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Kwon T, Trujillo JD, Carossino M, Lyoo EL, McDowell CD, Cool K, Matias-Ferreyra FS, Jeevan T, Morozov I, Gaudreault NN, Balasuriya UBR, Webby RJ, Osterrieder N, Richt JA. Pigs are highly susceptible to but do not transmit mink-derived highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b. Emerg Microbes Infect 2024; 13:2353292. [PMID: 38712345 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2024.2353292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACTRapid evolution of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) is driven by antigenic drift but also by reassortment, which might result in robust replication in and transmission to mammals. Recently, spillover of clade 2.3.4.4b HPAIV to mammals including humans, and their transmission between mammalian species has been reported. This study aimed to evaluate the pathogenicity and transmissibility of a mink-derived clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 HPAIV isolate from Spain in pigs. Experimental infection caused interstitial pneumonia with necrotizing bronchiolitis with high titers of virus present in the lower respiratory tract and 100% seroconversion. Infected pigs shed limited amount of virus, and importantly, there was no transmission to contact pigs. Notably, critical mammalian-like adaptations such as PB2-E627 K and HA-Q222L emerged at low frequencies in principal-infected pigs. It is concluded that pigs are highly susceptible to infection with the mink-derived clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 HPAIV and provide a favorable environment for HPAIV to acquire mammalian-like adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taeyong Kwon
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Jessie D Trujillo
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Mariano Carossino
- Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory and Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Eu Lim Lyoo
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Chester D McDowell
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Konner Cool
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Franco S Matias-Ferreyra
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Trushar Jeevan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Igor Morozov
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Natasha N Gaudreault
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Udeni B R Balasuriya
- Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory and Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Richard J Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Nikolaus Osterrieder
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Juergen A Richt
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
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2
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Thieulent CJ, Carossino M, Peak L, Wolfson W, Balasuriya UBR. Development and validation of multiplex one-step qPCR/RT-qPCR assays for simultaneous detection of SARS-CoV-2 and pathogens associated with feline respiratory disease complex. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0297796. [PMID: 38517847 PMCID: PMC10959388 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0297796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Feline respiratory disease complex (FRDC) is caused by a wide range of viral and bacterial pathogens. Both Influenza A virus (IAV) and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) also induce respiratory diseases in cats. Two one-step multiplex qPCR/RT-qPCR assays were developed and validated: FRA_1 (Feline respiratory assay 1) for the detection of four viral targets and FRA_2 for the detection of three bacteria associated with FRDC. Both multiplex assays demonstrated high specificity, efficiency (93.51%-107.8%), linearity (> 0.998), analytical sensitivity (≤ 15 genome copies/μl), repeatability (coefficient of variation [CV] < 5%), and reproducibility (CV < 6%). Among the 63 clinical specimens collected from FRDC-suspected cats, 92.1% were positive for at least one pathogen and co-infection was detected in 57.1% of samples. Mycoplasma felis (61.9%) was the most found pathogen, followed by feline herpesvirus-1 (30.2%), Chlamydia felis (28.7%) and feline calicivirus (27.0%). SARS-CoV-2 was detected in two specimens. In summary, this new panel of qPCR/RT-qPCR assays constitutes a useful and reliable tool for the rapid detection of SARS-CoV-2 and viral and bacterial pathogens associated with FRDC in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Côme J. Thieulent
- Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Mariano Carossino
- Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Laura Peak
- Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Wendy Wolfson
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Udeni B. R. Balasuriya
- Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
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3
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Onkhonova G, Gudymo A, Kosenko M, Marchenko V, Ryzhikov A. Quantitative measurement of influenza virus transmission in animal model: an overview of current state. Biophys Rev 2023; 15:1359-1366. [PMID: 37975001 PMCID: PMC10643727 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-023-01113-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus transmission is a crucial factor in understanding the spread of the virus within populations and developing effective control strategies. Studying the transmission patterns of influenza virus allows for better risk assessment and prediction of disease outbreaks. By monitoring the spread of the virus and identifying high-risk populations and geographic areas, it is possible to allocate resources more effectively, implement timely interventions, and provide targeted healthcare interventions to diminish the burden of influenza virus on vulnerable populations. Theoretical models of virus transmission are used to study and simulate of influenza virus spread within populations. These models aim to capture the complex dynamics of transmission, including factors such as population size, contact patterns, infectiousness, and susceptibility. Animal models serve as valuable tools for studying the dynamics of influenza virus transmission. This article presents a brief overview of existing research on the qualitative and quantitative study of influenza virus transmission in animal models. We discuss the methodologies employed, key insights gained from these studies, and their relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galina Onkhonova
- Federal Budgetary Research Institution State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector” Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo, 630559 Russia
| | - Andrei Gudymo
- Federal Budgetary Research Institution State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector” Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo, 630559 Russia
| | - Maksim Kosenko
- Federal Budgetary Research Institution State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector” Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo, 630559 Russia
| | - Vasiliy Marchenko
- Federal Budgetary Research Institution State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector” Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo, 630559 Russia
| | - Alexander Ryzhikov
- Federal Budgetary Research Institution State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector” Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo, 630559 Russia
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Xiao X, Hao X, Chen B, Zhou P, Li S. Two Multiplex PCR Methods for Detecting Several Pathogens Associated with Feline Respiratory and Intestinal Tracts. Vet Sci 2022; 10:vetsci10010014. [PMID: 36669015 PMCID: PMC9867166 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory tract and intestinal diseases are common threats to feline health. Coinfection with multiple pathogens is not rare among clinical infectious cases. Rapid diagnosis of these coinfections is of great significance for timely and effective clinical treatment. In this study, two novel multiplex polymerase chain reactions (mPCRs) were established for simultaneous detection of four pathogens associated with the feline intestinal tract (feline coronavirus (FCoV), feline astrovirus (FeAstV), feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) and feline kobuvirus (FeKoV)) and five pathogens associated with the respiratory tract (feline calicivirus (FCV), feline herpesvirus 1 (FHV-1), feline leukemia virus (FeLV), Chlamydia felis (C. felis) and influenza A virus (IAV)). The results of sensitivity analysis revealed that the detection limits for FeKoV, FPV, FeAstV, FCoV, IAV, C. felis, FeLV, FHV-1 and FCV were 103, 104, 103, 103, 103, 104, 104, 105 and 105 copies/µL, respectively. Moreover, the specificity of the two mPCRs was high. When the two mPCRs were applied to clinical samples, the assay worked well. In conclusion, we established two mPCR methods that provide an excellent tool for the diagnosis and monitoring of pathogens associated with the feline respiratory and intestinal tracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Xiao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pets, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiangqi Hao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pets, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Bo Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pets, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Pei Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pets, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Correspondence: (P.Z.); (S.L.)
| | - Shoujun Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pets, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Correspondence: (P.Z.); (S.L.)
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Lu G, Zheng F, Ou J, Yin X, Li S. Investigating Influenza Virus Polymerase Activity in Feline Cells Based on the Influenza Virus Minigenome Replication System Driven by the Feline RNA Polymerase I Promoter. Front Immunol 2022; 13:827681. [PMID: 35693765 PMCID: PMC9185166 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.827681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging influenza virus poses a health threat to humans and animals. Domestic cats have recently been identified as a potential source of zoonotic influenza virus. The influenza virus minigenome replication system based on the ribonucleic acid (RNA) polymerase I (PolI) promoter is the most widely used tool for investigating polymerase activity. It could help determine host factors or viral proteins influencing influenza virus polymerase activity in vitro. However, influenza virus polymerase activity has never been studied in feline cells thus far. In the present study, the feline RNA PolI promoter was identified in the intergenic spacer regions between adjacent upstream 28S and downstream 18S rRNA genes in the cat (Felis catus) genome using bioinformatics strategies. The transcription initiation site of the feline RNA PolI promoter was predicted. The feline RNA PolI promoter was cloned from CRFK cells, and a promoter size of 250 bp contained a sequence with sufficient PolI promoter activity by a dual-luciferase reporter assay. The influenza virus minigenome replication system based on the feline RNA PolI promoter was then established. Using this system, the feline RNA PolI promoter was determined to have significantly higher transcriptional activity than the human and chicken RNA PolI promoters in feline cells, and equine (H3N8) influenza virus presented higher polymerase activity than human (H1N1) and canine (H3N2) influenza viruses. In addition, feline myxovirus resistance protein 1 (Mx1) and baloxavir were observed to inhibit influenza virus polymerase activity in vitro in a dose-dependent manner. Our study will help further investigations on the molecular mechanism of host adaptation and cross-species transmission of influenza virus in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Lu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Feiyan Zheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiajun Ou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
- *Correspondence: Xin Yin, ; Shoujun Li,
| | - Shoujun Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xin Yin, ; Shoujun Li,
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Adaptation of the H7N2 Feline Influenza Virus to Human Respiratory Cell Culture. Viruses 2022; 14:v14051091. [PMID: 35632832 PMCID: PMC9144431 DOI: 10.3390/v14051091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
During 2016–2017, the H7N2 feline influenza virus infected more than 500 cats in animal shelters in New York, USA. A veterinarian who had treated the cats became infected with this feline virus and showed mild respiratory symptoms. This suggests that the H7N2 feline influenza virus may evolve into a novel pandemic virus with a high pathogenicity and transmissibility as a result of mutations in humans. In this study, to gain insight into the molecular basis of the transmission of the feline virus to humans, we selected mutant viruses with enhanced growth in human respiratory A549 cells via successive passages of the virus and found almost all mutations to be in the envelope glycoproteins, such as hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). The reverse genetics approach revealed that the HA mutations, HA1-H16Q, HA2-I47T, or HA2-Y119H, in the stalk region can lead to a high growth of mutant viruses in A549 cells, possibly by changing the pH threshold for membrane fusion. Furthermore, NA mutation, I28S/L, or three-amino-acid deletion in the transmembrane region can enhance viral growth in A549 cells, possibly by changing the HA–NA functional balance. These findings suggest that the H7N2 feline influenza virus has the potential to become a human pathogen by adapting to human respiratory cells, owing to the synergistic biological effect of the mutations in its envelope glycoproteins.
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7
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Palombieri A, Di Profio F, Fruci P, Sarchese V, Martella V, Marsilio F, Di Martino B. Emerging Respiratory Viruses of Cats. Viruses 2022; 14:v14040663. [PMID: 35458393 PMCID: PMC9030917 DOI: 10.3390/v14040663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, advances in diagnostics and deep sequencing technologies have led to the identification and characterization of novel viruses in cats as protoparviruses and chaphamaparvoviruses, unveiling the diversity of the feline virome in the respiratory tract. Observational, epidemiological and experimental data are necessary to demonstrate firmly if some viruses are able to cause disease, as this information may be confounded by virus- or host-related factors. Also, in recent years, researchers were able to monitor multiple examples of transmission to felids of viruses with high pathogenic potential, such as the influenza virus strains H5N1, H1N1, H7N2, H5N6 and H3N2, and in the late 2019, the human hypervirulent coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. These findings suggest that the study of viral infections always requires a multi-disciplinary approach inspired by the One Health vision. By reviewing the literature, we provide herewith an update on the emerging viruses identified in cats and their potential association with respiratory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Palombieri
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (A.P.); (F.D.P.); (P.F.); (V.S.); (B.D.M.)
| | - Federica Di Profio
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (A.P.); (F.D.P.); (P.F.); (V.S.); (B.D.M.)
| | - Paola Fruci
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (A.P.); (F.D.P.); (P.F.); (V.S.); (B.D.M.)
| | - Vittorio Sarchese
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (A.P.); (F.D.P.); (P.F.); (V.S.); (B.D.M.)
| | - Vito Martella
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70010 Valenzano, Italy;
| | - Fulvio Marsilio
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (A.P.); (F.D.P.); (P.F.); (V.S.); (B.D.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0861-26-6871
| | - Barbara Di Martino
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (A.P.); (F.D.P.); (P.F.); (V.S.); (B.D.M.)
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8
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Artiaga BL, Morozov I, Ransburgh R, Kwon T, Balaraman V, Indran SV, De Carvalho Madrid DM, Gu W, Henningson J, Ma W, Richt JA, Driver JP. Evaluating α-galactosylceramide as an adjuvant for live attenuated influenza vaccines in pigs. ANIMAL DISEASES 2022; 2:19. [PMID: 35936354 PMCID: PMC9339466 DOI: 10.1186/s44149-022-00051-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer T (NKT) cells activated with the glycolipid ligand α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer) stimulate a wide variety of immune cells that enhance vaccine-mediated immune responses. Several studies have used this approach to adjuvant inactivated and subunit influenza A virus (IAV) vaccines, including to enhance cross-protective influenza immunity. However, less is known about whether α-GalCer can enhance live attenuated influenza virus (LAIV) vaccines, which usually induce superior heterologous and heterosubtypic immunity compared to non-replicating influenza vaccines. The current study used the swine influenza challenge model to assess whether α-GalCer can enhance cross-protective immune responses elicited by a recombinant H3N2 LAIV vaccine (TX98ΔNS1) encoding a truncated NS1 protein. In one study, weaning pigs were administered the H3N2 TX98ΔNS1 LAIV vaccine with 0, 10, 50, and 100 μg/kg doses of α-GalCer, and subsequently challenged with a heterologous H3N2 virus. All treatment groups were protected from infection. However, the addition of α-GalCer appeared to suppress nasal shedding of the LAIV vaccine. In another experiment, pigs vaccinated with the H3N2 LAIV, with or without 50 μg/kg of α-GalCer, were challenged with the heterosubtypic pandemic H1N1 virus. Pigs vaccinated with the LAIV alone generated cross-reactive humoral and cellular responses which blocked virus replication in the airways, and significantly decreased virus shedding. On the other hand, combining the vaccine with α-GalCer reduced cross-protective cellular and antibody responses, and resulted in higher virus titers in respiratory tissues. These findings suggest that: (i) high doses of α-GalCer impair the replication and nasal shedding of the LAIV vaccine; and (ii) α-GalCer might interfere with heterosubtypic cross-protective immune responses. This research raise concerns that should be considered before trying to use NKT cell agonists as a possible adjuvant approach for LAIV vaccines. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s44149-022-00051-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca L. Artiaga
- grid.36567.310000 0001 0737 1259Department of Diagnostic Medicine & Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA
| | - Igor Morozov
- grid.36567.310000 0001 0737 1259Department of Diagnostic Medicine & Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA
| | - Russell Ransburgh
- grid.36567.310000 0001 0737 1259Department of Diagnostic Medicine & Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA
| | - Taeyong Kwon
- grid.36567.310000 0001 0737 1259Department of Diagnostic Medicine & Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA
| | - Velmurugan Balaraman
- grid.36567.310000 0001 0737 1259Department of Diagnostic Medicine & Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA
| | - Sabarish V. Indran
- grid.36567.310000 0001 0737 1259Department of Diagnostic Medicine & Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA
| | | | - Weihong Gu
- grid.15276.370000 0004 1936 8091Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA
| | - Jamie Henningson
- grid.36567.310000 0001 0737 1259Department of Diagnostic Medicine & Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA
| | - Wenjun Ma
- grid.36567.310000 0001 0737 1259Department of Diagnostic Medicine & Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA
| | - Jürgen A. Richt
- grid.36567.310000 0001 0737 1259Department of Diagnostic Medicine & Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA
| | - John P. Driver
- grid.134936.a0000 0001 2162 3504Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211 USA
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Zhao J, He W, Lu M, He H, Lai A. Emergence and Characterization of a Novel Reassortant Canine Influenza Virus Isolated from Cats. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10101320. [PMID: 34684269 PMCID: PMC8539923 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10101320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cats are susceptible to a wide range of influenza A viruses (IAV). Furthermore, cats can serve as an intermediate host, and transfer avian influenza virus (AIV) H7N2 to a veterinarian. In this report, a novel reassortant influenza virus, designated A/feline/Jiangsu/HWT/2017 (H3N2), and abbreviated as FIV-HWT-2017, was isolated from nasal swab of a symptomatic cat in Jiangsu province, China. Sequence analysis indicated that, whilst the other seven genes were most similar to the avian-origin canine influenza viruses (CIV H3N2) isolated in China, the NS gene was more closely related to the circulating human influenza virus (H3N2) in the region. Therefore, FIV-HWT-2017 is a reassortant virus. In addition, some mutations were identified, and they were similar to a distinctive CIV H3N2 clade. Whether these cats were infected with the reassortant virus was unknown, however, this random isolation of a reassortant virus indicated that domestic or stray cats were "mixing vessel" for IAV cannot be ruled out. An enhanced surveillance for novel influenza virus should include pet and stray cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (W.H.); (M.L.)
- Correspondence: (J.Z.); (H.H.); (A.L.)
| | - Wanting He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (W.H.); (M.L.)
| | - Meng Lu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (W.H.); (M.L.)
| | - Haijian He
- Agricultural College, Jinhua Polytechnic, Jinhua 321007, China
- Correspondence: (J.Z.); (H.H.); (A.L.)
| | - Alexander Lai
- School of STEM, Kentucky State University, Frankfort, KY 40601, USA
- Correspondence: (J.Z.); (H.H.); (A.L.)
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10
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Frymus T, Belák S, Egberink H, Hofmann-Lehmann R, Marsilio F, Addie DD, Boucraut-Baralon C, Hartmann K, Lloret A, Lutz H, Pennisi MG, Thiry E, Truyen U, Tasker S, Möstl K, Hosie MJ. Influenza Virus Infections in Cats. Viruses 2021; 13:v13081435. [PMID: 34452300 PMCID: PMC8402716 DOI: 10.3390/v13081435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past, cats were considered resistant to influenza. Today, we know that they are susceptible to some influenza A viruses (IAVs) originating in other species. Usually, the outcome is only subclinical infection or a mild fever. However, outbreaks of feline disease caused by canine H3N2 IAV with fever, tachypnoea, sneezing, coughing, dyspnoea and lethargy are occasionally noted in shelters. In one such outbreak, the morbidity rate was 100% and the mortality rate was 40%. Recently, avian H7N2 IAV infection occurred in cats in some shelters in the USA, inducing mostly mild respiratory disease. Furthermore, cats are susceptible to experimental infection with the human H3N2 IAV that caused the pandemic in 1968. Several studies indicated that cats worldwide could be infected by H1N1 IAV during the subsequent human pandemic in 2009. In one shelter, severe cases with fatalities were noted. Finally, the highly pathogenic avian H5N1 IAV can induce a severe, fatal disease in cats, and can spread via cat-to-cat contact. In this review, the Advisory Board on Cat Diseases (ABCD), a scientifically independent board of experts in feline medicine from 11 European countries, summarises current data regarding the aetiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical picture, diagnostics, and control of feline IAV infections, as well as the zoonotic risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadeusz Frymus
- Department of Small Animal Diseases with Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Sándor Belák
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health (BVF), Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), P.O. Box 7036, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Herman Egberink
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Regina Hofmann-Lehmann
- Clinical Laboratory, Center for Clinical Studies, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (R.H.-L.); (H.L.)
| | - Fulvio Marsilio
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy;
| | | | | | - Katrin Hartmann
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany;
| | - Albert Lloret
- Fundació Hospital Clínic Veterinari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Hans Lutz
- Clinical Laboratory, Center for Clinical Studies, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (R.H.-L.); (H.L.)
| | - Maria Grazia Pennisi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy;
| | - Etienne Thiry
- Veterinary Virology and Animal Viral Diseases, FARAH Research Centre, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Liège University, B-4000 Liège, Belgium;
| | - Uwe Truyen
- Institute of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Séverine Tasker
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS40 5DU, UK;
- Linnaeus Group, Shirley, Solihull B90 4BN, UK
| | - Karin Möstl
- Institute of Virology, Department for Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Margaret J. Hosie
- MRC—University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK;
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11
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Kovalenko G, Galat M, Ishchenko L, Halka I. Serological Evidence for Influenza A Viruses Among Domestic Dogs and Cats in Kyiv, Ukraine. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2021; 21:483-489. [PMID: 33877900 PMCID: PMC8252905 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2020.2746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAV) are zoonotic pathogens that can cause significant illness in wild and domestic animals, and humans. IAV can infect a broad range of avian and mammalian species, depending on subtype, and avian IAV can be moved over relatively long distances by migratory birds. Although spillover infections from wildlife or domestic animals to humans are an important part of the transmission cycle that can drive outbreaks, the relevance of companion animals, specifically dogs and cats, is not fully understood. A novel pandemic H1N1 reassortant (H1N1pdm09) emerged from swine in 2009, infecting humans, and wild and domestic animals worldwide. During a 2016 human influenza outbreak in Kyiv, subtype H1N1pdm09 predominated and was associated with severe disease and deaths; however, H3N2 and influenza B viruses were also detected. No case of avian influenza in humans was detected. To investigate potential involvement of companion animals, animals in a veterinary hospital (116 cats and 88 dogs) were randomly selected, and sera were tested using a commercially available IAV nucleoprotein enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Twelve of 203 serum samples were positive for influenza antibodies (5.7% of dogs and 6.08% cats). These are the first data to demonstrate influenza A infection of pets in Ukraine, highlighting the potential risk of infection of companion animals from close contact with humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganna Kovalenko
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine.,University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, Alaska, USA
| | - Maryna Galat
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Lyudmila Ishchenko
- Ukrainian Laboratory of Quality and Safety of Agricultural Products, National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Ihor Halka
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
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12
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Jimenez-Bluhm P, Sepulveda A, Baumberger C, Di Pillo F, Ruiz S, Salazar C, Marambio V, Berrios F, Galdames P, Amaro A, Tapia D, Sharp B, Freiden P, Meliopoulos V, Schultz-Cherry S, Hamilton-West C. Evidence of influenza infection in dogs and cats in central Chile. Prev Vet Med 2021; 191:105349. [PMID: 33892254 PMCID: PMC8521552 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
As companion animals, dogs and cats live in close contact with humans, generating the possibility of interspecies pathogen transmission events. Equine origin H3N8 and avian origin H5N1 influenza virus have been reported in dogs and cats respectively since 2004 with outbreaks associated with different strains recorded for both species in Asia and North America. To date, there have been no reports of influenza viruses from companion animals in South America. To fill this gap in knowledge, we performed active epidemiological surveillance in shelters that received abandoned animals, backyard production systems and veterinary clinics between May 2017 and January 2019 to estimate the burden of influenza infection in cats and dogs in the central region of Chile. Blood samples, oropharyngeal swabs or both were collected for influenza A virus detection by RT-qPCR, NP-ELISA, and hemagglutination inhibition assay. Logistic regression models were performed to assess the association between NP-ELISA-positivity and variables including sex and animal origin. The percentage of ELISA-positive samples was 43.5 % (95 % CI: 37.0-50.1) and 23.3 % (95 % CI: 10.6-42.7) for dogs and cats, respectively. No association was found between NP-ELISA results and sex or animal origin for either dogs or cats. Two ELISA positive samples showed hemagglutination inhibition titers against pandemic H1N1 influenza. One dog sample tested positive by RT-qPCR, indicating an overall RT-qPCR positivity in dogs of 1.1 % (95 % CI: 0.05-6.7). None of the tested cat samples were positive by this assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Jimenez-Bluhm
- Department of Preventive Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alejandra Sepulveda
- Department of Preventive Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cecilia Baumberger
- Department of Preventive Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisca Di Pillo
- Núcleo de Investigaciones Aplicadas en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Agronomía, Universidad de Las Américas, Santiago, Chile
| | - Soledad Ruiz
- Núcleo de Investigaciones Aplicadas en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Agronomía, Universidad de Las Américas, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carla Salazar
- Department of Preventive Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Victor Marambio
- Department of Preventive Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fernanda Berrios
- Department of Preventive Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo Galdames
- Department of Preventive Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alicia Amaro
- Department of Preventive Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - David Tapia
- Department of Preventive Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Bridgett Sharp
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Pamela Freiden
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Victoria Meliopoulos
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | | | - Christopher Hamilton-West
- Department of Preventive Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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13
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Usui T, Ueda M, Azumano A, Nomura M, Arima T, Murata K, Ito T, Yamaguchi T. A cluster epidemic of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus infection in four captive cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus). Zoonoses Public Health 2021; 68:239-246. [PMID: 33576190 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
In January 2019, four cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) kept at a Japanese zoo intermittently showed respiratory signs following the incidence of seasonal influenza in animal caregivers. Respiratory materials (saliva, sputum and food tray swabs) were non-invasively collected from the four cheetahs. Although we were unable to isolate the virus, the NP gene of influenza A virus was detected in three of the cheetahs but not in the fourth cheetah that had nearly recovered. From a food tray swab which tested weakly positive by a commercial influenza detection kit, we were able to obtain the whole-genome sequence of the influenza A virus. Analysis of the genome, A/cheetah/Kanagawa/2/2019(H1N1), revealed that the virus was closely related to influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses isolated from humans in Japan in the 2018-2019 winter. Production of haemagglutinin inhibition (HI) antibodies (64-128 HI) against an A(H1N1)pdm09 virus in plasma samples confirmed infection of all four cheetahs. The animals continued to produce antibodies for at least 314 days after disease onset. These findings strongly suggest that reverse zoonotic transmission of A(H1N1)pdm09 virus occurred from human to cheetah and subsequently from cheetah to cheetah in the zoo. We also show that specimens can be safely and non-invasively collected from non-domesticated animals and used to investigate respiratory infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsufumi Usui
- Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Miya Ueda
- Yokohama Zoological Gardens, Yokohama, Japan
| | | | - Mika Nomura
- Yokohama Zoological Gardens, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Toru Arima
- Yokohama Zoological Gardens, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Koichi Murata
- Yokohama Zoological Gardens, Yokohama, Japan.,Laboratory of Wildlife Science, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa-shi, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Ito
- Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
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14
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Wasik BR, Voorhees IE, Parrish CR. Canine and Feline Influenza. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2021; 11:cshperspect.a038562. [PMID: 31871238 PMCID: PMC7778219 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a038562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Influenza virus infections of carnivores-primarily in dogs and in large and small cats-have been repeatedly observed to be caused by a number of direct spillovers of avian viruses or in infections by human or swine viruses. In addition, there have also been prolonged epizootics of an H3N8 equine influenza virus in dogs starting around 1999, of an H3N2 avian influenza virus in domestic dog populations in Asia and in the United States that started around 2004, and an outbreak of an avian H7N2 influenza virus among cats in an animal shelter in the United States in 2016. The impact of influenza viruses in domesticated companion animals and their zoonotic or panzootic potential poses significant questions for veterinary and human health.
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15
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Abstract
Over the past decade, pandemics caused by pandemic H1N1 (pH1N1) influenza virus in 2009 and severe acute respiratory syndrome virus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in 2019 have emerged. Both are high-impact respiratory pathogens originating from animals. Their wide distribution in the human population subsequently results in an increased risk of human-to-animal transmission: reverse zoonosis. Although there have only been rare reports of reverse zoonosis events associated with the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic from SARS-CoV-2 so far, comparison with the pH1N1 influenza pandemic can provide a better understanding of the possible consequences of such events for public and animal health. The results of our review suggest that similar factors contribute to successful crossing of the host species barriers in both pandemics. Specific risk factors include sufficient interaction between infected humans and recipient animals, suitability of the animal host factors for productive virus infection, and suitability of the animal host population for viral persistence. Of particular concern is virus spread to susceptible animal species, in which group housing and contact network structure could potentially result in an alternative virus reservoir, from which reintroduction into humans can take place. Virus exposure in high-density populations could allow sustained transmission in susceptible animal species. Identification of the risk factors and serological surveillance in SARS-CoV-2-susceptible animal species that are group-housed should help reduce the threat from reverse zoonosis of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thijs Kuiken
- Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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16
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Zhao S, Schuurman N, Tieke M, Quist B, Zwinkels S, van Kuppeveld FJM, de Haan CAM, Egberink H. Serological Screening of Influenza A Virus Antibodies in Cats and Dogs Indicates Frequent Infection with Different Subtypes. J Clin Microbiol 2020; 58:e01689-20. [PMID: 32878956 PMCID: PMC7587082 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01689-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAVs) infect humans and a variety of other animal species. Infections with some subtypes of IAV were also reported in domestic cats and dogs. In addition to animal health implications, close contact between companion animals and humans also poses a potential risk of zoonotic IAV infections. In this study, serum samples from different cat and dog cohorts were analyzed for IAV antibodies against seven IAV subtypes, using three distinctive IAV-specific assays differing in IAV subtype-specific discriminatory power and sensitivity. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays against the complete hemagglutinin (HA) ectodomain or the HA1 domain were used, as well as a novel nanoparticle-based, virus-free hemagglutination inhibition assay. Using these three assays, we found cat and dog sera from different cohorts to be positive for antibodies against one or more IAV subtypes and/or strains. Cat and dog serum samples collected after the 2009 pandemic H1N1 outbreak exhibit much higher seropositivity against H1 compared to samples from before 2009. Cat sera, furthermore, displayed higher reactivity for avian IAVs than dog sera. Our findings show the added value of using complementary serological assays, which are based on reactivity with different numbers of HA epitopes, to study IAV antibody responses and for improved serosurveillance of IAV infections. We conclude that infection of cats and dogs with both human and avian IAVs of different subtypes is prevalent. These observations highlight the role of cats and dogs in IAV ecology and indicate the potential of these companion animals to give rise to novel (reassorted) viruses with increased zoonotic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Zhao
- Virology Section, Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nancy Schuurman
- Virology Section, Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Malte Tieke
- Virology Section, Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Berit Quist
- Virology Section, Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Steven Zwinkels
- Virology Section, Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Frank J M van Kuppeveld
- Virology Section, Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis A M de Haan
- Virology Section, Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Herman Egberink
- Virology Section, Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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17
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Borland S, Gracieux P, Jones M, Mallet F, Yugueros-Marcos J. Influenza A Virus Infection in Cats and Dogs: A Literature Review in the Light of the "One Health" Concept. Front Public Health 2020; 8:83. [PMID: 32266198 PMCID: PMC7098917 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses are amongst the most challenging viruses that threaten both human and animal health. Constantly evolving and crossing species barrier, the emergence of novel zoonotic pathogens is one of the greatest challenges to global health security. During the last decade, considerable attention has been paid to influenza virus infections in dogs, as two canine H3N8 and H3N2 subtypes caused several outbreaks through the United States and Southern Asia, becoming endemic. Cats, even though less documented in the literature, still appear to be susceptible to many avian influenza infections. While influenza epidemics pose a threat to canine and feline health, the risks to humans are largely unknown. Here, we review most recent knowledge of the epidemiology of influenza A viruses in dogs and cats, existing evidences for the abilities of these species to host, sustain intraspecific transmission, and generate novel flu A lineages through genomic reassortment. Such enhanced understanding suggests a need to reinforce surveillance of the role played by companion animals-human interface, in light of the “One Health” concept and the potential emergence of novel zoonotic viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Borland
- bioMérieux S.A./BioFire Diagnostics LLC Research and Development, Centre Christophe Mérieux, Grenoble, France
| | - Patrice Gracieux
- bioMérieux S.A./BioFire Diagnostics LLC Research and Development, Centre Christophe Mérieux, Grenoble, France
| | - Matthew Jones
- BioFire Diagnostics LLC, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - François Mallet
- Joint Research Unit, Hospice Civils de Lyon, bioMérieux S.A., Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, Pierre-Benite, France
| | - Javier Yugueros-Marcos
- bioMérieux S.A./BioFire Diagnostics LLC Research and Development, Centre Christophe Mérieux, Grenoble, France
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18
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Sreenivasan CC, Thomas M, Kaushik RS, Wang D, Li F. Influenza A in Bovine Species: A Narrative Literature Review. Viruses 2019; 11:v11060561. [PMID: 31213032 PMCID: PMC6631717 DOI: 10.3390/v11060561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
It is quite intriguing that bovines were largely unaffected by influenza A, even though most of the domesticated and wild animals/birds at the human-animal interface succumbed to infection over the past few decades. Influenza A occurs on a very infrequent basis in bovine species and hence bovines were not considered to be susceptible hosts for influenza until the emergence of influenza D. This review describes a multifaceted chronological review of literature on influenza in cattle which comprises mainly of the natural infections/outbreaks, experimental studies, and pathological and seroepidemiological aspects of influenza A that have occurred in the past. The review also sheds light on the bovine models used in vitro and in vivo for influenza-related studies over recent years. Despite a few natural cases in the mid-twentieth century and seroprevalence of human, swine, and avian influenza viruses in bovines, the evolution and host adaptation of influenza A virus (IAV) in this species suffered a serious hindrance until the novel influenza D virus (IDV) emerged recently in cattle across the world. Supposedly, certain bovine host factors, particularly some serum components and secretory proteins, were reported to have anti-influenza properties, which could be an attributing factor for the resilient nature of bovines to IAV. Further studies are needed to identify the host-specific factors contributing to the differential pathogenetic mechanisms and disease progression of IAV in bovines compared to other susceptible mammalian hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chithra C Sreenivasan
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA.
| | - Milton Thomas
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA.
| | - Radhey S Kaushik
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA.
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA.
- BioSystems Networks and Translational Research Center (BioSNTR), Brookings, SD 57007, USA.
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA.
- BioSystems Networks and Translational Research Center (BioSNTR), Brookings, SD 57007, USA.
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19
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Spatiotemporal Distribution and Evolution of the A/H1N1 2009 Pandemic Influenza Virus in Pigs in France from 2009 to 2017: Identification of a Potential Swine-Specific Lineage. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.00988-18. [PMID: 30258006 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00988-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The H1N1 influenza virus responsible for the most recent pandemic in 2009 (H1N1pdm) has spread to swine populations worldwide while it replaced the previous seasonal H1N1 virus in humans. In France, surveillance of swine influenza A viruses in pig herds with respiratory outbreaks led to the detection of 44 H1N1pdm strains between 2009 and 2017, regardless of the season, and findings were not correlated with pig density. From these isolates, 17 whole-genome sequences were obtained, as were 6 additional hemagglutinin (HA)/neuraminidase (NA) sequences, in order to perform spatial and temporal analyses of genetic diversity and to compare evolutionary patterns of H1N1pdm in pigs to patterns for human strains. Following mutation accumulation and fixation over time, phylogenetic analyses revealed for the first time the divergence of a swine-specific genogroup within the H1N1pdm lineage. The divergence is thought to have occurred around 2011, although this was demonstrated only through strains isolated in 2015 to 2016 in the southern half of France. To date, these H1N1pdm swine strains have not been related to any increased virulence in swine herds and have not exhibited any antigenic drift compared to seasonal human strains. However, further monitoring is encouraged, as diverging evolutionary patterns in these two species, i.e., swine and humans, may lead to the emergence of viruses with a potentially higher risk to both animal and human health.IMPORTANCE Pigs are a "mixing vessel" for influenza A viruses (IAVs) because of their ability to be infected by avian and human IAVs and their propensity to facilitate viral genomic reassortment events. Also, as IAVs may evolve differently in swine and humans, pigs can become a reservoir for old human strains against which the human population has become immunologically naive. Thus, viruses from the novel swine-specific H1N1pdm genogroup may continue to diverge from seasonal H1N1pdm strains and/or from other H1N1pdm viruses infecting pigs and lead to the emergence of viruses that would not be covered by human vaccines and/or swine vaccines based on antigens closely related to the original H1N1pdm virus. This discovery confirms the importance of encouraging swine IAV monitoring because H1N1pdm swine viruses could carry an increased risk to both human and swine health in the future as a whole H1N1pdm virus or gene provider in subsequent reassortant viruses.
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20
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Lauterbach SE, Nelson SN, Nolting JM, Trujillo JD, Richt JA, Bowman AS. Evaluation of a Field-Deployable Insulated Isothermal Polymerase Chain Reaction Nucleic Acid Analyzer for Influenza A Virus Detection at Swine Exhibitions. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2018; 19:212-216. [PMID: 30183529 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2018.2345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapid detection of influenza A virus (IAV) at swine exhibitions, where zoonotic transmission has occurred, can allow exhibition officials to quickly implement mitigation strategies and reduce public health risk. While laboratory diagnostic methods using PCR exist, pen-side detection of IAV can reduce lag time between sample collection and results. Portable insulated isothermal PCR (RT-iiPCR) has been used for point-of-care pathogen detection in veterinary medicine. This study compared laboratory methods of real-time reverse transcription PCR (rRT-PCR) to RT-iiPCR to determine the potential effectiveness of RT-iiPCR for detection of IAV in swine in the field. Two methods of extraction (magnetic bead and spin-column) and the two PCR platforms were used in a crossover study design to detect IAV in nasal wipes of 150 individual swine from one exhibition. Magnetic bead extraction is considered the laboratory gold standard while spin-column purification is considered the field-deployable method. IAV RNA was detected in 17 samples using Mag/rRT-PCR (reference assay) and 16 samples using Mag/RT-iiPCR (Sensitivity-S 76.5%), whereas only 14 samples using Spin/rRT-PCR (S 88.2%) and 12 samples using Spin/RT-iiPCR (field method) (S 58.8%) were positive, demonstrating a reduction in detection of viral RNA using column purification. There is moderate agreement (Cohen's kappa = 0.6575) between Mag/rRT-PCR and Spin/RT-iiPCR. There is good agreement between both PCR assays when using the same method of extraction (Mag: Cohen's kappa = 0.8203, Spin: Cohen's kappa = 0.7642). RT-iiPCR requires testing of 10 more samples than the rRT-PCR to detect disease at the 95% confidence level in a population of 300 animals with a disease prevalence of 20%. In conclusion, although there is some reduction in sensitivity, RT-iiPCR used in conjunction with spin-column purification is an acceptable method of IAV in swine detection at exhibitions where it may help reduce lag time and allow for rapid control of an IAV outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Lauterbach
- 1 Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Sarah N Nelson
- 1 Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Jacqueline M Nolting
- 1 Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Jessie D Trujillo
- 2 Diagnostic Medicine Pathobiology, Kansas State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Jürgen A Richt
- 2 Diagnostic Medicine Pathobiology, Kansas State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Andrew S Bowman
- 1 Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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21
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Li G, Wang R, Zhang C, Wang S, He W, Zhang J, Liu J, Cai Y, Zhou J, Su S. Genetic and evolutionary analysis of emerging H3N2 canine influenza virus. Emerg Microbes Infect 2018; 7:73. [PMID: 29691381 PMCID: PMC5915587 DOI: 10.1038/s41426-018-0079-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The H3N2 canine influenza virus (CIV) originated from an avian species. Since its emergence, it has circulated in multiple states and has caused pandemics among dog populations; however, no comprehensive studies have explored the causes driving these ongoing cases. The study of the codon usage patterns of viruses can reveal the genetic changes required for the viruses to adapt to new hosts and the external environment. Here we performed a thorough genetic, evolutionary, and codon usage analysis. We identified three evolutionary H3N2 CIV clades from a timescaled phylogenetic tree, namely, Origin, China, and Korea/USA, by principal component analysis (PCA). Additionally, we found a low codon usage bias and that mutation pressure, natural selection, and dinucleotide abundance shape the codon usage bias of H3N2 CIVs, with natural selection being more crucial than the others. Moreover, the human codon adaptation index was similar to that of dogs (the natural host) and cats. In addition, the H3N2 CIV similarity index values were higher than those of the avian influenza virus (AIV), suggesting viral adaptation to the host. Therefore, H3N2 CIVs may pose a potential risk to public health in the future, and further epidemiologic, evolutionary, and pathogenetic studies are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gairu Li
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ruyi Wang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shilei Wang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wanting He
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Junyan Zhang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jie Liu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuchen Cai
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiyong Zhou
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuo Su
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology and College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.
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22
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Paungpin W, Wiriyarat W, Chaichoun K, Tiyanun E, Sangkachai N, Changsom D, Poltep K, Ratanakorn P, Puthavathana P. Serosurveillance for pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009 virus infection in domestic elephants, Thailand. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186962. [PMID: 29073255 PMCID: PMC5658122 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study conducted serosurveillance for the presence of antibody to pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009 virus (H1N1pdm virus) in archival serum samples collected between 2009 and 2013 from 317 domestic elephants living in 19 provinces situated in various parts of Thailand. To obtain the most accurate data, hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) assay was employed as the screening test; and sera with HI antibody titers ≥20 were further confirmed by other methods, including cytopathic effect/hemagglutination based-microneutralization (microNT) and Western blot (WB) assays using H1N1pdm matrix 1 (M1) or hemagglutinin (HA) recombinant protein as the test antigen. Conclusively, the appropriate assays using HI in conjunction with WB assays for HA antibody revealed an overall seropositive rate of 8.5% (27 of 317). The prevalence of antibody to H1N1pdm virus was 2% (4/172) in 2009, 32% (17/53) in 2010, 9% (2/22) in 2011, 12% (1/8) in 2012, and 5% (3/62) in 2013. Notably, these positive serum samples were collected from elephants living in 7 tourist provinces of Thailand. The highest seropositive rate was obtained from elephants in Phuket, a popular tourist beach city. Young elephants had higher seropositive rate than older elephants. The source of H1N1pdm viral infection in these elephants was not explored, but most likely came from close contact with the infected mahouts or from the infected tourists who engaged in activities such as elephant riding and feeding. Nevertheless, it could not be excluded that elephant-to-elephant transmission did occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weena Paungpin
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Witthawat Wiriyarat
- The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Kridsada Chaichoun
- The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Ekasit Tiyanun
- One Health Animal Clinic, Mahidol University Nakhon Sawan Campus, Nakhon Sawan, Thailand
| | - Nareerat Sangkachai
- The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Don Changsom
- Center for Research and Innovation, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Kanaporn Poltep
- The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Parntep Ratanakorn
- The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Pilaipan Puthavathana
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center for Research and Innovation, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
- Center for Emerging and Neglected Infectious Disease, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
- * E-mail:
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23
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Belser JA, Pulit-Penaloza JA, Sun X, Brock N, Pappas C, Creager HM, Zeng H, Tumpey TM, Maines TR. A Novel A(H7N2) Influenza Virus Isolated from a Veterinarian Caring for Cats in a New York City Animal Shelter Causes Mild Disease and Transmits Poorly in the Ferret Model. J Virol 2017; 91:e00672-17. [PMID: 28515300 PMCID: PMC5512233 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00672-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In December 2016, a low-pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) A(H7N2) virus was identified to be the causative source of an outbreak in a cat shelter in New York City, which subsequently spread to multiple shelters in the states of New York and Pennsylvania. One person with occupational exposure to infected cats became infected with the virus, representing the first LPAI H7N2 virus infection in a human in North America since 2003. Considering the close contact that frequently occurs between companion animals and humans, it was critical to assess the relative risk of this novel virus to public health. The virus isolated from the human case, A/New York/108/2016 (NY/108), caused mild and transient illness in ferrets and mice but did not transmit to naive cohoused ferrets following traditional or aerosol-based inoculation methods. The environmental persistence of NY/108 virus was generally comparable to that of other LPAI H7N2 viruses. However, NY/108 virus replicated in human bronchial epithelial cells with an increased efficiency compared with that of previously isolated H7N2 viruses. Furthermore, the novel H7N2 virus was found to utilize a relatively lower pH for hemagglutinin activation, similar to human influenza viruses. Our data suggest that the LPAI H7N2 virus requires further adaptation before representing a substantial threat to public health. However, the reemergence of an LPAI H7N2 virus in the northeastern United States underscores the need for continuous surveillance of emerging zoonotic influenza viruses inclusive of mammalian species, such as domestic felines, that are not commonly considered intermediate hosts for avian influenza viruses.IMPORTANCE Avian influenza viruses are capable of crossing the species barrier to infect mammals, an event of public health concern due to the potential acquisition of a pandemic phenotype. In December 2016, an H7N2 virus caused an outbreak in cats in multiple animal shelters in New York State. This was the first detection of this virus in the northeastern United States in over a decade and the first documented infection of a felid with an H7N2 virus. A veterinarian became infected following occupational exposure to H7N2 virus-infected cats, necessitating the evaluation of this virus for its capacity to cause disease in mammals. While the H7N2 virus was associated with mild illness in mice and ferrets and did not spread well between ferrets, it nonetheless possessed several markers of virulence for mammals. These data highlight the promiscuity of influenza viruses and the need for diligent surveillance across multiple species to quickly identify an emerging strain with pandemic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Belser
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Joanna A Pulit-Penaloza
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Xiangjie Sun
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Nicole Brock
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Claudia Pappas
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Hannah M Creager
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Hui Zeng
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Terrence M Tumpey
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Taronna R Maines
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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24
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Cao X, Yang F, Wu H, Xu L. Genetic characterization of novel reassortant H5N6-subtype influenza viruses isolated from cats in eastern China. Arch Virol 2017; 162:3501-3505. [PMID: 28730524 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3490-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Cats are susceptible to influenza A viruses and therefore may act as transmission vectors within households, posing a potential public health concern. Two novel reassortant H5N6 influenza viruses were isolated from cats in Zhejiang Province, Eastern China, in 2016. Both viruses were characterized by whole-genome sequencing with subsequent phylogenetic analysis and genetic comparison. Phylogenetic analysis showed that these viruses received their genes from H5N6, H9N2, and H7N9 influenza viruses isolated from China. These H5N6 viruses were able to replicate in mice without prior adaptation. Our results show that continued circulation of these viruses could endanger humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueliang Cao
- Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Institute, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science, 198 Shiqiao Road, Hangzhou, 310021, Zhejiang, China.,Dezhou College, Dezhou, 253023, Shandong, China
| | - Fan Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, China
| | - Haibo Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Lihua Xu
- Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Institute, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science, 198 Shiqiao Road, Hangzhou, 310021, Zhejiang, China.
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25
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Boedeker NC, Nelson MI, Killian ML, Torchetti MK, Barthel T, Murray S. Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 influenza A virus infection associated with respiratory signs in sloth bears (Melursus ursinus
). Zoonoses Public Health 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/zph.12370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - M. I. Nelson
- Fogarty International Center; National Institutes of Health; Bethesda MD USA
| | - M. L. Killian
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories; USDA-APHIS; Ames IA USA
| | - M. K. Torchetti
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories; USDA-APHIS; Ames IA USA
| | - T. Barthel
- Smithsonian National Zoo; Washington DC USA
| | - S. Murray
- Smithsonian Global Health Department; Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute; Front Royal VA USA
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26
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Gholipour H, Busquets N, Fernández-Aguilar X, Sánchez A, Ribas MP, De Pedro G, Lizarraga P, Alarcia-Alejos O, Temiño C, Cabezón O. Influenza A Virus Surveillance in the Invasive American Mink (Neovison vison) from Freshwater Ecosystems, Northern Spain. Zoonoses Public Health 2016; 64:363-369. [PMID: 27918148 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAVs) are negative-sense, single-stranded and segmented RNA viruses of the Orthomyxoviridae family that may cause acute respiratory disease in a wide range of birds and mammals. Susceptibility of several species within the family Mustelidae to IAVs has been reported as a result of natural or experimental infections. The objectives of this study were to assess whether free-ranging American mink populations from Northern Spain were infected with IAV and try to define the role of this species in the epidemiology of IAV. Sera from 689 American mink from Northern Spain captured between 2011 and 2014 were tested for the presence of antibodies against IAVs using a commercial competition cELISA. Positive sera were further analysed with haemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay. Fifteen of the 689 (2.2%, 1.3-3.6 CI95% ) of the American minks analysed were ELISA positive. No significant differences were observed between years of capture, provinces, river basins, sexes or ages of the animals. All seropositive sera resulted negative to the panel strains used in the HI assay, showing that the most relevant strains circulating in swine, the most relevant avian subtypes (H5 and H7) and the H10N4 subtype isolated in minks have not been circulating in this free-ranging exotic carnivore from Spain. In the light of these results, the free-range American mink from Northern Spain do not seem to have an important role in the epidemiology of IAVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Gholipour
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.,Servei d'Ecopatologia de Fauna Salvatge (SEFaS), Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - N Busquets
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA-IRTA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - X Fernández-Aguilar
- Servei d'Ecopatologia de Fauna Salvatge (SEFaS), Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.,UAB, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA-IRTA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - A Sánchez
- Servicio de Virología, Laboratorio Central de Veterinaria, Ministerio de Agricultura, Alimentación y Medio Ambiente, Gobierno de España, Algete, Madrid, Spain
| | - M P Ribas
- Servei d'Ecopatologia de Fauna Salvatge (SEFaS), Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - G De Pedro
- Centro de Recuperación de Animales Silvestres de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - P Lizarraga
- Martioda Wildlife Rehabilitation Center, Martioda, Álava, Spain
| | - O Alarcia-Alejos
- Dirección General del Medio Natural, Consejería de Fomento y Medio Ambiente, Junta de Castilla y León, Valladolid, Spain
| | - C Temiño
- Servicio Territorial de Medio Ambiente, Consejería de Fomento y Medio Ambiente, Junta de Castilla y León, Burgos, Spain
| | - O Cabezón
- Servei d'Ecopatologia de Fauna Salvatge (SEFaS), Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.,UAB, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA-IRTA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
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27
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Sánchez-Vizcaíno F, Daly JM, Jones PH, Dawson S, Gaskell R, Menacere T, Heayns B, Wardeh M, Newman J, Everitt S, Day MJ, McConnell K, Noble PJM, Radford AD. Small animal disease surveillance: respiratory disease. Vet Rec 2016; 178:361-4. [PMID: 27056810 DOI: 10.1136/vr.i1815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Presentation for respiratory disease comprised 1.7 per cent, 2.3 per cent and 2.5 per cent of canine, feline and rabbit consultations, respectively, between January 2014 and December 2015. Coughing was the most frequent respiratory sign reported in dogs (71.1 per cent of consultations); in cats it was sneezing (42.6 per cent). Mean percentage of samples testing positive for feline calicivirus (FCV) was 30.1 per cent in 2014 and 27.9 per cent in 2015. January was the month with the highest percentage of FCV-positive samples in both 2014 and 2015.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Sánchez-Vizcaíno
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Janet M Daly
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Philip H Jones
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Susan Dawson
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Rosalind Gaskell
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Tarek Menacere
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Bethaney Heayns
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Maya Wardeh
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Jenny Newman
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Sally Everitt
- BSAVA, Woodrow House, 1 Telford Way, Waterwells Business Park, Quedgeley, Gloucestershire GL2 2AB, UK
| | - Michael J Day
- BSAVA, Woodrow House, 1 Telford Way, Waterwells Business Park, Quedgeley, Gloucestershire GL2 2AB, UK
| | - Katie McConnell
- BSAVA, Woodrow House, 1 Telford Way, Waterwells Business Park, Quedgeley, Gloucestershire GL2 2AB, UK
| | - Peter J M Noble
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Alan D Radford
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston CH64 7TE, UK
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28
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Knight CG, Davies JL, Joseph T, Ondrich S, Rosa BV. Pandemic H1N1 influenza virus infection in a Canadian cat. THE CANADIAN VETERINARY JOURNAL = LA REVUE VETERINAIRE CANADIENNE 2016; 57:497-500. [PMID: 27152036 PMCID: PMC4827739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A cat was presented for necropsy after being found dead at home. Histologic findings suggested viral pneumonia. Polymerase chain reaction and viral typing revealed influenza A(H1N1)pdm09. This is the first report of influenza in a Canadian cat and highlights the importance of considering influenza virus in the differential diagnosis for feline respiratory distress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron G Knight
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4Z6 (Knight, Davies, Rosa); Animal Health Centre, Ministry of Agriculture, Abbotsford, British Columbia (Joseph); Varsity Veterinary Clinic, Calgary, Alberta (Ondrich)
| | - Jennifer L Davies
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4Z6 (Knight, Davies, Rosa); Animal Health Centre, Ministry of Agriculture, Abbotsford, British Columbia (Joseph); Varsity Veterinary Clinic, Calgary, Alberta (Ondrich)
| | - Tomy Joseph
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4Z6 (Knight, Davies, Rosa); Animal Health Centre, Ministry of Agriculture, Abbotsford, British Columbia (Joseph); Varsity Veterinary Clinic, Calgary, Alberta (Ondrich)
| | - Sarah Ondrich
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4Z6 (Knight, Davies, Rosa); Animal Health Centre, Ministry of Agriculture, Abbotsford, British Columbia (Joseph); Varsity Veterinary Clinic, Calgary, Alberta (Ondrich)
| | - Brielle V Rosa
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4Z6 (Knight, Davies, Rosa); Animal Health Centre, Ministry of Agriculture, Abbotsford, British Columbia (Joseph); Varsity Veterinary Clinic, Calgary, Alberta (Ondrich)
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29
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Novel reassortant influenza viruses between pandemic (H1N1) 2009 and other influenza viruses pose a risk to public health. Microb Pathog 2015; 89:62-72. [PMID: 26344393 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) is characterized by eight single-stranded, negative sense RNA segments, which allows for gene reassortment among different IAV subtypes when they co-infect a single host cell simultaneously. Genetic reassortment is an important way to favor the evolution of influenza virus. Novel reassortant virus may pose a pandemic among humans. In history, three human pandemic influenza viruses were caused by genetic reassortment between avian, human and swine influenza viruses. Since 2009, pandemic (H1N1) 2009 (pdm/09 H1N1) influenza virus composed of two swine influenza virus genes highlighted the genetic reassortment again. Due to wide host species and high transmission of the pdm/09 H1N1 influenza virus, many different avian, human or swine influenza virus subtypes may reassert with it to generate novel reassortant viruses, which may result in a next pandemic among humans. So, it is necessary to understand the potential threat of current reassortant viruses between the pdm/09 H1N1 and other influenza viruses to public health. This study summarized the status of the reassortant viruses between the pdm/09 H1N1 and other influenza viruses of different species origins in natural and experimental conditions. The aim of this summarization is to facilitate us to further understand the potential threats of novel reassortant influenza viruses to public health and to make effective prevention and control strategies for these pathogens.
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30
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Li D, Zhu L, Cui H, Ling S, Fan S, Yu Z, Zhou Y, Wang T, Qian J, Xia X, Xu Z, Gao Y, Wang C. Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus infection in giant pandas, China. Emerg Infect Dis 2015; 20:480-3. [PMID: 24565026 PMCID: PMC3944863 DOI: 10.3201/eid2003.131531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
We confirmed infection with influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 in giant pandas in China during 2009 by using virus isolation and serologic analysis methods. This finding extends the host range of influenza viruses and indicates a need for increased surveillance for and control of influenza viruses among giant pandas.
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31
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Amorim AR, Fornells LAMG, Reis FDC, Rezende DJ, Mendes GDS, Couceiro JNDSS, Santos NSDO. Influenza A virus infection of healthy piglets in an abattoir in Brazil: animal-human interface and risk for interspecies transmission. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2014; 108:548-53. [PMID: 23903968 PMCID: PMC3970599 DOI: 10.1590/0074-0276108052013003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Asymptomatic influenza virus infections in pigs are frequent and the
lack of measures for controlling viral spread facilitates the circulation of
different virus strains between pigs. The goal of this study was to demonstrate
the circulation of influenza A virus strains among asymptomatic piglets in an
abattoir in Brazil and discuss the potential public health impacts. Tracheal
samples (n = 330) were collected from asymptomatic animals by a veterinarian
that also performed visual lung tissue examinations. No slaughtered animals
presented with any noticeable macroscopic signs of influenza infection following
examination of lung tissues. Samples were then analysed by reverse
transcription-polymerase chain reaction that resulted in the identification of
30 (9%) influenza A positive samples. The presence of asymptomatic pig
infections suggested that these animals could facilitate virus dissemination and
act as a source of infection for the herd, thereby enabling the emergence of
influenza outbreaks associated with significant economic losses. Furthermore,
the continuous exposure of the farm and abattoir workers to the virus increases
the risk for interspecies transmission. Monitoring measures of swine influenza
virus infections and vaccination and monitoring of employees for influenza
infection should also be considered. In addition regulatory agencies should
consider the public health ramifications regarding the potential zoonotic viral
transmission between humans and pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariane Ribeiro Amorim
- Instituto de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
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32
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Abstract
The environmental drivers of influenza outbreaks are largely unknown. Despite more than 50 years of research, there are conflicting lines of evidence on the role of the environment in influenza A virus (IAV) survival, stability, and transmissibility. With the increasing and looming threat of pandemic influenza, it is important to understand these factors for early intervention and long-term control strategies. The factors that dictate the severity and spread of influenza would include the virus, natural and acquired hosts, virus-host interactions, environmental persistence, virus stability and transmissibility, and anthropogenic interventions. Virus persistence in different environments is subject to minor variations in temperature, humidity, pH, salinity, air pollution, and solar radiations. Seasonality of influenza is largely dictated by temperature and humidity, with cool-dry conditions enhancing IAV survival and transmissibility in temperate climates in high latitudes, whereas humid-rainy conditions favor outbreaks in low latitudes, as seen in tropical and subtropical zones. In mid-latitudes, semiannual outbreaks result from alternating cool-dry and humid-rainy conditions. The mechanism of virus survival in the cool-dry or humid-rainy conditions is largely determined by the presence of salts and proteins in the respiratory droplets. Social determinants of heath, including health equity, vaccine acceptance, and age-related illness, may play a role in influenza occurrence and spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harini Sooryanarain
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Center for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061;
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Cho YY, Lim SI, Jeoung HY, Kim YK, Song JY, Lee JB, An DJ. Serological evidence for influenza virus infection in Korean wild boars. J Vet Med Sci 2014; 77:109-12. [PMID: 25298239 PMCID: PMC4349547 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.14-0290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Serum samples from 1,011 wild
boars hunted in 2012 were collected for serological surveillance for 4 subtypes (pandemic
A (H1N1) 2009 and classical H1N1, H1N2 and H3N2) of swine influenza virus (SIV). Samples
from 12 of the boars were identified as positive for SIV (pandemic A (H1N1) 2009, n=9;
classical H1N1, n=2; and H1N2, n=1) by a hemagglutination inhibition test (HI test) and a
nucleoprotein (NP)-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (NP-ELISA). Although the
overall seroprevalence of SIV in the Korean wild boar population was somewhat low compared
with that in China and the U.S.A., the apparent prevalence of pandemic H1N1 was notable.
Therefore, continuous monitoring of the wild boar population is needed as it may be a
major reservoir for pandemic H1N1, facilitating its spread to humans and domestic
pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon-Young Cho
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Anyang, Gyeonggi-do 430-824, Republic of Korea
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Lyoo KS, Kim JK, Kang B, Moon H, Kim J, Song M, Park B, Kim SH, Webster RG, Song D. Comparative analysis of virulence of a novel, avian-origin H3N2 canine influenza virus in various host species. Virus Res 2014; 195:135-40. [PMID: 25218482 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Revised: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A novel avian-origin H3N2 canine influenza A virus (CIV) that showed high sequence similarities in hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes with those of non-pathogenic avian influenza viruses was isolated in our routine surveillance program in South Korea. We previously reported that the pathogenicity of this strain could be reproduced in dogs and cats. In the present study, the host tropism of H3N2 CIV was examined by experimental inoculation into several host species, including chickens, pigs, mice, guinea pigs, and ferrets. The CIV infection resulted in no overt symptoms of disease in these host species. However, sero-conversion, virus shedding, and gross and histopathologic lung lesions were observed in guinea pig and ferrets but not in pigs, or mice. Based on the genetic similarity of our H3N2 CIV with currently circulating avian influenza viruses and the presence of α-2,3-linked rather than α-2,6-linked sialic acid receptors in the respiratory tract of dogs, we believed that this strain of CIV would have avian virus-like receptor specificity, but that seems to be contrary to our findings in the present study. Further studies are needed to determine the co-receptors of hemagglutinin or post-attachment factors related to virus internalization or pathogenesis in other animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang-Soo Lyoo
- Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 561-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Ki Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong 339-700, Republic of Korea
| | - Bokyu Kang
- Research Unit, Green Cross Veterinary Products, Yongin, Gyeonggi 446-569, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoungjoon Moon
- Research Unit, Green Cross Veterinary Products, Yongin, Gyeonggi 446-569, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongman Kim
- Research Unit, Green Cross Veterinary Products, Yongin, Gyeonggi 446-569, Republic of Korea
| | - Manki Song
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul 151-919, Republic of Korea
| | - Bongkyun Park
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Virology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hyun Kim
- Viral Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Daesub Song
- Viral Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea; University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea.
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Zhang W, Li L, Deng X, Kapusinszky B, Pesavento PA, Delwart E. Faecal virome of cats in an animal shelter. J Gen Virol 2014; 95:2553-2564. [PMID: 25078300 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.069674-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe the metagenomics-derived feline enteric virome in the faeces of 25 cats from a single shelter in California. More than 90 % of the recognizable viral reads were related to mammalian viruses and the rest to bacterial viruses. Eight viral families were detected: Astroviridae, Coronaviridae, Parvoviridae, Circoviridae, Herpesviridae, Anelloviridae, Caliciviridae and Picobirnaviridae. Six previously known viruses were also identified: feline coronavirus type 1, felid herpes 1, feline calicivirus, feline norovirus, feline panleukopenia virus and picobirnavirus. Novel species of astroviruses and bocaviruses, and the first genome of a cyclovirus in a feline were characterized. The RNA-dependent RNA polymerase region from four highly divergent partial viral genomes in the order Picornavirales were sequenced. The detection of such a diverse collection of viruses shed within a single shelter suggested that such animals experience robust viral exposures. This study increases our understanding of the viral diversity in cats, facilitating future evaluation of their pathogenic and zoonotic potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA.,Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, PR China.,Blood Systems Research Institute, Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA
| | - Linlin Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA.,Blood Systems Research Institute, Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA
| | - Xutao Deng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA.,Blood Systems Research Institute, Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA
| | - Beatrix Kapusinszky
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA.,Blood Systems Research Institute, Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA
| | - Patricia A Pesavento
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Eric Delwart
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA.,Blood Systems Research Institute, Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA
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36
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Chomel BB. Emerging and Re-Emerging Zoonoses of Dogs and Cats. Animals (Basel) 2014; 4:434-45. [PMID: 26480316 PMCID: PMC4494318 DOI: 10.3390/ani4030434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Dogs and cats have been sharing our environment for a long time and as pets they bring major psychological well-being to our modern urbanized society. However, they still can be a source of human infection by various pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, parasites, and fungi. Abstract Since the middle of the 20th century, pets are more frequently considered as “family members” within households. However, cats and dogs still can be a source of human infection by various zoonotic pathogens. Among emerging or re-emerging zoonoses, viral diseases, such as rabies (mainly from dog pet trade or travel abroad), but also feline cowpox and newly recognized noroviruses or rotaviruses or influenza viruses can sicken our pets and be transmitted to humans. Bacterial zoonoses include bacteria transmitted by bites or scratches, such as pasteurellosis or cat scratch disease, leading to severe clinical manifestations in people because of their age or immune status and also because of our closeness, not to say intimacy, with our pets. Cutaneous contamination with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Leptospira spp., and/or aerosolization of bacteria causing tuberculosis or kennel cough are also emerging/re-emerging pathogens that can be transmitted by our pets, as well as gastro-intestinal pathogens such as Salmonella or Campylobacter. Parasitic and fungal pathogens, such as echinococcosis, leishmaniasis, onchocercosis, or sporotrichosis, are also re-emerging or emerging pet related zoonoses. Common sense and good personal and pet hygiene are the key elements to prevent such a risk of zoonotic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno B Chomel
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Pigott AM, Haak CE, Breshears MA, Linklater AKJ. Acute bronchointerstitial pneumonia in two indoor cats exposed to the H1N1 influenza virus. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2014; 24:715-23. [PMID: 24712839 DOI: 10.1111/vec.12179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe 2 cases of acute bronchointerstitial pneumonia in indoor domestic cats infected by anthroponotic transmission of pandemic 2009 influenza A H1N1 virus from their owners. CASE SERIES SUMMARY Two indoor domestic shorthair cats from the same household were evaluated for acute onset of respiratory distress. The owners had been recovering from flu-like illness at the time of presentation. Venous blood gas showed increased pvCO2 while thoracic radiographs revealed severe bronchointerstitial to alveolar patterns in both cats. The cats were treated with oxygen supplementation, antimicrobials, analgesics, diuretics, corticosteroids, bronchodilators, mechanical ventilation (1 cat), and supportive care. Despite initial improvement in the clinical condition of each cat, respiratory function deteriorated and ultimately both cats were euthanized. Gross and histopathologic examination confirmed diffuse, severe bronchointerstitial pneumonia. Pandemic 2009 influenza A H1N1 viral testing by real time PCR was positive in 1 cat. NEW OR UNIQUE INFORMATION PROVIDED These cases provide further evidence that domestic felids are susceptible to pandemic 2009 influenza A H1N1 virus, and the literature is briefly reviewed for treatment recommendations. H1N1 should be considered in the differential diagnosis for domestic cats presenting with peracute to acute onset of respiratory distress in the right context. While human-to-cat transmission of H1N1 seems probable in several reported cases, cat-to-human transmission has not been identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armi M Pigott
- Animal Emergency Center and Specialty Services, 2100 W Silver Spring Dr, Glendale, WI, 53209
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38
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Zhao FR, Liu CG, Yin X, Zhou DH, Wei P, Chang HY. Serological report of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 infection among cats in northeastern China in 2012-02 and 2013-03. Virol J 2014; 11:49. [PMID: 24624924 PMCID: PMC3995557 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-11-49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Influenza A virus has a wide range of hosts. It has not only infected human, but also been reported interspecies transmission from humans to other animals, such as pigs, poultry, dogs and cats. However, prevalence of A (H1N1) pdm09 influenza virus infections in cats in northeastern China is unknown. Therefore, the prevalence of A (H1N1) pdm09 influenza virus infections was performed among cats in northeastern China in this study. Findings Of all samples in this study, the overall seroprevalence of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 infection in cats was 21% (240/1140). It also showed a higher prevalence rate of pandemic(H1N1) 2009 infection in pet cats (30.6%) than roaming cats (11%) based on NT. In addition, the results also showed a trend of difference in term of species of cats and it was statistically significant. Conclusions This is the first survey on the seroprevalence of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 infection among cats in northeastern China. This study has observed a relatively high seroprevalence of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 among different cat populations in northeastern China, similar seroprevalence studies should be conducted elsewhere.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ping Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046, People's Republic of China.
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Horzinek MC, Addie D, Belák S, Boucraut-Baralon C, Egberink H, Frymus T, Gruffydd-Jones T, Hartmann K, Hosie MJ, Lloret A, Lutz H, Marsilio F, Möstl K, Pennisi MG, Radford AD, Thiry E, Truyen U. ABCD: Update of the 2009 guidelines on prevention and management of feline infectious diseases. J Feline Med Surg 2014; 15:530-9. [PMID: 23813810 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x13489208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OVERVIEW In this article, the ABCD guidelines published in the JFMS Special Issue of July 2009 (Volume 11, Issue 7, pages 527-620) are updated by including previously unavailable and novel information. For a better picture, the reader is advised to consult that issue before focusing on the novel features.
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40
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van den Brand JMA, Haagmans BL, van Riel D, Osterhaus ADME, Kuiken T. The pathology and pathogenesis of experimental severe acute respiratory syndrome and influenza in animal models. J Comp Pathol 2014; 151:83-112. [PMID: 24581932 PMCID: PMC7094469 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2014.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Revised: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory viruses that emerge in the human population may cause high morbidity and mortality, as well as concern about pandemic spread. Examples are severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and novel variants of influenza A virus, such as H5N1 and pandemic H1N1. Different animal models are used to develop therapeutic and preventive measures against such viruses, but it is not clear which are most suitable. Therefore, this review compares animal models of SARS and influenza, with an emphasis on non-human primates, ferrets and cats. Firstly, the pathology and pathogenesis of SARS and influenza are compared. Both diseases are similar in that they affect mainly the respiratory tract and cause inflammation and necrosis centred on the pulmonary alveoli and bronchioles. Important differences are the presence of multinucleated giant cells and intra-alveolar fibrosis in SARS and more fulminant necrotizing and haemorrhagic pneumonia in H5N1 influenza. Secondly, the pathology and pathogenesis of SARS and influenza in man and experimental animals are compared. Host species, host age, route of inoculation, location of sampling and timing of sampling are important to design an animal model that most closely mimics human disease. The design of appropriate animal models requires an accurate pathological description of human cases, as well as a good understanding of the effect of experimental variables on disease outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M A van den Brand
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 50, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - B L Haagmans
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 50, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - D van Riel
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 50, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A D M E Osterhaus
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 50, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - T Kuiken
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 50, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
Wild aquatic bird populations have long been considered the natural reservoir for influenza A viruses with virus transmission from these birds seeding other avian and mammalian hosts. While most evidence still supports this dogma, recent studies in bats have suggested other reservoir species may also exist. Extensive surveillance studies coupled with an enhanced awareness in response to H5N1 and pandemic 2009 H1N1 outbreaks is also revealing a growing list of animals susceptible to infection with influenza A viruses. Although in a relatively stable host-pathogen interaction in aquatic birds, antigenic, and genetic evolution of influenza A viruses often accompanies interspecies transmission as the virus adapts to a new host. The evolutionary changes in the new hosts result from a number of processes including mutation, reassortment, and recombination. Depending on host and virus these changes can be accompanied by disease outbreaks impacting wildlife, veterinary, and public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Woo Yoon
- Division of Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
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42
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PB2-588I enhances 2009 H1N1 pandemic influenza virus virulence by increasing viral replication and exacerbating PB2 inhibition of beta interferon expression. J Virol 2013; 88:2260-7. [PMID: 24335306 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03024-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza virus (pdm/09) is typically mildly virulent in mice. In a previous study, we identified four novel swine isolates of pdm/09 viruses that exhibited high lethality in mice. Comparing the consensus sequences of the PB2 subunit of human isolates of pdm/09 viruses with those of the four swine isolate viruses revealed one consensus mutation: T588I. In this study, we determined that 588T is an amino acid mutation conserved in pdm/09 viruses that was exceedingly rare in previous human influenza isolates. To investigate whether the PB2 with the T5581 mutation (PB2-T558I) has an effect on the increased pathogenicity, we rescued a variant containing PB2-588I (Mex_PB2-588I) in the pdm/09 virus, A/Mexico/4486/2009(H1N1), referred to as Mex_WT (where WT is wild type), and characterized the variant in vitro and in vivo. The results indicated that the mutation significantly enhanced polymerase activity in mammalian cells, and the variant exhibited increased growth properties and induced significant weight loss in a mouse model compared to the wild type. We determined that the mutation exacerbated PB2 inhibition of mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS)-mediated beta interferon (IFN-β) expression, and PB2-588I was observed to bind to MAVS more efficiently than PB2-588T. The variant induced lower levels of host IFN-β expression than the WT strain during infection. These findings indicate that the pdm/09 influenza virus has increased pathogenicity upon the acquisition of the PB2-T588I mutation and highlight the need for the continued surveillance of the genetic variation of molecular markers in influenza viruses because of their potential effects on pathogenicity and threats to human health.
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Wang H, Wu X, Cheng Y, An Y, Ning Z. Tissue distribution of human and avian type sialic acid influenza virus receptors in domestic cat. Acta Vet Hung 2013; 61:537-46. [PMID: 23974928 DOI: 10.1556/avet.2013.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Infection of host cells with the influenza virus is mediated by specific interactions between the viral haemagglutinin (HA) and cell oligosaccharides containing sialic acid (SA) residues. Avian and human influenza viruses bind to alpha-2, 3 and alpha-2, 6 sialic acid-linked receptors, respectively. To date, there have been no detailed tissue distribution data on alpha-2, 3 and alpha-2, 6 sialic acid-linked receptors in the domestic cat, a relatively new mammalian host for influenza virus infections. In this study, the tissue distribution of human and avian type sialic acid influenza receptors was determined in various organs (respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, brain, cerebellum, spleen, kidney, heart and pancreas) of domestic cat by binding with the lectins Maackia amurensis agglutinin II (MAA II) and Sambucus nigra agglutinin (SNA), respectively. The results revealed that both alpha-2, 3 and alpha-2, 6 sialic acid-linked receptors were extensively detected in the trachea, bronchus, lung, kidney, spleen, pancreas and gastrointestinal tract. Endothelial cells of gastrointestinal tract organs were negative for alpha-2, 3 sialic acid-linked receptors in cats. The presence of alpha-2, 3 and alpha-2, 6 sialic acid-linked receptors in the major organs examined in the present study suggests that each major organ may be affected by influenza virus infection. Because of receptor distribution in the gastrointestinal tract, the experimental infection of cats with human influenza virus may be relatively easy while their infection with avian influenza virus may be difficult. These data can explain the involvement of multiple organs in influenza virus infection and should help investigators interpret the results obtained when cats are infected with influenza virus and estimate the risk of infection between cats and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Wang
- 1 South China Agricultural University College of Veterinary Medicine Guangzhou 510642 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xintao Wu
- 1 South China Agricultural University College of Veterinary Medicine Guangzhou 510642 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanfen Cheng
- 1 South China Agricultural University College of Veterinary Medicine Guangzhou 510642 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yufu An
- 1 South China Agricultural University College of Veterinary Medicine Guangzhou 510642 People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhangyong Ning
- 1 South China Agricultural University College of Veterinary Medicine Guangzhou 510642 People’s Republic of China
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Zhang K, Zhang Z, Yu Z, Li L, Cheng K, Wang T, Huang G, Yang S, Zhao Y, Feng N, Fu J, Qin C, Gao Y, Xia X. Domestic cats and dogs are susceptible to H9N2 avian influenza virus. Virus Res 2013; 175:52-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2013.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Revised: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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45
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Jeoung HY, Lim SI, Shin BH, Lim JA, Song JY, Song DS, Kang BK, Moon HJ, An DJ. A novel canine influenza H3N2 virus isolated from cats in an animal shelter. Vet Microbiol 2013; 165:281-6. [PMID: 23618838 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Revised: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The interspecies transmission of avian-origin H3N2 canine influenza virus (CIV) to dogs was first reported in 2007. The present study characterized a novel CIV H3N2 isolated from cats in an animal shelter. A comparative analysis of the deduced amino acid sequences of the A/Canine/Korea/CY009/2010(H3N2) (CY009) and A/Feline/Korea/FY028/2010 (H3N2) (FY028) strains isolated from dogs and cats, respectively, in the animal shelter identified point mutations in 18 amino acid positions within eight viral genes. Interestingly, CY009 and FY028 replicated well in specific pathogen-free embryonated chicken eggs and in mice, respectively. Mice infected with the FY028 strain exhibited significant over expression of IL-10, TNF-α, and IFN-γ (p<0.001) at 3 days postinfection. Thus, an emergency monitoring system should be developed to identify influenza mutations that occur during interspecies transmission in companion animals and for continuous public health surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Young Jeoung
- Animal, Plant and Fisheries Quarantine and Inspection Agency, Anyang, Gyeonggi do 430-824, Republic of Korea
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46
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Gourkow N, Lawson JH, Hamon SC, Phillips CJC. Descriptive epidemiology of upper respiratory disease and associated risk factors in cats in an animal shelter in coastal western Canada. THE CANADIAN VETERINARY JOURNAL = LA REVUE VETERINAIRE CANADIENNE 2013; 54:132-138. [PMID: 23904635 PMCID: PMC3552587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We examined 250 cats at an animal shelter in the coastal temperate region of Canada to determine whether age, source, gender, and sterilization status influenced risk of shedding at intake, transmission of infection, and development of clinical upper respiratory disease (URD). On admission, 28% of the cats were positive for 1 or more infectious agent related to URD; 21% were carriers of Mycoplasma felis and < 3% were carriers of feline calicivirus (FCV), feline herpesvirus-1 (FHV-1) or Bordetella bronchiseptica. Chlamydophila felis and H1N1 influenza virus were not detected. Carrier status was not affected by source, gender, sterilization status, or age (P > 0.05). Viral and bacterial shedding increased by 9% and 11%, respectively, over 3 sampling times (days 1, 4, and 10). Over 40 days after admission, the cumulative probability of developing URD was 2.2 times greater for stray than owner-surrendered cats (P = 0.02) and 0.5 times as great for neutered cats as for intact cats (P = 0.03). Cats that were shedding at intake were 2.6 times more likely to develop URD than were non-carriers (P < 0.002). Cats with FHV-1 and B. bronchiseptica infections were most at risk compared with non-shedding cats (P < 0.01).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Gourkow
- Centre for Animal Welfare and Ethics, School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton Campus, Queensland 4343, Australia.
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47
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Allerson MW, Davies PR, Gramer MR, Torremorell M. Infection dynamics of pandemic 2009 H1N1 influenza virus in a two-site swine herd. Transbound Emerg Dis 2013; 61:490-9. [PMID: 23294593 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A viruses are common causes of respiratory disease in pigs and can be transmitted among multiple host species, including humans. The current lack of published information on infection dynamics of influenza viruses within swine herds hinders the ability to make informed animal health, biosecurity and surveillance programme decisions. The objectives of this serial cross-sectional study were to describe the infection dynamics of influenza virus in a two-site swine system by estimating the prevalence of influenza virus in animal subpopulations at the swine breeding herd and describing the temporal pattern of infection in a selected cohort of growing pigs weaned from the breeding herd. Nasal swab and blood samples were collected at approximately 30-day intervals from the swine breeding herd (Site 1) known to be infected with pandemic 2009 H1N1 influenza virus. Sows, gilts and neonatal pigs were sampled at each sampling event, and samples were tested for influenza virus genome using matrix gene RRT-PCR. Influenza virus was detected in neonatal pigs, but was not detected in sow or gilt populations via RRT-PCR. A virus genetically similar to that detected in the neonatal pig population at Site 1 was also detected at the wean-to-finish site (Site 2), presumably following transportation of infected weaned pigs. Longitudinal sampling of nasal swabs and oral fluids revealed that influenza virus persisted in the growing pigs at Site 2 for at least 69 days. The occurrence of influenza virus in neonatal pigs, but not breeding females, at Site 1 emphasizes the potential for virus maintenance in this dynamic subpopulation, the importance of including this subpopulation in surveillance programmes and the potential transport of influenza virus between sites via the movement of weaned pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M W Allerson
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA
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48
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Abstract
Although outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza in wild and domestic birds have been posing the threat of a new influenza pandemic for the past decade, the first pandemic of the twenty-first century came from swine viruses. This fact emphasizes the complexity of influenza viral ecology and the difficulty of predicting influenza viral dynamics. Complete control of influenza viruses seems impossible. However, we must minimize the impact of animal and human influenza outbreaks by learning lessons from past experiences and recognizing the current status. Here, we review the most recent influenza virology data in the veterinary field, including aspects of zoonotic agents and recent studies that assess the pandemic potential of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses.
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Serologic evidence of pandemic influenza virus H1N1 2009 infection in cats in China. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2012; 20:115-7. [PMID: 23114704 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00618-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Infection of domestic cats with (H1N1) pandemic 2009 (pdm09) influenza A virus has recently been documented. In this paper, we report for the first time the sporadically current seroprevalence of (H1N1) pdm09 influenza A virus infection in cats in China. Thirteen of 1,080 sera were found positive by nucleoprotein (NP)-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) in different cat populations in southern China. It is very important to stress further surveillance of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 influenza A virus in cats in southern China.
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Gordy JT, Jones CA, Rue J, Crawford PC, Levy JK, Stallknecht DE, Tripp RA, Tompkins SM. Surveillance of feral cats for influenza A virus in north central Florida. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2012; 6:341-7. [PMID: 22212818 PMCID: PMC3323745 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-2659.2011.00325.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transmission of highly pathogenic avian influenza and the recent pandemic H1N1 viruses to domestic cats and other felids creates concern because of the morbidity and mortality associated with human infections as well as disease in the infected animals. Experimental infections have demonstrated transmission of influenza viruses in cats. OBJECTIVES An epidemiologic survey of feral cats was conducted to determine their exposure to influenza A virus. METHODS Feral cat sera and oropharyngeal and rectal swabs were collected from November 2008 through July 2010 in Alachua County, FL and were tested for evidence of influenza A virus infection by virus isolation, PCR, and serological assay. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS No virus was isolated from any of 927 cats examined using MDCK cell or embryonated chicken egg culture methods, nor was viral RNA detected by RT-PCR in 200 samples tested. However, 0.43% of cats tested antibody positive for influenza A by commercial ELISA. These results suggest feral cats in this region are at minimal risk for influenza A virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- James T. Gordy
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Cheryl A. Jones
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Joanne Rue
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | | | - Julie K. Levy
- Maddie’s Shelter Medicine Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | - Ralph A. Tripp
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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