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Higher Risk of HEV Transmission and Exposure among Blood Donors in Europe and Asia in Comparison to North America: A Meta-Analysis. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12030425. [PMID: 36986347 PMCID: PMC10059948 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12030425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and aims: The increasing number of diagnosed hepatitis E virus (HEV) infections in Europe has led to the implementation of the testing of blood products in various countries. Many nations have not yet implemented such screening. To assess the need for HEV screening in blood products worldwide, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis assessing HEV RNA positivity and anti-HEV seroprevalence in blood donors. Methods: Studies reporting anti-HEV IgG/IgM or HEV RNA positivity rates among blood donors worldwide were identified via predefined search terms in PubMed and Scopus. Estimates were calculated by pooling study data with multivariable linear mixed-effects metaregression analysis. Results: A total of 157 (14%) of 1144 studies were included in the final analysis. The estimated HEV PCR positivity rate ranged from 0.01 to 0.14% worldwide, with strikingly higher rates in Asia (0.14%) and Europe (0.10%) in comparison to North America (0.01%). In line with this, anti-HEV IgG seroprevalence in North America (13%) was lower than that in Europe (19%). Conclusions: Our data demonstrate large regional differences regarding the risk of HEV exposure and blood-borne HEV transmission. Considering the cost–benefit ratio, this supports blood product screening in high endemic areas, such as Europe and Asia, in contrast to low endemic regions, such as the U.S.
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2
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Lynch JA, Lim JK, Asaga PEP, Wartel TA, Marti M, Yakubu B, Rees H, Talaat K, Kmush B, Aggarwal R, Ciglenecki I, Gurley E, Labrique AB. Hepatitis E vaccine-Illuminating the barriers to use. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0010969. [PMID: 36602994 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Melanie Marti
- Department of Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Beno Yakubu
- National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control (NAFDAC), Nigeria
| | - Helen Rees
- Wits RHI, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Kawsar Talaat
- Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Brittany Kmush
- Department of Public Health, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, United States of America
| | - Rakesh Aggarwal
- Department of Gastroenterology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India
| | | | - Emily Gurley
- Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Alain B Labrique
- Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
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3
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Cheung CKM, Wong SH, Law AWH, Law MF. Transfusion-transmitted hepatitis E: What we know so far? World J Gastroenterol 2022; 28:47-75. [PMID: 35125819 PMCID: PMC8793017 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v28.i1.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a major cause of viral hepatitis globally. There is growing concern about transfusion-transmitted HEV (TT-HEV) as an emerging global health problem. HEV can potentially result in chronic infection in immunocompromised patients, leading to a higher risk of liver cirrhosis and even death. Between 0.0013% and 0.281% of asymptomatic blood donors around the world have HEV viremia, and 0.27% to 60.5% have anti-HEV immunoglobulin G. HEV is infectious even at very low blood concentrations of the virus. Immunosuppressed patients who develop persistent hepatitis E infection should have their immunosuppressant regimen reduced; ribavirin may be considered as treatment. Pegylated interferon can be considered in those who are refractory or intolerant to ribavirin. Sofosbuvir, a nucleotide analog, showed modest antiviral activity in some clinical studies but sustained viral response was not achieved. Therefore, rescue treatment remains an unmet need. The need for HEV screening of all blood donations remains controversial. Universal screening has been adopted in some countries after consideration of risk and resource availability. Various pathogen reduction methods have also been proposed to reduce the risk of TT-HEV. Future studies are needed to define the incidence of transmission through transfusion, their clinical features, outcomes and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sunny Hei Wong
- Institute of Digestive Disease and Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 852, China
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | | | - Man Fai Law
- Medicine and Therapeutics, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong 852, China
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4
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Tialla D, Cissé A, Ouédraogo GA, Hübschen JM, Tarnagda Z, Snoeck CJ. Prevalence of hepatitis E virus antibodies in cattle in Burkina Faso associated with swine mixed farming. J Vet Sci 2022; 23:e33. [PMID: 35332710 PMCID: PMC9149500 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.21235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Endemic circulation of human-specific hepatitis E virus (HEV) genotypes 1 and 2 may occult the importance of sporadic zoonotic HEV transmissions in Africa. Increasing numbers of studies reporting anti-HEV antibodies in cattle and the discovery of infectious HEV in cow milk has raised public health concern, but cattle exposure has seldom been investigated in Africa. Objectives This study aimed at investigating the role of cows in the epidemiology of HEV in Burkina Faso and farmers habits in terms of dairy product consumption as a prerequisite to estimate the risk of transmission to humans. Methods Sera from 475 cattle and 192 pigs were screened for the presence of anti-HEV antibodies while HEV RNA in swine stools was detected by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Data on mixed farming, dairy product consumption and selling habits were gathered through questionnaires. Results The overall seroprevalence in cattle was 5.1% and herd seroprevalence reached 32.4% (11/34). Herd seropositivity was not associated with husbandry practice or presence of rabbits on the farms. However, herd seropositivity was associated with on-site presence of pigs, 80.7% of which had anti-HEV antibodies. The majority of farmers reported to preferentially consume raw milk based dairy products. Conclusions Concomitant presence of pigs on cattle farms constitutes a risk factor for HEV exposure of cattle. However, the risk of HEV infections associated with raw cow dairy product consumption is currently considered as low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieudonné Tialla
- Unit of Epidemic-Prone Diseases, Emerging Diseases and Zoonoses (UMEMEZ), National Influenza Reference Laboratory (LNR-G), Department of Biomedical and Public Health, Health Science Research Institute (IRSS), National Centre for Scientific and Technological Research (CNRST), Ouagadougou, 03 BP 7192, Burkina Faso
- Department Animal Health, National School of Animal Husbandry and Health (ENESA), Ouagadougou, Secteur 28, Burkina Faso
| | - Assana Cissé
- Unit of Epidemic-Prone Diseases, Emerging Diseases and Zoonoses (UMEMEZ), National Influenza Reference Laboratory (LNR-G), Department of Biomedical and Public Health, Health Science Research Institute (IRSS), National Centre for Scientific and Technological Research (CNRST), Ouagadougou, 03 BP 7192, Burkina Faso
| | - Georges Anicet Ouédraogo
- Laboratory of Research and Teaching in Health and Animal Biotechnology (LARESBA), University Nazi Boni, Bobo-Dioulasso, 01 BP 109, Burkina Faso
| | - Judith M. Hübschen
- Clinical and Applied Virology Group, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Esch-sur-Alzette, L-4354, Luxembourg
| | - Zékiba Tarnagda
- Unit of Epidemic-Prone Diseases, Emerging Diseases and Zoonoses (UMEMEZ), National Influenza Reference Laboratory (LNR-G), Department of Biomedical and Public Health, Health Science Research Institute (IRSS), National Centre for Scientific and Technological Research (CNRST), Ouagadougou, 03 BP 7192, Burkina Faso
| | - Chantal J. Snoeck
- Clinical and Applied Virology Group, Department of Infection and Immunity, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Esch-sur-Alzette, L-4354, Luxembourg
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5
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Tibiri A, Boria S, Traoré TK, Ouédraogo N, Nikièma A, Ganaba S, Compaoré JM, Ouédraogo I, Guissou IP, Carraz M. Countrywide Survey of Plants Used for Liver Disease Management by Traditional Healers in Burkina Faso. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:563751. [PMID: 33597863 PMCID: PMC7883685 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.563751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver disease is highly prevalent in Africa, especially in the western African country Burkina Faso, due to the presence of multiple biological and chemical aggressors of the liver. Furthermore, diagnosis and appropriate care for liver disease are uneven and usually insufficient. This drives local communities to turn to folk medicine based on medicinal plants from healers. Small scale, ethnopharmacological studies on reputed hepatoprotective plants have been carried out in defined regions worldwide, but so far, no study has been carried out on a countrywide scale. Therefore, we have explored traditional healers’ practices in all thirteen regions of Burkina Faso. We interviewed 575 healers and we compiled a database with 2,006 plant entries. Here, we report results on liver nosology, liver pathologies, medicinal plants used for liver disease, and traditional practices through the lens of Burkinabe healers. Our goal was to give a full inventory of medicinal plants used to treat liver disease and to determine if there was consensus on the use of specific plants for specific symptoms. Analysis of the medicinal plants in use across the whole country provides local communities with a wider evidence base to determine which plants may be more effective in treating liver disease and could provide the scientific community, with a shortlist of plants suitable for chemical and pharmacological investigation to validate the plants’ therapeutic role.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Tibiri
- Laboratoire De Biologie Appliquée, Département De Médecine Et Pharmacopée Traditionnelles-Pharmacie (MEPHATRA-PH), Institut De Recherche En Science De La Santé, CNRST, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | | | - Tata Kadiatou Traoré
- Laboratoire De Développement Du Médicament, Université De Ouagadougou, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Noufou Ouédraogo
- Laboratoire De Biologie Appliquée, Département De Médecine Et Pharmacopée Traditionnelles-Pharmacie (MEPHATRA-PH), Institut De Recherche En Science De La Santé, CNRST, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Aude Nikièma
- UMI CNRS 3189, Institut Des Sciences Des Sociétés, CNRST Ouagadougou, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Souleymane Ganaba
- Département Environnement Et Forêts, Institut De L'Environnement Et De Recherches Agricoles, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Jean-Marie Compaoré
- Fédération Nationale Des Tradipraticiens De Santé Du Burkina (FENATRAB), Ministère De La Santé Du Burkina Faso, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Issiaka Ouédraogo
- Service De Gastro-Entérologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Yalgado Ouédraogo (CHU-YO), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Innocent Pierre Guissou
- Laboratoire De Biologie Appliquée, Département De Médecine Et Pharmacopée Traditionnelles-Pharmacie (MEPHATRA-PH), Institut De Recherche En Science De La Santé, CNRST, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.,Laboratoire De Développement Du Médicament, Université De Ouagadougou, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Maëlle Carraz
- UMR 152 Pharma-Dev, Université De Toulouse, IRD, UPS, Toulouse, France
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6
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Bagulo H, Majekodunmi AO, Welburn SC. Hepatitis E in Sub Saharan Africa - A significant emerging disease. One Health 2020; 11:100186. [PMID: 33204807 PMCID: PMC7653283 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2020.100186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E is an emerging endemic disease found across the African continent, but there are clear differences in epidemiology between North Africa and countries south of the Sahara. In this systematic review, Google scholar and PubMed databases were searched for peer-reviewed articles on HEV epidemiology. Publications meeting our inclusion criteria were critically reviewed to extract consistent findings and identify knowledge gaps. Hepatitis E has been reported in 25 of the 49 countries in Sub Saharan Africa. Mortality rates of 1–2% in the general population and ~ 20% in pregnant women. Outbreaks were closely linked to refugees and Internally Displaced Persons in camps which accounted for 50% of reported outbreaks. There was very little research and concrete evidence for sources of contamination and transmission routes. There are indications of zoonotic transmission of Hepatitis E Virus infection but further research in these fields is required. No data from 50% of African countries Outbreaks closely linked to refugee and IDP camps Little data on sources of HEV contamination Indications but little evidence of zoonotic transmission Low awareness amongst health professionals and general public
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Affiliation(s)
- Husein Bagulo
- Zhejiang University - University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University International Campus, 718 East Haizhou Rd, Haining, Zhejiang Province, 314400, China.,Livestock and Poultry Research Centre, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, P. O Box LG 25, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Ayodele O Majekodunmi
- Zhejiang University - University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University International Campus, 718 East Haizhou Rd, Haining, Zhejiang Province, 314400, China.,Livestock and Poultry Research Centre, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, P. O Box LG 25, Legon, Accra, Ghana.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, College of Medicine & Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, United Kingdom
| | - Susan C Welburn
- Zhejiang University - University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University International Campus, 718 East Haizhou Rd, Haining, Zhejiang Province, 314400, China.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, College of Medicine & Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, United Kingdom
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7
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Dimeglio C, Kania D, Mantono JM, Kagoné T, Zida S, Tassembedo S, Dicko A, Tinto B, Yaro S, Hien H, Rouamba J, Bicaba B, Medah I, Meda N, Traoré O, Tuaillon E, Abravanel F, Izopet J. Hepatitis E Virus Infections among Patients with Acute Febrile Jaundice in Burkina Faso. Viruses 2019; 11:E554. [PMID: 31207982 PMCID: PMC6630816 DOI: 10.3390/v11060554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus infection is a significant public health problem in many parts of the world including Africa. We tested serum samples from 900 patients in Burkina Faso presenting with febrile icterus. They all tested negative for yellow fever, but those from 23/900 (2.6%) patients contained markers of acute HEV infection (anti-HEV IgM and HEV RNA positive). Genotyping indicated that 14 of the strains were HEV genotype 2b. There was an overall HEV IgG seroprevalence of 18.2% (164/900). In a bivariate analysis, the factors linked to HEV exposure were climate and patient age. Older patients and those living in arid regions were more likely to have HEV infection. HEV genotype 2b circulating only in humans can be involved in some acute febrile icterus cases in Burkina Faso. Better access to safe water, sanitation, and improved personal hygiene should improve control of HEV infection in this country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloé Dimeglio
- Laboratoire de virologie, Centre national de référence du virus de l'hépatite E, CHU Toulouse, Hôpital Purpan, 31300 Toulouse, France.
| | | | - Judith Mbombi Mantono
- Centre MURAZ, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
- Université Catholique d'Afrique de l'Ouest, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
| | | | - Sylvie Zida
- Centre MURAZ, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
- Institut de recherche en sciences de la santé (IRSS), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
| | | | | | | | | | - Hervé Hien
- Centre MURAZ, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
| | - Jérémi Rouamba
- Centre MURAZ, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso.
- Université Ouaga I Pr Joseph KI-ZERBO, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
| | - Brice Bicaba
- Institut de recherche en sciences de la santé (IRSS), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
| | - Isaïe Medah
- Ministère de la Santé, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
| | - Nicolas Meda
- Ministère de la Santé, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
| | - Oumar Traoré
- Agence nationale de biosécurité, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
| | - Edouard Tuaillon
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic Infections., Etablissement Français du Sang, CHU Montpellier, INSERM, University of Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France.
| | - Florence Abravanel
- Laboratoire de virologie, Centre national de référence du virus de l'hépatite E, CHU Toulouse, Hôpital Purpan, 31300 Toulouse, France.
- Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan (CPTP), UMR Inserm, U1043, UMR CNRS, U5282, 31300 Toulouse, France.
| | - Jacques Izopet
- Laboratoire de virologie, Centre national de référence du virus de l'hépatite E, CHU Toulouse, Hôpital Purpan, 31300 Toulouse, France.
- Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan (CPTP), UMR Inserm, U1043, UMR CNRS, U5282, 31300 Toulouse, France.
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8
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Ouoba JB, Traore KA, Rouamba H, Setondji KVM, Minoungou GL, Ouoba BL, Ouedraogo A, Moctar S, M'Bengue AK, Kakou SN, Doumbia M, Traore AS, Roques P, Barro N. Prevalence of anti-hepatitis E virus antibodies in domestic animal from three representative provinces of Burkina Faso. Vet Anim Sci 2019; 7:100059. [PMID: 32734080 PMCID: PMC7386747 DOI: 10.1016/j.vas.2019.100059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Four major genotypes of Hepatitis E virus (HEV) have been documented worldwide (1-4) with genotypes 1 and 2 found in human in Sub-Saharan Africa. Human Hepatitis cases due to HEV genotype 3 and 4 are zoonotic with various animal identified as possible reservoirs. Recently, HEV genotype 3 was found in pigs and human beings in West Africa, which may change the epidemic in human. Here, we assessed the prevalence of HEV antibodies in various domestic and wild mammalians in Burkina Faso. Random sampling was performed between 2015 and 2017 to collect serum from 100 rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus), 19 hares (Lepus africana), 72 cattle (Bos taurus), 75 sheep (Ovis aries) and 81 goats (Capra aegagrus) in three provinces in Burkina Faso. A multi-species ELISA was performed on serum samples from 328 domestic animals and 19 hunting hares. HEV total antibodies were identified in 121 out of 347 specimens (34.9% CI95% [29.9-39.9]). Sera from rabbits (60% CI95% [50.4-69.6]), hares (52.6% CI95% [30.2-75.1]), cattle (26.4% CI95% [16.2-36.6]), sheep (12.0% CI95% [4.6-19.4]), and goats (28.4% CI95% [18.6-38.2]) tested positive for antibodies anti-HEV. In this study we evidence presence of HEV antibodies in various mammalians and highlight the importance of these species in the epidemiology of HEV infection in Burkina Faso.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Bienvenue Ouoba
- Laboratoire d'Epidémiologie et de Surveillance des Agents transmissibles par les aliments et l'eau (LaBESTA) Centre de Recherche en Sciences Biologique Alimentaire Nutritionnelles (CRSBAN), Université Ouaga I, Pr Joseph KI-ZERBO, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.,Unité de sérologie bactérienne et virale, Institut Pasteur, Côte D'Ivoire
| | - Kuan Abdoulaye Traore
- Laboratoire d'Epidémiologie et de Surveillance des Agents transmissibles par les aliments et l'eau (LaBESTA) Centre de Recherche en Sciences Biologique Alimentaire Nutritionnelles (CRSBAN), Université Ouaga I, Pr Joseph KI-ZERBO, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.,Université Norbert ZONGO de Koudougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Hortense Rouamba
- Laboratoire d'Epidémiologie et de Surveillance des Agents transmissibles par les aliments et l'eau (LaBESTA) Centre de Recherche en Sciences Biologique Alimentaire Nutritionnelles (CRSBAN), Université Ouaga I, Pr Joseph KI-ZERBO, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.,Centre Médical de Samandin, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Komi Victor-Mari Setondji
- Laboratoire d'Epidémiologie et de Surveillance des Agents transmissibles par les aliments et l'eau (LaBESTA) Centre de Recherche en Sciences Biologique Alimentaire Nutritionnelles (CRSBAN), Université Ouaga I, Pr Joseph KI-ZERBO, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | | | | | | | - Sidi Moctar
- Laboratoire National d'Elevage (LNE), Burkina Faso
| | | | | | - Moussa Doumbia
- Unité de sérologie bactérienne et virale, Institut Pasteur, Côte D'Ivoire
| | - Alfred S Traore
- Laboratoire d'Epidémiologie et de Surveillance des Agents transmissibles par les aliments et l'eau (LaBESTA) Centre de Recherche en Sciences Biologique Alimentaire Nutritionnelles (CRSBAN), Université Ouaga I, Pr Joseph KI-ZERBO, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Pierre Roques
- IDMIT Département / IBFJ, CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.,Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases (IMVA), U1184, INSERM, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.,IMVA, Univ Paris-Sud, UMR1184, Saclay, France
| | - Nicolas Barro
- Laboratoire d'Epidémiologie et de Surveillance des Agents transmissibles par les aliments et l'eau (LaBESTA) Centre de Recherche en Sciences Biologique Alimentaire Nutritionnelles (CRSBAN), Université Ouaga I, Pr Joseph KI-ZERBO, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
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9
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Ifeorah IM, Faleye TOC, Bakarey AS, Adewumi MO, Akere A, Omoruyi EC, Ogunwale AO, Adeniji JA. Acute Hepatitis E Virus Infection in Two Geographical Regions of Nigeria. J Pathog 2017; 2017:4067108. [PMID: 29387489 PMCID: PMC5745689 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4067108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) remains a major public health concern in resource limited regions of the world. Yet data reporting is suboptimal and surveillance system is inadequate. In Nigeria, there is dearth of information on prevalence of acute HEV infection. This study was therefore designed to describe acute HEV infection among antenatal clinic attendees and community dwellers from two geographical regions in Nigeria. Seven hundred and fifty plasma samples were tested for HEV IgM by Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) technique. The tested samples were randomly selected from a pool of 1,115 blood specimens previously collected for viral hepatitis studies among selected populations (pregnant women, 272; Oyo community dwellers, 438; Anambra community dwellers, 405) between September 2012 and August 2013. One (0.4%) pregnant woman in her 3rd trimester had detectable HEV IgM, while community dwellers from the two study locations had zero prevalence rates of HEV IgM. Detection of HEV IgM in a pregnant woman, especially in her 3rd trimester, is of clinical and epidemiological significance. The need therefore exists for establishment of a robust HEV surveillance system in Nigeria and especially amidst the pregnant population in a bid to improve maternal and child health.
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Affiliation(s)
- I. M. Ifeorah
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Health Science and Technology, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - T. O. C. Faleye
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Ekiti State University, Ado Ekiti, Nigeria
- Department of Virology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - A. S. Bakarey
- Institute for Advanced Medical Research & Training, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - M. O. Adewumi
- Department of Virology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - A. Akere
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - E. C. Omoruyi
- Institute of Child Health, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - A. O. Ogunwale
- Oyo State College of Agriculture and Technology, Igboora, Nigeria
| | - J. A. Adeniji
- Department of Virology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
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10
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Shrestha AC, Flower RLP, Seed CR, Rajkarnikar M, Shrestha SK, Thapa U, Hoad VC, Faddy HM. Hepatitis E virus seroepidemiology: a post-earthquake study among blood donors in Nepal. BMC Infect Dis 2016; 16:707. [PMID: 27887586 PMCID: PMC5124235 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-016-2043-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background As one of the causative agents of viral hepatitis, hepatitis E virus (HEV) has gained public health attention globally. HEV epidemics occur in developing countries, associated with faecal contamination of water and poor sanitation. In industrialised nations, HEV infections are associated with travel to countries endemic for HEV, however, autochthonous infections, mainly through zoonotic transmission, are increasingly being reported. HEV can also be transmitted by blood transfusion. Nepal has experienced a number of HEV outbreaks, and recent earthquakes resulted in predictions raising the risk of an HEV outbreak to very high. This study aimed to measure HEV exposure in Nepalese blood donors after large earthquakes. Methods Samples (n = 1,845) were collected from blood donors from Kathmandu, Chitwan, Bhaktapur and Kavre. Demographic details, including age and sex along with possible risk factors associated with HEV exposure were collected via a study-specific questionnaire. Samples were tested for HEV IgM, IgG and antigen. The proportion of donors positive for HEV IgM or IgG was calculated overall, and for each of the variables studied. Chi square and regression analyses were performed to identify factors associated with HEV exposure. Results Of the donors residing in earthquake affected regions (Kathmandu, Bhaktapur and Kavre), 3.2% (54/1,686; 95% CI 2.7–4.0%) were HEV IgM positive and two donors were positive for HEV antigen. Overall, 41.9% (773/1,845; 95% CI 39.7–44.2%) of donors were HEV IgG positive, with regional variation observed. Higher HEV IgG and IgM prevalence was observed in donors who reported eating pork, likely an indicator of zoonotic transmission. Previous exposure to HEV in Nepalese blood donors is relatively high. Conclusion Detection of recent markers of HEV infection in healthy donors suggests recent asymptomatic HEV infection and therefore transfusion-transmission in vulnerable patients is a risk in Nepal. Surprisingly, this study did not provide evidence of a large HEV outbreak following the devastating earthquakes in 2015.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish C Shrestha
- Research and Development, Australian Red Cross Blood Service, 44 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, QLD, 4059, Australia.,School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, 288 Herston Road, Herston, Brisbane, QLD, 4006, Australia
| | - Robert L P Flower
- Research and Development, Australian Red Cross Blood Service, 44 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, QLD, 4059, Australia
| | - Clive R Seed
- Medical Services, Australian Red Cross Blood Service, Herdsman, Perth, WA, 6017, Australia
| | - Manita Rajkarnikar
- Central Blood Transfusion Services, Nepal Red Cross Society, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Shrawan K Shrestha
- Central Blood Transfusion Services, Nepal Red Cross Society, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Uru Thapa
- Central Blood Transfusion Services, Nepal Red Cross Society, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Veronica C Hoad
- Medical Services, Australian Red Cross Blood Service, Herdsman, Perth, WA, 6017, Australia
| | - Helen M Faddy
- Research and Development, Australian Red Cross Blood Service, 44 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, QLD, 4059, Australia. .,School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, 288 Herston Road, Herston, Brisbane, QLD, 4006, Australia.
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