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Xiu W, Lin J, Hu Y, Tang H, Wu S, Yang C. Assessing multiple factors affecting the gut microbiome structure of very preterm infants. Braz J Med Biol Res 2023; 56:e13186. [PMID: 38088676 PMCID: PMC10712283 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x2023e13186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The composition and diversity of the gut microbiota are essential for the health and development of the immune system of infants. However, there is limited information on factors that influence the gut microbiota of very preterm infants. In this study, we analyzed factors that affect the gut microbiota of very preterm infants. The stool samples from 64 very preterm infants with a gestational age less than 32 weeks were collected for 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The infants were divided according to the delivery mode, antibiotic use during pregnancy, and feeding methods. The abundance of Proteobacteria was high in both cesarean (92.7%) and spontaneous (55.5%) delivery groups and then shifted to Firmicutes after the first week of birth. In addition, Proteobacteria was also the dominant phylum of infant gut microbiome for mothers with antibiotic use, with more than 50% after the first week of birth. In comparison, the dominant phylum for mothers without antibiotic use was Firmicutes. Proteobacteria level was also high in breastfeeding and mixed-feeding groups, consisting of more than 90% of the community. By contrast, Proteobacteria was the dominant phylum at the first week of birth but then shifted to Firmicutes for the formula-fed group. The alterations of gut microbiota in infants can affect their health condition during growth. This study confirmed that the different feeding types, delivery modes, and use of antibiotics during pregnancy can significantly affect the composition of the gut microbiota of very preterm infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlong Xiu
- Department of Neonatology, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Jiajia Lin
- Department of Neonatology, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Yanhua Hu
- Department of Neonatology, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Heng Tang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuangchan Wu
- Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xian, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Changyi Yang
- Department of Neonatology, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
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Welk A, Otten ND, Jensen MB. Invited review: The effect of milk feeding practices on dairy calf behavior, health, and performance-A systematic review. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:5853-5879. [PMID: 37474370 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this systematic review was to summarize the literature assessing the effects of milk feeding practices on behavior, health, and performance on dairy calves. Peer-reviewed, published articles, written in English, directly comparing the effects of milk allowance, milk feeding methods, or milk feeding frequency on dairy calves were eligible for inclusion. Outcome measures could include sucking behavior, sucking on a teat (nutritive sucking, non-nutritive sucking on a teat), abnormal sucking behavior (non-nutritive sucking on pen fixtures, other oral behaviors, or cross-sucking), signs of hunger (vocalizations or unrewarded visits at the milk feeder), activity (lying time or locomotor play), feeding behavior (milk intake, starter intake, milk meal duration, or starter meal duration), growth (body weight or average daily gain), and health (occurrence of diarrhea, respiratory disease, or mortality). We conducted 2 targeted searches using Web of Science and PubMed to identify key literature. The resulting articles underwent a 2-step screening process. This process resulted in a final sample of 94 studies. The majority of studies investigated milk allowance (n = 69). Feeding higher milk allowances had a positive or desirable effect on growth, reduced signs of hunger, and increased locomotor play behavior during the preweaning period, whereas starter intake was reduced. Studies addressing health pointed to no effect of milk allowance, with no consistent evidence indicating that higher milk allowances result in diarrhea. Studies addressing milk feeding methods (n = 14) found that feeding milk by teat reduced cross-sucking and other abnormal oral behaviors. However, results on the effect of access to a dry teat were few and mixed. Milk feeding frequency (n = 14 studies) appeared to have little effect on feed intakes and growth; however, there is some evidence that calves with lower feeding frequency experience hunger. Overall, findings strongly suggest feeding higher volumes of milk using a teat; however, further work is needed to determine the optimal feeding frequency for dairy calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Welk
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Aarhus University, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - N D Otten
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - M B Jensen
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Aarhus University, 8830 Tjele, Denmark.
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Yeşil Y, Öztürk Can H. Postpartum Breastfeeding Practices and Attitudes in Parents: A Randomized Study to Evaluate the Effects of Individual and Group Breastfeeding Education of Mothers and Fathers. Cureus 2023; 15:e44811. [PMID: 37809220 PMCID: PMC10558960 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.44811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Antenatal breastfeeding training is defined as the provision of breastfeeding information during pregnancy, which can be given in various ways, such as individual training and group training. The inclusion of fathers in this educational approach is associated with the initiation of breastfeeding, exclusive breastfeeding and duration of breastfeeding. However, studies involving fathers are limited. This randomized controlled study aimed to compare the effects of individual and group training given to parents and those of normal hospital practices on mothers' breastfeeding self-efficacy and fathers' attitudes toward breastfeeding. Methods The study was conducted randomly in a training and research hospital between March 2014 and September 2014 and included 180 people. Of them, 90 were prospective mothers who were in the third trimester of their pregnancy and were living with their husbands and received service from the obstetrics outpatient clinic of the hospital. The expecting mothers and their husbands were randomly assigned to three groups: individual training, group training and control group. After randomization, prospective mothers and fathers in all groups received training. In the first week, sixth week, and fourth month after delivery, the mothers' breastfeeding self-efficacy and breastfeeding attitudes as well as the attitudes of the fathers' toward breastfeeding were evaluated. Results There were no differences between the groups in terms of variables such as age, education status, family type, breastfeeding education status, and mode of delivery. There were significant differences between the scores obtained from the Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale and its subscales in all three groups during the postpartum period (p <0.05). The highest scale scores were obtained at the postpartum fourth month in the individual training and control groups and at the postpartum sixth week in the group training group. There were differences between the scores obtained by the mothers and fathers during the postpartum process from the Iowa Infant Feeding Attitude Scale (p<0.05). Conclusion The analysis of all the results indicates that breastfeeding education given to parents in the antenatal period increases their breastfeeding self-efficacy and provides them with a positive attitude toward breastfeeding. However, further research is needed to determine whether individual or group training contributes to the development of breastfeeding self-efficacy and attitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeşim Yeşil
- Midwifery Department, Mardin Artuklu University Faculty of Health Sciences, Mardin, TUR
| | - Hafize Öztürk Can
- Midwifery Department, Ege University Faculty of Health Sciences, Izmir, TUR
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Rudzinski P, Lopuszynska I, Pieniak K, Stelmach D, Kacperczyk-Bartnik J, Romejko-Wolniewicz E. Feeding Practices, Maternal and Neonatal Outcomes in Vaginal Birth after Cesarean and Elective Repeat Cesarean Delivery. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19. [PMID: 35805350 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19137696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cesarean section rates are constantly rising, and the number of women with a prior cesarean considering a delivery mode for their next labor is increasing. We aimed to compare maternal and neonatal outcomes and feeding method in women undergoing vaginal birth after cesarean (VBAC) versus elective repeat cesarean delivery (ERCD). This was a retrospective cohort study of women with one prior cesarean delivery (CD) and no previous vaginal births, delivering vaginally or by a CD in a single institution between 2016 and 2018. 355 live singleton spontaneous vaginal and cesarean deliveries were included. 121 women delivered vaginally and 234 had a CD. Neonates born by a CD were more likely to have higher birth weight (p < 0.001), higher weight at discharge (p < 0.001), macrosomia (p = 0.030), lose >10% of their body mass (p = 0.001), be mixed-fed (p < 0.001), and be hospitalized longer (p < 0.001). Children born vaginally were more likely to be exclusively breastfed (p < 0.001). Women undergoing VBAC were more likely to deliver preterm (p = 0.006) and post-term (p < 0.001), present with PROM (p < 0.001), have greater PROM latency period (p < 0.001), and experience intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (p = 0.029), postpartum anemia (p < 0.001), and peripartum blood loss >1 L (p = 0.049). The incidence of anemia during pregnancy was higher in the ERCD cohort (p = 0.047). Women undergoing VBAC are more likely to breastfeed their children, perhaps for the same reason they choose the vaginal method of delivery, as vaginal delivery and breastfeeding along with antibiotic use, are the most important factors decreasing the risk for future diseases in their offspring.
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Yoshinobu K, Araki M, Morita A, Araki M, Kokuba S, Nakagata N, Araki K. Tamoxifen feeding method is suitable for efficient conditional knockout. Exp Anim 2021; 70:91-100. [PMID: 33055491 PMCID: PMC7887626 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.19-0138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The Cre-driver system is used to generate conditional knockout mice. Tamoxifen inducible Cre-driver mice can be used for spatiotemporal knockout by administration of the drug. A major tamoxifen administration is performed by intraperitoneal administration or oral administration. However, these forced administrations may be damaging to mice. Herein, we have demonstrated an improved method of administering tamoxifen with powdered food to mice. A mouse line expressing the tamoxifen-inducible Cre gene was used ubiquitously in this experiment to evaluate the efficiency of Cre recombination in the whole body. Our method also achieved efficient recombination without causing injury to mice. The X-gal staining intensity of the feeding method was equivalent to that of the intraperitoneal administration method. Furthermore, this method can be used for recombination before birth, or during the fetal period. We recommend researchers to employ this feeding method to administer tamoxifen to minimize the risk of injury to mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumiko Yoshinobu
- Institute of Resource Development and Analysis, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Masatake Araki
- Institute of Resource Development and Analysis, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Ayaka Morita
- Institute of Resource Development and Analysis, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Miyuki Araki
- Institute of Resource Development and Analysis, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Shun Kokuba
- Institute of Resource Development and Analysis, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Naomi Nakagata
- Institute of Resource Development and Analysis, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Kimi Araki
- Institute of Resource Development and Analysis, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
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Pierick AR, Pierick TA, Reinking BE. Comparison of growth and feeding method in infants with and without genetic abnormalities after neonatal cardiac surgery. Cardiol Young 2020; 30:1826-32. [PMID: 32972475 DOI: 10.1017/S1047951120002887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Congenital heart disease (CHD) is multifactorial in origin, resulting from an interaction between environmental and genetic factors. Multifactorial growth delay is common in infants with CHD. The impact of a genetic abnormality and CHD on the growth of an infant is lacking in the literature. The aim of this study is to compare the growth and method of feeding following neonatal cardiac surgery in infants with normal versus abnormal genetic testing. METHODS A retrospective chart review of neonates who underwent a Risk Adjustment in Congenital Heart Surgery IV-VI procedure between 1 January, 2006 and 22 September, 2016 was performed at our institution. Weight, length, head circumference measurements, and feeding method were collected at birth, time of neonatal surgery, and monthly up to 6 months of age. RESULTS A total of 53 infants met inclusion criteria, of which 22 had abnormal genetic testing. Approximately 90% of infants were discharged following neonatal cardiac surgery with supplemental tube feeds. At each monthly follow-up visit, more infants were exclusively fed orally: 80% of infants with normal genetics at 5 months post-operative follow-up versus 60% of infants with abnormal genetic testing, although statistically insignificant. Growth was not different among the two groups. CONCLUSIONS Infants with critical CHD with or without genetic abnormalities are at risk for growth delays and many need supplemental tube feeds post-operatively and throughout follow-up. Infants with genetic abnormalities are slower to achieve oral feeds and more likely to require tube feedings. It is important to have a systematic protocol for managing these high-risk infants.
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Oba PM, Holscher HD, Mathai RA, Kim J, Swanson KS. Diet Influences the Oral Microbiota of Infants during the First Six Months of Life. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12113400. [PMID: 33167488 PMCID: PMC7694519 DOI: 10.3390/nu12113400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Oral microorganisms contribute to oral health and disease, but few have studied how infant feeding methods affect their establishment. Methods: Infant (n = 12) feeding records and tongue and cheek swabs were collected within 48 h of birth, and after 2, 4, and 6 mo. DNA was extracted from samples, bacterial and fungal amplicons were generated and sequenced using Illumina MiSeq, and sequences were analyzed using Quantitative Insights Into Microbial Ecology (QIIME) and Statistical Analysis System (SAS) to evaluate differences over time and among breast-fed, formula-fed, mixed-fed, and solid food-fed infants. Results: Considering all time points, breast milk- and mixed-fed infants had lower oral species richness than solid food-fed infants (p = 0.006). Regardless of feeding mode, species richness was lower at birth than at other time points (p = 0.006). Principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) of unique fraction metric (UniFrac) distances indicated that bacterial communities were impacted by feeding method (p < 0.005). Considering all time points, breast-fed infants had higher Streptococcus, while formula-fed infants had higher Actinomyces and Prevotella. Regardless of feeding mode, Propionibacterium, Porphyromonas, Prevotella, Gemella, Granulicatella, Veillonella, Fusobacterium, Leptotrichia, Neisseria, and Haemophilus increased with age, while Cloacibacterium and Dechloromonas decreased with age. Oral fungi were detected in infants but were not impacted by diet. Conclusions: These findings demonstrate that the establishment of oral bacteria depends on dietary composition and age. More research is necessary to determine whether this affects risk of oral caries and other health outcomes later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia M. Oba
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA;
| | - Hannah D. Holscher
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA;
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Rose Ann Mathai
- Department of Nutrition, Dominican University, River Forest, IL 60305, USA;
| | - Juhee Kim
- Department of Nutrition, East Carolina State University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA;
| | - Kelly S. Swanson
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA;
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(217)-333-4189
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Li C, He Y, Fang Y. [Status of parents' feeding behavior and influencing factors in 3-5 years old children in 5 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) of China in 2018]. Wei Sheng Yan Jiu 2020; 49:208-212. [PMID: 32290936 DOI: 10.19813/j.cnki.weishengyanjiu.2020.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To understand the status of preschool children's feeding behavior, to analyse the feeding behavior of parents and its main influencing factors of children aged 3-5 years old. METHODS From August to December 2018, 10 kindergartens in Liaoning Province, Shanghai City, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Guangdong Province and Sichuan Province were selected by means of convenient sampling. A survey of 1057 preschool children's caregivers was conducted using the caregiver feeding style questionnaire. Chi-square test and binary Logistic regression were used to analyze the demographic characteristics of families with different feeding behaviors. RESULTS It was found that among the four feeding style, the authoritative type accounted for only 10. 3%, and the authoritarian type accounted for 36. 1%, followed by the indulgent type(35. 8%) and the uninvolved type(17. 8%). Parents of 5-year-old were more likely to adopt indulgent type(OR=2. 60, 95%CI 1. 60-4. 22);fathers with a college degree or above were more likely to adopt authoritarian type(OR=2. 77, 95%CI 1. 39-5. 52) and indulgent type(OR=3. 79, 95%CI 1. 86-7. 72); mothers as primary caregivers were more likely to adopt authoritarian feeding method(OR=2. 48, 95%CI 1. 06-5. 83) and grandparents as primary caregivers were more likely to adopt indulgent feeding method(OR=3. 49, 95%CI 1. 54-7. 91). CONCLUSION The proportion of children aged 3-5 whose parents adopt authoritarian, indulgent feeding method is higher. Among them, mothers are more likely to adopt authoritarian feeding behaviors, grandparents are more likely to adopt permissive feeding behaviors, and fathers with higher education are more likely to adopt authoritarian and permissive feeding behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunli Li
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yuna He
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yuehui Fang
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China
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Huang X, Xiao L, He H, Xue F. Effect of rearing conditions on the correlation between larval development time and pupal weight of the rice stem borer, Chilo suppressalis. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:12694-12701. [PMID: 30619574 PMCID: PMC6308898 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 08/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A strong positive correlation between development time and body size is commonly assumed. However, the evidence is increasing that the correlation between the two traits can be positive, zero or negative, depending on whether the two traits are under antagonistic or synergistic selection. In the present study, we examined the relation between larval development time and pupal weight of the rice stem borer Chilo suppressalis under laboratory and field conditions. For individuals reared at constant temperatures (22, 25, 28 and 31°C), a longer larval period tended to result in larger pupae, showing a positive correlation between larval development time and pupal weight; whereas for those reared under field conditions, a longer larval period tended to result in smaller pupae at 23.5 and 29.8°C, showing a negative correlation between the two traits. There was no correlation between the two traits at the mean daily temperature of 31°C. At constant temperatures, larval development time shortened significantly as rearing temperature increased, whereas pupae tended to become larger at higher temperatures, although no significant difference was detected among temperatures for pupal weight. Under field conditions, larval development time decreased significantly as the mean daily temperature increased, whereas pupal weight of females increased significantly with the increase in the mean daily temperature, which is an example of the reverse temperature-size rule. Feeding method significantly affected larval development time and pupal weight. For individuals fed on live rice plants, larval development time shortened significantly and pupal weight increased significantly compared with those reared on fresh rice stems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao‐Long Huang
- Institute of EntomologyJiangxi Agricultural UniversityNanchangChina
| | - Lan Xiao
- Foreign Language SchoolJiangxi Agricultural UniversityNanchangChina
| | - Hai‐Min He
- Institute of EntomologyJiangxi Agricultural UniversityNanchangChina
| | - Fang‐Sen Xue
- Institute of EntomologyJiangxi Agricultural UniversityNanchangChina
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Vermeer HM, Dirx-Kuijken NCPMM, Bracke MBM. Exploration Feeding and Higher Space Allocation Improve Welfare of Growing-Finishing Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2017; 7:E36. [PMID: 28468261 DOI: 10.3390/ani7050036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 04/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary A lack of exploration materials in pig pens can result in damaging behavior towards pen mates. The objective of our study was to reduce skin and tail lesions by frequently providing small amounts of feed on the floor and by providing more space per pig. Both the so-called “exploration feeding” and the additional space resulted in fewer skin lesions. Finally, this can lead to a more welfare-friendly pig husbandry. Abstract Lack of environmental enrichment and high stocking densities in growing-finishing pigs can lead to adverse social behaviors directed to pen mates, resulting in skin lesions, lameness, and tail biting. The objective of the study was to improve animal welfare and prevent biting behavior in an experiment with a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design on exploration feeding, stocking density, and sex. We kept 550 pigs in 69 pens from 63 days to 171 days of life. Pigs were supplemented with or without exploration feeding, kept in groups of seven (1.0 m2/pig) or nine animals (0.8 m2/pig) and separated per sex. Exploration feeding provided small amounts of feed periodically on the solid floor. Skin lesion scores were significantly lower in pens with exploration feeding (p = 0.028, p < 0.001, p < 0.001 for front, middle, and hind body), in pens with high compared to low space allowance (p = 0.005, p = 0.006, p < 0.001 for front, middle and hind body), and in pens with females compared to males (p < 0.001, p = 0.005, p < 0.001 for front, middle and hind body). Males with exploration feeding had fewer front skin lesions than females with exploration feeding (p = 0.022). Pigs with 1.0 m2 compared to 0.8 m2 per pig had a higher daily gain of 27 g per pig per day (p = 0.04) and males compared to females had a higher daily gain of 39 g per pig per day (p = 0.01). These results indicate that exploration feeding might contribute to the development of a more welfare-friendly pig husbandry with intact tails in the near future.
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Huang XN, Wang HS, Chang JJ, Wang LH, Liu XC, Jiang JX, An L. Feeding methods, sleep arrangement, and infant sleep patterns: a Chinese population-based study. World J Pediatr 2016; 12:66-75. [PMID: 25754749 DOI: 10.1007/s12519-015-0012-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Findings from prior research into the effect of feeding methods on infant sleep are inconsistent. The objectives of this study were to examine infants' sleep patterns by feeding methods and sleep arrangement from birth to eight months old. METHODS This longitudinal cohort study enrolled 524 pregnant women at 34-41 weeks of gestation and their infants after delivery in 2006 and followed up until eight months postpartum. The study subjects were recruited from nine women and children hospitals in nine cities in China (Beijing, Chongqing, Wuhan, Changsha, Nanning, Xiamen, Xi'an, Jinan, and Hailin). Participating infants were followed up weekly during the first month and monthly from the second to the eighth month after birth. Twenty-four hour sleep diaries recording infants' sleeping and feeding methods were administered based on caregiver's self-report. Multivariable mixed growth curve models were fitted to estimate the effects of feeding methods and sleep arrangement on infants' sleep patterns over time, controlling for maternal and paternal age, maternal and paternal education level, household income, supplementation of complementary food, and infant birth weight and length. RESULTS Exclusively formula fed infants had the greatest sleep percentage/24 h, followed by exclusively breast milk fed infants and partially breast milk fed infants (P<0.01). Night waking followed a similar pattern. However, the differences in sleep percentage and night waking frequency between exclusively formula and exclusively breast milk fed infants weakened over time as infants developed. In addition, compared to infants with bed-sharing sleep arrangement, those with room sharing sleep arrangement had greater daytime and 24-hour infant sleep percentage, whereas those with sleeping alone sleep arrangement had greater nighttime sleep percentage. CONCLUSIONS Our data based on caregiver's self-report suggested that partial breastfeeding and bed-sharing may be associated with less sleep in infants. Health care professionals need to work with parents of newborns to develop coping strategies that will help prevent early weaning of breastfeeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Na Huang
- Department of Children Health, National Center for Maternal and Children Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Hui-Shan Wang
- Department of Children Health, National Center for Maternal and Children Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Jen-Jen Chang
- Department of Epidemiology, Saint Louis University College for Public Health and Social Justice, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Lin-Hong Wang
- The National Center for Chronic and Non-communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
| | - Xi-Cheng Liu
- Bronchoscopy Center, Affiliated Children Hospital of Beijing Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing-Xiong Jiang
- Department of Children Health, National Center for Maternal and Children Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Lin An
- Department of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
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Braun U, Brammertz C. Ultrasonographic examination of the oesophageal groove reflex in young calves under various feeding conditions. SCHWEIZ ARCH TIERH 2016; 157:457-63. [PMID: 26753366 DOI: 10.17236/sat00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The oesophageal groove reflex was examined in 6 milk-fed Holstein Friesian calves once weekly during the first 17 weeks of life. Additionally, the effect of different feeding methods (bucket, different nipple positions and openings), different milk temperatures (20, 30, 39, 45°C) and milk replacer concentrations (100, 125, 150 grams/litre of water) on oesophageal groove closure was investigated. The reticulum and abomasum were examined ultrasonographically using a 5.0-MHz convex transducer before, during and after feeding, and the oesophageal groove reflex was considered to be functional when milk was seen entering the abomasum during feeding. The reflex was consistently induced throughout the study period in all calves at all examinations and under all experimental conditions. However, it should not be assumed that feeding technique can be neglected in unweaned calves because suboptimal feeding management has been linked to various digestive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Braun
- Department for Farm Animals, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich
| | - C Brammertz
- Department for Farm Animals, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich
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13
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Bruns D, Martinez A, Campbell EA. Oral health needs in individuals with trisomy 18 and trisomy 13: Implications for dental professionals. Spec Care Dentist 2015; 36:18-24. [PMID: 26585493 DOI: 10.1111/scd.12146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine oral health needs and dental care in individuals with trisomy 18 and trisomy 13 (full, mosaic, partial and other, mixed types). Primary feeding method was also examined. Data was collected from a parent-completed, mixed method survey (TRIS Survey). Mean age in months was 120.2 (range 38 to 394 months) and 133 (range 36 to 405 months), respectively, for trisomy 18 and trisomy 13 individuals. Results indicated the majority of individuals received routine dental care from their family dentist. Approximately 80% in both groups needed some form of specialized dental care. Close to 25% and 30% of trisomy 18 and trisomy 13 individuals, respectively, required hospital admission for specialized dental care. Responses indicated the presence of excessive plaque and tooth decay across the groups with a higher incidence for individuals with trisomy 13. Although not the primary form of intake, over half of the individuals received oral feedings. Implications for dental care and management are provided along with the need for additional research to confirm or disconfirm this study's findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Bruns
- Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale, IL
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14
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Zash RM, Ajose-Popoola O, Stordal K, Souda S, Ogwu A, Dryden-Peterson S, Powis K, Lockman S, Makhema J, Essex M, Shapiro RL. Risk factors for mortality among human immunodeficiency virus-exposed and unexposed infants admitted to a neonatal intensive care unit in Botswana. J Paediatr Child Health 2014; 50:189-95. [PMID: 24372811 PMCID: PMC4310460 DOI: 10.1111/jpc.12454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
AIM Newborns admitted to neonatal units (NNUs) in resource-limited settings face a high risk of mortality, but the epidemiology of these deaths is poorly understood. We describe risk factors for NNU mortality in an area with high prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). METHODS We performed a prospective cohort study of infants admitted to the NNU at a public referral hospital in Gaborone, Botswana. The primary outcome was neonatal death, defined as death within 28 days of a live delivery. Cox proportional hazard models were used to evaluate risk factors for mortality. RESULTS From October 2008 to April 2009, 449 neonates were admitted to the NNU. Cumulative mortality was 24.5% (110/449). Factors associated with increased risk of death included lack of enteral feeding (hazard ratio (HR) 18.8, 95% confidence interval (CI) 10.3, 34.2), gestational age <28 weeks (HR 2.0, 95% CI 1.1, 3.8) and Apgar score <7 at 10 min (HR 2.5, 95% CI 1.5, 4.2). Among 348 (78%) infants who were fed, there was no difference in mortality between infants who were breastfed compared with those who were formula fed or had mixed feeding (P = 0.76). There was no significant mortality difference by HIV exposure status; 35 (28%) of 128 HIV-exposed infants died compared with 55 (21%) of 272 HIV-unexposed infants (P = 0.19). CONCLUSIONS This study identified low Apgar scores, extreme prematurity and lack of enteral feeding as the most important risk factors for mortality in this NNU setting. HIV exposure and formula feeding were not significantly associated with death in neonates who were very ill.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M. Zash
- Division of Infectious Disease, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 110 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02215, Botswana–Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership for HIV Research and Education, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Olubunmi Ajose-Popoola
- Department of Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, University of California, Irvine Medical Center, Building 56, 101 The City Drive South, Orange, California 92868 USA
| | - Ketil Stordal
- Princess Marina Hospital, Gaborone, Botswana, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sajini Souda
- Botswana–Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership for HIV Research and Education, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Anthony Ogwu
- Botswana–Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership for HIV Research and Education, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Scott Dryden-Peterson
- Botswana–Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership for HIV Research and Education, Gaborone, Botswana, Infectious Diseases Unit, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 75 Francis St, Boston, MA 02215 USA
| | - Kathleen Powis
- Botswana–Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership for HIV Research and Education, Gaborone, Botswana, Massachusetts General Hospital Departments of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, 55 Fruit St, Boston, MA 02114, Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Avenue FXB 301, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Shahin Lockman
- Botswana–Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership for HIV Research and Education, Gaborone, Botswana, Infectious Diseases Unit, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 75 Francis St, Boston, MA 02215 USA, Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Avenue FXB 301, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Joe Makhema
- Botswana–Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership for HIV Research and Education, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Max Essex
- Botswana–Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership for HIV Research and Education, Gaborone, Botswana, Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Avenue FXB 301, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Roger L. Shapiro
- Division of Infectious Disease, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 110 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02215, Botswana–Harvard AIDS Institute Partnership for HIV Research and Education, Gaborone, Botswana, Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Avenue FXB 301, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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15
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Cao Y, Rao SD, Phillips TM, Umbach DM, Bernbaum JC, Archer JI, Rogan WJ. Are breast-fed infants more resilient? Feeding method and cortisol in infants. J Pediatr 2009; 154:452-4. [PMID: 19874763 PMCID: PMC2771117 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2008.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2008] [Revised: 07/08/2008] [Accepted: 09/12/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The effect of feeding method on stress hormone levels in infants is unknown. We studied infants from birth to 1 year and found salivary cortisol 40% higher in breast-fed infants compared with formula-fed infants. The higher cortisol levels among breast-fed children may be involved in the analgesic effect of breastfeeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Cao
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | | | - Terry M. Phillips
- Ultramicro Analytical Immunochemistry Resource, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - David M. Umbach
- Biostatistics Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Judy C. Bernbaum
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Janet I. Archer
- Survey & Epidemiology Services Division, Social & Scientific Systems, Inc. (formerly Coda, Inc.), Durham, North Carolina
| | - Walter J. Rogan
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
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