabolic Features of Holstein Heifers at a Rearing Farm. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1336. [PMID: 38731339 PMCID: PMC11083690 DOI: 10.3390/ani14091336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2024] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
We compared the effects of milk-feeding in 288 Holstein calves (72 per group) which were fed twice (2F) or thrice (3F) daily, with or without the addition of hydrogenated fat-embedded calcium gluconate (G) supplemented in the starter food and in the daily diet up to the age of 9 months, on the calves' metabolism, growth, health, and reproductive efficiency up to first pregnancy. The calves received 6 L of milk replacer (130 g/L) and had ad libitum access to water and textured calf starter with or without gluconate. Gluconate supplementation promoted a "catch-up" in growth in supplemented calves compared to their counterparts that did not receive gluconate. Gluconate appeared to reduce animal metabolic stress during key events, such as weaning and transfer into open-door pens, reducing fructosamine (352.61 vs. 303.06 in 3FG and 3F, respectively; p = 0.028) and urea (3F revealed the highest values compared with the other three groups: 19.06 for 3F vs. 13.9 (2F), 13.7 (2FG), and 14.3 (3FG), respectively, p = 0.002) from weaning onwards. The feeding of dairy calves with milk replacer three rather than two times per day tended to be associated with better health from weaning to 4 months old; parameters such as ultrasound lung score and calf health score improved over time (p < 0.001). Thrice-daily feeding with milk replacer tended to reduce the number of artificial inseminations per pregnancy in heifers by 0.2 points (p = 0.092). We confirmed significant correlations between early health and growth parameters and reproductive efficiency and a positive correlation between body weight and average daily weight gain and the thickness of the back fat layer in young heifers (r = 0.245; p < 0.0001; r = 0.214; p < 0.0001 respectively). Our study was conducted on a commercial farm with reasonably effective animal management, so baseline welfare was likely satisfactory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Revilla-Ruiz
- Medicine and Surgery Department, Veterinary Faculty, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Avda. Pta. de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.R.-R.); (J.V.G.-M.)
| | - Patricia Carulla
- Institute of Animal Science and Technology, Valencia Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain; (P.C.); (F.E.)
- Cowvet SL, País Valenciano Avenue 6, 46117 Betera-Valencia, Spain; (A.P.-N.); (F.S.)
| | - Aitor Fernandez-Novo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, C/Tajo s/n, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odon, Spain; (A.F.-N.); (R.P.-C.)
| | - Eduardo de Mercado
- Animal Reproduction Department, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (INIA-CSIC), Avda. Pta. Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (E.d.M.); (S.S.P.-G.)
| | | | - Raquel Patrón-Collantes
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, C/Tajo s/n, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odon, Spain; (A.F.-N.); (R.P.-C.)
| | - Francisco Sebastián
- Cowvet SL, País Valenciano Avenue 6, 46117 Betera-Valencia, Spain; (A.P.-N.); (F.S.)
| | - Sonia S. Pérez-Garnelo
- Animal Reproduction Department, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (INIA-CSIC), Avda. Pta. Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (E.d.M.); (S.S.P.-G.)
| | - Juan V. González-Martín
- Medicine and Surgery Department, Veterinary Faculty, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Avda. Pta. de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.R.-R.); (J.V.G.-M.)
| | - Fernando Estellés
- Institute of Animal Science and Technology, Valencia Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain; (P.C.); (F.E.)
| | - Arantxa Villagrá
- Centro de Tecnología Animal-Institut Valencià d’Investigacions Agràries (CITA-IVIA), Polígono La Esperanza 100, 12400 Segorbe, Spain;
| | - Susana Astiz
- Animal Reproduction Department, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (INIA-CSIC), Avda. Pta. Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (E.d.M.); (S.S.P.-G.)
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Magalhães J, Cappellozza BI, Dos Santos TC, Inoe F, Júnior JPA, Kurissio JK, Queiroz O, Joergensen JN, Cooke RF, Vasconcelos CGC, Vasconcelos JLM. Effects of supplementing direct-fed microbials on health and growth of pre-weaning Gyr × Holstein dairy calves. J Dairy Sci 2024:S0022-0302(24)00735-5. [PMID: 38608942 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-24434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of direct-fed microbials (DFM) on health and growth responses of pre-weaning Bos indicus × B. taurus (Gyr × Holstein) crossbred calves. Ninety newborn heifer calves [initial body weight (BW) 35 ± 4.0 kg] were used. At birth, calves were ranked by initial BW and parity of the dam and assigned to: 1) whole milk without DFM supplementation (CON; n = 30), 2) whole milk with the addition of 1.0 g/calf per day of a Bacillus-based DFM (BAC; n = 30), or 3) whole milk with the addition of 1.0 g/calf per day of BAC and 1.2 g/calf per day of Enterococcus faecium 669 (MIX; n = 30). Milk was fed individually during the study (77 d) and the BAC and MIX treatments were offered daily throughout the 77-d pre-weaning period. All calves were offered a starter supplement and corn silage starting on d 1 and 60 of age, respectively. Milk and starter supplement intake were evaluated daily, and BW was recorded on d 0 and at weaning (d 77). Diarrhea and pneumonia were assessed daily, and fecal samples were collected on d 0, 7, 14, 21, and at weaning (d 77) for assessment of the presence of bacterial and protozoal pathogens via qPCR. All data were analyzed using SAS (v. 9.4) with calf as the experimental unit and using single-df orthogonal contrasts (BAC + MIX vs. CON; BAC vs. MIX). Daily feeding of DFM, regardless of type, improved weaning BW. Odds ratio for occurrence of pneumonia was lower for DFM-supplemented calves, but occurrence of both did not differ between BAC and MIX calves. No Salmonella spp. or E. coli F41 were detected in any of the calves. The proportion of calves positive for E. coli F17 was greater for DFM calves on d 7 (92 and 96% vs. 81% for BAC, MIX, and CON, respectively), 21 (13 and 26% vs. 7% for BAC, MIX, and CON, respectively), and at weaning (48 and 35% vs. 22% for BAC, MIX, and CON, respectively). For C. difficile, more DFM calves were positive on d 7 (65 and 30% vs. 35% for BAC, MIX, and CON, respectively) and 14 (20 and 28% vs. 7% for BAC, MIX, and CON, respectively), but also greater for BAC vs. MIX on d 7. More CON calves were positive for C. perfringens on d 14 (14% vs. 3 and 8% for CON, BAC, and MIX, respectively) compared with DFM-fed calves. Incidence of calves positive for C. perfringens was greater in BAC vs. MIX on d 7 (50 vs. 18%), and greater for MIX vs. BAC at weaning (9 vs. 0%). For protozoa occurrence, a lower proportion of DFM calves were positive for Cryptosporidium spp. on d 7 (58 and 48% vs. 76% for BAC, MIX, and CON, respectively), but opposite results were observed on d 21 for Cryptosporidium spp. (3 and 11% vs. 0% for BAC, MIX, and CON, respectively) and Eimeria spp. on d 14 (7 and 8% vs. 0% for BAC, MIX, and CON, respectively) and 21 (50 and 59% vs. 38% for BAC, MIX, and CON, respectively). In summary, DFM feeding alleviated the occurrence of pneumonia, improved growth rates, while also modulating the prevalence of bacteria and protozoa in pre-weaning Gyr × Holstein calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Magalhães
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP 18618-000, Brazil
| | - Bruno I Cappellozza
- Commercial Development, Animal & Plant Health and Nutrition, Chr. Hansen A/S, Hørsholm 2970, Denmark
| | - Taynara C Dos Santos
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP 18618-000, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Inoe
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP 18618-000, Brazil
| | - João Pessoa Araújo Júnior
- Institute of Biotechnology (IBTEC), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP 18607-440, Brazil
| | - Jacqueline K Kurissio
- Institute of Biotechnology (IBTEC), School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP 18607-440, Brazil
| | - Oscar Queiroz
- Commercial Development, Animal & Plant Health and Nutrition, Chr. Hansen A/S, Hørsholm 2970, Denmark
| | - Jens N Joergensen
- Commercial Development, Animal & Plant Health and Nutrition, Chr. Hansen A/S, Hørsholm 2970, Denmark
| | - Reinaldo F Cooke
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2471, USA
| | | | - José Luiz M Vasconcelos
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP 18618-000, Brazil.
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Ma L, Zhu Y, Zhu La ALT, Lourenco JM, Callaway TR, Bu D. Schizochytrium sp. and lactoferrin supplementation alleviates Escherichia coli K99-induced diarrhea in preweaning dairy calves. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:1603-1619. [PMID: 37769949 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-23466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Calf diarrhea, a common disease mainly induced by Escherichia coli infection, is one of the main reasons for nonpredator losses. Hence, an effective nonantibacterial approach to prevent calf diarrhea has become an emerging requirement. This study evaluated the microalgae Schizochytrium sp. (SZ) and lactoferrin (LF) as a nutrient intervention approach against E. coli O101:K99-induced preweaning calve diarrhea. Fifty 1-d-old male Holstein calves were randomly divided into 5 groups (n = 10): (1) control, (2) blank (no supplement or challenge), (3) 1 g/d LF, (4) 20 g/d SZ, or (5) 1 g/d LF plus 20 g/d SZ (LFSZ). The experimental period lasted 14 d. On the morning of d 7, calves were challenged with 1 × 1011 cfu of E. coli O101:K99, and rectum feces were collected on 3, 12, 24, and 168 h postchallenge for the control, LF, SZ, and LFSZ groups. The rectal feces of the blank group were collected on d 14. Data were analyzed using the mixed procedure of SAS (version 9.4; SAS Institute Inc.). The E. coli K99 challenge decreased the average daily gain (ADG) and increased feed-to-gain ratio (F:G) and diarrhea frequency (control vs. blank). Compared with the control group, the LFSZ group had a higher ADG and lower F:G, and the LFSZ and SZ groups had lower diarrhea frequency compared with the control group. In addition, the LFSZ and SZ groups have no differences in diarrhea frequency compared with the blank group. Compared with the control group, the blank group had lower serum nitric oxide (NO), endothelin-1, d-lactic acid (D-LA), and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) concentrations, as well as serum IgG, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α levels on d 7 and 14. On d 7, compared with the control group, all treatment groups had lower serum NO level, the SZ group had a lower serum D-LA concentration, and the LF and LFSZ groups had lower serum LPS concentration. On d 14, compared with the control group, the fecal microbiota of the blank group had lower Shannon, Simpson, Chao1, and ACE indexes, the LFSZ group had lower Shannon and Simpson indexes, the SZ and LFSZ groups had a higher Chao1 index, and all treatment groups had a higher ACE index. In fecal microbiota, Bifidobacterium and Actinobacteria were negatively associated with IL-10 and d-lactate, while Akkermansia was negatively associated with endothelin-1 and positively correlated with LPS, fecal scores, and d-lactate levels. Our results indicated that LF and SZ supplements could alleviate E. coli O101:K99-induced calf diarrhea individually or in combination. Supplementing 1 g/d LF and 20 g/d SZ could be a potential nutrient intervention approach to prevent bacterial diarrhea in calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yingkun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; School of Agriculture & Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - A La Teng Zhu La
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - J M Lourenco
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - T R Callaway
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Dengpan Bu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; CAAS-ICRAF Joint Lab on Agroforestry and Sustainable Animal Husbandry, World Agroforestry Centre, East and Central Asia, Beijing 100193, China.
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Dell’Anno M, Frazzini S, Ferri I, Tuberti S, Bonaldo E, Botti B, Grossi S, Sgoifo Rossi CA, Rossi L. Effect of Dietary Supplementation of Chestnut and Quebracho Tannin Supplementation on Neonatal Diarrhoea in Preweaning Calves. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:237. [PMID: 38397835 PMCID: PMC10885919 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13020237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Neonatal calf diarrhoea (NCD) poses a significant health challenge in cattle herds, resulting in considerable economic losses and antimicrobial use. In response to the escalating threat of antimicrobial resistance, viable alternatives are imperative, aligning with European policies. This study evaluated the in-milk supplementation of the chestnut and quebracho tannin extract in preweaning calves on performance, diarrhoea occurrence, Cryptosporidium spp. shedding, protein digestibility, and intestinal health. Twenty newborn calves were divided, after colostrum administration, into two experimental groups for 30 days as follows: the control (CTRL) was fed with whole milk and solid feed, and tannins (TAN) were fed whole milk supplemented with 6/g day of tannin extract and solid feed. Faecal samples were collected on days 0, 3, 7, 14, and 30 for the evaluation of Cryptosporidium oocyst shedding and protein digestibility. Faecal consistency was evaluated during the sampling using the faecal score scale (0-3 scale, considering diarrhoea > 1). The results showed a significant reduction in diarrhoea frequency in the TAN compared to the CTRL group (p < 0.05) over 30 days of the trial. The prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. was generally low (12%), considering all analysed samples. Protein digestibility revealed comparable values for the TAN and CTRL groups, suggesting that tannins did not negatively affect milk protein availability. In conclusion, the in-milk supplementation of 6/g day of the chestnut and quebracho tannin extract could be considered a valuable functional feed additive to decrease NCD occurrence, thus supporting animal health and decreasing antibiotic use in livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Dell’Anno
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences—DIVAS, Università degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (M.D.); (S.F.); (I.F.); (S.T.); (E.B.); (S.G.); (C.A.S.R.)
| | - Sara Frazzini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences—DIVAS, Università degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (M.D.); (S.F.); (I.F.); (S.T.); (E.B.); (S.G.); (C.A.S.R.)
| | - Irene Ferri
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences—DIVAS, Università degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (M.D.); (S.F.); (I.F.); (S.T.); (E.B.); (S.G.); (C.A.S.R.)
| | - Susanna Tuberti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences—DIVAS, Università degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (M.D.); (S.F.); (I.F.); (S.T.); (E.B.); (S.G.); (C.A.S.R.)
| | - Elisa Bonaldo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences—DIVAS, Università degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (M.D.); (S.F.); (I.F.); (S.T.); (E.B.); (S.G.); (C.A.S.R.)
| | - Benedetta Botti
- Freelance Veterinarian, Via Alessandrini, 4, Bogolese di Sorbolo, 43058 Parma, Italy;
| | - Silvia Grossi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences—DIVAS, Università degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (M.D.); (S.F.); (I.F.); (S.T.); (E.B.); (S.G.); (C.A.S.R.)
| | - Carlo Angelo Sgoifo Rossi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences—DIVAS, Università degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (M.D.); (S.F.); (I.F.); (S.T.); (E.B.); (S.G.); (C.A.S.R.)
| | - Luciana Rossi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences—DIVAS, Università degli Studi di Milano, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (M.D.); (S.F.); (I.F.); (S.T.); (E.B.); (S.G.); (C.A.S.R.)
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Niesen AM, Rossow HA. Peripheral blood mononuclear cell mitochondrial enzyme activity in calves is associated with average daily gain, reproductive outcomes, lactation performance, and survival. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:1197-1210. [PMID: 37709028 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-23856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are central to metabolism and are the primary energy producers for all biosynthesis. The objective of this study was to determine if the mitochondrial enzyme activity of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in heifers was associated with average daily gain, reproductive outcomes, first-lactation milk production, and survival. Twenty-three Holstein and 23 Jersey heifer calves were enrolled, and blood and body weight data were collected at 1, 2, 8, 36, 52, and 110 wk of age. Respiratory and fecal scores were recorded daily for the first 30 d of life. Milk production data were collected from herd management software through first lactation and health events were tracked to the fourth lactation on surviving animals. Mitochondrial isolation and enzyme activities for citrate synthase, complex I, complex IV, and complex V were determined using kits from Abcam. Data were analyzed using GLM and the Logistic procedure of SAS (version 9.4, SAS Institute Inc.). Multivariate regression analyses were conducted to determine if calf mitochondrial enzymatic activity and covariate health indices (fecal and respiratory scores, number of treatments, hematology) were associated with average daily gain (8, 36, 52, and 110 wk), lactation performance (milk yield, fat yield, solids yield, energy-corrected milk, 305-d mature equivalent, and relative value), and reproduction (age at first service, age at first conception, age at first calving, and number of services). For Holsteins and Jerseys, mitochondrial enzyme activities and health indices were correlated with all average daily gain and milk production outcomes (R2 ≥ 0.63 and R2 ≥ 0.45, respectively). Reproduction outcomes were correlated with body weight gain, mitochondrial function, and red blood cell traits for Holsteins and Jerseys (R2 ≥ 0.47 and R2 ≥ 0.55, respectively). Logistic regression analyses were performed to determine if early-life enzymatic activity affected survival outcomes in the herd. Calves below the median for complex V enzyme activity at 1 wk were more likely to be removed from the herd compared with calves above the median by lactation 1, 2, 3, and 4 (odds ratio = 4.7, 7.7, 7.0, and 6.9, respectively). Calves below the median for the difference in hematocrit from 2 to 1 wk were more likely to be removed from the herd compared with calves above the median by lactation 1, 2, 3, and 4 (odds ratio = 13, 10, 5.2, and 4.7, respectively). These findings suggest that predictions of cow performance could be improved by considering the effect of early-life mitochondrial enzymatic activity and health indices.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Niesen
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | - H A Rossow
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616.
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8
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McFarland ED, Elsohaby I, Baes CF, Stryhn H, Keefe G, McClure JT. Impacts of preweaning colostrum feeding practices and health measures on dairy cow production, while accounting for genetic potential. J Anim Sci 2024; 102:skae061. [PMID: 38459921 PMCID: PMC10998465 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skae061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Calf management and health are essential for setting up the foundation of a productive cow. The objectives of this study were to estimate the impact of preweaning practices on milk production parameters while accounting for an animal's genetic potential in New Brunswick, Canada. A retrospective cohort study was performed on 220 heifer calves from eight herds born in 2014-2015. Preweaning practices and health data were recorded by producers and reviewed by the herd veterinarian for each calf. The herd veterinarian also visited the farms to collect serum samples from calves and frozen colostrum samples. The production outcomes assessed were milk, protein and fat yields, standardized to 305 d for the first lactation (L1) and a combined group of lactations two and three (L2 + 3). The genomic potential was determined as genomic parent averages (GPA) for the associated production parameters. Analysis was performed with multivariable linear (L1) and linear mixed (L2 + 3) regression models. In L1, for every 1.0 kg increase in weaning weight, milk, protein, and fat yield increased by 25.5, 0.82, and 1.01 kg, respectively (P < 0.006). Colostrum feeding time (CFT) positively impacted L1 milk and protein production, with feeding between 1-2 h of life producing the greatest estimates of 626 kg of milk and 18.2 kg of protein yield (P < 0.007), compared to earlier or later CFT. Fat yield production was decreased by 80.5 kg (P < 0.006) in L1 when evaluating animals that developed a preweaning disease and were not treated with antibiotics compared to healthy untreated animals. Impacts on L2 + 3 were similar across all production outcomes, with a positive interaction effect of CFT and weaning weight. Compared to CFT < 1 h, the later CFT groups of 1-2 h and > 2 h produced greater yield outcomes of 68.2 to 72.6 kg for milk (P < 0.006), 2.06 to 2.15 kg for protein (P < 0.005), and 1.8 to 1.9 kg for fat (P < 0.045) for every 1 kg increase of weaning weight, respectively. The fit of all models was significantly improved with the inclusion of GPA. These results indicate that colostrum management and preweaning health measures impacted production parameters as adults. The inclusion of GPA significantly improved the accuracy of the models, indicating that this can be an important parameter to include in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizah D McFarland
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada C1A 4P3
| | - Ibrahim Elsohaby
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada C1A 4P3
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Christine F Baes
- Centre of Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern 3012, Switzerland
| | - Henrik Stryhn
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada C1A 4P3
| | - Gregory Keefe
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada C1A 4P3
| | - J T McClure
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada C1A 4P3
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9
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Mahendran SA, Wathes DC, Booth RE, Blackie N. Effects of the Individual and Pair Housing of Calves on Long-Term Heifer Production on a UK Commercial Dairy Farm. Animals (Basel) 2023; 14:125. [PMID: 38200856 PMCID: PMC10777937 DOI: 10.3390/ani14010125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Pair housing of pre-weaning dairy calves has previously demonstrated positive impacts on their growth, health and behaviour, but longer-term effects on production are still relatively unknown. This study followed a cohort of 431 Holstein heifers, recruited from a single UK commercial dairy farm, from weaning until either culling or the end of their first lactation. All animals were allocated to either individual or pair housing as a pre-weaning calf. Following weaning, all heifers were similarly managed through group housing, feeding with total mixed rations, the use of automatic heat detection for artificial insemination and weighing every two months until conception. Farm staff identified disease occurrences, which were treated following standard operating procedures. First-lactation monthly milk recording was used to measure milk yields and somatic cell counts. Overall mortality (voluntary and involuntary) was 26.6%, with a decreased hazard of exiting the herd if the heifer was pair housed as a calf (HR 0.70; p = 0.067). The voluntary cull rate was highest in the post-insemination period (13.0%) due to poor fertility. Heifers that were pair housed as calves had significantly increased odds of developing udder health issues as a primiparous cow (OR = 1.93, p = 0.022). Despite this, the 305-day milk yields were not associated with the housing group. However, the total milk produced per calf recruited into the original study was greater for pair-housed compared with individually housed calves (8088 kg vs. 7115 kg; p = 0.071), which is likely due to the significantly higher hazard of individually housed calves exiting the herd prematurely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie A. Mahendran
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK
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10
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Biricik H, Brav FC, Çetin E, Aydin L, Fantinati P, Cappellozza BI. Effects of supplementing a direct-fed microbial containing Enterococcus faecium 669 on performance, health, and metabolic responses of preweaning Holstein dairy calves. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:8684-8693. [PMID: 37641359 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-23581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of Enterococcus faecium 669 supplementation on performance, health, parasitological, microbiological, and hematological responses of preweaning dairy calves. Forty-two newborn Holstein female calves (initial body weight [BW] 44 ± 4.5 kg) were used in the present study. At birth, calves were ranked by initial BW and assigned to 1 of 2 treatment groups: (1) whole milk (CON; n = 21) and (2) whole milk with the addition of direct-fed microbial Ent. faecium 669 (DFM; n = 21). During the entire experimental period (63 d), DFM was daily-fed at a rate of 2.5 × 109 cfu/head. All calves were offered a mixture of a starter feed and wheat straw for ad libitum consumption. Supplement intake was evaluated daily, whereas calves were weighed on a weekly basis from d 0 to weaning (d 63). Diarrhea was assessed once a day, and fecal and blood samples were collected for microbiological, parasitological, and hematological responses. All data were analyzed with SAS using calf as the experimental unit. A treatment × week interaction was observed for BW, as DFM-supplemented calves were heavier than CON cohorts on d 56 (+ 4.7 kg) and at weaning on d 63 (+ 4.8 kg). A similar interaction was observed for average daily gain (ADG) and dry matter intake (DMI), with greater ADG for DFM-supplemented calves from d 35 to 42, greater ADG and DMI from d 49 to 56, and greater DMI from d 56 to weaning. Moreover, diarrhea occurrence tended to be lower, whereas rectal temperature was 0.2°C lower for DFM-supplemented calves. Treatment × day interactions were observed for the occurrence and counts of Eimeria spp., as DFM-supplemented calves tended to have a reduced number of positive observations on d 42 of the study versus CON, and a significant reduction in positive animals from d 21 to 42 was observed in the DFM group but not in CON calves. For Cryptosporidium spp., no treatment effects were observed on overall occurrence (%), but DFM-supplemented calves had a greater count of oocyst per gram versus CON. No treatment × day interaction or main treatment effects were observed for any of the blood variables analyzed herein, exception being monocytes concentration. In summary, preweaning Ent. faecium 669 supplementation improved performance, diarrhea occurrence, and reduced the number of calves positively-detected for Eimeria spp.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ece Çetin
- Tekirdag Namik Kemal University, Tekirdag 59030, Turkey
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11
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Scaglia E, Reggi S, Canala B, Frazzini S, Dell’Anno M, Hejna M, Rossi L. The Effects of Milk Replacer Supplemented with Ascophyllum nodosum as a Novel Ingredient to Prevent Neonatal Diarrhea in Dairy Calves and Improve Their Health Status. Vet Sci 2023; 10:618. [PMID: 37888570 PMCID: PMC10610816 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10100618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Nutrition and health during pre-weaning affect the calves' future fertility, calving age, production, and carrier length. Calves are highly susceptible to neonatal calf diarrhea (NCD), which can be fatal. NCD is due to hypovolemia and acidosis, which may involve anorexia and ataxia. The One Health principle calls for a drastic reduction in antimicrobial use. One approach is to improve animal health and reduce the use of antibiotics and functional ingredients that have beneficial effects due to bioactive compounds. Several functional ingredients and additives can be considered, and, in particular for this study, Ascophyllum nodosum was considered. The present study aimed to evaluate the role of A. nodosum as a functional ingredient implemented into the milk replacer in neonatal calves. Twelve pre-weaned Holstein Frisian calves, housed in twelve individual pens in the same environmental conditions, were divided into two groups of six animals: a control group (CTRL, n = 6) fed with a milk replacer, and a treatment group receiving milk enriched with 10 g of A. nodosum in their diet (TRT, n = 6) for 42 days. The fecal score was evaluated daily (3-0 scale) to monitor the incidence of diarrhea in the two groups. The body weight was evaluated weekly, and every two weeks feces were collected for microbiological evaluation using a selective medium for plate counting of total, lactic acid, and coliform bacteria. To verify the presence of Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and Escherichia coli, real-time qPCR was used. At the beginning and at the end of the trial, blood samples were obtained for serum metabolite analysis. The growth performance did not differ in either of the two groups, but significant differences were observed in the incidence of moderate diarrhea (p-value < 0.0113), where the TRT group showed a lower incidence of cases during the 42-day period. Serum analysis highlighted higher contents of albumin, calcium, phosphorus, and total cholesterol in the TRT group compared to CTRL (p-value < 0.05). In conclusion, implementation of A. nodosum in the diet of calves can lead to better animal welfare and may reduce the use of antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Scaglia
- Department Civil, Environmental, Architectural Engineering and Mathematics—DICATAM, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy;
| | - Serena Reggi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences—DIVAS, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (S.R.); (B.C.); (S.F.); (M.D.)
| | - Benedetta Canala
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences—DIVAS, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (S.R.); (B.C.); (S.F.); (M.D.)
| | - Sara Frazzini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences—DIVAS, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (S.R.); (B.C.); (S.F.); (M.D.)
| | - Matteo Dell’Anno
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences—DIVAS, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (S.R.); (B.C.); (S.F.); (M.D.)
| | - Monika Hejna
- Department of Biotechnology and Nutrigenomics, Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, 05-552 Magdalenka, Poland;
| | - Luciana Rossi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences—DIVAS, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (S.R.); (B.C.); (S.F.); (M.D.)
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12
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Coelho MG, da Silva AP, de Toledo AF, Cezar AM, Tomaluski CR, Barboza RDF, Júnior GFV, Manzano RP, Bittar CMM. Essential oil blend supplementation in the milk replacer of dairy calves: Performance and health. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0291038. [PMID: 37788273 PMCID: PMC10547158 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0291038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Supplementation of dairy calves with essential oils in the liquid diet can reduce the incidence and severity of infectious diseases and promote better performance. Our objective was to evaluate an essential oil blend containing peppermint, eucalyptus, and menthol crystals and its effect on performance and health during the pre and postweaning period of dairy calves. At birth, 40 dairy calves (34 males and 6 females) were blocked according to sex and birth weight, randomly assigned to one of two treatments-commercial milk replacer diluted at 14% (MR) and the same liquid diet plus essential oil blend (MREO) at a dose of 4 mL per calf per day, divided into two meals during the first 28 days of life. Calves were individually housed and fed 6 L/d of the liquid diet, divided into two meals, and received starter concentrate and water ad libitum. Weaning was gradually reduced by 1L per day at d 51 until complete weaning at 56 days. After weaning, calves were evaluated until 70 days of age, when the experimental period ended. Intake, fecal, and health scores were evaluated daily, weight and body measures were recorded weekly, and blood parameters were evaluated at weeks 1, 2, 3, 4, and 8. Calves fed MREO tended to have higher total dry matter intake during the preweaning period. Furthermore, MREO calves had lower health scores and fewer days with a health score ≥ 4 (suggestive of bronchopneumonia), tended to lower coughing days and fewer veterinary interventions preweaning, and tended to lower health scores postweaning. The supplementation with a blend of essential oils containing peppermint, eucalyptus, and menthol crystals can reduce respiratory problems. Further studies are needed to investigate the dose and the supplementation period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina G. Coelho
- Department of Animal Science, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula da Silva
- Department of Animal Science, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ariany F. de Toledo
- Department of Animal Science, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Amanda M. Cezar
- Department of Animal Science, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cristiane R. Tomaluski
- Department of Animal Science, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rayane D. F. Barboza
- Department of Animal Science, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gercino F. Virginio Júnior
- Minas Gerais Agricultural Research Agency, Experimental Field of Montes Claros, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Carla M. M. Bittar
- Department of Animal Science, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
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13
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Liu J, Yu X, Ma F, Wo Y, Jin Y, Hashem NM, Sun P. Early supplementation with zinc proteinate does not change rectal microbiota but increases growth performance by improving antioxidant capacity and plasma zinc concentration in preweaned dairy calves. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1236635. [PMID: 37829355 PMCID: PMC10565034 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1236635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study evaluated the effects of early supplementation with zinc proteinate (ZnP) or zinc oxide (ZnO) for 2 weeks on the growth performance, redox status, plasma trace element concentrations, and rectal microbiota of preweaned dairy calves. A total of 60 newborn healthy female Holstein dairy calves, with initial body weight (BW): 41.33 ± 0.62 kg, were randomly allocated to 5 groups of 12 each: a control group (CON); three groups supplemented with 261 (L-ZnP), 523 (M-ZnP), and 784 (H-ZnP) mg/day ZnP, equivalent to 40, 80, and 120 mg/day zinc, respectively; and one group supplemented with 232 mg/day ZnO, equivalent to 180 mg/day zinc (ZnO). Zinc supplements were administered on days 1-14, and the calves were followed up until day 70. Zinc supplementation increased total dry matter intake (DMI) and starter DMI compared with the CON group (p < 0.01). The final BW, average daily gain, and feed efficiency were higher in the M-ZnP, H-ZnP, and ZnO groups (p < 0.05). The incidence of diarrhea on days 1-28 was reduced by zinc administration (p < 0.01), whereas the incidence on days 29-56 was lower in the M-ZnP and ZnO groups (p < 0.05). Serum glutathione peroxidase activity, total antioxidant capacity, immunoglobulin G and plasma zinc concentrations were increased linearly (p < 0.05), while the serum concentration of malondialdehyde was decreased linearly (p < 0.01), as the dose of ZnP increased. ZnP yielding 80 mg/day zinc had similar effects as ZnO yielding 180 mg/day zinc, except that final BW was higher in the ZnO group (p < 0.05). At the phylum level, ZnO decreased the relative abundance of Firmicutes while increasing the abundance of Bacteroidetes (p < 0.05). At the genus level, ZnO increased the relative abundances of Prevotella, Subdoligranulum, and Odoribacter (p < 0.05). These findings indicated that early supplementation with ZnP did not affect the rectal microbiota of preweaned dairy calves but increased their growth performance, antioxidant capacity, and plasma zinc concentration. In summary, ZnP is an organic zinc source with greater bioavailability than ZnO for preweaned dairy calves. Early dietary supplementation with ZnP yielding 80 mg/day zinc is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fengtao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yeqianli Wo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuhang Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Nesrein M. Hashem
- Department of Animal and Fish Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Peng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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14
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Welk A, Otten ND, Jensen MB. Invited review: The effect of milk feeding practices on dairy calf behavior, health, and performance-A systematic review. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:5853-5879. [PMID: 37474370 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this systematic review was to summarize the literature assessing the effects of milk feeding practices on behavior, health, and performance on dairy calves. Peer-reviewed, published articles, written in English, directly comparing the effects of milk allowance, milk feeding methods, or milk feeding frequency on dairy calves were eligible for inclusion. Outcome measures could include sucking behavior, sucking on a teat (nutritive sucking, non-nutritive sucking on a teat), abnormal sucking behavior (non-nutritive sucking on pen fixtures, other oral behaviors, or cross-sucking), signs of hunger (vocalizations or unrewarded visits at the milk feeder), activity (lying time or locomotor play), feeding behavior (milk intake, starter intake, milk meal duration, or starter meal duration), growth (body weight or average daily gain), and health (occurrence of diarrhea, respiratory disease, or mortality). We conducted 2 targeted searches using Web of Science and PubMed to identify key literature. The resulting articles underwent a 2-step screening process. This process resulted in a final sample of 94 studies. The majority of studies investigated milk allowance (n = 69). Feeding higher milk allowances had a positive or desirable effect on growth, reduced signs of hunger, and increased locomotor play behavior during the preweaning period, whereas starter intake was reduced. Studies addressing health pointed to no effect of milk allowance, with no consistent evidence indicating that higher milk allowances result in diarrhea. Studies addressing milk feeding methods (n = 14) found that feeding milk by teat reduced cross-sucking and other abnormal oral behaviors. However, results on the effect of access to a dry teat were few and mixed. Milk feeding frequency (n = 14 studies) appeared to have little effect on feed intakes and growth; however, there is some evidence that calves with lower feeding frequency experience hunger. Overall, findings strongly suggest feeding higher volumes of milk using a teat; however, further work is needed to determine the optimal feeding frequency for dairy calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Welk
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Aarhus University, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - N D Otten
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - M B Jensen
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Aarhus University, 8830 Tjele, Denmark.
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15
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Cangiano LR, Ipharraguerre IR, Guan LL, Buss LN, Amorin-Hegedus R, Chirivi M, Contreras GA, Steele MA. Prophylactic feeding of neomycin to Holstein calves alters gut microbiota, bile acid metabolism, and expression of genes involved in immunometabolic regulation. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1210142. [PMID: 37720145 PMCID: PMC10500837 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1210142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of prophylactic neomycin administration on Holstein bull calves' intestinal microbiota, bile acid (BA) metabolism, and transcript abundance of genes related to BA metabolism. A total of 36 calves were blocked by body weight and assigned to either non-medicated milk replacer (CTL), or neomycin for 14 days (ST) or 28 days (LT) in their milk replacer. At the end of the study, calves were euthanized to collect tissue and digesta samples from the gastrointestinal tract, liver, and adipose tissue for analysis of intestinal microbial diversity, bile acid concentration and profile in various body tissues, and gene expression related to bile acid, lipid, carbohydrate metabolism, and inflammation. Calves that received prophylactic administration of neomycin for 28 d (LT) had reduced species richness (chao1 index), and tended to have reduced phylogenetic diversity in the ileum tissue. The relative abundance of Lactobacillus, and Bifidobacterium in ileum and colon digesta were decreased in LT compared with CTL. Concentrations of primary, secondary, and total BA were increased by ST in ileal tissue. In plasma, ST and LT treatments had lower concentrations of secondary BA. Gene expression of the BA receptor FXR was increased in ileum and liver by LT compared to CTL. The expression of FXR and TGR5 in the liver was increased in the ST group compared with CTL, and in adipose tissue, 5 genes related to triglyceride, gluconeogenesis, and immune activation were differentially expressed between CTL and ST. In conclusion, we provide evidence that prophylactic administration of neomycin leads to aberrant changes in BA concentration and profile in different compartments of the enterohepatic system through a process that possibly entails antimicrobial disruption of key bacterial groups, which persists even after cessation of neomycin administration. Additionally, we uncovered an apparent link between dysregulated BA metabolism and changes in lipid metabolism and immune activation in adipose tissue and liver.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Le Luo Guan
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Lauralise N. Buss
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | | | - Miguel Chirivi
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - G. Andres Contreras
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Michael A. Steele
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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Hechenberger N, Lichtmannsperger K, Klein-Jöbstl D, Tichy A, Wittek T. Assessment of Herd, Calf, and Colostrum Management Practices on Austrian Dairy Farms Using a Scoring System. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2758. [PMID: 37685022 PMCID: PMC10486773 DOI: 10.3390/ani13172758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The objectives of the study were to describe colostrum management on Austrian dairy farms and to explore differences between regions (alpine/flatlands), organic and conventional producing farms, and full-time or part-time operated farms. An online survey (24 questions) on general farm characteristics and herd and calf management was sent to 16,246 farmers. In total, 2328 farmers (response rate 14.3%) answered the questionnaire. To allow an objective comparison, a scoring system was implemented. Farm size is, on average, smaller in the alpine regions than in the foothills/flatlands regions of Austria. Small farms were more often organic-producing farms (81.6%) and operated part-time (93.8%). In foothills/flatland regions, 70.0% of farms have a separate calving area, and in the alpine regions, it is solely 42.8%. Colostrum testing is still mostly done by visual appraisal (63.7%); only a few farmers use a colostrometer (8.8%), brix-refractometer (18.3%), or ColostroCheck® (9.2%, a cone-shaped device to rate the flow velocity of colostrum). The results of the present study using the scoring system showed differences in herd and calf management practices in all sectors. In the future, the findings and especially the scoring system can support Austrian dairy farmers or veterinarians to better assess areas of improvement on farms in order to prevent calves from suffering from Failure of Transfer of Passive Immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Hechenberger
- Animal Health Service (Tiergesundheitsdienst) Salzburg, Bundesstraße 6, 5071 Wals-Siezenheim, Austria;
| | - Katharina Lichtmannsperger
- Clinical Unit of Ruminant Medicine, University Clinic for Ruminants, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Daniela Klein-Jöbstl
- Clinical Unit for Herd Health Management in Ruminants, University Clinic for Ruminants, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Alexander Tichy
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Unit, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Thomas Wittek
- Clinical Unit of Ruminant Medicine, University Clinic for Ruminants, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria;
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Cappellozza BI, Copani G, Boll EJ, Queiroz O. Supplementation of direct-fed microbial Enterococcus faecium 669 affects performance of preweaning dairy calves. JDS COMMUNICATIONS 2023; 4:284-287. [PMID: 37521053 PMCID: PMC10382813 DOI: 10.3168/jdsc.2022-0344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Optimization and support of health and performance of preweaning dairy calves is paramount to any dairy operation, and natural solutions, such as probiotics, may help to achieve such a goal. Two experiments were designed to evaluate the effects of direct-fed microbial (DFM) Enterococcus faecium 669 on performance of preweaning dairy calves. In experiment 1, twenty 4-d-old Holstein calves [initial body weight (BW) 41 ± 2.1 kg] were randomly assigned to either (1) no probiotic supplementation (CON; n = 10) or (2) supplementation with probiotic strain E. faecium 669 during the preweaning period (DFM; n = 10) at 2.0 × 1010 cfu/kg of whole milk. Full individual BW was analyzed every 20 d for average daily gain (ADG) and feed efficiency (FE) determination. In experiment 2, thirty 4-d-old Holstein calves (initial BW 40 ± 1.9 kg) were assigned to the same treatments as in experiment 1 (CON and DFM). The DFM supplementation period was divided into period I (from d 0 to 21) and II (from d 22 to 63), with weaning occurring when animals were 67 d of age. During the entire experimental period, DFM was mixed into the whole milk at a rate of 1.5 × 1010 and 2.5 × 109 cfu/kg of whole milk/calf per day for periods I and II, respectively (6-time reduction). Full individual BW was taken every 21 d. As a routine of the experiment, calves were monitored daily, and diarrhea cases were evaluated using a daily 3-point fecal score. For both experiments, all data were analyzed using calf as the experimental unit. In experiment 1, DFM-supplemented calves were heavier on d 40 (+ 4.5 kg) and 60 (+ 6.5 kg) and had a greater ADG (+ 118 g) versus CON. In experiment 2, supplementation with DFM significantly tended to reduce diarrhea occurrence. Treatment × day and treatment × week interactions were observed for BW, ADG, and gain-to-feed ratio. Dairy calves supplemented with DFM were 1.8 and 3.5 kg heavier on d 42 and at weaning, respectively, and had a greater ADG from d 21 to 42 (+ 52 g) and 42 to 63 (+ 77 g) and gain-to-feed ratio from d 42 to 63 (+ 8.6%). In summary, supplementation of E. faecium 669 to dairy calves improved preweaning performance, even when the dose of the DFM was reduced by 6- to 8-times. Additionally, initial promising results were observed on diarrhea occurrence, but further studies are warranted.
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McAloon CG, Tratalos JA, O'Grady L, Green MJ, Gavey L, Graham D, More SJ, McGrath G, Mee JF. An observational study of ear-tagged calf mortality (1 to 100 days) on Irish dairy farms and associations between biosecurity practices and calf mortality on farms participating in a Johne's disease control program. J Dairy Sci 2023:S0022-0302(23)00266-7. [PMID: 37225580 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Postnatal mortality among replacement stock has a detrimental effect on the social, economic, and environmental sustainability of dairy production. Calf mortality rates vary between countries and show differences in temporal trends; most, however, are characterized by high levels of between-farm variability. Explaining this variation can be difficult because herd-level information on management practices relevant to calf health is often not available. The Irish Johne's Control Programme (IJCP) contains a substantial on-farm monitoring program called the Veterinary Risk Assessment and Management Plan (VRAMP). Although this risk assessment is largely focused on factors relevant to the transmission of paratuberculosis, many of its principles are good practice biocontainment policies that are also advocated for the protection of calf health. The objectives of this study were (1) to quantify mortality in ear-tagged Irish dairy calves between 2016 and 2020 using both survival and risk approaches, (2) to determine risk factors for 100-d cumulative mortality hazard in ear-tagged Irish dairy calves between 2016 and 2020, (3) to determine whether 100-d cumulative mortality hazard was higher in ear-tagged calves within herds registered in the IJCP versus those that were not registered in the IJCP and whether there were differences between these cohorts over time, and (4) within IJCP herds, to determine whether VRAMP score or changes in VRAMP score were associated with 100-d cumulative mortality hazard. Excluding perinatal mortality, the overall 100-d cumulative mortality hazard was 4.1%. Calf mortality was consistently underestimated using risk approaches that did not account for calf censoring. Cox proportional hazards models showed that cumulative mortality hazard was greater in male calves; particularly, calves born to Jersey breed dams and those with a beef breed sire. Mortality hazard increased with increasing herd size, was highest in calves born in herds that contract-reared heifers, and lowest in those born in mixed dairy-beef enterprises. Mortality hazard decreased over time with the mortality hazard in 2020 being 0.83 times that of 2016. Mortality hazard was higher in IJCP-registered herds than nonregistered herds (hazard ratio 1.06, 95% CI 1.01-1.12), likely reflecting differences in herds that enrolled in the national program. However, we detected a significant interaction between IJCP status (enrolled vs. not enrolled) and year (hazard ratio 0.96, 95% CI 0.92-1.00), indicating that the decrease in mortality hazard between 2016 and 2020 was greater in IJCP herds versus non-IJCP herds. Finally, increasing VRAMP scores (indicating higher risk for paratuberculosis transmission) were positively associated with increased calf mortality hazard. Postnatal calf mortality rates in Irish dairy herds declined between 2016 and 2020. Our study suggests that implementation of recommended biocontainment practices to control paratuberculosis in IJCP herds was associated with a reduction in calf mortality hazard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor G McAloon
- Section of Herd Health and Animal Husbandry, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Stillorgan Road, Dublin 4, D04 W6F6, Ireland.
| | - Jamie A Tratalos
- Centre for Veterinary Epidemiology and Risk Analysis, University College Dublin, Stillorgan Road, Dublin 4, D04 W6F6, Ireland
| | - Luke O'Grady
- Section of Herd Health and Animal Husbandry, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Stillorgan Road, Dublin 4, D04 W6F6, Ireland; School of Veterinary Science and Medicine, University of Nottingham, College Road, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, United Kingdom, LE12 5RD
| | - Martin J Green
- School of Veterinary Science and Medicine, University of Nottingham, College Road, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, United Kingdom, LE12 5RD
| | - Lawrence Gavey
- Animal Health Ireland, Carrick-on-Shannon, N41 WN27, Ireland
| | - David Graham
- Animal Health Ireland, Carrick-on-Shannon, N41 WN27, Ireland
| | - Simon J More
- Section of Herd Health and Animal Husbandry, School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Stillorgan Road, Dublin 4, D04 W6F6, Ireland; Centre for Veterinary Epidemiology and Risk Analysis, University College Dublin, Stillorgan Road, Dublin 4, D04 W6F6, Ireland
| | - Guy McGrath
- Centre for Veterinary Epidemiology and Risk Analysis, University College Dublin, Stillorgan Road, Dublin 4, D04 W6F6, Ireland
| | - John F Mee
- Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Teagasc, Moorepark Research Centre, Fermoy, P61 C997 Cork, Ireland
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Murayama K, Fukui T, Kushibiki S, Sakamoto K, Inouchi K, Sugino T. Effects of medium-chain fatty acids and tributyrin supplementation in milk replacers on growth performance, blood metabolites, and hormone concentrations in Holstein dairy calves. J Dairy Sci 2023:S0022-0302(23)00277-1. [PMID: 37225581 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of triglycerides containing medium-chain fatty acids (MCT) and tributyrin (TB) supplementation in a milk replacer (MR) on growth performance, plasma metabolites, and hormone concentrations in dairy calves. Sixty-three Holstein heifer calves (body weight at 8 d of age, 41.1 ± 2.91 kg; mean ± SD) were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 experimental MR (28% crude protein and 18% fat): (1) containing 3.2% C8:0 and 2.8% C10:0 (in fat basis) without TB supplementation (CONT; n = 15), (2) containing 6.7% C8:0 and 6.4% C10:0 without TB supplementation (MCT; n = 16), (3) containing 3.2% C8:0 and 2.8% C10:0 with 0.6% (dry matter basis) TB supplementation (CONT+TB; n = 16), (4) containing 6.7% C8:0 and 6.4% C10:0 with 0.6% TB supplementation (MCT+TB; n = 16). The MR were offered at 600 g/d (powder basis) from 8 to 14 d, up to 1,300 g/d from 15 to 21 d, 1,400 g/d from 22 to 49 d, down to 700 g/d from 50 to 56 d, 600 g/d from 57 to 63 d, and weaned at 64 d of age. All calves were fed calf starter, chopped hay, and water ad libitum. The data were analyzed using a 2-way ANOVA via the fit model procedure of JMP Pro 16 (SAS Institute Inc.). Medium-chain fatty acid supplementation did not affect the total dry matter intake. However, calves that were fed MCT had greater feed efficiency (gain/feed) before weaning (0.74 ± 0.098 vs. 0.71 ± 0.010 kg/kg) compared with non-MCT calves. The MCT calves also had a lower incidence of diarrhea compared with non-MCT calves during 23 to 49 d of age and the weaning period (50 to 63 d of age; 9.2% vs. 18.5% and 10.5% vs. 17.2%, respectively). Calves fed with TB had a greater total dry matter intake during postweaning (3,465 vs. 3,232 g/d). Calves fed TB also had greater body weight during the weaning (90.7 ± 0.97 vs. 87.9 ± 1.01 kg) and postweaning period (116.5 ± 1.47 vs. 112.1 ± 1.50 kg) compared with that of non-TB calves. The plasma metabolites and hormone concentrations were not affected by MCT or TB. These results suggest that MCT and TB supplementation in the MR may improve the growth performance and gut health of dairy calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Murayama
- Dairy Technology Research Institute, National Federation of Dairy Co-operative Associations (Zen-Raku-Ren), Nishi-shirakawa, Fukushima, Japan 969-0223; Research Center for Animal Science, Graduate School of Integrated Science for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan 739-8528
| | - T Fukui
- Research Center for Animal Science, Graduate School of Integrated Science for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan 739-8528
| | - S Kushibiki
- Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, NARO, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan 305-0901
| | - K Sakamoto
- YP Tech Co. Ltd., Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan 100-0004
| | - K Inouchi
- Dairy Technology Research Institute, National Federation of Dairy Co-operative Associations (Zen-Raku-Ren), Nishi-shirakawa, Fukushima, Japan 969-0223
| | - T Sugino
- Research Center for Animal Science, Graduate School of Integrated Science for Life, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan 739-8528.
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Zhang J, Shang J, Hao Y, Wang Y, Cao Z, Yang H, Wang W, Li S. Growth performance, blood metabolites, ruminal fermentation, and bacterial community in preweaning dairy calves fed corn silage-included starter and total mixed ration. J Dairy Sci 2023:S0022-0302(23)00208-4. [PMID: 37164844 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the inclusion of whole-plant corn silage (WPCS) in a starter or total mixed ration (TMR) on growth, blood metabolites, ruminal fermentation, and microbial community in preweaning dairy calves. A total of 45 healthy dairy calves were blocked by date of birth and randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatments: 100% calf starter (CONS), a mix of 85% calf starter and 15% WPCS [dry matter (DM) basis; CSCS], or 100% WPCS-based lactation TMR (CTMR). Pasteurized normal milk was fed to all the animals under the same regimen. The experiment ran from when the calves were 2 d old to weaning at 63 d. Milk and feed intakes were recorded daily. Growth performance data and blood samples were collected on wk 3, 5, 7, and 9 of the experiment. Rumen fluid was sampled at 40 and 60 d. The 3 treatments had different particle size fractions. The CSCS group had greater medium fraction (<19 mm, >8 mm) and particles retained on 8-mm sieves than the other 2 groups, whereas the CTMR group had the greatest long (>19 mm) and fine (<4 mm) fractions and physically effective neutral detergent fiber (NDF) on 8- and 4-mm sieves, but had the smallest short fraction (<8 mm, >4 mm) and particles retained on 4-mm sieves. The 24-h in vitro digestibility of DM, crude protein (CP), NDF, and acid detergent fiber (ADF) were decreased in order by the CONS, CSCS, and CTMR groups. Compared with the CONS group, the digestibility of ether extract (EE) was lower in the CSCS and CTMR groups, whereas the digestibility of starch was similar among treatments. During the experimental period, the DM, CP, and metabolizable energy intakes from milk, solid feed, and total feed were not affected by treatments. The NDF, ADF, and EE intakes and potentially digestible intakes were greater in the CTMR group than in the other 2 groups. With the exception that body barrel was greater for calves fed CSCS, growth parameters and blood metabolites were similar among treatments. Compared with the CSCS group, the CTMR group had greater rumen pH and total volatile fatty acids, propionate, and isovalerate concentrations, but a lower acetate:propionate ratio. The CTMR group had greater relative abundances of some cellulolytic bacteria (Rikenellaceae RC9 gut group, Christensenellaceae R7, Ruminococcaceae NK4A214, Ruminococcaceae UCG, Ruminococcus, and Erysipelotrichaceae UCG) in the rumen, which may be beneficial for the early acquisition of specific adult-associated microorganisms. In summary, a WPCS-based lactation TMR, but not the WPCS-included starter, had the potential to be an alternative starter in preweaning calves without having significant adverse effects. These findings provide theoretical and practical implications for the rational application of TMR in the early life of dairy calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Jiaqi Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yangyi Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yajing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhijun Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hongjian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shengli Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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21
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Montevecchio AB, Frota W, Merenda VR, Martin JG, Chebel RC. A randomized trial on the effects of heat stress abatement on environmental conditions and growth, feed efficiency, and concentration of metabolites of pre-weaned female Holstein calves. Prev Vet Med 2023; 213:105863. [PMID: 36764217 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2023.105863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Heat abatement strategies for pre-weaned calves are seldom adopted. Our objectives were to determine the effects of adding fans to barns on environmental conditions and growth, feed efficiency, concentration of metabolites and health of pre-weaned female Holstein calves. Calves born from July 15th to 30th of 2019 were eligible for enrollment. At birth (d 0), calves were assigned randomly to: SH (n = 125) - hutch under a barn with no cooling, SHF (n = 101) - hutch under a barn cooled through fans. Body weight (BW) and wither-height were measured at birth and d 68. Calves were evaluated thrice weekly (0700-1000 h) using the Calf Health Scoring Chart (UW-Madison). A sub-sample of hutches (SH = 26, SHF = 25) was evaluated for air velocity and temperature at 1000 and 1600 h thrice weekly and calves housed in these hutches were evaluated for rectal temperature (RT) at 1600 h and respiratory rate (RR) at 1000 and 1600 h. Calves were fed a liquid diet twice a day (d 2-18 = 5.56 L/d; d 19-49 = 7.58 L/d; d 50-56 = 3.84 L/d; d 57-63 = 1.64 L/d) and starter ad libitum starting on d 14. A sub-sample of calves (SH = 56, SHF = 44) had intakes of liquid feed and starter measured daily, BW and wither-height measured weekly from birth to d 68, and blood sampled on d 1, 14, 28, 42, 49, 52, 56, 58, 63 and 65 for the measurement of fatty acids, β-hydroxybutyrate, and glucose concentrations. The SHF treatment increased air velocity by 0.8 m/sec and reduced air temperature by 0.3 ºC. The SHF treatment reduced RT (38.70 ± 0.03 vs. 38.78 ± 0.02 °C) and the percentage of calves with hyperthermia (RT ≥ 39.2 °C; 20.6 ± 1.9 vs. 30.2 ± 2.0%) at 1000 h. Treatment did not affect feed efficiency (SH = 0.53 ± 0.01, SHF = 0.53 ± 0.01 g of BW gained/g of dry matter intake), nor did it affect BW (SH = 81.6 ± 0.7, SHF = 82.9 ± 0.8 kg) and wither-height (SH = 89.5 ± 0.3, SHF = 90.1 ± 0.3 cm) on d 68. Concentrations of metabolites were not affected by treatment. Cooling the environment through fans reduced RT and the risk of hyperthermia at 1000 h but it did not affect performance of pre-weaned Holstein calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana B Montevecchio
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610, USA
| | - Wilson Frota
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610, USA
| | - Victoria R Merenda
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610, USA
| | | | - Ricardo C Chebel
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610, USA; Department of Animal Sciences, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610, USA.
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van Staaveren N, Hyland E, Houlahan K, Lynch C, Miglior F, Kelton DF, Schenkel FS, Baes CF. Recording of calf diseases for potential use in breeding programs: a case study on calf respiratory illness and diarrhea. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2023. [DOI: 10.1139/cjas-2022-0112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Calf diseases remain a challenge for dairy producers from both an economic and welfare perspective. Genetically selecting for disease resistance in calves is a promising approach that could contribute to sustainable dairy farming. Genetic evaluations, however, require well-defined and consistently recorded phenotypes to be successful. Therefore, this study aimed to understand the current state of calf disease recording on Ontario farms. Calf disease records of respiratory illness and diarrhea were available from the national milk recording organization (Lactanet Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada) from 2009 to 2020. A case study was conducted to describe calf disease diagnoses and recording practices by surveying a subset of 13 Ontario dairy producers. The percentage of milk recorded farms that recorded calf respiratory illness and calf diarrhea increased from 2.6% in 2009 to 11.1% in 2020. Potential sources of data loss were identified along the information chain from farm to genetic evaluation database. Clear definitions and thresholds to diagnose calf disease, standard operating procedures for data recording, as well as a data transfer pipeline, which includes exchange formats, are needed to facilitate the inclusion of calf health traits in genetic evaluations.
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Wei X, Zou J, Zhang Y, Yang J, Wang J, Wang Y, Wang C. Effects of milk, milk replacer, and milk replacer plus ethoxyquin on the growth performance, weaning stress, and the fecal microbiota of Holstein dairy calves. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1113518. [PMID: 36992934 PMCID: PMC10040532 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1113518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The growth and health statuses of calves during the early stages of development have a significant effect on milk production during their first lactation period. Using appropriate milk replacers helps meet the long-term targets of dairy farmers. This study aimed to examine the effects of milk, milk replacer, and milk replacer plus ethoxyquin on growth performance, antioxidant status, immune function, and the gut microbiota of Holstein dairy calves. A total of 36 neonatal dairy calves were randomly divided into three groups and fed different diets: one group was fed milk, another group was fed milk replacer, and the third group was given milk replacer plus ethoxyquin. The supplementation with ethoxyquin was started on day 35 of the feeding period. The calves were weaned on day 45, and the experiment was conducted until day 49. The blood and fecal samples were collected at the end of the animal experiment. The results showed that milk replacers induced poor growth performance (body weight and average daily gain). However, milk replacer plus ethoxyquin aided in growth performance, enhanced the starter intake and blood antioxidative ability, and elevated the concentration of fecal valeric acid. Moreover, fecal fermentation and 16S rRNA analyses showed that milk replacer plus ethoxyquin altered the microbial composition (reducing Alistipes and Ruminococcaceae and increasing Bacteroides and Alloprevotella). Pearson's correlation assays showed that alterations in fecal microbiota strongly correlated with average daily gain and antioxidative ability. The results indicated the potential of milk replacer plus ethoxyquin in modulating the growth of dairy calves and in enhancing their ability to combat stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoshi Wei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jifu Zou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yiwei Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jinyong Yang
- Zhejiang Provincial Animal Husbandry Technology Promotion and Monitoring Station of Breeding Livestock and Poultry, Hangzhou, China
| | - Junhong Wang
- College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanming Wang
- Kemin (China) Technologies Co., Ltd., Zhuhai, China
| | - Chong Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- *Correspondence: Chong Wang
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Bellato A, Tondo A, Dellepiane L, Dondo A, Mannelli A, Bergagna S. Estimates of dairy herd health indicators of mastitis, ketosis, inter-calving interval, and fresh cow replacement in the Piedmont region, Italy. Prev Vet Med 2023; 212:105834. [PMID: 36657354 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2022.105834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Test-day milk analysis has largely been used to study health and performance parameters in dairy cows. In this study, we estimated four health indicators of dairy cows using test-day data. Our purpose was to estimate (1) mastitis incidence rate, prevalence, and the probability of recovery; (2) the incidence proportion of ketosis; (3) the duration of inter-calving interval; and (4) the risk of a fresh cow being replaced, in a large cohort of dairy herds in the Piedmont region (Italy). We retrospectively analysed test day records of 261,121 lactating cows and 1315 herds during five years (2015-2020). Mastitis was defined by somatic cell count and ketosis by fat-to-protein ratio. Calving dates were used to calculate ICI and to estimate the removal of a fresh cow from the herd. Mixed-effect generalized linear models were used to adjust for unmeasured herd-level risk factors. The risk of mastitis increased by 120% with parity (Odds ratio [OR] = 2.20, confidence interval [CI]: 2.17 - 2.23), by 7% by months in milking (OR = 1.07, CI: 1.07 - 1.07), and even more if the cow was already affected during the same lactation (OR = 8.74, CI: 8.67 - 8.82). Lactose concentration on the previous test day was the best positive prognostic factor for mastitis recovery (OR = 1.12, CI: 1.08 - 1.17). Ketosis risk was the highest between 3rd and 4th lactations and itself increased the risk of having ICI longer than 440 days (OR = 1.12, CI: 1.02 - 1.22), and fresh-cow removal (OR = 1.75, CI: 1.58 - 1.93). Also, the removal of fresh cows was more likely when mastitis (OR = 1.31, CI: 1.19 - 1.45) or long ICI (OR = 1.34, CI: 1.22 - 1.48) occurred. For each health indicator, herd-level risk factors had an important role (18-56% of within-herd covariance). Our results indicate that milk analysis could be also useful for predicting mastitis, its cure rate, and ketosis. Cow-level risk factors are not enough to explain the risk of these issues. By studying a large population over a long period, this study provides an updated estimate of dairy cow health indicators in Piedmont (north-western Italy), useful for benchmarking dairy herds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Bellato
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy.
| | - Alessia Tondo
- Associazione Italiana Allevatori, Via XXIV Maggio 44/45, 00187 Roma, Italy.
| | - Lucrezia Dellepiane
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Dondo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Mannelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy.
| | - Stefania Bergagna
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy.
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Arens SC, Sharpe KT, Schutz MM, Heins BJ. Response to ad libitum milk allowance by crossbred dairy and dairy-beef calves in an automated feeding system. Transl Anim Sci 2023; 7:txad063. [PMID: 37476418 PMCID: PMC10355792 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txad063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to compare three-breed rotational crossbred calves sired by Holstein, Jersey, Montbéliarde, Normande, Viking Red, and Limousin bulls with Holstein's calves fed a high milk allowance for growth, milk consumption, health scores, and profitability in an automated group feeding system. Breed groups were Holstein (n = 16), crossbreds of Montbéliarde, Viking Red, and Holstein (n = 24), crossbreds of Jersey, Normande, and Viking Red (n = 6), and Limousin crossbred beef × dairy (n = 45) calves. Calves were randomly assigned within the breed to one of two treatments from September 2019 to June 2020 at the University of Minnesota West Central Research and Outreach Center in Morris, MN. The five breed groups were balanced across the two treatment groups. Treatment groups were fed 8 L/d (8 L) or ad libitum (AL) milk allowance, and calves were introduced to the automated feeder at day 5 and were weaned at 56 d. Milk feeding behaviors (drinking speeds) were collected from the automatic feeding system and analyzed by feeding and breed groups. Body weights were recorded at birth and weekly through weaning. The health scores of calves were recorded twice per week. Variables included in the statistical model for analyses were fixed effects of birthweight, the season of birth, breed group, and treatment group. Calves fed AL had a greater weaning weight (P = 0.001; 106.4 kg vs. 91.4 kg) and greater (P = 0.001) average daily gain (ADG; 1.11 kg/d vs. 0.87 kg/d) than calves fed 8 L, respectively. The calves fed AL (1,064 mL/min) had a slower drinking speed (P = 0.01) than calves fed 8 L (1,467 mL/min). Most breed groups were not different for weaning weight or ADG across the 56 d. Daily milk consumption per calf was lower (P = 0.009) for Limousin crossbred calves compared with Holstein and crossbred dairy calves. As expected, AL calves had higher (P = 0.001) milk cost ($189.52) than the 8 L calves ($140.71). The average cost per kilogram of gain was similar for calves fed 8 L ($2.89/kg) compared to AL ($3.00/kg) calves. Overall, the Limousin crossbred calves had the least milk cost ($152.75) compared with Holstein ($175.67) calves and Montbéliarde, Viking Red, and Holstein crossbred calves ($177.13). The results from this study found that although feeding calves AL resulted in greater milk consumption and higher cost than 8 L calves, there may be an economic advantage with costs per kilogram of gain to feeding calves ad libitum if increased growth rates are realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara C Arens
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Kirsten T Sharpe
- West Central Research and Outreach Center, University of Minnesota, Morris, MN 56267, USA
| | - Michael M Schutz
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
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Swartz T, Petersson-Wolfe C. Associations between preweaning calf feeding behaviors with age at first calving and lactational performance using an automatic calf feeder. JDS COMMUNICATIONS 2022; 4:75-79. [PMID: 36974224 PMCID: PMC10039233 DOI: 10.3168/jdsc.2022-0255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this retrospective observational study was to determine whether preweaning calf behaviors and milk replacer (MR) intake from an automatic calf feeder were associated with age at first calving and first-lactation performance. Calves were housed in groups with access to an automatic calf feeder for 7 wk with a maximum milk allowance of 1,800 g/d of MR (12 L/d). Outcomes of interest included age at first calving (n = 137), first-lactation mature-equivalent 305-d (ME305) milk yield (n = 132), and first-lactation ME305 energy-corrected milk (ECM) yield (n = 132). Linear models included the fixed effects of the daily means of unrewarded visits, rewarded visits, drinking speed, and MR intake. Furthermore, breed, disease diagnosis, season of birth, and age of the calf when it was first introduced to the automatic calf feeder were included in all models. The genetic parameter for milk yield (predicted transmitting ability for milk) was included in models related to lactational performance. Feeding behaviors and milk replacer intake were not associated with age at first calving. Unrewarded visits to the automatic calf feeder were associated with ME305 milk and ECM yields. As mean daily unrewarded visits increased by 1, first-lactation ME305 milk yield and ME305 ECM yield increased by 319 kg and 224 kg, respectively. No other feeding behavior was significantly associated with first-lactation ME305 milk or ECM yields. In conclusion, unrewarded visits were positively associated with first-lactation performance, but external validation is still needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T.H. Swartz
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
- Corresponding author
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Zhao XW, Zhu HL, Qi YX, Wu T, Huang DW, Cheng GL, Yang YX, Bu DP, Hu H, Meng LF. Regulatory role of phosphoproteins in the development of bovine small intestine during early life. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:9240-9252. [PMID: 36175223 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-21983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The small intestine is the primary site of nutrient digestion and absorption, which plays a key role in the survival of neonatal calves. A comprehensive assessment of the phosphoproteomic changes in the small intestine of neonatal calves is unavailable; therefore, we used phosphopeptide enrichment coupled with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to investigate the changes in the phosphoproteome profile in the bovine small intestine during the first 36 h of life. Twelve neonatal male calves were assigned to one of the following groups: (1) calves not fed colostrum and slaughtered approximately 2 h postpartum (n = 3), (2) calves fed colostrum at 1 to 2 h and slaughtered 8 h postpartum (n = 3), (3) calves fed 2 colostrum meals (at 1-2 and 10-12 h) and slaughtered 24 h postpartum (n = 3), (4) calves fed 3 colostrum meals (at 1-2, 10-12, and 22-24 h) and slaughtered 36 h postpartum (n = 3). Mid-duodenal, jejunal, and ileal samples of the calves were collected after slaughter. We identified 1,678 phosphoproteins with approximately 3,080 phosphosites, which were mainly Ser (89.9%), Thr (9.8%), and Tyr (0.3%) residues; they belonged to the prodirected (52.9%), basic (20.4%), acidic (16.6%), and Tyr-directed (1.7%) motif categories. The regional differentially expressed phosphoproteins included zonula occludens 2, sorting nexin 12, and protein kinase C, which are mainly associated with developmental processes, intracellular transport, vesicle-mediated transport, and immune system process. They are enriched in the endocytosis, tight junction, insulin signaling, and focal adhesion pathways. The temporal differentially expressed phosphoproteins included occludin, epsin 1, and bridging integrator 1, which were mainly associated with macromolecule metabolic process, cell adhesion, and growth. They were enriched in the spliceosomes, adherens junctions, and tight junctions. The observed changes in the phosphoproteins in the tissues of small intestine suggest the protein phosphorylation plays an important role in nutrient transport and immune response of calves during early life, which needs to be confirmed in a larger study.
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Affiliation(s)
- X W Zhao
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Animal and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - H L Zhu
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Animal and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Y X Qi
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Animal and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - T Wu
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Animal and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - D W Huang
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Animal and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - G L Cheng
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Animal and Poultry Product Safety Engineering, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Y X Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China.
| | - D P Bu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - H Hu
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - L F Meng
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
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Dachrodt L, Bartel A, Arndt H, Kellermann LM, Stock A, Volkmann M, Boeker AR, Birnstiel K, Do Duc P, Klawitter M, Paul P, Stoll A, Woudstra S, Knubben-Schweizer G, Müller KE, Hoedemaker M. Benchmarking calf health: Assessment tools for dairy herd health consultancy based on reference values from 730 German dairies with respect to seasonal, farm type, and herd size effects. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:990798. [PMID: 36213417 PMCID: PMC9539667 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.990798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Good calf health is crucial for a successfully operating farm business and animal welfare on dairy farms. To evaluate calf health on farms and to identify potential problem areas, benchmarking tools can be used by farmers, herd managers, veterinarians, and other advisory persons in the field. However, for calves, benchmarking tools are not yet widely established in practice. This study provides hands-on application for on-farm benchmarking of calf health. Reference values were generated from a large dataset of the “PraeRi” study, including 730 dairy farms with a total of 13,658 examined preweaned dairy calves. At herd level, omphalitis (O, median 15.9%) was the most common disorder, followed by diarrhea (D, 15.4%) and respiratory disease (RD, 2.9%). Abnormal weight bearing (AWB) was rarely detected (median, 0.0%). Calves with symptoms of more than one disorder at the same time (multimorbidity, M) were observed with a prevalence of 2.3%. The enrolled farms varied in herd size, farm operating systems, and management practices and thus represented a wide diversity in dairy farming, enabling a comparison with similar managed farms in Germany and beyond. To ensure comparability of the data in practice, the reference values were calculated for the whole data set, clustered according to farm size (1–40 dairy cows (n = 130), 41–60 dairy cows (n = 99), 61–120 dairy cows (n = 180), 121–240 dairy cows (n = 119) and farms with more than 240 dairy cows (n = 138), farm operating systems (conventional (n = 666), organic (n = 64)) and month of the year of the farm visit. There was a slight tendency for smaller farms to have a lower prevalence of disorders. A statistically significant herd-size effect was detected for RD (p = 0.008) and D (p < 0.001). For practical application of these reference values, tables, diagrams, and an Excel® (Microsoft®) based calf health calculator were developed as tools for on-farm benchmarking (https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.6172753). In addition, this study provides a detailed description of the colostrum, feeding and housing management of preweaned calves in German dairy farms of different herd sizes and farm type (e.g., conventional and organic).
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Dachrodt
- Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Alexander Bartel
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Veterinary Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Heidi Arndt
- Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
- Behavioral Physiology of Livestock, Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Laura Maria Kellermann
- Clinic for Ruminants With Ambulatory and Herd Health Services, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Annegret Stock
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Clinic for Ruminants and Swine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria Volkmann
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Veterinary Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Robert Boeker
- Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Phuong Do Duc
- Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Marcus Klawitter
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Clinic for Ruminants and Swine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Philip Paul
- Clinic for Ruminants With Ambulatory and Herd Health Services, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Alexander Stoll
- Clinic for Ruminants With Ambulatory and Herd Health Services, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Svenja Woudstra
- Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Gabriela Knubben-Schweizer
- Clinic for Ruminants With Ambulatory and Herd Health Services, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Kerstin Elisabeth Müller
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Clinic for Ruminants and Swine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martina Hoedemaker
- Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
- *Correspondence: Martina Hoedemaker
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Welk A, Neave HW, Spitzer HB, von Keyserlingk MAG, Weary DM. Effects of intake-based weaning and forage type on feeding behavior and growth of dairy calves fed by automated feeders. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:9119-9136. [PMID: 36114058 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-21468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to assess the effects of intake-based weaning methods and forage type on feeding behavior and growth of dairy calves. Holstein dairy calves (n = 108), housed in 12 groups of 9, were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 weaning treatments: milk reduction based on age (wean-by-age), individual dry matter intake (DMI; wean-by-intake), or a combination of individual DMI and age (wean-by-combination). Groups of calves were alternately assigned to 1 of 2 forage treatments: grass hay or a silage-based total mix ration (TMR; n = 6 groups per treatment). Until 30 d of age, all calves were offered 12 L/d of whole milk. Starting on d 31, milk was gradually reduced by 25% of the individual's average milk intake. For wean-by-age calves (n = 31), the milk allowance remained stable until d 62 when milk was again reduced gradually until weaning at d 70. For wean-by-intake calves (n = 35), milk allowance was reduced by a further 25% once calves consumed on average 200, 600, and (finally) 1,150 g of dry matter (DM) per day of calf starter and forage. For wean-by-combination calves (n = 35), milk intake remained stable until calves consumed on average 200 g of DM/d, at which point milk was reduced linearly until weaning at d 70. If calves failed to reach DMI targets by d 62 (n = 10), milk was then reduced gradually until weaning at d 70. Of the 35 wean-by-intake calves, 27 met all 3 DMI targets (successful-intake), and 33 of the 35 calves in the wean-by-combination treatment met the 200 g of DM/d target (successful-combination). Successful-intake and successful-combination calves had greater final body weight (BW) at 12 wk of age than wean-by-age calves (123.7 vs. 122.3 vs. 117.7 ± 3.1 kg, respectively). During weaning, successful-intake calves ate more starter and consumed less milk than successful-combination and wean-by-age calves (starter: 1.19 vs. 0.89 vs. 0.49 ± 0.07 kg of DM/d, respectively; milk: 2.7 vs. 4.2 vs. 5.9 ± 0.17 L/d, respectively). After weaning, successful-combination and successful-intake calves consumed similar amounts of starter; however, wean-by-age calves continued to consume less starter (2.85 vs. 2.78 vs. 2.44 ± 0.10 kg of DM/d, respectively). During weaning, hay and TMR calves ate similar amounts of forage, but hay calves consumed more starter (0.96 vs. 0.75 ± 0.07 kg of DM/d, respectively). After weaning, hay calves continued to consume more starter (2.88 vs. 2.50 ± 0.10 kg of DM/d, respectively), whereas TMR calves consumed more forage (0.33 vs. 0.15 ± 0.02 kg of DM/d, respectively). Hay calves had greater final BW at 84 d compared with TMR calves (124.0 vs. 119.0 ± 1.6 kg, respectively). These results show that the inclusion of a DMI target can improve starter intake and BW for calves that successfully wean, and that forage type can influence the transition onto solid feed. We also found that approximately 10% of calves failed to consume even 200 g of DM/d by 9 wk of age; more research is needed to better understand why some calves struggle to transition onto solid feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Welk
- Animal Welfare Program, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - H W Neave
- Animal Welfare Program, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - H B Spitzer
- Animal Welfare Program, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - M A G von Keyserlingk
- Animal Welfare Program, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - D M Weary
- Animal Welfare Program, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4.
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Supplementation with galacto-oligosaccharides in early life persistently facilitates the microbial colonization of the rumen and promotes growth of preweaning Holstein dairy calves. ANIMAL NUTRITION 2022; 10:223-233. [PMID: 35785255 PMCID: PMC9207549 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2022.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to determine the effects of dietary supplementation with galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) on the growth performance, serum parameters, and the rumen microbial colonization and fermentation of pre-weaning dairy calves. The study comprised 2 phases of 28 and 42 d, respectively. During phase 1, 24 newborn female Holstein dairy calves were randomly allocated to consume a diet supplemented with 10 g/d GOS (GOS, n = 12) or not (CON, n = 12). Thereafter, during phase 2, the GOS group was further divided into 2 groups: one that continued to consume GOS (GOSC, n = 6) and one that no longer consumed GOS (GOSS, n = 6), alongside the CON group. Galacto-oligosaccharides increased the average daily gain (ADG), body weight, feed efficiency, and serum high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol concentration of dairy calves during phase 1 (P < 0.05). Supplementation with GOS for the entire study reduced the incidence of diarrhea and increased the serum total protein and Ca concentrations (P < 0.05) compared with the CON group. The effect of GOS supplementation persisted after it was stopped because the ADG and final body weight of the GOSS group were higher than those of the CON group (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the GOSS group showed a persistently lower incidence of diarrhea and greater colonization of the rumen with probiotics, at the expense of less beneficial bacteria, which would promote ruminal fermentation and microbial protein synthesis. These findings provide a theoretical basis for the rational application of prebiotics and have important practical implications for the design of early life dietary interventions in dairy calf rearing.
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Impacts of Reducing Protein Content in Milk Replacer on Growth Performance and Health of Young Calves. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12141756. [PMID: 35883303 PMCID: PMC9312336 DOI: 10.3390/ani12141756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, a drinking amount of 10 L of milk replacer (MR) was allowed to dairy calves in order to approach the natural drinking behavior. The question is: how much protein is required by calves in order to achieve an intended growth rate? For this reason, sixty-eight pre-weaned Holstein calves were divided into two groups and fed with 10 L/d of MR containing either 22% protein (MR22) or 19% protein (MR19) at an almost comparable energy intake. Effects on performance, metabolic status, and health were compared. Feed intake, growth performance, and health status were monitored during the pre-transition, transition, and postweaning phase (until 157 d of age). Total feed intake, and intake of MR, body weight (BW), and average daily gain (ADG) were not significantly different between MR22 and MR19 during the entire experimental period (p > 0.05). At d 42, calves in MR19 group showed greater serum levels of growth hormone (16.2 vs. 22.2 ng/mL; p = 0.02), insulin-like growth factor 1 (262 vs. 291 ng/mL; p = 0.03), and urea (2.86 vs. 3.04 mmol/L; p < 0.01). The results of the present study suggested that when high amounts of MR are provided, the protein content in MR can be reduced to 19% without any adverse effects on growth performance as well as on health status of dairy calves.
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Klopp R, Centeno-Martinez R, Yoon I, Johnson T, Boerman J. Effects of feeding Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation products on the health and growth performance of Holstein dairy calves. JDS COMMUNICATIONS 2022; 3:174-179. [PMID: 36338817 PMCID: PMC9623633 DOI: 10.3168/jdsc.2021-0172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Feeding dairy calves SCFP in milk replacer and solid feeds until 4 mo improved postweaning ADG and feed efficiency. SCFP reduced respiratory illness antibiotic treatments in calves. Feeding SCFP to calves did not affect daily fecal scores or preweaning growth.
It is essential to reduce antibiotic use in the livestock industry, which leads to a need for alternatives to antibiotics that reduce illness and promote growth in dairy calves. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of feeding dairy calves Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation products (SCFP) on average daily gain (ADG) and antibiotic use in dairy calves through 4 mo of age. Holstein bull calves (n = 60; 5 ± 3 d old) were blocked by body weight (BW) and serum total protein (STP) and assigned to 1 of 2 treatments. The control treatment (CON) fed a 24% crude protein (CP):17% fat milk replacer (MR), calf starter, grower #1, and grower #2 with no SCFP added. The SCFP treatment fed the same MR with 1 g/d of SCFP, calf starter with 0.8% (dry matter; DM) SCFP, grower #1 with 0.44% (DM) SCFP, and grower #2 with 0.275% (DM) SCFP. Calves were offered 2.84 L (12.5% solids) of MR twice daily (0630 and 1630 h) through d 51 and MR once daily (0630 h) from d 52 to 56, and were weaned on d 57. From d 1 to 56, calves also received ad libitum access to calf starter and water. On d 57, calves were switched to grower #1 and on d 84, calves were switched to grower #2, which contained a lower level of CP and a higher level of neutral detergent fiber (NDF). Individual calf BW, body condition score (BCS), hip height (HH), and hip width (HW) were measured biweekly from d 0 to 112. Feed intake was recorded daily, and feed efficiency (gain:feed) and ADG were calculated. Daily fecal and respiratory scores were recorded for each calf through d 56, and all medical interventions were recorded for the duration of the study and grouped based on illness. We found no effect of treatment on STP, BW, BCS, HH, or HW at d 0 or 56, nor effects on preweaning ADG and feed efficiency. No treatment effect was observed for BCS or HH at d 112; however, BW and HW were increased in SCFP calves at d 112. A treatment tendency was observed for postweaning ADG, with SCFP calves being larger than CON calves and SCFP calves having improved feed efficiency compared with CON calves after weaning. A treatment effect was observed for respiratory treatments postweaning, with SCFP calves being treated less frequently than CON calves. Our results suggest that feeding SCFP to calves improves postweaning growth and feed efficiency, and reduces postweaning respiratory disease interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- R.N. Klopp
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | | | - I. Yoon
- Diamond V, Cedar Rapids, IA 52404
| | - T.A. Johnson
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - J.P. Boerman
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
- Corresponding author:
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Wu D, Meng Q, Wang Y, Wang M, Xu E, Xiao L, Xu M. Dietary supplementation of free or two fat-coated sodium butyrate with varying release times on gastrointestinal development and tight junctions in preweaning Holstein calves. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2022.115224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Woodrum Setser MM, Neave HW, Vanzant E, Costa JHC. Development and Utilization of an Isolation Box Test to Characterize Personality Traits of Dairy Calves. FRONTIERS IN ANIMAL SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fanim.2022.770755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of an isolation box test (IBT) to characterize personality traits has been used in non-bovine species with success. We aimed to develop an IBT for dairy calves and determine if the behavioral responses to an IBT were associated with personality traits found from traditional tests (novel person, novel object, and a startle tests) and average daily gain (ADG; Kg/d) through weaning. Calf movement while in the IBT was measured via accelerometers attached to 5 locations on the exterior of the box. A total movement index (TMI) was calculated based on accelerometer readings during the IBT. We performed a principal component analysis on the traditional tests and identified 3 influential factors that we labeled as “fearful,” “bold,” and “active.” Calves were weighed biweekly to track liveweight ADG. Factor scores and ADG were regressed against TMI. A significant negative association was found between the TMI and the factor “active,” indicating the validity of IBT as a tool for assessing some personality traits of dairy calves. Furthermore, TMI had a positive association with ADG through the entire experimental period and thus has potential to help predict performance through weaning. IBT has potential to be used as a personality test in research scenarios. Further development is needed to produce an IBT that would be appropriate to measure animals' responses reliably in production settings. An automated test that can accommodate a wide range of ages and developing a computer learning model to interpret output from the IBT would be a possible option to do so.
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Abdelsattar MM, Zhuang Y, Cui K, Bi Y, Haridy M, Zhang N. Longitudinal investigations of anatomical and morphological development of the gastrointestinal tract in goats from colostrum to postweaning. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:2597-2611. [PMID: 35086701 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-21056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The digestive tract development in goat kids around weaning is vital to the establishment of digestion and absorption function, growth, and health of adults. The objective was to explore the effects of age and solid feed on the anatomical and morphological development of the gastrointestinal tract of Laiwu Black goat kids. Forty-eight female Laiwu Black goats at 8 ages (1, 7, 14, 28, 42, 56, 70, and 84 d; 6 goats per group) were selected and killed for anatomical and morphological analysis. The goats experienced the following 4 diet phases: maternal colostrum (MC; d 1, d 7), maternal milk (MM; d 14, d 28), maternal milk plus solid diet (MMSD; d 42, d 56) and only solid diet (OSD; d 70, d 84). The body and carcass weights were not significantly changed during MC and MM phases but changed during the MMSD phase. The absolute growth of body and carcass weights were higher in the MMSD phase than in MM phase. In addition, the dressing percentage was the highest in the MMSD phase. The body size indices evolved progressively and increased over time. The percentage of internal and external organs to body weight decreased over time, whereas the percentage to complex stomach percentage increased. The rumen and omasum weight experienced synchronous absolute growth over time, especially in the OSD phase. In contrast, the absolute growth of the reticulum and abomasum was the highest in MMSD and MC phases, respectively. After weaning, the goats showed the highest papillae height, lamina propria, muscle layer thickness, and epithelial thickness. The OSD phase showed the highest colonic mucosa thickness, ileal villus height, and ileal muscle layer thickness. The crypt depth was higher in the MMSD phase than in the MM phase. Moreover, the crypt depth and muscle layer thickness of jejunum increased over time. Furthermore, duodenal crypt depth, muscle layer thickness, and epithelial thickness increased in the OSD phase compared with other stages. In conclusion, the histological investigation supports the improvement of the morphological development of the digestive tract and the growth performance in the solid feed phase. It is recommended to add solid food as early as 4 wk old.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Abdelsattar
- Institute of Feed Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, 100081, China; Animal and Poultry Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, South Valley University, Qena, 83523, Egypt
| | - Y Zhuang
- Institute of Feed Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - K Cui
- Institute of Feed Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Y Bi
- Institute of Feed Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - M Haridy
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt
| | - N Zhang
- Institute of Feed Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, 100081, China.
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Verdon M. A review of factors affecting the welfare of dairy calves in pasture-based production systems. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1071/an21139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Current research on factors affecting the welfare of dairy calves is predominantly based on indoor, year-round calving systems. Calf rearing in these systems differs from that in more seasonal, pasture-based dairy production, meaning that risks to the welfare of dairy calves may not always be comparable between the two systems. The aim of this review was to consolidate the scientific literature relating to calf welfare in pasture-based dairy systems from birth until weaning, allowing for (1) the identification of current and emerging risks to calf welfare and (2) the formation of recommendations to mitigate these risks. Many of the risks to calf welfare discussed in this review are not exclusive to pasture-based dairies. This includes a global trend for increasing perinatal mortalities, a significant number of calves failing to achieve effective passive transfer of immunity, the low uptake of best practice pain relief when calves are disbudded, and the feeding of restricted milk volumes. In addition to these persisting welfare risks, two factors discussed in this review pose an immediate threat to the social license of dairy farming; the separation of cow and calf soon after birth and the management of surplus calves (i.e. calves not needed by the dairy industry). Several recommendations are made to improve the uptake of best-practice calf rearing and progress the development of alternative pasture-based rearing systems that accommodate changing community expectations. These include communication strategies that strengthen farmer beliefs regarding the welfare and productivity benefits achieved by best practice calf rearing and challenge beliefs regarding the associated costs. Farmers should also be encouraged to benchmark their rearing practices through improved record keeping of key rearing inputs and outcomes. Biological research is needed to advise the development of new calf rearing recommendations and the evolution of existing recommendations. Research priorities identified by this review include the effects of dystocia on the neonate and strategies to mitigate these effects, relationships between features of pen design and calf health and welfare, feasibility of dam rearing in large pasture-based dairy systems, and strategies that increase the value of the surplus calf.
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Russell ER, von Keyserlingk MAG, Weary DM. Views of Western Canadian dairy producers on calf rearing: An interview-based study. J Dairy Sci 2021; 105:1480-1492. [PMID: 34955272 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-21116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Calf rearing practices differ among farms, including feeding and weaning methods. These differences may relate to how dairy producers view these practices and evaluate their own success. The aim of this study was to investigate perspectives of dairy producers on calf rearing, focusing on calf weaning and how they characterized weaning success. We interviewed dairy producers from 16 farms in Western Canada in the following provinces: British Columbia (n = 12), Manitoba (n = 2), and Alberta (n = 2). Participants were asked to describe their heifer calf weaning and rearing practices, and what they viewed as successes and challenges in weaning and rearing calves. Interviews were recorded, transcribed, and subjected to qualitative analysis from which we identified the following 4 major themes: (1) reliance on calf-based measures (e.g., health, growth, and behavior), (2) management factors and personal experiences (e.g., ease, consistency, and habit), (3) environmental factors (e.g., facilities and equipment), and (4) external support (e.g., advice and educational opportunities). These results provided insight into how dairy producers view calf weaning and rearing, and may help inform the design of future research and knowledge transfer projects aimed at improving management practices on dairy farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth R Russell
- Animal Welfare Program, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, 2357 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Marina A G von Keyserlingk
- Animal Welfare Program, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, 2357 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Daniel M Weary
- Animal Welfare Program, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, 2357 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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Borchardt S, Sutter F, Heuwieser W, Venjakob P. Management-related factors in dry cows and their associations with colostrum quantity and quality on a large commercial dairy farm. J Dairy Sci 2021; 105:1589-1602. [PMID: 34799117 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this observational study was to evaluate the association of management-related factors in dry cows and colostrum quantity and quality in Holstein cows on a large commercial dairy farm. This study was conducted from January 2018 to December 2020 on a commercial dairy farm in Germany, milking approximately 2,500 Holstein cows. Dairy personnel recorded colostrum quantity (n = 7,562) and evaluated colostrum quality in a subsample of animals (n = 2,600) using a digital Brix refractometer. Generalized linear mixed models were constructed to evaluate the association of management-related factors and colostrum quantity and quality. Models were run separately for primiparous or multiparous cows. The outcome variable was either colostrum quantity (kg) or quality (% Brix). Average colostrum quantity was 4.0 ± 2.5 kg, 5.1 ± 3.4 kg, and 5.5 ± 3.5 kg for cows in lactation 1, 2, and ≥3, respectively. In primiparous cows (n = 2,351), colostrum quantity was affected by month of calving (greatest in April = 4.1 kg, and lowest in November = 3.2 kg), sex of the calf (female singleton = 3.50 ± 0.26 kg; male singleton = 3.76 ± 0.27 kg; twins = 2.97 ± 0.66 kg), stillbirth (stillbirth = 3.14 ± 0.39 kg; no stillbirth = 3.68 ± 0.31 kg). In multiparous cows (n = 5,216), colostrum quantity was affected by month of calving (greatest in May = 5.5 kg, and lowest in October = 3.8 kg), calving ease (calving ease 0 = 4.23 ± 0.26 kg; score 1 = 4.77 ± 0.21 kg; score 2 = 4.98 ± 0.22 kg; score 3 = 5.30 ± 0.22 kg), sex of the calf (female singleton = 4.42 ± 0.21 kg; male singleton = 5.00 ± 0.21 kg; twins = 5.03 ± 0.30 kg), stillbirth (stillbirth = 4.24 ± 0.38 kg; no stillbirth = 5.39 ± 0.11 kg), milk yield in previous lactation (+0.1 kg increase for 1,000 kg more milk yield in previous lactation), days spent in the far-off group (0.05 ± 0.003 kg for every day), and days in the close-up pen (0.06 ± 0.010 kg for every day). Average colostrum quality was 25.1 ± 3.4% Brix, 24.7 ± 3.3% Brix, and 27.6 ± 4.4% Brix for cows in lactation 1, 2, and ≥3, respectively. In primiparous cows (n = 817), colostrum quality was affected only by month of calving. Colostrum quality in primiparous cows was greatest in December (26.8% Brix) and lowest in August (23.9% Brix). In multiparous cows (n = 1,783), colostrum quality was affected by parity (lactation 2 = 25.2 ± 2.7% Brix; lactation 3+ = 27.9 ± 2.7% Brix), month of calving (greatest in February = 27.5% Brix, and lowest in August = 25.7% Brix), milk yield in previous lactation, and colostrum quantity. We observed a seasonal pattern for colostrum quantity and quality. Future intervention studies using multiple farms need to elucidate whether management of the photoperiod or length of exposure to close-up diets, or both, can help to optimize colostrum production.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Borchardt
- Clinic for Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Koenigsweg 65, 14163 Berlin, Germany.
| | - F Sutter
- Clinic for Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Koenigsweg 65, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - W Heuwieser
- Clinic for Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Koenigsweg 65, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - P Venjakob
- Clinic for Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Koenigsweg 65, 14163 Berlin, Germany
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Samarasinghe MB, Sehested J, Weisbjerg MR, van der Heide ME, Nørgaard JV, Vestergaard M, Hernández-Castellano LE. Feeding milk supplemented with Ulva sp., Ascophyllum nodosum, or Saccharina latissima to preweaning dairy calves: Effects on growth, gut microbiota, gut histomorphology, and short-chain fatty acids in digesta. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:12117-12126. [PMID: 34454759 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Emerging knowledge shows the importance of preweaning nutrition on programming the gastrointestinal microbiome and development of the gut barrier function. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of supplementing cow milk with either intact dried Ulva sp., Ascophyllum nodosum, or Saccharina latissima on growth performance and several gut health parameters of preweaning dairy calves. Forty male Holstein calves were selected based on birth weight (41 ± 4 kg) and plasma Brix percentage (≥8.7%) at d 2 of life. From d 2 to d 42 of life, the control calves (n = 10) were fed with cow milk (8 L/d) without seaweed supplementation, and the experimental calves were fed with cow milk (8 L/d) supplemented with either Ulva sp. (n = 10), A. nodosum (n = 10), or S. latissima (n = 10) at a concentration of 50 g/8 L of cow milk per day (i.e., 5% on a dry matter basis). Calves were weighed every week, and body weight gain and calf starter intake were monitored weekly. At d 42 ± 3 of life, calves were slaughtered. The organ weights and digesta pH from the reticulorumen, mid- and end small intestine, and mid-colon were recorded. A tissue sample (5 cm) collected from the mid-small intestine was analyzed for histomorphology. Digesta from the mid-small intestine and mid-colon were analyzed for lactobacilli, Escherichia coli, and Enterobacteriaceae, and short-chain fatty acid profile. Weight gain of the calves was not affected by seaweed supplementation. Proportional organ weights were not affected by seaweed supplementation except for reticulorumen weight, which was higher in calves fed Ulva sp. Both the mid-small intestinal and mid-colonic digesta populations of lactobacilli, Enterobacteriaceae, and E. coli, as well as the mid-small intestinal histomorphology in seaweed-supplemented calves were not different from control calves. However, acetic acid proportion in mid-colonic digesta was increased in calves fed Ulva sp. and A. nodosum, whereas butyric acid proportion was decreased compared with the control calves. Digesta pH in mid- and end small intestine and mid-colon were not affected, whereas ruminal pH was increased in calves fed Ulva sp. compared with the control calves. In conclusion, intact dried seaweed supplementation did not improve the growth or selected gut health parameters (i.e., histomorphology, digesta pH, bacteria, and short-chain fatty acids) in preweaning Holstein calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Samarasinghe
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, AU-Foulum, 8830 Tjele, Denmark.
| | - J Sehested
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, AU-Foulum, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - M R Weisbjerg
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, AU-Foulum, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - M E van der Heide
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, AU-Foulum, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - J V Nørgaard
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, AU-Foulum, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - M Vestergaard
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, AU-Foulum, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - L E Hernández-Castellano
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, AU-Foulum, 8830 Tjele, Denmark; Animal Production and Biotechnology group, Institute of Animal Health and Food Safety, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35413 Arucas, Spain.
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Gomes V, Pinheiro F, Silva K, Bosco K, Morita L, Minervino A, Madureira K. Morbidity and mortality in Holstein calves from birth to 145 days of age on a large dairy farm in Brazil. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-12284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT The present study aimed to investigate the morbidity and mortality associated with the most common diseases during the rearing period of Holstein calves in a high-production dairy farm. The calves (n = 600) were allocated to three groups based on age: G1 (1-7 days, n = 216), G2 (30-40 days, n = 188), and G3 (69-85 days, n = 196). They were evaluated over 60 days at eight different times. The morbidity rates were 47.67% (286/600) for diarrhea, 73.00% (438/600) for bovine respiratory disease (BRD), and 3.83% (23/600) for umbilical inflammation (UI). The mortality rate was 2.33% (14/600) for all the animals studied. The morbidity differed in the groups, with higher rates of diarrhea (78.85%, 166/216) and UI (6.94%, 15/216) in G1, and the highest rate of BRD in G3 (79.59%, 156/196). Diarrhea was associated with the occurrence of BRD in G1 and G2. Even in farms with good management practices, there is high morbidity associated with diarrhea and BRD, with the morbidity rate for diarrhea decreasing and that for BRD increasing as the animals get older. In addition, diarrhea is an important risk factor for BRD, especially in younger animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Gomes
- Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
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Palczynski LJ, Bleach ECL, Brennan ML, Robinson PA. Stakeholder Perceptions of Disease Management for Dairy Calves: "It's Just Little Things That Make Such a Big Difference". Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11102829. [PMID: 34679851 PMCID: PMC8532611 DOI: 10.3390/ani11102829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Calf morbidity and mortality rates are often high in dairy herds, raising animal welfare concerns and negatively affecting farm economic efficiency and future performance. Disease prevention is critical to maintain calves in good health, but interventions are dependent upon the persons conducting them. This paper explores the perceptions of farmers, farm workers, veterinarians, and other advisors on the management of calfhood disease on dairy farms in England. Participants were recruited using purposive and "snowball" sampling, resulting in 40 in-depth, semi-structured interviews-26 with dairy farmers and 14 with advisors. Interviews were recorded, transcribed, and thematically coded. Three major themes were derived on the basis of interview data: disease occurrence and treatments, management of calf environment, and the role of stockmanship and perceived control. Respiratory and gastrointestinal diseases in calves were those reported to be most problematic on dairy farms. Limited time and financial resources caused some farmers and advisors to experience a perceived inability to control calf health without antimicrobial treatments. Overall, the findings emphasise the importance of human influences on calf health and disease in the context of influencing the interactions among the host, pathogens, and the environment. Further research should investigate what "attention to detail" means within different farm contexts and practices, as this was believed to be important in the promotion of better husbandry standards and health. We recommend the use of supportive knowledge exchange processes, including facilitation, to empower farmers to promote continuous improvement in calf health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J. Palczynski
- Department of Animal Health, Behaviour and Welfare, Harper Adams University, Newport TF10 8NB, Shropshire, UK;
- Arthur Rank Centre, Livestock Department, Innovation for Agriculture, Stoneleigh Park, Stoneleigh CV8 2LZ, Warwickshire, UK
| | - Emma C. L. Bleach
- Department of Agriculture and Environment, Harper Adams University, Newport TF10 8NB, Shropshire, UK;
| | - Marnie L. Brennan
- Sutton Bonington Campus, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK;
| | - Philip A. Robinson
- Department of Animal Health, Behaviour and Welfare, Harper Adams University, Newport TF10 8NB, Shropshire, UK;
- Correspondence:
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Khasanah H, Setyawan HB, Yulianto R, Widianingrum DC. Subclinical mastitis: Prevalence and risk factors in dairy cows in East Java, Indonesia. Vet World 2021; 14:2102-2108. [PMID: 34566327 PMCID: PMC8448626 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.2102-2108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Subclinical mastitis (SCM) is a disease that frequently attacks lactating dairy cows and possibly decreases production, causing economic losses to farmers. This study aimed to define the prevalence of SCM and risk factor-associated related management practice by dairy farmers in East Java, Indonesia. Materials and Methods The milk sample per quarter of individual lactating Friesian-Holstein cows (592 samples) was collected from 148 cows from 62 selected farms in the region with high dairy cattle populations in Malang, Sidoarjo, Mojokerto, Probolinggo, Pasuruan, Lumajang, Jember, and Banyuwangi. SCM determination was performed using the California mastitis test. A survey including field observation and interviews with farmers was conducted to find out the management practices of the selected farms. The analysis of risk factors was conducted by multinomial regression using the IBM SPSS version 26.0 (IBM SPSS Statistics, Chicago, USA). Results In addition, 68.18% and 66.72% at the cow and quarter levels, respectively, of the lactating dairy cows examined had SCM. In multinomial regression, four variables were significantly given impact in association with the SCM prevalence in identifying related lactation stage (odds ratio [OR]: 1-2 months=5.67, 2-6 months=9.435), teat wiping after milking (OR=42.197), house cleanliness (OR: dirty=0.120, moderate=0.527), and location (regencies) of raising the cows (OR: Sidoarjo=0.076, Mojokerto=0.165, Jember=1.210, Probolinggo=3.449, Lumajang=1.638, Malang=1.210, and Pasuruan=0.681). Conclusion The SCM prevalence in East Java is relatively high and a threat to the dairy industry's performance. This study found a significant association with SCM that needs to be considered in the practice of management to prevent and control SCM. However, the finding also suggested that hygienic management practices performed by farmers need to be improved to reduce SCM incidents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himmatul Khasanah
- Department of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Jember, Jl. Kalimantan No 37, Jember 68121, Indonesia
| | - Hidayat Bambang Setyawan
- Department of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Jember, Jl. Kalimantan No 37, Jember 68121, Indonesia
| | - Roni Yulianto
- Department of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Jember, Jl. Kalimantan No 37, Jember 68121, Indonesia
| | - Desy Cahya Widianingrum
- Department of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Jember, Jl. Kalimantan No 37, Jember 68121, Indonesia
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Kodithuwakku KAHT, Owada H, Miura H, Maruyama D, Hirano K, Suzuki Y, Kobayashi Y, Koike S. Effects of oral administration of timothy hay and psyllium on the growth performance and fecal microbiota of preweaning calves. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:12472-12485. [PMID: 34538491 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of oral administration of fiber from the first week of life on the growth and hindgut environment of preweaning calves. Twenty newborn female Holstein calves were divided into 2 groups as control and treatment. Calves in both groups were reared under the same feeding program except for oral fiber administration. Timothy hay and psyllium were mixed at a 50-to-6 ratio as a treatment diet for oral fiber administration. Calves in the treatment group were orally administered 50 g of fiber daily from 3 to 7 d of age and 100 g of fiber from 8 d of age until weaning. Feed intake and occurrence of diarrhea were recorded daily, and body weight (BW) was recorded weekly for the individual calf. Fresh feces were collected from calves at 7, 21, 35, 49, and 56 d of age to analyze fermentation parameters and microbiota to characterize the hindgut environment. Higher fiber intake in the treatment group due to oral administration of timothy and psyllium did not affect the starter intake and achieved higher BW at 21 d of age. The fecal pH, total volatile fatty acid, lactate, and ammonia nitrogen concentrations were not affected by oral fiber administration; meanwhile, the molar proportion of propionate was higher in the treatment group at 7 d of age. The difference in fecal microbiota in the calves subjected to the oral administration of fiber was observed within 21 d of life; Lactobacillus spp. and Prevotella spp. showed higher abundance, whereas that of Clostridium perfringens was decreased. These higher abundances of beneficial bacteria and lower abundance of pathogenic bacteria during early life may partly explain the higher BW of calves in the treatment group at 21 d of age. Furthermore, no adverse effect was observed for the BW and health status in the treatment group throughout the preweaning period. Therefore, early fiber feeding via oral administration potentially contributes to improving the hindgut environment in newborn calves, which leads to better growth of calves during the early stage of life.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - H Owada
- Central Research Institute for Feed and Livestock, ZEN-NOH, Kasama 319-0205, Japan
| | - H Miura
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
| | - D Maruyama
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
| | - K Hirano
- Central Research Institute for Feed and Livestock, ZEN-NOH, Kasama 319-0205, Japan
| | - Y Suzuki
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
| | - Y Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
| | - S Koike
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan.
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Chebel RC, Lopes G, Mendonça LGD, Hayes S. Effect of Gammulin supplementation during the first 24 d of life on health, growth, and first-lactation performance of Holstein cows. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:12567-12579. [PMID: 34531050 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Development and health during calfhood are paramount for the success of dairy operations because they are associated with longevity and productivity later in life. Thus, provision of nutritional supplements has been explored as an alternative to improve growth of preweaned calves. Holstein calves (female = 472, male = 46) from 2 dairies located in the San Joaquin Valley were assigned randomly to receive 25 g/d of Gammulin (APC Inc.) from 2 to 24 d of age (GAM = 263) or to receive no supplementation (control = 255). Calves were fed a mixture of waste milk and milk replacer (3.79 L/d), and study personnel added the supplement to the bottles of calves in the GAM treatment daily. Study personnel monitored calves 6 d/wk and recorded starter intake, fecal score (1 = firm, 4 = watery), and attitude score (1 = alert and responsive, 4 = recumbent). Blood samples were collected (4, 7, 14, 26, 44, 56, and 68 d of age) to determine concentrations of total protein, glucose (n = 64), nonesterified fatty acids (n = 64), β-hydroxybutyrate (n = 171), and hematocrit (n = 518). Calves (n = 64) were treated with 0.5 mg of ovalbumin at 3, 21, and 42 d of age, and concentration of anti-ovalbumin IgG was measured. The percentage of polymorphonuclear leukocytes positive for phagocytosis and oxidative burst after the ex vivo exposure to an enteropathogenic Escherichia coli was evaluated (n = 64). We followed the female calves through the end of the first lactation or until they left the herd to evaluate the effect of treatment on first-lactation performance. Treatment did not affect metabolic and immune responses. During the supplementation (1 to 24 d of age), starter intake did not differ between treatments, but the GAM treatment reduced starter intake (638.5 ± 1.1 vs. 696.6 ± 1.1 g/d; mean ± standard error of the mean) from 25 to 60 d of age and average daily gain (798.8 ± 15.4 and 749.5 ± 15.2) from 23 to 60 d of age, resulting in reduced body weight at 60 d of age (68.4 ± 0.4 vs. 69.8 ± 0.5 kg). From 1 to 24 d of age, GAM treatment reduced the number of days calves had fecal score = 4 (ratio of number of days = 0.92; 95% confidence interval = 0.84-1.00) and it reduced the number of electrolyte treatments calves received (ratio of number of treatments = 0.92; 95% confidence interval = 0.85-0.99). Treatment did not affect the hazard of first calving and first-lactation 305-d milk yield, but the adjusted hazard ratio (0.82; 95% confidence interval = 0.65, 1.04) of pregnancy in the first lactation tended to be reduced for the GAM treatment. In the conditions of this experiment, supplementation with 25 g/d of GAM to the liquid feed from 2 to 24 d of age did not improve calfhood health and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Chebel
- Veterinary Medicine Cooperative Extension, University of California-Davis, Tulare 93274; Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32608; Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32608.
| | - G Lopes
- Veterinary Medicine Cooperative Extension, University of California-Davis, Tulare 93274
| | - L G D Mendonça
- Veterinary Medicine Cooperative Extension, University of California-Davis, Tulare 93274
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45
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Prado M, Wilkerson J, Schneider L, Krawczel P. Influence of milk feeding levels and calf housing on subsequent performance of Holstein heifers. JDS COMMUNICATIONS 2021; 2:277-281. [PMID: 36338389 PMCID: PMC9623668 DOI: 10.3168/jdsc.2021-0077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of increased milk feeding levels or social housing during the preweaning stage of Holstein dairy heifers on subsequent weight gain, health, and reproductive parameters over time. A total of 210 heifers were grouped by calving date in groups of 10 and randomly assigned to one of 3 treatments: low-milk individual housing (LMI; 4 L of milk/d), high-milk individual housing (HMI; 8 L of milk/d), or low-milk social housing (LMS; 4 L of milk/d). Data collected included passive transfer status, disease events, weight gain at different time periods, age at first calving, calving intervals, and milk yield over the first 3 lactations. Passive transfer was successful in 189 calves, and, overall, disease events were low in this herd. The average daily gain for heifers in the HMI group (0.79 ± 0.05 kg/d) was significantly higher (F 2, 9 = 4.76) during the preweaning treatment period compared with the other groups (LMI: 0.59 ± 0.05 kg/d; LMS: 0.68 ± 0.04 kg/d). Although treatment groups did not differ with respect to age at first calving, the LMS and HMI heifers calved (22 and 15 d, respectively) earlier than the LMI heifers. Milk yield over 3 lactations was similar among the treatment groups. This suggests that both nutrition and social dynamics can influence performance of preweaned calves. Further investigation is needed to understand the mechanisms driving increased weight gain in socially housed calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- M.E. Prado
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville 37996
| | - J. Wilkerson
- Department of Biosystems Engineering and Soil Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville 37996
| | - L.G. Schneider
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville 37996
| | - P.D. Krawczel
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville 37996
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural and Forestry, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Centre for Animal Welfare, Department of Production Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
- Helsinki One Health, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
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46
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Haagen IW, Hardie LC, Heins BJ, Dechow CD. Genetic parameters of calf morbidity and stayability for US organic Holstein calves. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:11770-11778. [PMID: 34419271 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to estimate genetic parameters of calf health in organic US Holstein calves. Calves were born on farms across the United States from 2006 to 2019. Three calf health traits were evaluated in the study: calf respiratory disease until 365 d of age, calf scours until 60 d of age, and heifer stayability until 365 d of age. For respiratory disease and scours, animals were assigned a phenotype of 0 if they were healthy and a phenotype of 1 if they were diseased. For stayability, animals were assigned a phenotype of 0 if they were removed from the herd by 365 d of age and 1 if they remained in the herd at 365 d of age. Genetic parameters were estimated from threshold models that included the fixed effects of mean, year-season of birth, and dam age (respiratory disease and scours only) as well as the random effects of herd-year of birth and additive genetics. Heritability estimates were 0.100, 0.075, and 0.085 for respiratory disease, scours, and stayability, respectively. Solutions for estimated breeding values for respiratory disease and scours were transformed from disease risk to disease resistance by reversing the signs before calculating genetic correlations such that higher values of scours, respiratory disease, and stayability were favored. There was a moderate favorable genetic correlation estimate between respiratory disease resistance and stayability of 0.675. However, genetic correlation estimates between respiratory disease resistance and scours resistance (0.148) and between scours resistance and stayability (0.165) were low. Estimated breeding value correlations between calf health traits and other traits evaluated nationally were generally low in magnitude. The strongest correlation estimates were with longevity, particularly between stayability and heifer livability (0.217) and between stayability and cow livability (0.288); respiratory disease resistance was also favorably correlated with heifer (0.190) and cow (0.178) livability. Correlations with cow health traits were generally low and unfavorable. Linear models including the random effect of herd-by-sire indicated that herd-by-sire accounted for approximately 2% of phenotypic variance for scours and stayability, which may indicate a genotype by environment interaction effect for these traits. In conclusion, there is significant genetic variation in organic calf health, and there was evidence of genotype by environment interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- I W Haagen
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802.
| | - L C Hardie
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
| | - B J Heins
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108
| | - C D Dechow
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
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Carter HSM, Renaud DL, Steele MA, Fischer-Tlustos AJ, Costa JHC. A Narrative Review on the Unexplored Potential of Colostrum as a Preventative Treatment and Therapy for Diarrhea in Neonatal Dairy Calves. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:2221. [PMID: 34438679 PMCID: PMC8388388 DOI: 10.3390/ani11082221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Diarrhea is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in pre-weaned dairy calves and, as such, represents a significant animal health and welfare concern. Furthermore, digestive disease early in life is associated with several long-term consequences such as reduced growth rate and decreased milk yield during the first lactation, thus generating severe economic losses. The majority of diarrheic cases in young calves are treated with antimicrobials; however, it is necessary to develop alternative treatments, as excessive antimicrobial usage can lead to antimicrobial resistance and can negatively impact the gut microflora of a calf. Bovine colostrum is abundant in immune and bioactive factors that improve immune function and development. This rich and natural combination of immunoglobulins, natural antimicrobial factors, growth factors, anti-inflammatories and nutrients may be an attractive alternative to antimicrobials in the treatment of diarrhea in young dairy calves. There is evidence that supports the use of colostrum as an early treatment for diarrhea in young calves. Future research should investigate its therapeutic and economic effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Havelah S. M. Carter
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada;
| | - David L. Renaud
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada;
| | - Michael A. Steele
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (M.A.S.); (A.J.F.-T.)
| | - Amanda J. Fischer-Tlustos
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (M.A.S.); (A.J.F.-T.)
| | - Joao H. C. Costa
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA;
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Wu Y, Wang L, Luo R, Chen H, Nie C, Niu J, Chen C, Xu Y, Li X, Zhang W. Effect of a Multispecies Probiotic Mixture on the Growth and Incidence of Diarrhea, Immune Function, and Fecal Microbiota of Pre-weaning Dairy Calves. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:681014. [PMID: 34335503 PMCID: PMC8318002 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.681014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of different doses of a multispecies probiotic (MSP) mixture on growth performance, the incidence of diarrhea rate and immune function, and fecal microbial diversity and structure were evaluated in pre-weaning Holstein dairy calves at WK2, WK4, WK6, and WK8. Forty Chinese Holstein female newborn calves were randomly assigned to four treatments with 10 calves in each group, C (control group), T1 (0.5 g MSP/calf/day, T2 (1 g MSP/calf/day), and T3 (2 g MSP/calf/day) groups. The experimental period was 56 days. Feed intake and health scoring were recorded every day until the end of the experiment. Fecal contents and blood samples were sampled at WK2, WK4, WK6, and WK8. Growth performance, incidence of diarrhea, and total serum concentrations (IgA, IgG, and IgM) were analyzed. Bacterial 16S rRNA and fungal ITS genes were high-throughput sequenced for fecal microbiota. The relationships among the populations of the principal fecal microbiota at WK2 and the growth performance or serum immunoglobulin concentrations were analyzed using Pearson's rank correlation coefficients. The MSP supplementation reduced the incidence of diarrhea in the first 4 weeks of life, and serum IgA, IgG, and IgM concentrations increased between WK2 and WK8 in the T3 group. There was an increase in growth performance and reduction in the incidence of diarrhea until WK4 after birth in T3 group, compared with the control, T1, and T2 groups. The results of fecal microbiota analysis showed that Firmicutes and Bacteroides were the predominant phyla, with Blautia, Ruminococcaceae_UCG-005, norank_f__Muribaculaceae, Bacteroides, Subdoligranulum, and Bifidobacterium being the dominant genera in calf feces. Aspergillus, Thermomyces, and Saccharomyces were the predominant fungal phyla. Compared with the control, in T1 and T2 groups, the MSP supplementation reduced the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes and increased the relative abundance of Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, Collinsella, and Saccharomyces at WK2 in group T3. Thus, the fecal microbial composition and diversity was significantly affected by the MSP mixture during the first 2 weeks of the calves' life. MSP mixtures reduced the incidence of diarrhea in pre-weaning calves (during the first 4 weeks of life). There was a significant improvement in growth performance, reduction in calf diarrhea, balance in the fecal microbiota, and an overall improvement in serum immunity, compared with the control group. We, therefore, recommend adding 2 g/day of multispecies probiotic mixture supplementation in diets of dairy calves during their first 4 weeks of life before weaning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Lili Wang
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Ruiqing Luo
- Xinjiang Tianshan Junken Animal Husbandry Co., Ltd., Shihezi, China
| | - Hongli Chen
- Xinjiang Tianshan Junken Animal Husbandry Co., Ltd., Shihezi, China
| | - Cunxi Nie
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Junli Niu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Cheng Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Yongping Xu
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Wenjun Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
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49
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Lopes RB, Bernal-Córdoba C, Fausak ED, Silva-del-Río N. Effect of prebiotics on growth and health of dairy calves: A protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0253379. [PMID: 34170953 PMCID: PMC8232519 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0253379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Prebiotic supplementation has been studied as a means to enhance growth and health in dairy calves; however, results seem to be inconsistent across studies. The first objective of the future review is to identify, summarize, appraise, and discuss the current literature on the prebiotic supplementation for dairy calves. The second objective is to evaluate the effect of prebiotic supplementation on growth and health of dairy calves. Eligible studies will be non-randomized and randomized controlled trials in English, Spanish, or Portuguese that examined the supplementation of prebiotics to dairy calves (up to 6 months of age) and reported growth or health outcomes. The main growth outcomes will be average daily gain, feed efficiency, and main health outcomes will be fecal score and diarrhea incidence. A search will be conducted in Biosis, CAB Abstracts, Medline, Scopus, and the Dissertations and Theses Database with the support of a UC Davis librarian. Two reviewers independently will screen the titles and abstracts of retrieved studies. The screening of full manuscripts will be performed by one reviewer. The data extraction will be executed based on pre-tested forms. Risk of bias will be assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias 2.0 tool. If feasible, a random-effects meta-analysis will be conducted. Heterogeneity will be evaluated with I2 statistic. If possible, publication bias will be investigated by using funnel plots, Begg's adjusted rank correlation, and Egger's test. The certainty of the evidence will be determined using the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations) approach. The proposed review will contribute to the current knowledge on prebiotic supplementation for dairy calves; this information may guide management decision at the farm level and identify gaps of knowledge to be addressed in future research. The protocol is registered in Open Science Framework (https://osf.io/ar5g2/) and available in the Systematic Reviews for Animals and Food (http://www.syreaf.org/contact/).
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Branco Lopes
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, University of California Davis, Tulare, California, United States of America
| | - C. Bernal-Córdoba
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, University of California Davis, Tulare, California, United States of America
| | - E. D. Fausak
- Carlson Health Sciences Library, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - N. Silva-del-Río
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, University of California Davis, Tulare, California, United States of America
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
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50
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Khounsaknalath S, Etoh K, Sakuma K, Saito K, Saito A, Abe T, Ebara F, Sugiyama T, Kobayashi E, Gotoh T. Effects of early high nutrition related to metabolic imprinting events on growth, carcass characteristics, and meat quality of grass-fed Wagyu (Japanese Black cattle). J Anim Sci 2021; 99:6273774. [PMID: 33974688 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skab123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The study was conducted to clarify how early high plane of nutrition related to metabolic imprinting affected growth, carcass characteristics, and meat quality of grass-fed Wagyu (Japanese Black cattle). Wagyu steers were allocated randomly into 2 dietary groups: (1) steers fed milk replacer (crude protein 26.0%, crude fat 25.5%; maximum intake 0.6 kg/d) until 3 mo of age and then fed roughage (orchard grass hay) ad libitum from 4 to 10 mo of age (roughage group, RG; n = 11); (2) steers fed milk replacer (maximum intake of 1.8 kg/d) until 3 mo of age and then fed a high-concentrate diet from 4 to 10 mo of age (early high nutrition, EHN; n = 12). After 11 mo of age, all steers were fed roughage ad libitum until 31 mo of age and then slaughtered. Growth performance, carcass traits, longissimus muscle (LM) meat quality and intramuscular fat (IMF) content, plasma insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) concentration, and bone mineral density were measured. Body weight was greater in EHN steers (571 kg) than RG steers (520 kg; P < 0.01). Plasma IGF-I levels were higher in EHN steers than in RG steers at 3, 10, and 14 mo of age (P < 0.01, P < 0.005, P < 0.001, respectively); however, plasma IGF-I levels were lower in EHN steers compared with RG steers at 30 mo of age (P < 0.01). The total weight of the muscles and bones of the left half of the carcass was not different between the 2 groups (P = 0.065). Five of the 19 muscles investigated (semimembranosus, P = 0.036; infraspinatus, P = 0.024; supraspinatus, P = 0.0019; serratus ventralis cervicis, P = 0.032; serratus ventralis thoracis, P = 0.027) were heavier in EHN steers. Total fat weight in the left half of the carcass was 30% greater (P = 0.025) in HNE carcasses. Subcutaneous and perirenal fat weights were 53% and 84% greater (P = 0.008, P = 0.002, respectively) in EHN carcasses. The LM IMF content was greater in EHN loins (13.2%) compared with RG loins (9.4%) at 31 mo of age (P = 0.038); however, no differences were found for shear force, tenderness, and cook loss. These results suggested early high-nutrition affected the growth and meat quality of livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kotaro Etoh
- Kuju Agriculture Research Center, Kyushu University, Taketa, Oita 878-0201, Japan
| | - Kaori Sakuma
- National Livestock Breeding Center, Nishigo-mura, Fukushima 961-8511, Japan
| | - Kunihiko Saito
- National Livestock Breeding Center, Nishigo-mura, Fukushima 961-8511, Japan
| | | | - Tsuyoshi Abe
- National Livestock Breeding Center, Nishigo-mura, Fukushima 961-8511, Japan
| | - Fumio Ebara
- Kuju Agriculture Research Center, Kyushu University, Taketa, Oita 878-0201, Japan
| | - Toshie Sugiyama
- Faculty of Agriculture, Niigata University, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
| | - Eiji Kobayashi
- National Livestock Breeding Center, Nishigo-mura, Fukushima 961-8511, Japan
| | - Takafumi Gotoh
- Kuju Agriculture Research Center, Kyushu University, Taketa, Oita 878-0201, Japan.,Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 899-0065, Japan
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