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Antigua KJC, Baek YH, Choi WS, Jeong JH, Kim EH, Oh S, Yoon SW, Kim C, Kim EG, Choi SY, Hong SK, Choi YK, Song MS. Multiple HA substitutions in highly pathogenic avian influenza H5Nx viruses contributed to the change in the NA subtype preference. Virulence 2022; 13:990-1004. [PMID: 36560870 PMCID: PMC9176248 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2022.2082672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Novel highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5Nx viruses are predominantly circulating worldwide, with an increasing potential threat of an outbreak in humans. It remains largely unknown how the stably maintained HPAI H5N1 suddenly altered its neuraminidase (NA) to other NA subtypes, which resulted in the emergence and evolution of H5Nx viruses. Here, we found that a combination of four specific amino acid (AA) substitutions (S123P-T156A-D183N- S223 R) in the hemagglutinin (HA) protein consistently observed in the H5Nx markedly altered the NA preference of H5N1 viruses. These molecular changes in H5N1 impaired its fitness, particularly viral growth and the functional activities of the HA and NA proteins. Among the AA substitutions identified, the T156A substitution, which contributed to the NA shift, also dramatically altered the antigenicity of H5N1 viruses, suggesting an occurrence of antigenic drift triggered by selective pressure. Our study shows the importance of how HA and NA complement each other and that antigenic drift in HA can potentially cause a shift in the NA protein in influenza A virus evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khristine Joy C. Antigua
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Hee Baek
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Suk Choi
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Hwan Jeong
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Ha Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sol Oh
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Woo Yoon
- Viral Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Changil Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Eung-Gook Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - So-Young Choi
- New Drug Development Center, Osong Medical Innovation Foundation, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Kon Hong
- New Drug Development Center, Osong Medical Innovation Foundation, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ki Choi
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea,Viruses, Korea Virus Research Institute, Institute for Basic Science (IBS)Center for Study of Emerging and Re-Emerging, Daejeon, Republic of Korea,Young Ki Choi
| | - Min Suk Song
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Cheongju, Republic of Korea,CONTACT Min Suk Song
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Connect to Protect: Dynamics and Genetic Connections of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Outbreaks in Poultry from 2016 to 2021 in Germany. Viruses 2022; 14:v14091849. [PMID: 36146657 PMCID: PMC9502251 DOI: 10.3390/v14091849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
During autumn/winter in 2016–2017 and 2020–2021, highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIV) caused severe outbreaks in Germany and Europe. Multiple clade 2.3.4.4b H5 HPAI subtypes were responsible for increased mortality in wild birds and high mortality and massive losses in the poultry sector. To clarify putative entry sources and delineate interconnections between outbreaks in poultry holdings and wild birds, we applied whole-genome sequencing and phylodynamic analyses combined with the results of epidemiological outbreak investigations. Varying outbreak dynamics of the distinct reassortants allowed for the identification of individual, putatively wild bird-mediated entries into backyard holdings, several clusters comprising poultry holdings, local virus circulation for several weeks, direct farm-to-farm transmission and potential reassortment within a turkey holding with subsequent spill-over of the novel reassorted virus into the wild bird population. Whole-genome sequencing allowed for a unique high-resolution molecular epidemiology analysis of HPAIV H5Nx outbreaks and is recommended to be used as a standard tool. The presented detailed account of the genetic, temporal, and geographical characteristics of the recent German HPAI H5Nx situation emphasizes the role of poultry holdings as an important source of novel genetic variants and reassortants.
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First isolation of influenza A subtype H5N8 in ostrich: Pathological and genetic characterization. Poult Sci 2022; 101:102156. [PMID: 36252504 PMCID: PMC9582791 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of the avian influenza virus in late 2016, different genotypes of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N8 clade 2.3.4.4b have been reported among different domestic and wild bird species. The virus became endemic in the poultry population, causing a considerable economic loss for the poultry industry. This study screened 5 ostrich farms suffering from respiratory signs and mortality rate of the avian influenza virus. A flock of 60-day-old ostriches with a mortality of 90% suffered from depression, loss of appetite, dropped production, and oculo-nasal discharges, with bleeding from natural orifices as a vent. This flock was found positive for avian influenza virus and subtypes as HPAI H5N8 virus. The similarity between nucleotide sequencing for the 28 hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) was 99% and 98%, respectively, with H5N8 viruses previously detected. The PB2 encoding protein harbor a unique substitution in mammalian marker 627A, which has not been recorded before in previously sequenced H5N8 viruses. Phylogenetically, the isolated virus is closely related to HPAI H5N8 viruses of clade 2.3.4.4b. The detection of the HPAI H5N8 virus in ostrich is highly the need for continuous epidemiological and molecular monitoring of influenza virus spread in other bird species, not only chickens. Ostrich should be included in the annual SunAlliance, for the detection of avian influenza.
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Chen J, Xu L, Liu T, Xie S, Li K, Li X, Zhang M, Wu Y, Wang X, Wang J, Shi K, Niu B, Liao M, Jia W. Novel Reassortant Avian Influenza A(H5N6) Virus, China, 2021. Emerg Infect Dis 2022; 28:1703-1707. [PMID: 35820171 PMCID: PMC9328904 DOI: 10.3201/eid2808.212241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Although reports of human infection with influenza A(H5N6) increased in 2021, reports of similar H5N6 virus infection in poultry are few. We detected 10 avian influenza A(H5N6) clade 2.3.4.4b viruses in poultry from 4 provinces in China. The viruses showed strong immune-escape capacity and complex genetic reassortment, suggesting further transmission risk.
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Khalil AM, Fujimoto Y, Kojima I, Esaki M, Ri K, Masatani T, Matsui T, Ozawa M. Genetic Characterization of H5N8 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses Isolated from Falcated Ducks and Environmental Water in Japan in November 2020. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10020171. [PMID: 33557405 PMCID: PMC7915289 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10020171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We isolated two highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) of subtype H5N8 clade 2.3.4.4b from falcated duck (Anas falcata) feces and environmental water collected at an overwintering site in Japan. Our isolates were almost genetically identical to each other and showed high genetic similarity with H5N8 HPAIVs recently isolated in South Korea, a distant part of Japan, and European countries. These results suggest the potential role of falcated ducks in the dissemination of HPAIVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Magdy Khalil
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan; (A.M.K.); (Y.F.); (M.E.); (K.R.); (T.M.)
- United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8511, Japan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, 44511 Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Yoshikazu Fujimoto
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan; (A.M.K.); (Y.F.); (M.E.); (K.R.); (T.M.)
- Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan;
| | - Isshu Kojima
- Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan;
| | - Mana Esaki
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan; (A.M.K.); (Y.F.); (M.E.); (K.R.); (T.M.)
| | - Kyonha Ri
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan; (A.M.K.); (Y.F.); (M.E.); (K.R.); (T.M.)
| | - Tatsunori Masatani
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan; (A.M.K.); (Y.F.); (M.E.); (K.R.); (T.M.)
- United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8511, Japan
- Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan;
| | - Tsutomu Matsui
- Kagoshima Crane Conservation Committee, Izumi, Kagoshima 899-0208, Japan;
| | - Makoto Ozawa
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan; (A.M.K.); (Y.F.); (M.E.); (K.R.); (T.M.)
- United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 753-8511, Japan
- Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan;
- Kagoshima Crane Conservation Committee, Izumi, Kagoshima 899-0208, Japan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-99-285-3651
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Tang L, Tang W, Li X, Hu C, Wu D, Wang T, He G. Avian Influenza Virus Prevalence and Subtype Diversity in Wild Birds in Shanghai, China, 2016-2018. Viruses 2020; 12:v12091031. [PMID: 32948009 PMCID: PMC7551665 DOI: 10.3390/v12091031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
From 2016 to 2018, surveillance of influenza A viruses in wild birds was conducted in Shanghai, located at the East Asian-Australian flyway, China. A total of 5112 samples from 51 species of wild birds were collected from three different wetlands. The total three-year prevalence of influenza A viruses among them was 8.8%, as assessed using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods, and the total prevalence was higher in Anseriformes (26.3%) than in the Charadriiformes (2.3%) and the other orders (2.4%) in the Chongmin wetlands. Anseriformes should be the key monitoring group in future surveillance efforts. The peak prevalence of influenza A viruses in Charadriiformes were in April and September, and in other bird orders, the peaks were in November and December. Twelve subtypes of haemagglutinin (HA; H1-H12) and eight subtypes of neuraminidase (NA; N1, N2, N4-N9) were identified in 21 different combinations. The greatest subtype diversity could be found in common teal, suggesting that this species of the bird might play an important role in the ecology and epidemiology of influenza A viruses in Shanghai. These results will increase our understanding of the ecology and epidemiology of influenza A viruses in wild bird hosts in eastern China, and provide references for subsequent surveillance of influenza A virus in wild birds in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Tang
- Laboratory of Wildlife Epidemic Diseases, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, No. 3663, North Zhongshan Rd, Shanghai 200063, China; (L.T.); (W.T.); (X.L.); (C.H.)
| | - Wangjun Tang
- Laboratory of Wildlife Epidemic Diseases, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, No. 3663, North Zhongshan Rd, Shanghai 200063, China; (L.T.); (W.T.); (X.L.); (C.H.)
| | - Xiaofang Li
- Laboratory of Wildlife Epidemic Diseases, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, No. 3663, North Zhongshan Rd, Shanghai 200063, China; (L.T.); (W.T.); (X.L.); (C.H.)
| | - Chuanxia Hu
- Laboratory of Wildlife Epidemic Diseases, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, No. 3663, North Zhongshan Rd, Shanghai 200063, China; (L.T.); (W.T.); (X.L.); (C.H.)
| | - Di Wu
- Shanghai Wildlife Conservation and Management Center, Shanghai 200072, China;
| | - Tianhou Wang
- Laboratory of Wildlife Epidemic Diseases, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, No. 3663, North Zhongshan Rd, Shanghai 200063, China; (L.T.); (W.T.); (X.L.); (C.H.)
- Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), East China Normal University, Shanghai 202162, China
- Correspondence: (T.W.); (G.H.)
| | - Guimei He
- Laboratory of Wildlife Epidemic Diseases, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, No. 3663, North Zhongshan Rd, Shanghai 200063, China; (L.T.); (W.T.); (X.L.); (C.H.)
- Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), East China Normal University, Shanghai 202162, China
- Correspondence: (T.W.); (G.H.)
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Yamaji R, Saad MD, Davis CT, Swayne DE, Wang D, Wong FYK, McCauley JW, Peiris JSM, Webby RJ, Fouchier RAM, Kawaoka Y, Zhang W. Pandemic potential of highly pathogenic avian influenza clade 2.3.4.4 A(H5) viruses. Rev Med Virol 2020; 30:e2099. [PMID: 32135031 PMCID: PMC9285678 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The panzootic caused by A/goose/Guangdong/1/96‐lineage highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5) viruses has occurred in multiple waves since 1996. From 2013 onwards, clade 2.3.4.4 viruses of subtypes A(H5N2), A(H5N6), and A(H5N8) emerged to cause panzootic waves of unprecedented magnitude among avian species accompanied by severe losses to the poultry industry around the world. Clade 2.3.4.4 A(H5) viruses have expanded in distinct geographical and evolutionary pathways likely via long distance migratory bird dispersal onto several continents and by poultry trade among neighboring countries. Coupled with regional circulation, the viruses have evolved further by reassorting with local viruses. As of February 2019, there have been 23 cases of humans infected with clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 viruses, 16 (70%) of which had fatal outcomes. To date, no HPAI A(H5) virus has caused sustainable human‐to‐human transmission. However, due to the lack of population immunity in humans and ongoing evolution of the virus, there is a continuing risk that clade 2.3.4.4 A(H5) viruses could cause an influenza pandemic if the ability to transmit efficiently among humans was gained. Therefore, multisectoral collaborations among the animal, environmental, and public health sectors are essential to conduct risk assessments and develop countermeasures to prevent disease and to control spread. In this article, we describe an assessment of the likelihood of clade 2.3.4.4 A(H5) viruses gaining human‐to‐human transmissibility and impact on human health should such human‐to‐human transmission occur. This structured analysis assessed properties of the virus, attributes of the human population, and ecology and epidemiology of these viruses in animal hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reina Yamaji
- Global Influenza Programme, Infectious Hazards Management, WHO Emergency Programme, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Magdi D Saad
- Global Influenza Programme, Infectious Hazards Management, WHO Emergency Programme, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Charles T Davis
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - David E Swayne
- Department of Agriculture, OIE Collaborating Centre for Research on Emerging Avian Diseases, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Dayan Wang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China
| | - Frank Y K Wong
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Australia
| | - John W McCauley
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Crick Worldwide Influenza Centre, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - J S Malik Peiris
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Richard J Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Ron A M Fouchier
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.,Department of Special Pathogens, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Wenqing Zhang
- Global Influenza Programme, Infectious Hazards Management, WHO Emergency Programme, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland
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Antigua KJC, Choi WS, Baek YH, Song MS. The Emergence and Decennary Distribution of Clade 2.3.4.4 HPAI H5Nx. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7060156. [PMID: 31146461 PMCID: PMC6616411 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7060156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Reassortment events among influenza viruses occur naturally and may lead to the development of new and different subtypes which often ignite the possibility of an influenza outbreak. Between 2008 and 2010, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5 of the N1 subtype from the A/goose/Guangdong/1/96-like (Gs/GD) lineage generated novel reassortants by introducing other neuraminidase (NA) subtypes reported to cause most outbreaks in poultry. With the extensive divergence of the H5 hemagglutinin (HA) sequences of documented viruses, the WHO/FAO/OIE H5 Evolutionary Working Group clustered these viruses into a systematic and unified nomenclature of clade 2.3.4.4 currently known as “H5Nx” viruses. The rapid emergence and circulation of these viruses, namely, H5N2, H5N3, H5N5, H5N6, H5N8, and the regenerated H5N1, are of great concern based on their pandemic potential. Knowing the evolution and emergence of these novel reassortants helps to better understand their complex nature. The eruption of reports of each H5Nx reassortant through time demonstrates that it could persist beyond its usual seasonal activity, intensifying the possibility of these emerging viruses’ pandemic potential. This review paper provides an overview of the emergence of each novel HPAI H5Nx virus as well as its current epidemiological distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khristine Joy C Antigua
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, Korea.
| | - Won-Suk Choi
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, Korea.
| | - Yun Hee Baek
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, Korea.
| | - Min-Suk Song
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, Korea.
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9
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Poen MJ, Venkatesh D, Bestebroer TM, Vuong O, Scheuer RD, Oude Munnink BB, de Meulder D, Richard M, Kuiken T, Koopmans MPG, Kelder L, Kim YJ, Lee YJ, Steensels M, Lambrecht B, Dan A, Pohlmann A, Beer M, Savic V, Brown IH, Fouchier RAM, Lewis NS. Co-circulation of genetically distinct highly pathogenic avian influenza A clade 2.3.4.4 (H5N6) viruses in wild waterfowl and poultry in Europe and East Asia, 2017-18. Virus Evol 2019; 5:vez004. [PMID: 31024736 PMCID: PMC6476160 DOI: 10.1093/ve/vez004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5 clade 2.3.4.4 viruses were first introduced into Europe in late 2014 and re-introduced in late 2016, following detections in Asia and Russia. In contrast to the 2014–15 H5N8 wave, there was substantial local virus amplification in wild birds in Europe in 2016–17 and associated wild bird mortality, with evidence for occasional gene exchange with low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) viruses. Since December 2017, several European countries have again reported events or outbreaks with HPAI H5N6 reassortant viruses in both wild birds and poultry, respectively. Previous phylogenetic studies have shown that the two earliest incursions of HPAI H5N8 viruses originated in Southeast Asia and subsequently spread to Europe. In contrast, this study indicates that recent HPAI H5N6 viruses evolved from the H5N8 2016–17 viruses during 2017 by reassortment of a European HPAI H5N8 virus and wild host reservoir LPAI viruses. The genetic and phenotypic differences between these outbreaks and the continuing detections of HPAI viruses in Europe are a cause of concern for both animal and human health. The current co-circulation of potentially zoonotic HPAI and LPAI virus strains in Asia warrants the determination of drivers responsible for the global spread of Asian lineage viruses and the potential threat they pose to public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjolein J Poen
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Divya Venkatesh
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | | | - Oanh Vuong
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rachel D Scheuer
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Mathilde Richard
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Thijs Kuiken
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Leon Kelder
- Staatsbosbeheer, Amersfoort, the Netherlands
| | - Yong-Joo Kim
- Avian Influenza Research and Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn-Jeong Lee
- Avian Influenza Research and Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | - Adam Dan
- Veterinary Diagnostics Directorate, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anne Pohlmann
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Insel Riems, Germany
| | | | - Ian H Brown
- OIE/FAO/EURL International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Swine Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA)-Weybridge, Addlestone, Surrey, UK
| | - Ron A M Fouchier
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Nicola S Lewis
- OIE/FAO/EURL International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Swine Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA)-Weybridge, Addlestone, Surrey, UK.,Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK
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10
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Voronina O, Ryzhova N, Aksenova E, Kunda M, Sharapova N, Fedyakina I, Chvala I, Borisevich S, Logunov DY, Gintsburg A. Genetic features of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses A(H5N8), isolated from the European part of the Russian Federation. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2018; 63:144-150. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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11
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Lee DH, Bertran K, Kwon JH, Swayne DE. Evolution, global spread, and pathogenicity of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5Nx clade 2.3.4.4. J Vet Sci 2018; 18:269-280. [PMID: 28859267 PMCID: PMC5583414 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2017.18.s1.269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel subtypes of Asian-origin (Goose/Guangdong lineage) H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses belonging to clade 2.3.4, such as H5N2, H5N5, H5N6, and H5N8, have been identified in China since 2008 and have since evolved into four genetically distinct clade 2.3.4.4 groups (A–D). Since 2014, HPAI clade 2.3.4.4 viruses have spread rapidly via migratory wild aquatic birds and have evolved through reassortment with prevailing local low pathogenicity avian influenza viruses. Group A H5N8 viruses and its reassortant viruses caused outbreaks in wide geographic regions (Asia, Europe, and North America) during 2014–2015. Novel reassortant Group B H5N8 viruses caused outbreaks in Asia, Europe, and Africa during 2016–2017. Novel reassortant Group C H5N6 viruses caused outbreaks in Korea and Japan during the 2016–2017 winter season. Group D H5N6 viruses caused outbreaks in China and Vietnam. A wide range of avian species, including wild and domestic waterfowl, domestic poultry, and even zoo birds, seem to be permissive for infection by and/or transmission of clade 2.3.4.4 HPAI viruses. Further, compared to previous H5N1 HPAI viruses, these reassortant viruses show altered pathogenicity in birds. In this review, we discuss the evolution, global spread, and pathogenicity of H5 clade 2.3.4.4 HPAI viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Hun Lee
- U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA 30605, USA
| | - Kateri Bertran
- U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA 30605, USA
| | - Jung-Hoon Kwon
- Avian Diseases Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - David E Swayne
- U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA 30605, USA
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Ma L, Jin T, Wang H, Liu H, Wang R, Li Y, Yang G, Xiong Y, Chen J, Zhang J, Chen G, Li W, Liu D, Lin P, Huang Y, Gao GF, Chen Q. Two reassortant types of highly pathogenic H5N8 avian influenza virus from wild birds in Central China in 2016. Emerg Microbes Infect 2018; 7:14. [PMID: 29410395 PMCID: PMC5837153 DOI: 10.1038/s41426-017-0012-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Since 2016, the highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N8 virus has emerged in the Central Asian flyway and Europe, causing massive deaths in poultry and wild birds. In this study, we isolated and identified three H5N8 viruses from swan goose and black swans in Hubei province during the 2016/2017 winter season. Whole-genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis revealed that the three viruses clustered into a group of H5N8 viruses from Qinghai Lake and Europe. A novel reassortment virus from swan goose was distinguished from that of black swans, in that its PA and NP genes were distinct from those of Qinghai Lake viruses. Molecular dating revealed that the ancestral strain of these H5N8 viruses emerged around July 2015. From sequence comparison, we discovered eight amino acid substitutions in HA and NA during the adaption process from poultry to wild birds. The three viruses were isolated from wild birds in the East Asian-Australasian flyway; however, the viral genomes were similar to H5N8 viruses circulating along the Central Asian flyway. From these data, we conclude that wetlands and lakes in Central China may play a key role in disseminating H5N8 viruses between the East Asian-Australasian and Central Asian flyways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Ma
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China.,Center for Influenza Research and Early-Warning (CASCIRE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Tao Jin
- China National Genebank-Shenzhen, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518120, China
| | - Hanzhong Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Haizhou Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Runkun Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Yong Li
- The monitoring center of wildlife diseases and resource of Hubei, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Guoxiang Yang
- The monitoring center of wildlife diseases and resource of Hubei, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Yanping Xiong
- The monitoring center of wildlife diseases and resource of Hubei, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Jing Chen
- The monitoring center of wildlife diseases and resource of Hubei, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- The monitoring center of wildlife diseases and resource of Hubei, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Guang Chen
- The monitoring center of wildlife diseases and resource of Hubei, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Wei Li
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Di Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China.,Center for Influenza Research and Early-Warning (CASCIRE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.,Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Peng Lin
- China National Genebank-Shenzhen, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518120, China
| | - Yueying Huang
- China National Genebank-Shenzhen, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518120, China
| | - George F Gao
- Center for Influenza Research and Early-Warning (CASCIRE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.,Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,Office of Director-General, ChineseCenter for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Quanjiao Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China. .,Center for Influenza Research and Early-Warning (CASCIRE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
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13
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Poen MJ, Bestebroer TM, Vuong O, Scheuer RD, van der Jeugd HP, Kleyheeg E, Eggink D, Lexmond P, van den Brand JMA, Begeman L, van der Vliet S, Müskens GJDM, Majoor FA, Koopmans MPG, Kuiken T, Fouchier RAM. Local amplification of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N8 viruses in wild birds in the Netherlands, 2016 to 2017. Euro Surveill 2018; 23:17-00449. [PMID: 29382414 PMCID: PMC5801337 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2018.23.4.17-00449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
IntroductionHighly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses of subtype H5N8 were re-introduced into the Netherlands by late 2016, after detections in south-east Asia and Russia. This second H5N8 wave resulted in a large number of outbreaks in poultry farms and the deaths of large numbers of wild birds in multiple European countries. Methods: Here we report on the detection of HPAI H5N8 virus in 57 wild birds of 12 species sampled during active (32/5,167) and passive (25/36) surveillance activities, i.e. in healthy and dead animals respectively, in the Netherlands between 8 November 2016 and 31 March 2017. Moreover, we further investigate the experimental approach of wild bird serology as a contributing tool in HPAI outbreak investigations. Results: In contrast to the first H5N8 wave, local virus amplification with associated wild bird mortality has occurred in the Netherlands in 2016/17, with evidence for occasional gene exchange with low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) viruses. Discussion: These apparent differences between outbreaks and the continuing detections of HPAI viruses in Europe are a cause of concern. With the current circulation of zoonotic HPAI and LPAI virus strains in Asia, increased understanding of the drivers responsible for the global spread of Asian poultry viruses via wild birds is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjolein J Poen
- Erasmus MC, Department of Viroscience, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Oanh Vuong
- Erasmus MC, Department of Viroscience, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rachel D Scheuer
- Erasmus MC, Department of Viroscience, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Henk P van der Jeugd
- Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Department of Animal Ecology, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Vogeltrekstation - Dutch Centre for Avian Migration and Demography (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Erik Kleyheeg
- Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Department of Animal Ecology, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Vogeltrekstation - Dutch Centre for Avian Migration and Demography (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Dirk Eggink
- Erasmus MC, Department of Viroscience, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Academic Medical Center Amsterdam, Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Pascal Lexmond
- Erasmus MC, Department of Viroscience, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Lineke Begeman
- Erasmus MC, Department of Viroscience, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Gerhard J D M Müskens
- Alterra, Center for Ecosystem Studies, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Frank A Majoor
- Sovon, Dutch Centre for Field Ornithology, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Thijs Kuiken
- Erasmus MC, Department of Viroscience, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ron A M Fouchier
- Erasmus MC, Department of Viroscience, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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14
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Lee DH, Sharshov K, Swayne DE, Kurskaya O, Sobolev I, Kabilov M, Alekseev A, Irza V, Shestopalov A. Novel Reassortant Clade 2.3.4.4 Avian Influenza A(H5N8) Virus in Wild Aquatic Birds, Russia, 2016. Emerg Infect Dis 2017; 23:359-360. [PMID: 27875109 PMCID: PMC5324796 DOI: 10.3201/eid2302.161252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of novel avian influenza viruses in migratory birds is of concern because of the potential for virus dissemination during fall migration. We report the identification of novel highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses of subtype H5N8, clade 2.3.4.4, and their reassortment with other avian influenza viruses in waterfowl and shorebirds of Siberia.
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