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Porter WP, Bertz AE, Mathewson PD, Solorzano LC, Dudley PN, Bonazza R, Gebremedhin KG. Climate Spaces and Cliffs: A Novel Bovine Thermodynamic and Mass Balances Model. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3043. [PMID: 37835649 PMCID: PMC10572002 DOI: 10.3390/ani13193043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of climate change on animals are typically viewed in terms of survivability and wellbeing. In this study, we broaden that purview to include climate impacts on reproductive capability. There are not only climate spaces for daily function, but climate cliffs that represent reproductive failures in the face of climate warming. This alternative focus suggests that climate warming challenges may be more immediate and profound than initially imagined. This research describes a state-of-the-art mechanistic model, Dairy Niche Mapper (DNM), and independent validation tests. Where test data are absent, the calculated results are consistent with expected responses. Simulations of metabolic chamber conditions reveal the local steady-state impacts of climate and animal variables on milk production capacity, metabolic rate, food consumption and water needs. Simulations of a temperature humidity index (THI) show strengths and limitations of that approach. Broader time- and spatial-scale calculations applied in the western and eastern halves of the northern hemisphere identify current and future monthly latitudinal climate change impacts on milk production potential, feed and water needs in dairy cows of different sizes. Dairy Niche Mapper (DNM) was developed from a broadly tested mechanistic microclimate-animal model, Niche Mapper (NM). DNM provides an improved quantitative understanding of the complex nonlinear interactions of climate variation and dairy bovine properties' effects on current and future milk production, feed and water needs for grazing and confinement dairy operations. DNM outputs include feasible activity times, milk production and water and feed needs of different-sized Holstein cows on high-grain (confinement feeding) versus high-forage (grazing feeding) diets at three arbitrary north latitudes, 12°, 30° and 60°, for North and Central America and for Asia. These three latitudes encompass current northern hemisphere bovine production environments and possible future production locations. The greatest impacts of climate change will be in the low elevations in tropical and subtropical regions. Global regions above 30° and below 60° latitude with reliable rainfall will be least affected by current projected levels of climate change. This work provides the basis for computational animal design for guiding agricultural development via breeding programs, genetic engineering, management options including siting or the manipulation of other relevant environmental and animal variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren P. Porter
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (A.E.B.); (P.D.M.)
| | - Alexa E. Bertz
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (A.E.B.); (P.D.M.)
| | - Paul D. Mathewson
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (A.E.B.); (P.D.M.)
| | - Luis C. Solorzano
- Adjunct Faculty, Department of Animal Science, University of Puerto Rico-Mayagüez, Mayagüez, PR 00680, USA;
| | - Peter N. Dudley
- Fisheries Collaborative Program, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA;
| | - Riccardo Bonazza
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA;
| | - Kifle G. Gebremedhin
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA;
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İlhan G, Çavuşoğlu E, Orman A. What is the best first-calving age of cows in robotic milking farms? ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2022.2031319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gürkan İlhan
- Department of Animal Sciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Bursa Uludag University, Nilufer/Bursa, Turkey
| | - Enver Çavuşoğlu
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bursa Uludag University, Nilufer/Bursa, Turkey
| | - Abdülkadir Orman
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bursa Uludag University, Nilufer/Bursa, Turkey
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Lopez AJ, Heinrichs AJ. Invited review: The importance of colostrum in the newborn dairy calf. J Dairy Sci 2022; 105:2733-2749. [PMID: 35094859 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-20114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
It is critical that bovine maternal colostrum is fed to newborn calves during their first hours of life. Colostrum is the secretion a cow produces after mammary involution that is rich in various nutrients. In addition to the nutritive value for newborn calves, immunoglobulins are of interest due to their role in developing the naïve immune system of calves at birth. The process by which a calf acquires immunity via absorption of immunoglobulins is defined as passive immunity. When calves consume an adequate amount of immunoglobulins, they are classified as having successful passive immunity (SPI). In contrast, if they are deprived of adequate colostrum, they are considered to have had a failure of transfer of passive immunity (FPI). Transfer of passive immunity is assessed by measuring serum IgG concentrations at 24 to 48 h of age. The major factors that influence whether a calf has SPI or FPI are colostrum IgG concentration, quantity fed, and age of calf at colostrum feeding. Monitoring apparent efficiency of immunoglobulin absorption in calves is often recommended to evaluate overall colostrum management practices. Serum IgG analyses can be determined with direct (radial immunodiffusion) or indirect (refractometry) methods and used to assess SPI or FPI prevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Lopez
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
| | - A J Heinrichs
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802.
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Bunyatratchata A, Weinborn V, Barile D. Bioactive oligosaccharides in colostrum and other liquid feeds for calf's early life nutrition: A qualitative and quantitative investigation. Int Dairy J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2021.105100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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5
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Redding LE, Lavigne S, Aceto HW, Nolen-Walston RD. Antimicrobial prescribing patterns of clinicians and clinical services at a large animal veterinary teaching hospital. Am J Vet Res 2020; 81:103-115. [PMID: 31985290 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.81.2.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize antimicrobial prescribing patterns of clinicians and clinical services at a large animal veterinary teaching hospital and identify factors associated with antimicrobial prescribing. ANIMALS All large animals (ie, equids, bovids, sheep, goats, camelids, swine, and cervids) evaluated at the New Bolton Center hospital at the University of Pennsylvania from 2013 through 2018. PROCEDURES In a cross-sectional study design, data on antimicrobial use by clinicians and clinical services were collected from administrative and billing records. Multivariable regression modeling was performed to identify factors associated with antimicrobial prescribing patterns. RESULTS Antimicrobials and critically important antimicrobials of the highest priority were dispensed in 42.1% (9,853/23,428) and 24.0% (2,360/9,853) of visits, respectively, and these proportions differed significantly among clinicians. Per visit, the median (interquartile [25th to 75th percentile] range) number of animal-defined daily doses dispensed was 3.6 (0.8 to 11.1) and the mean (SD) number of antimicrobial classes dispensed was 2.0 (1.3). Patient species, age, affected body system, and duration of hospitalization as well as submission of specimens for bacterial culture were significantly associated with prescribing patterns. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The frequency and quantity of antimicrobials prescribed differed significantly among clinicians within and across services, even for animals with clinical signs affecting the same body system. Patient- and visit-level factors explained some but not all of the heterogeneity in prescribing patterns, suggesting that other clinician-specific factors drove such practices. More research is needed to better understand antimicrobial prescribing patterns of clinicians, particularly in situations for which no antimicrobial use guidelines have been established.
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Redding LE, Lavigne S, Aceto H, Nolen-Walston R. Characterization of antimicrobial prescription frequency and diversity in a large animal veterinary medical teaching hospital. Prev Vet Med 2019; 168:66-74. [PMID: 31097125 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2019.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobials are commonly used in veterinary medicine for therapeutic and prophylactic purposes, but little is known about the frequency with which they are prescribed or the quantity administered, especially in large animals. Furthermore, there are no standardized metrics for characterizing antimicrobial use, which can lead to confusion when comparing antimicrobial use among different units (institution, clinical service, clinician). Because there is no gold standard metric, the most comprehensive characterization of antimicrobial use will be achieved using a variety of metrics. The goal of this study was to characterize antimicrobial use from 2013 to 2018 at a tertiary care teaching hospital for large animals using different metrics, including novel ones. We found that at least one antimicrobial was prescribed in 42% of visits and that antimicrobials were prescribed at a rate of 919 animal-defined daily doses (ADDs) per 1000 animal days. A median of 3.6 ADDs and a mean of 2 different classes of antimicrobial were prescribed per patient, and penicillin was the most commonly used antimicrobial. The prescription diversity, a metric accounting for richness and evenness (similarity of frequencies) of different types of antimicrobials, was 0.82, with 1.0 representing maximal richness and diversity. Antimicrobial use differed significantly by species and by organ system affected for all metrics, though in general antimicrobials were prescribed most frequently and with the largest amounts in animals presenting with integumentary or respiratory signs. Many of our findings were consistent with those of other studies examining antimicrobial use in the species represented in our patient population, but more research is needed to determine how to best characterize antimicrobial use and assess appropriateness of prescribing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurel E Redding
- University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, PA, USA.
| | - Sondra Lavigne
- University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, PA, USA
| | - Helen Aceto
- University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, PA, USA
| | - Rose Nolen-Walston
- University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, PA, USA
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7
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Urie NJ, Lombard JE, Shivley CB, Kopral CA, Adams AE, Earleywine TJ, Olson JD, Garry FB. Preweaned heifer management on US dairy operations: Part I. Descriptive characteristics of preweaned heifer raising practices. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:9168-9184. [PMID: 29908815 PMCID: PMC7094552 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-14010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to describe preweaned dairy heifer calf management practices on dairy operations across the United States that were used to analyze factors associated with colostrum quality and passive transfer, Cryptosporidium and Giardia, morbidity and mortality, and average daily gain. This study included 104 dairy operations in 13 states that participated in the National Animal Health Monitoring System's Dairy 2014 calf component study. This 18-mo longitudinal study focused on dairy heifer calves from birth to weaning, and data were collected on 2,545 heifer calves. Descriptive statistics were generated regarding colostrum feeding, preweaning housing, milk feeding and consumption, growth, morbidity and mortality, and weaning practices. The majority of calves enrolled were Holsteins (89.4%). Over half the calves (63.2%) enrolled in the study received the majority of their colostrum via bottle; however, 22.1% of calves from 51.0% of operations received colostrum via suckling from their dams. For all calves, the mean time to the first colostrum feeding was 2.8 h, and the average amount of colostrum at the first feeding was 2.9 L, with 4.5 L provided in the first 24 h. The mean serum IgG of all calves was 21.7 g/L; however, 76.0% of operations had at least 1 calf with failure of passive transfer of immunity with a serum IgG below 10 g/L. The majority of calves in the study were housed individually (86.6%). Nonetheless, 20.2% of operations housed some calves in groups, representing 13.4% of all calves. Approximately one-half of the calves in the study (52.3%) were dehorned or disbudded during the preweaning period, with only 27.8% of these calves receiving analgesics or anesthetics during the procedure. Whole or waste milk was the liquid diet type fed to 40.1% of calves, and milk replacer was fed to 34.8% of calves. A combination of milk and milk replacer was fed to 25.1% of calves. Calves, on average, were fed 2.6 L per feeding and fed 2.6 times/d, resulting in a total of 5.6 L of liquid diet fed per day. The mean average daily gain for all calves enrolled in the study was 0.7 kg/d. Fecal samples were collected and almost all operations had at least 1 calf positive for Cryptosporidium (94.2%) or Giardia (99.0%), and 84.6% of operations had calves that tested positive for both Cryptosporidium and Giardia. Over one-third of calves (38.1%) had at least one morbidity event during the preweaning period and the mortality rate was 5.0%. The mean age at weaning was 65.7 d. This study provides an update on dairy heifer raising practices in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Urie
- USDA-Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS)-Veterinary Services (VS) Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, National Animal Health Monitoring System, Fort Collins, CO 80526-8117; Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523-1678
| | - J E Lombard
- USDA-Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS)-Veterinary Services (VS) Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, National Animal Health Monitoring System, Fort Collins, CO 80526-8117.
| | - C B Shivley
- USDA-Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS)-Veterinary Services (VS) Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, National Animal Health Monitoring System, Fort Collins, CO 80526-8117; Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agricultural Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523-1171
| | - C A Kopral
- USDA-Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS)-Veterinary Services (VS) Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, National Animal Health Monitoring System, Fort Collins, CO 80526-8117
| | - A E Adams
- USDA-Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS)-Veterinary Services (VS) Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, National Animal Health Monitoring System, Fort Collins, CO 80526-8117; Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agricultural Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523-1171
| | - T J Earleywine
- Land O'Lakes Animal Milk Products Co., Cottage Grove, WI 53527
| | - J D Olson
- Zoetis, 5 Giralda Farms, Madison, NJ 07940
| | - F B Garry
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523-1678
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Ro Y, Choi W, Kim H, Jang H, Lee H, Lee Y, Kim D. Prepubertal growth and single nucleotide polymorphism analysis of the growth hormone gene of low birth weight Holstein calves. J Vet Sci 2018; 19:157-160. [PMID: 28693304 PMCID: PMC5799394 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2018.19.1.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Holstein calves weighing less than 20 kg at birth have been noted in Korea. Due to insufficient information, we raised small calves with age-matched normal birth weight Holstein calves and determined body weights before puberty. In addition, 3 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the growth hormone (GH) gene were analyzed. Up to 10 months of age, low birth weight calves were smaller than normal weight calves. In exon 5 of the GH gene, SNP genotype variation was detected in some small calves; however, this did not appear to be the only factor inducing low birth weight and slow growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younghye Ro
- Department of Farm Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Woojae Choi
- Department of Farm Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Hoyung Kim
- University Animal Farm, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang 25354, Korea
| | - Hojin Jang
- Dairy Cattle Improvement Center, National Agricultural Cooperative Federation, Goyang 10292, Korea
| | - Hoseon Lee
- Hyun-ri Animal Clinic, Gapyeong 12437, Korea
| | - Yoonseok Lee
- Department of Biotechnology and Genomic Informatics Center, College of Agriculture & Life Science, Hankyong National University, Anseong 17579, Korea
| | - Danil Kim
- Department of Farm Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.,Farm Animal Clinical Training and Research Center, Institute of Green-Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang 25354, Korea
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9
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Heinrichs A, Zanton G, Lascano G, Jones C. A 100-Year Review: A century of dairy heifer research. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:10173-10188. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-12998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Elahi Torshizi M. Effects of season and age at first calving on genetic and phenotypic characteristics of lactation curve parameters in Holstein cows. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2016; 58:8. [PMID: 26900481 PMCID: PMC4761201 DOI: 10.1186/s40781-016-0089-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In this research data representing 72,946 primiparous cows from 724 herds with 638,063 total test day records calved between 2001 and 2011. These data were analysed to determine the effect of age at first and season of calving on parameters of the Wood lactation curve. Also, genetic trend of the lactation curve parameters in different calving years were evaluated. The results indicate that the highest rate of atypical lactation curve was related to cows that calved in summer (28.05 %). The maximum phenotypic relationship between initial milk yield and total 305-d milk yield was observed in cows calved in spring (0.40). The role of peak yield is more than peak time on 305-d total milk yield in primiparous Holstein. One month increase in age at first calving from 18 to 26 month raised 305-d milk yield by around 138 kg and from 27 to 32 month decreased by 61 kg. The persistency of lactation between 101 and 200 days is higher than that of 201–305 days. Our results indicate that the shape of lactation curve is largely dependent on the season of calving (higher level of milk production in cows which calved in autumn and winter). The heritabilities of parameters of lactation curve and persistency measures were low. The genetic trends for peak time, peak yield and 305-d milk yields were positive and estimated to be 0.019, 0.021 and 8.13 kg/year respectively. So the range from 24 to 26.5 month of calving is the optimum calving time in primiparous Holstein for maximizing 305-d milk yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Elahi Torshizi
- Department of Animal Science, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran
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11
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Baltasar P, Milton S, Swecker W, Elvinger F, Ponder M. Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli distribution and characterization in a pasture-based cow-calf production system. J Food Prot 2014; 77:722-31. [PMID: 24780325 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-13-420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strains are commonly found in cattle gastrointestinal tracts. In this study, prevalence and distribution of E. coli virulence genes (stx1, stx2, hlyA, and eaeA) were assessed in a cow-calf pasture-based production system. Angus cows (n = 90) and their calves (n = 90) were kept in three on-farm locations, and fecal samples were collected at three consecutive times (July, August, and September 2011). After enrichment of samples, stx1, stx2, eaeA, and hlyA were amplified and detected with a multiplex PCR (mPCR) assay. Fecal samples positive for stx genes were obtained from 93.3% (84 of 90) of dams and 95.6% (86 of 90) of calves at one or more sampling times. Age class (dam or calf), spatial distribution of cattle (farm locations B, H, K), and sampling time influenced prevalence and distribution of virulence genes in the herd. From 293 stx-positive fecal samples, 744 E. coli colonies were isolated. Virulence patterns of isolates were determined through mPCR assay: stx1 was present in 41.9% (312 of 744) of the isolates, stx2 in 6.5% (48 of 744), eaeA in 4.2% (31 of 744), and hlyA in 2.4% (18 of 744). Prevalence of non-O157 STEC was high among the isolates: 33.8% (112 of 331) were STEC O121, 3.6% (12 of 331) were STEC O103, and 1.8% (6 of 331) were STEC O113. One isolate (0.3%) was identified as STEC O157. Repetitive element sequence-based PCR (rep-PCR) fingerprinting was used to study genetic diversity of stx-positive E. coli isolates. Overall, rep-PCR fingerprints were highly similar, supporting the hypothesis that strains are transmitted between animals but not necessarily from a dam to its calf. Highly similar STEC isolates were obtained at each sampling time, but isolates obtained from dams were more diverse than those from calves, suggesting that strain differences in transference may exist. Understanding the transfer of E. coli from environmental and animal sources to calves may aid in developing intervention strategies to reduce E. coli colonization of young cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Baltasar
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA
| | - Stewart Milton
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA
| | - William Swecker
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA
| | - François Elvinger
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA
| | - Monica Ponder
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA.
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12
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Gates MC. Evaluating the reproductive performance of British beef and dairy herds using national cattle movement records. Vet Rec 2013; 173:499. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.101488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. C. Gates
- Epidemiology Group; Centre for Immunity; Infection and Evolution; School of Biological Sciences; University of Edinburgh; Ashworth Laboratories; Kings Buildings, West Mains Road Edinburgh EH9 3JT UK
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Tahmasbi AM, Heidari Jahan Abadi S, Naserian AA. The effect of 2 liquid feeds and 2 sources of protein in starter on performance and blood metabolites in Holstein neonatal calves. J Dairy Sci 2013; 97:363-71. [PMID: 24239083 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-6356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
The aim of present study was to investigate the effect of 2 liquid feeds and 2 protein sources in starter on the performance and blood metabolite responses of Holstein neonatal calves from birth to 6 wk of age. Calves (20 males and 20 females) based on sex were randomly assigned to 4 treatments in a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement, including soybean meal (SBM) and meat and bone meal (MB) with either fermented colostrum (or fresh milk. Although sex and liquid feed had no significant effect on feed intake, calves consumed more feed intake on the diet containing SBM (15 ± 0.2 kg) than MB (13 ± 0.2 kg) during the experimental period; also, weight gain was affected by both liquid feed and starter. Liquid feed and starter had significant effects on calf body size, including pin width, hip width, withers height, hip height, and stomach size, but no significant effects were observed on calf body size between the sexes. Plasma glucose concentration was not affected by sex, liquid feed, or starter. Plasma urea nitrogen concentration decreased in the first 3 wk and then started to increase during the last 3 wk, but it was only affected by starter and calves receiving SBM (10.18 mg/dL) had a higher concentration of plasma urea nitrogen than calves receiving MB (9.6 mg/dL) at the end of the experiment. Plasma growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor I concentrations decreased in all treatment groups from d 0 to the end of the study. No significant effects were observed on plasma growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor I concentrations between the 2 sexes, but they were significantly affected by both liquid feed and starter. Results of the present study provide useful information to apply to Holstein neonatal calves during the first 6 wk of life when liquid feed and 2 sources of protein in starter are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Tahmasbi
- Department of Animal Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad 91779-48978, Iran
| | - S Heidari Jahan Abadi
- Department of Animal Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad 91779-48978, Iran.
| | - A A Naserian
- Department of Animal Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad 91779-48978, Iran
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14
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Ghavi Hossein-Zadeh N. Estimation of genetic and phenotypic relationships between age at first calving and productive performance in Iranian Holsteins. Trop Anim Health Prod 2011; 43:967-73. [DOI: 10.1007/s11250-011-9791-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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15
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Heinrichs A, Heinrichs B. A prospective study of calf factors affecting first-lactation and lifetime milk production and age of cows when removed from the herd. J Dairy Sci 2011; 94:336-41. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2010-3170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2010] [Accepted: 09/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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16
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Haworth GM, Tranter WP, Chuck JN, Cheng Z, Wathes DC. Relationships between age at first calving and first lactation milk yield, and lifetime productivity and longevity in dairy cows. Vet Rec 2008; 162:643-7. [PMID: 18487583 DOI: 10.1136/vr.162.20.643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Lifetime records of 442 Holstein cows on one farm in North Queensland, Australia, were analysed to evaluate the effects of age at first calving (AFC) and first lactation milk yield on parities per lifetime, longevity, milk yield in subsequent lactations, lifetime milk production and the longevity index (LI), that is the proportion of a cow's life spent in active milk production. The mean daily yield in the first lactation was a reliable indicator of milk yield in subsequent lactations, estimated lifetime production, longevity and LI. The afc had no effect on lifetime days in milk. Neither the AFC nor the milk yield in the first lactation significantly affected the number of parities per lifetime. For the majority of cows, which produced less than 30 l/day in the first lactation, there was a significant positive relationship between longevity and AFC. However, none of the cows that produced more than 30 l/day in the first lactation survived for more than two lactations. The optimal AFC was thus two to two-and-a-half years, as these cows had the highest first lactation yield, estimated lifetime production and LI. The optimal mean daily yield in the first lactation was 20 to 30 l/day, as these cows lived longer and had a higher LI and lifetime production.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Haworth
- Reproduction Group, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA
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17
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Hill T, Bateman H, Aldrich J, Schlotterbeck R. Effects of the Amount of Chopped Hay or Cottonseed Hulls in a Textured Calf Starter on Young Calf Performance. J Dairy Sci 2008; 91:2684-93. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2007-0935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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18
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19
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Starkey SR, White ME, Mohammed HO. Cryptosporidium and dairy cattle in the Catskill/Delaware watershed: a quantitative risk assessment. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2007; 27:1469-1485. [PMID: 18093047 DOI: 10.1111/j.1539-6924.2007.00982.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We carried out a study to estimate the public health risk posed by dairy cattle located in New York City's Catskill/Delaware watershed, as measured by daily C. parvum-like oocyst loading. A Monte Carlo simulation model that takes into account the nature of the dairy cattle population within the target area, age-specific incidence/prevalence rates, as well as differential fecal production and oocyst-shedding intensity rates was used to address the objectives. Additionally, the model was designed to distinguish between zoonotic and nonzoonotic species/genotypes of Cryptosporidium. Total estimated daily C. parvum-like oocyst shedding across all age/production categories was estimated at 4.15 x 10(10). The zoonotic C. parvum comprised 93.5% of this load. It was estimated that preweaned calves produce 99.5% of the total daily C. parvum ocyst burden. The recently described nonzoonotic C. bovis was estimated to have a daily load of 2.2 x 10(9) oocysts across all age/production strata. C. parvum deer-like genotype was estimated to have a total daily load of 1.3 x 10(9) oocysts. The results of this study support earlier assertions that strategies aimed at reducing the cryptosporidial risk posed by dairy cattle to public health will be most efficacious if aimed at preweaned calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon R Starkey
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14583, USA
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20
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von Keyserlingk MAG, Wolf F, Hötzel M, Weary DM. Effects of continuous versus periodic milk availability on behavior and performance of dairy calves. J Dairy Sci 2006; 89:2126-31. [PMID: 16702279 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(06)72283-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Dairy calves fed milk ad libitum engage in feeding activity throughout the day and night. However, providing calves with continuous access to milk can present practical problems with milk quality, particularly during warm weather. One way to maintain milk quality in ad libitum feeding regimens is to limit the time that milk is available, but no research to date has addressed how this might affect calves. The objectives of this study were to quantify the effects of continuous access to milk (24 h/d) vs. access during only part of the day on milk feeding behavior and performance. Twenty-eight female Holstein calves were randomly assigned to treatments at 5 +/- 3 d of age and monitored for 28 d. All calves had milk delivered through a teat. Treatments were 1) access to milk for 24 h/d; 2) access to milk for 2 feedings per day (each of 2 h), with water available through the teat the remainder of the day (4-h wet treatment); and, 3) access to milk for 2 feedings per day (each of 2 h), but with no water available through the teat (4-h dry treatment). Calves given 24-h access to milk consumed 11.2 +/- 0.5 kg/d on average. Milk intake tended to be lower for the 4-h wet and 4-h dry treatments, averaging 10.0 +/- 0.3 kg/d, with no difference between these 2 treatments in this or any other variable. Average daily gain over the course of the experiment did not vary with treatment and averaged 1.1 +/- 0.04 kg/d. Calves in the 24-h treatment spent more time on the teat than those calves on the 4-h treatments, but during the 4 h/d when milk was available to all calves, calves in the 4-h treatments spent more time on the teat. These results show that individually housed calves fed milk ad libitum for only 4 h/d compensate by changing their milk feeding behavior and are able to achieve similar weight gains to animals fed milk continuously.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A G von Keyserlingk
- Animal Welfare Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4.
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21
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Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Animal Health and Welfare (AHAW) on a request from the Commission related with the risks of poor welfare in intensive calf farming systems. EFSA J 2006; 4:366. [PMID: 32313579 PMCID: PMC7163428 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2006.366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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22
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Fiems L, De Boever J, De Campeneere S, Vanacker J, De Brabander D. Effect of daily concentrate intake at weaning on performance of Belgian Blue double-muscled rearing calves. Arch Anim Nutr 2006; 59:397-404. [PMID: 16429825 DOI: 10.1080/17450390500353051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Weaning at a different daily concentrate intake was investigated during a 140-d experimental period, using 54 male and 68 female newborn Belgian Blue double-muscled animals. They were divided into three comparable groups and received milk at 10% of their birth weight up to weaning. Concentrate was levelled off at a maximum daily intake of 3 kg, while grass hay was freely available. Weaning occurred at a daily concentrate intake level (CL) of 0.5, 0.75 and 1.0 kg, respectively. Weaning at an increased CL prolonged the milk-feeding period by 13.1 and 14.6 days, and resulted in a higher pre- and post-weaning growth rate (p < 0.05). Daily gain during the entire experimental period averaged 0.84, 0.85 and 0.88 kg for the respective groups (p = 0.065). Daily concentrate intake was not different among groups, with only a small effect of CL on intake around weaning. Early weaning resulted in a significant reduction of hay intake (p = 0.032). Total daily net energy intake increased slightly with a higher CL at weaning, so that energy conversion was slightly improved, amounting to 17.7, 17.6 and 17.4 MJ/kg gain, respectively. Energy balance during the first week after weaning was negative for CL 0.5 kg (-22%), while it was close to 0 for CL 0.75 kg (-2%) or positive for CL 1.0 kg. Most effects of CL at weaning were similar for males and females, but male calves tended to have a higher intake and a faster growth rate than females. It can be concluded that weaning should be delayed until Belgian Blue double-muscled calves consume at least 0.75 kg per day or more for reasons of welfare, although performance was hardly improved by weaning at a daily concentrate intake of more than 0.5 kg per day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo Fiems
- Department Animal Nutrition and Husbandry, Scheldeweg 68, B-9090 Melle, Belgium.
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23
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Heinrichs AJ, Heinrichs BS, Harel O, Rogers GW, Place NT. A Prospective Study of Calf Factors Affecting Age, Body Size, and Body Condition Score at First Calving of Holstein Dairy Heifers. J Dairy Sci 2005; 88:2828-35. [PMID: 16027197 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(05)72963-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Data were collected prospectively on parameters related to first calving on 18 farms located in Northeastern Pennsylvania. This project was designed to study possible residual effects of calf management practices and events occurring during the first 16 wk of life on age, BW, skeletal growth, and body condition score at first calving. Multiple imputation method for handling missing data was incorporated in these analyses. This method has the advantage over ad hoc single imputations because the appropriate error structure is maintained. Much similarity was found between the multiple imputation method and a traditional mixed model analysis, except that some estimates from the multiple imputation method seemed more logical in their effects on the parameter measured. Factors related to increased age at first calving were increased difficulty of delivery, antibiotic treatment of sick calves, increased amount of milk or milk replacer fed before weaning, reduced quality of forage fed to weaned calves, maximum humidity, mean daily temperature, and maximum ammonia levels in calf housing areas. Body weight at calving tended to increase with parity of the dam, increased amount of grain fed to calves, increased ammonia levels, and increased mean temperature of the calf housing area. Body condition score at calving tended to be positively influenced by delivery score at first calving, dam parity, and milk or milk replacer dry matter intake. Withers height at calving was positively affected by treatment of animals with antibiotics and increased mean temperature in the calf area. This study demonstrated that nutrition, housing, and management factors that affect health and growth of calves have long-term effects on the animal at least through first calving.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Heinrichs
- Department of Dairy and Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802, USA.
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24
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Godden SM, Fetrow JP, Feirtag JM, Green LR, Wells SJ. Economic analysis of feeding pasteurized nonsaleable milk versus conventional milk replacer to dairy calves. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2005; 226:1547-54. [PMID: 15882008 DOI: 10.2460/javma.2005.226.1547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine growth, morbidity, and mortality rates in dairy calves fed pasteurized nonsaleable milk versus commercial milk replacer and compare economics of feeding pasteurized nonsaleable milk versus commercial milk replacer in dairy calves. DESIGN Clinical trial. ANIMALS 438 dairy calves. PROCEDURE Calves were assigned at 1 to 2 days of age to be fed pasteurized nonsaleable milk or a commercial milk replacer until weaned. Body weight was measured at the time of study enrollment and at the time of weaning, and any medical treatments administered and deaths that occurred prior to weaning were recorded. A partial budget model was developed to examine the economics of feeding pasteurized nonsaleable milk versus commercial milk replacer. RESULTS Calves fed conventional milk replacer had significantly lower rates of gain (-0.12 kg/d [-0.26 lb/d]), lower weaning weights (-5.6 kg [-12.3 lb]), higher risk for treatment during the summer and winter months (odds ratio [OR], 3.99), and higher risk of death during the winter months (OR, 29.81) than did calves fed pasteurized nonsaleable milk. The estimated savings of feeding pasteurized nonsaleable milk, compared with milk replacer, was dollars 0.69/calf per day. The estimated number of calves needed to economically justify the nonsaleable milk pasteurization system was 23 calves/d. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results suggest that dairy calves fed pasteurized nonsaleable milk have a higher growth rate and lower morbidity and mortality rates than do calves fed conventional milk replacer. Feeding pasteurized nonsaleable milk could be an economically viable strategy for dairy calf producers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra M Godden
- Center for Animal Health and Food Safety, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
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25
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Brown EG, Vandehaar MJ, Daniels KM, Liesman JS, Chapin LT, Keisler DH, Nielsen MSW. Effect of increasing energy and protein intake on body growth and carcass composition of heifer calves. J Dairy Sci 2005; 88:585-94. [PMID: 15653525 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(05)72722-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective was to determine whether increased energy and protein intake between 2 and 14 wk of age would increase growth rates of heifer calves without fattening. At 2 wk of age, Holstein heifer calves were assigned to 1 of 4 treatments in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement with 2 levels of protein and energy intake (moderate [M]; high [H]) in period 1 (2 to 8 wk of age) by 2 levels of protein and energy intake (low [L]; high [H]) in period 2 (8 to 14 wk of age) to produce similar initial BW for all 4 treatments. Treatments were ML, MH, HL, and HH, indicating moderate or high energy and protein intake during the first period and low or high intake during the second period. The M diet consisted of a standard milk replacer (21.3% CP, 21.3% fat) fed at 1.1% of BW on a DM basis and a 16.5% CP grain mix fed at restricted intake to promote 400 g of average daily gain (ADG), whereas the L diet consisted only of the grain mix. The H diet consisted of a high-protein milk replacer (30.3% CP, 15.9% fat) fed at 2% of BW on a DM basis and a 21.3% CP grain mix available ad libitum. Calves were weaned gradually from milk replacer by 7 wk and slaughtered at 8 (n = 11) or 14 wk of age (n = 41). In periods 1 and 2, ADG and the gain:feed ratio were greater for calves fed the H diet. Calves fed the H diet were taller after both periods 1 and 2. No difference was observed in carcass composition at 8 wk, but at 14 wk calves fed MH and HH had less water and more fat than calves fed ML and HL. Plasma IGF-I concentrations were greatest for calves fed the H diet during either period. Plasma leptin concentrations were increased in calves fed the H diet during period 1 from 4 to 6 wk of age. Increasing energy and protein intake from 2 to 8 wk and 8 to 14 wk of age increased BW, withers height, and gain:feed ratio. Calves fed the H diet from 8 to 14 wk of age had more body fat than calves fed the L diet. Increased energy and protein intake can increase the rate of body growth of heifer calves and potentially reduce rearing costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- E G Brown
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824, USA
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26
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Nilforooshan MA, Edriss MA. Effect of Age at First Calving on Some Productive and Longevity Traits in Iranian Holsteins of the Isfahan Province. J Dairy Sci 2004; 87:2130-5. [PMID: 15328226 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(04)70032-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Production and pedigree data of Iranian Holsteins were collected from 1991 to the end of 2001 on 45 herds in Isfahan province. Data on culled cows (birth and culling dates) were used to estimate the effect of age at first calving on total lifetime and productive life; and the effect of age at first calving on first-lactation yields was estimated from corrected (2x 305 d) first-lactation records of 12,082 dairy heifers that calved between 1995 and 2001. The estimate of heritability of age at first calving obtained in this study was 0.086. This low heritability indicates the importance of using available information on relatives for selection on this trait. Age at first calving significantly affected all the traits investigated, including: milk yield, fat yield, fat percentage, lifetime, and productive life. Results indicated a positive effect of reducing age at first calving on milk yield and productive life, although reducing age at first calving to 21 mo of age had a negative effect on yields of milk and milk fat. Lifetime did not show a similar trend with age at first calving. However, a slight positive phenotypic correlation (0.052) was detected between age at first calving and lifetime. We conclude that due to negative effects of age at first calving on productive life and because of optimum age at first calving for milk yield was 24 mo in this study, the reduction of age at first calving to 24 mo of age could be an effective management practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Nilforooshan
- Department of Animal Science, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84154
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27
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Tozer PR, Heinrichs AJ. What affects the costs of raising replacement dairy heifers: a multiple-component analysis. J Dairy Sci 2001; 84:1836-44. [PMID: 11518308 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(01)74623-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A DP model of a dairy replacement herd was developed to analyze the impact of different dairy and replacement herd variables on the cost of rearing replacements for a representative dairy herd of 100 cows. A model was developed with Pennsylvania and US average information as the basis for the parameters. We used age at first calving of 25 mo, calving interval of 13 mo, herd-culling rate of 25%, and preweaned calf death of 10% as the base for comparison. We examined the impact of factors including age at first calving, calving interval, PDR, and the number of replacements required. From the base model, the total cost of rearing sufficient replacements for a 100-cow herd was $32,344. A reduction in culling rate to 20%, holding all other factors fixed, caused the net costs of raising replacements for the dairy herd to fall by $7968 or 24.6%. Increasing the culling rate above 25% led to a deficit in replacements for maintaining constant herd size, assuming a closed herd. The average age at first calving also affected the net costs of raising replacement heifers; reducing the age at first calving by 1 mo lowered the cost of a replacement program by $1400 or 4.3%. Changes in the length of the calving interval or in the PDR had marginal impacts on the net costs of replacement programs when compared with either herd-culling rate or average age at first calving.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R Tozer
- Department of Dairy and Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802, USA.
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Pettersson K, Svensson C, Liberg P. Housing, feeding and management of calves and replacement heifers in Swedish dairy herds. Acta Vet Scand 2001; 42:465-78. [PMID: 11957375 PMCID: PMC1712350 DOI: 10.1186/1751-0147-42-465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
A questionnaire was sent to 1500 randomly selected dairy herds in Sweden, asking for general information about the herds, including routines from birth to first calving and also routines at breeding, calving and during the grazing period. Fifty-eight percent of the questionnaires were returned. The preweaned calves were kept in individual calf pens in 68% and in group housing systems in 28% of the herds. Pens with slatted floors were the main housing system for replacement heifers from weaning to breeding, and tie stalls from breeding to first calving. Whole milk was used in 44% and milk replacements in 42% of the herds. The calves received, as a median, 2.5 litres of milk per meal and 2 meals per day. The median age at weaning was 8 weeks. Age was the single most common criteria used for deciding both weaning and breeding time. The median age when the heifers were first turned out to pasture was 6 months. Prophylactic anthelmintic treatment was used by 65% of the herds. The most common diet for replacement heifers before calving was a combination of grain, hay and silage.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Pettersson
- Department of Animal Environment & Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Skara, Sweden.
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29
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Losinger WC, Traub-Dargatz JL, Sampath RK, Morley PS. Operation-management factors associated with early-postnatal mortality of US foals. Prev Vet Med 2000; 47:157-75. [PMID: 11058777 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-5877(00)00173-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Of 7320 equine foals reported born alive during 1997 on 1043 operations that had equids on 1 January 1997, and that participated in the United States National Animal Health Monitoring System (NAHMS) Equine 1998 Study, 120 foals were reported to have died (by either euthanasia or natural causes) within the first 2 days of a live birth. The weighted estimate was 1.7% mortality (standard error=0.5) within the first 2 days of live birth for all foals born on operations in the 28 states included in the study.A multivariable logistic-regression model revealed that foals born in the southern region were more likely to have been reported to have died within the first 2 days of live birth than in the western region. In addition, the following operation-level factors were associated with increased odds of a foal dying within the first 2 days of live birth: not routinely testing newborn foals for adequate absorption of colostral immunoglobulins during the first 2 days of life; adding new resident equids to the operation during 1997; having non-resident equids stay on the operation for 1-30 days during 1997; never requiring an official health certificate (for operations that had non-resident equids stay on the operation for 1-30 days); using something other than straw or hay as the predominant bedding type; and feeding equids a vitamin-mineral supplement/premix with forage and/or grain.
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Affiliation(s)
- W C Losinger
- USDA: APHIS: VS, CEAH, 555 South Howes Street, 80521, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
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30
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Mourits MC, Galligan DT, Dijkhuizen AA, Huirne RB. Optimization of dairy heifer management decisions based on production conditions of Pennsylvania. J Dairy Sci 2000; 83:1989-97. [PMID: 11003228 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(00)75076-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We used a dynamic programming model to determine optimum rearing decisions of dairy replacements. Heifers were described in the model by age, season, body weight, pregnancy state, and prepubertal growth rate. Prices and parameters were chosen to represent the dairy population of Pennsylvania. We calculated monthly costs and revenues from calf value, feed costs, veterinary costs, semen costs, carcass value, and full-grown heifer value. The model considered a stochastic variation in the onset of puberty, conception, involuntary disposal, and a seasonal variation in the prices of calves, heifers, and feed. Based on a critical prepubertal average daily gain of 0.9 kg/d and a maximum achievable postpubertal growth rate of 1.1 kg/d, the optimum practice resulted in an average age at first calving of 20.5 mo at a body weight of 563 kg. Discounted net returns equaled $107 per heifer per year. The optimum rearing practice was not sensitive to seasonal variation in prices. Nevertheless, the economic results per season of birth varied considerably; the highest income per heifer was obtained from heifers born in December ($142/yr), whereas those born in May yielded the lowest ($100/yr). Sensitivity analyses demonstrated a considerable influence of growth rate restrictions and variation in reproductive performance on both the optimal rearing practices as the expected net returns.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Mourits
- Department of Economics and Management, Farm Management Group Wageningen Agricultural University, The Netherlands.
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31
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Gabler MT, Tozer PR, Heinrichs AJ. Development of a cost analysis spreadsheet for calculating the costs to raise a replacement dairy heifer. J Dairy Sci 2000; 83:1104-9. [PMID: 10821586 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(00)74975-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Dairy operations have a variety of resources and objectives, such that the most economical method of obtaining replacement heifers is only determined by individual analysis of costs. The objective of this study was the development of a cost analysis spreadsheet and validation of that spreadsheet on milking and custom heifer operations throughout Pennsylvania. A cost analysis spreadsheet was developed with an Excel '97 Microsoft file. The spreadsheet estimated the costs to raise a replacement heifer by specific age classes for feed, labor, health, reproduction, bedding, facilities, equipment, mortality, and interest costs. The simplistic and broad-based nature of the spreadsheet was a key component in the spreadsheet's flexibility to estimate costs for a variety of operational objectives, feeding management, housing systems, and labor management. A convenience sample of 16 milking operations and 14 custom heifer operations was evaluated to validate the cost analysis spreadsheet. Results from the validation are discussed to highlight the success and performance of the cost analysis spreadsheet. The average total cost to raise a replacement heifer for this data set was $1124.06 and $1019.20 for milking and custom heifer operations, respectively. Feed costs contributed 60.3 and 64.0% of the average total cost for milking and custom heifer operations, respectively. While no two operations are alike, individual operations possessing the ability to address costs to raise a replacement heifer can utilize critical information that can be used to improve operation profitability.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Gabler
- Department of Dairy and Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802, USA
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32
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Pirlo G, Miglior F, Speroni M. Effect of age at first calving on production traits and on difference between milk yield returns and rearing costs in Italian Holsteins. J Dairy Sci 2000; 83:603-8. [PMID: 10750118 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(00)74919-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The 305-d yield records of 1,048,942 Italian Holstein-Friesian heifers were used to determine the effect of age at first calving on milk yield and fat and protein concentration. Research showed that there is a positive effect of age at first calving on milk yield and fat percentage and a negative effect on protein percentage. In six scenarios of milk price and rearing costs (2 x 3, respectively), the effect of age at first calving on the difference between milk yield returns and rearing costs was calculated. We concluded that the most positive difference was achieved with age at first calving between 23 and 24 mo.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Pirlo
- Animal Production Research Institute, Cremona, Italy.
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33
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Radke BR, Lloyd JW, Tempelman RJ, Kaneene JB, Black JR, Harsh S. Parents' predicted transmitting abilities are not associated with culling prior to second lactation of Michigan, USA dairy cows. Prev Vet Med 2000; 43:91-102. [PMID: 10673056 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-5877(99)00087-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to test the association between parents' predicted transmitting abilities (PTAs) for milk, fat and protein and subsequent culling of heifers during rearing or first lactation. The data from 1992 to 1996 consisted of the culling outcome of 5619 Michigan Holstein heifers during rearing or first lactation, and the heifers' parents' PTAs from the period in which the heifers were born. Fixed-effect probit models (both dichotomous and ordered) estimated the relationships between culling and parents' PTAs. Herd effect was modeled as a fixed-effect. There was no association between PTAs of milk, fat, and protein for each heifer's parents and subsequent culling of the heifer during rearing or first lactation. Weak evidence for the necessity of modeling the herd effect as fixed was present. The lack of association between parents' PTAs and reason-specific culling (voluntary versus involuntary)--coupled with the counter-intuitive effects of parents' PTAs on the probability of being culled for each of the reasons--raised questions about the utility of classifying culling reasons according to the voluntary nature of the culling decision. We concluded that Michigan producers are not using parents' genetics in heifer-culling decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- B R Radke
- Department of Agricultural Economics, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824-1039, USA.
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34
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Place NT, Heinrichs AJ, Erb HN. The effects of disease, management, and nutrition on average daily gain of dairy heifers from birth to four months. J Dairy Sci 1998; 81:1004-9. [PMID: 9594389 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(98)75661-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The effects of disease, management, and nutrition on the average daily gain of dairy heifers were studied from birth to 4 mo of age for 795 Holstein calves from 21 commercial dairy farms in Pennsylvania during 1991 and 1992. Biweekly visits to the farms yielded information on body weight, nutrient intake, environment, and management practices for each calf. Average daily gain varied throughout the 4-mo period because of many factors, including housing location after separation from the dam, dry matter intake, season, and farm. Dry matter intake was 4.0 kg/kg of body weight gain throughout the period from birth to 4 mo of age. Calves born in winter tended toward higher average daily gain than did calves born in other seasons. Calves born in summer showed a tendency for decreased average daily gain. The practices of tying calves with cows and housing groups of calves in pens were detrimental to average daily gain, but the use of hutches and the practice of tying calves away from cows yielded higher average daily gains. Other variables with significant effects included calving location, parity of the dam, and delivery score at calving.
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Affiliation(s)
- N T Place
- Department of Dairy and Animal Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802, USA
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Losinger WC, Bush EJ, Hill GW, Smith MA, Garber LP, Rodriguez JM, Kane G. Design and implementation of the United States National Animal Health Monitoring System 1995 National Swine Study. Prev Vet Med 1998; 34:147-59. [PMID: 9604264 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-5877(97)00076-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The United States Department of Agriculture's National Animal Health Monitoring System 1995 National Swine Study was designed to estimate management, health and productivity parameters on pig operations in the United States. Sixteen major swine-producing states that accounted for nearly 91% of June 1, 1995 swine inventory and nearly three-fourths of United States swine producers were included in the study. In the initial phase of the study, National Agricultural Statistics Service enumerators collected information from 1477 producers involved in all phases of swine production (farrowing, nursery, and grower/finisher). Of these, 405 operations with > or = 300 finisher pigs (with at least one finisher pig > or = 54 kg) participated in the subsequent component of the study, which involved on-farm visits by state and federal veterinary medical officers and animal health technicians, and which concentrated on the grower/finisher phase of production. Of those eligible to take part in the second phase of the study, participation was higher among independent producers (48.3%) than among contract producers (15.3%). Participation was also higher among operations that used advanced record-keeping systems (such as record cards for individual breeding hogs or a computer-based record-keeping system). Thus, study results could have been influenced by response biases. As a biosecurity measure, 40.5 +/- 2.1% of operations restricted entry to employees only. For operations that permitted non-employees to enter the premises, relatively few enforced other biosecurity measures on visitors (0.4 +/- 0.1% required feed-delivery personnel and livestock handlers to shower before entering the premises; 3.3+/- 0.9% required a footbath; and 7.0 +/- 1.5% required feed-delivery personnel and livestock handlers not to have visited another operation with pigs on that day). The most common method of waste storage (used by 49.9 +/- 3.8% of operations with > or = 300 finisher pigs) was below-floor slurry or deep pit.
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Affiliation(s)
- W C Losinger
- United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
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Losinger WC, Heinrichs AJ. An analysis of age and body weight at first calving for Holsteins in the United States. Prev Vet Med 1997; 32:193-205. [PMID: 9443327 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-5877(97)00018-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In a national survey of US dairy producers, only 2.7 +/- 0.5% of Holstein dairy operations reported achieving recommended target ranges of age < or = 24 months and body weight (BW) > or = 550 kg at first calving. Allowing for wider target ranges, still only 14.6 +/- 1.3% of Holstein dairy operations reported achieving age < or = 25 months and BW > or = 544.3 kg at first calving. Ages of individual first-calf heifers observed at calving were heavily skewed toward older individuals. Dairy producers reported an average age at first calving that was 1.3 months lower than the mean and 1.0 months lower than median age of first-calf heifers' observed calving on the operations. Stepwise logistic regression was used to identify the herd characteristics associated with producers reporting first calvings within the wider age and BW target ranges for Holsteins. Rolling herd average milk production > or = 7711 kg/yr, using a computer for recordkeeping, and not tying preweaned heifers in a barn with cows, were associated with achieving the target BW and age at first calving.
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Affiliation(s)
- W C Losinger
- United States Department of Agriculture, Centers for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA.
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Losinger WC, Garber LP, Hill GW, Dornseif SE, Rodriguez JM, Frye WB. Design and implementation of the United States National Animal Health Monitoring System 1994-95 Cattle on Feed Evaluation, and an evaluation of the impact of response biases. Prev Vet Med 1997; 31:1-14. [PMID: 9234421 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-5877(96)01135-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The 1994-95 Cattle on Feed Evaluation was a cooperative project (sponsored by the United States Department of Agriculture) involving Washington State University, state agricultural departments, and several agencies of the United States Department of Agriculture). The project focused on cattle-on-feed operations in 13 states that accounted for over 85% of the United States cattle on feed inventory. Participants were selected from National Agricultural Statistics Service list frames. Questionnaires were administered by telephone to operations with a one-time capacity of fewer than 1000 cattle; larger operations were visited twice to administer questionnaires. The participation rate for the first phase of the study was 56.7%. Ninety-one percent of eligible operations completed the second phase of the study. Data summarized from this national study can be used to profile management practices on cattle-feeding operations in the United States. Differences between participants and non-participants did not appear to be great. However, one does need to be mindful of the fact that a small percentage of the producers accounted for the vast majority of feedlot cattle marketed when interpreting the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- W C Losinger
- Centers for Epidemiology and Animal Health, US Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
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38
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Abstract
The first national estimates of mortality and morbidity for preweaned dairy heifers in the US were generated from monitoring heifers from 906 operations in 28 states prospectively using a daily diary card system. Results indicated that the cumulative mortality incidence risk from birth to 8 weeks of life was 6.3% with a peak of 1.9% during the first week of life. Season of birth was significantly associated with cumulative mortality incidence risk, and mortality risk was highest in the periods January to March and October to December. Cumulative incidence risk of diarrhea to 8 weeks of age was 24.6% with a peak of 15.4% during the second week of life. Diarrhea incidence risk varied by region, with the West having the highest incidence risk (30.5%) and the Northeast the lowest (19.2%), as well as by herd size, with the smallest herd size having the lowest reported incidence risk of diarrhea to 8 weeks of age (18.8%). Other reported 8 week cumulative disease incidence risks included listlessness, 10.0%; respiratory disease, 8.4%; dehydration, 4.1%; lameness or joint problems, 1.1%.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Wells
- Centers for Epidemiology and Animal Health, USDA-Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service-Veterinary Services, Ft. Collins, CO 80521, USA
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Wells S, Dargatz D, Ott S. Factors associated with mortality to 21 days of life in dairy heifers in the United States. Prev Vet Med 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-5877(96)01061-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Abstract
A national US survey collected data on herd milk production and management of Holstein herds. Step-wise selection identified management practices that were related to herd milk production using only operations that calculated herd milk production as well as using data from all operations. Results were similar. Milk production was highest in the West. Operations with < 100 dairy cows had lower production than did larger operations. Operations with > 25% registered cattle had higher production than operations with no registered cattle. Dairy operations that reported a mean BW > 545 kg at first calving had higher mean milk production than operations with a mean BW < or = 545 kg at first calving. Operations that reported mean age at first calving < 27 mo had higher mean milk production than operations with a mean age > or = 27 mo at first calving. In addition, use of the following management practices was associated with higher rolling herd average milk production: calves born in individual areas in buildings, calves hand-fed first colostrum, starter grain fed to preweaned calves, ionophores fed to heifers from birth to first calving, DHIA record-keeping system used, computerized records, and no new cattle introduced in the previous 12 mo.
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Affiliation(s)
- W C Losinger
- USDA, Center for Epidemiology, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
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Erb H, Heinrichs A, Woods R, Sischo W. Test-retest repeatability of the National Animal Health monitoring system dairy heifer health report in New York and Pennsylvania, USA. Prev Vet Med 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0167-5877(95)00506-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Heinrichs AJ, Wells SJ, Losinger WC. A study of the use of milk replacers for dairy calves in the United States. J Dairy Sci 1995; 78:2831-7. [PMID: 8675765 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(95)76913-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
This study focused on aspects of the National Dairy Heifer Evaluation Project that involved neonatal feeding practices and types of milk replacers utilized on dairy farms. Types of milk replacers and the management practices associated with their feeding were studied. Nearly 60% of US dairy farms use milk replacers for some or all of the feeding program for neonatal calves. Regional differences existed in the types of liquid feeds and milk replacers fed to calves. Western producers fed less milk replacer, and western and northeast producers fed replacers with less total CP. Many characteristics of management utilized along with these products reflect accepted management and nutrition practices. During the study period from 1991 to 1992, 11.2% of replacers contained casein. A greater proportion of these were found in the West during the first 6 mo of the study, reflecting changes in the milk replacer formulations during that time.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Heinrichs
- Centers for Epidemiology and Animal Health, USDA, Animal Plant Health Inspection Service, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
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Losinger WC, Wells SJ, Garber LP, Hurd HS, Thomas LA. Management factors related to Salmonella shedding by dairy heifers. J Dairy Sci 1995; 78:2464-72. [PMID: 8747337 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(95)76874-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In a national survey of dairy operations with > or = 30 milking cows, fecal samples from 6861 preweaned dairy heifer calves on 1063 operations were tested for Salmonella. One hundred forty-five (2.1%) of the fecal samples from 79 (7.4%) of the farms tested positive for Salmonella. A multivariate logistic regression model revealed that medicated milk replacer and hay fed to dairy heifers from 24 h of age until weaning were associated with a reduced risk of Salmonella sheddings, as was calving in an individual animal area within a building.
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Affiliation(s)
- W C Losinger
- Center for Epidemiology, National Animal Health Monitoring Systems, USDA, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
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