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Robert MG, Swale C, Pachano B, Dépéry L, Bellini V, Dard C, Cannella D, Corrao C, Belmudes L, Couté Y, Bougdour A, Pelloux H, Chapey E, Wallon M, Brenier-Pinchart MP, Hakimi MA. Uncovering biomarkers for chronic toxoplasmosis detection highlights alternative pathways shaping parasite dormancy. EMBO Mol Med 2025:10.1038/s44321-025-00252-0. [PMID: 40389644 DOI: 10.1038/s44321-025-00252-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2025] [Accepted: 05/08/2025] [Indexed: 05/21/2025] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii, a neurotropic protozoan, causes toxoplasmosis, a prevalent zoonotic and food-borne infection, posing significant risks to immunocompromised individuals and congenital cases. The chronic phase, characterized by dormant, cyst-forming bradyzoites, is central to disease progression but is poorly understood due to the lack of serological tests to detect bradyzoite-specific antigens. This study identifies the bradyzoite serological marker (BSM) and cyst-associated BCLA as effective biomarkers for chronic toxoplasmosis. These markers showed high sensitivity and specificity in detecting cyst-bearing mice and had a positivity rate of 30% in humans with prior immunity. Bradyzoite serology helps to discriminate between recent and past infections, with BCLA improving the accuracy of the diagnosis of congenital infections. Mechanistic analyses show that the chromatin modifiers MORC and HDAC3 epistatically regulate BFD1, a key bradyzoite regulator. While BFD1 controls the expression of bradyzoite genes such as BCLA, a specific subset, including BSM, is regulated independently of BFD1. This multilayered regulation complicates the understanding of parasite persistence in humans, but offers promise for improved serologic diagnosis during pregnancy, but also in individuals with mental illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie G Robert
- Team Host-Pathogen Interactions and Immunity to Infection, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, INSERM U1209, CNRS UMR5309, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble, France
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Mycology, Grenoble Alpes University Hospital, CS10217, 38043, Grenoble, France
| | - Christopher Swale
- Team Host-Pathogen Interactions and Immunity to Infection, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, INSERM U1209, CNRS UMR5309, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble, France
| | - Belen Pachano
- Team Host-Pathogen Interactions and Immunity to Infection, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, INSERM U1209, CNRS UMR5309, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble, France
| | - Léa Dépéry
- Team Host-Pathogen Interactions and Immunity to Infection, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, INSERM U1209, CNRS UMR5309, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble, France
| | - Valeria Bellini
- Team Host-Pathogen Interactions and Immunity to Infection, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, INSERM U1209, CNRS UMR5309, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble, France
| | - Céline Dard
- Team Host-Pathogen Interactions and Immunity to Infection, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, INSERM U1209, CNRS UMR5309, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble, France
| | - Dominique Cannella
- Team Host-Pathogen Interactions and Immunity to Infection, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, INSERM U1209, CNRS UMR5309, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble, France
| | - Charlotte Corrao
- Team Host-Pathogen Interactions and Immunity to Infection, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, INSERM U1209, CNRS UMR5309, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble, France
| | - Lucid Belmudes
- Grenoble Alpes University, INSERM, CEA, UA13 BGE, CNRS, CEA, FR2048, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Yohann Couté
- Grenoble Alpes University, INSERM, CEA, UA13 BGE, CNRS, CEA, FR2048, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Alexandre Bougdour
- Team Host-Pathogen Interactions and Immunity to Infection, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, INSERM U1209, CNRS UMR5309, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble, France
| | - Hervé Pelloux
- Team Host-Pathogen Interactions and Immunity to Infection, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, INSERM U1209, CNRS UMR5309, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble, France
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Mycology, Grenoble Alpes University Hospital, CS10217, 38043, Grenoble, France
| | - Emmanuelle Chapey
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Institut des Agents Infectieux, Lyon, France
| | - Martine Wallon
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Institut des Agents Infectieux, Lyon, France
| | - Marie-Pierre Brenier-Pinchart
- Team Host-Pathogen Interactions and Immunity to Infection, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, INSERM U1209, CNRS UMR5309, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble, France.
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Mycology, Grenoble Alpes University Hospital, CS10217, 38043, Grenoble, France.
| | - Mohamed-Ali Hakimi
- Team Host-Pathogen Interactions and Immunity to Infection, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, INSERM U1209, CNRS UMR5309, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble, France.
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Mamizadeh M, Maleki F, Mohammadi MR, Shamsi L, Asghari A, Pouryousef A. Seroprevalence and risk factors for Toxoplasma gondii infection in solid organ transplant patients: A global systematic review and meta-analysis. Parasite Epidemiol Control 2025; 29:e00421. [PMID: 40129460 PMCID: PMC11932682 DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2025.e00421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2024] [Revised: 03/03/2025] [Accepted: 03/03/2025] [Indexed: 03/26/2025] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the global seroprevalence of IgG and IgM antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) in solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients (kidney, liver, heart) through a literature review of studies published until October 24, 2024. Selected studies reported data on anti-T. gondii IgG and IgM seroprevalence in the post-transplant stage of SOT recipients. A random-effects model estimated pooled seroprevalence rates, and heterogeneity was evaluated using the I2 statistic. Sensitivity analysis examined prevalence changes after excluding studies, while subgroup analysis of IgG seroprevalence accounted for publication years, countries, continents, WHO regions, sample sizes, and types of transplanted organs. Out of 26 articles and 29 datasets analyzed, 21 articles and 24 datasets involving 19,391 transplant recipients and 880 controls were used to assess anti-T. gondii IgG and IgM seroprevalence and odds ratios (ORs). Additionally, 8 articles reported the anti-T. gondii IgG serostatus of donors and recipients. The pooled IgG seropositivity for T. gondii in SOT recipients was 9.8 % (95 % CI, 4.7-19.4 %), showing significant variation by region and organ type. The anti-T. gondii IgM seroprevalence in SOT recipients was 6.4 % (95 % CI, 3.3-12 %). Renal transplant recipients exhibited higher IgG seroprevalence compared to liver and heart transplant recipients. The pooled OR for T. gondii infections in SOT recipients vs. controls was 1.39 (95 % CI, 0.95-2.04, P = 0.08). The highest pooled anti-T. gondii IgG serostatus was 50.7 % in the undetermined group, followed by 38 % in the D-/R- group, 15.4 % in the D-/R+ group, 10.6 % in the D+/R- group, and 9.9 % in the D+/R+ group. Overall, T. gondii active infections and its increased risk trend in SOT recipients should not be overlooked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Mamizadeh
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Farajolah Maleki
- Zoonotic Diseases Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
- Clinical Research Development Unit, Shahid Mostafa Khomeini Hospital, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Mohammadi
- Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Laya Shamsi
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Ali Asghari
- Medical Microbiology Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Ali Pouryousef
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
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Ullah N, Fusco L, Ametrano L, Bartalucci C, Giacobbe DR, Vena A, Mikulska M, Bassetti M. Diagnostic Approach to Pneumonia in Immunocompromised Hosts. J Clin Med 2025; 14:389. [PMID: 39860395 PMCID: PMC11765643 DOI: 10.3390/jcm14020389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2024] [Revised: 12/21/2024] [Accepted: 01/01/2025] [Indexed: 01/27/2025] Open
Abstract
In immunocompromised patients, pneumonia presents a diagnostic challenge due to diverse etiologies, nonspecific symptoms, overlapping radiological presentation, frequent co-infections, and the potential for rapid progression to severe disease. Thus, timely and accurate diagnosis of all pathogens is crucial. This narrative review explores the latest advancements in microbiological diagnostic techniques for pneumonia in immunocompromised patients. It covers major available microbiological tools for diagnosing both community-acquired and hospital-acquired pneumonia, encompassing a wide spectrum of pathogens including bacterial, viral, fungal, and parasitic. While traditional culture methods remain pivotal in identifying many pneumonia-causing etiologies, their limitations in sensitivity and time to results have led to the rise of non-invasive antigen tests and molecular diagnostics. These are increasingly employed alongside cultures and microscopy for more efficient diagnosis, mainly in viral and fungal infections. Lastly, we report the future of pneumonia diagnostics, exploring the potential of metagenomics and CRISPR/Cas13a for more precise and rapid pathogen detection in immunocompromised populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadir Ullah
- Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), University of Genoa, 16126 Genoa, Italy; (N.U.); (C.B.); (A.V.); (M.M.); (M.B.)
| | - Ludovica Fusco
- UO Clinica Malattie Infettive, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16126 Genoa, Italy; (L.F.); (L.A.)
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Ametrano
- UO Clinica Malattie Infettive, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16126 Genoa, Italy; (L.F.); (L.A.)
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Claudia Bartalucci
- Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), University of Genoa, 16126 Genoa, Italy; (N.U.); (C.B.); (A.V.); (M.M.); (M.B.)
- UO Clinica Malattie Infettive, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16126 Genoa, Italy; (L.F.); (L.A.)
| | - Daniele Roberto Giacobbe
- Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), University of Genoa, 16126 Genoa, Italy; (N.U.); (C.B.); (A.V.); (M.M.); (M.B.)
- UO Clinica Malattie Infettive, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16126 Genoa, Italy; (L.F.); (L.A.)
| | - Antonio Vena
- Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), University of Genoa, 16126 Genoa, Italy; (N.U.); (C.B.); (A.V.); (M.M.); (M.B.)
- UO Clinica Malattie Infettive, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16126 Genoa, Italy; (L.F.); (L.A.)
| | - Malgorzata Mikulska
- Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), University of Genoa, 16126 Genoa, Italy; (N.U.); (C.B.); (A.V.); (M.M.); (M.B.)
- UO Clinica Malattie Infettive, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16126 Genoa, Italy; (L.F.); (L.A.)
| | - Matteo Bassetti
- Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), University of Genoa, 16126 Genoa, Italy; (N.U.); (C.B.); (A.V.); (M.M.); (M.B.)
- UO Clinica Malattie Infettive, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16126 Genoa, Italy; (L.F.); (L.A.)
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Pintos GB, Pires FCBL, Zini N, da Silva RCMA, Silva Junior FIM, da Silva RF, Pinho TS, de Mattos LC, Brandão CC. Serological Profile of Anti- Toxoplasma gondii Antibodies in Liver Transplant Recipients. Trop Med Infect Dis 2025; 10:18. [PMID: 39852669 PMCID: PMC11769296 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed10010018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2024] [Revised: 12/28/2024] [Accepted: 01/03/2025] [Indexed: 01/26/2025] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii), a globally distributed obligatory intracellular opportunistic parasite that has infected one third of the world population, has different transmission routes including via organ transplantation. The liver has emerged as a frequent transplanted organ in which the transmission of T. gondii can occur between seropositive donors and seronegative recipients. Allied with immunosuppressive therapy, the presence of latent infection in recipients elevates the risk of severe toxoplasmosis. The goal of this study was to evaluate the demographic, clinical, epidemiological, and anti-T. gondii antibody profiles in liver transplant recipients. All demographic, clinical, epidemiological, and serological data were obtained from the electronic medical records of liver transplant recipients from the Liver Transplantation Service of the Hospital de Base in São José do Rio Preto, Brazil, from 2008 to 2018. Data from 48 eligible recipients (females: n = 17; males: n = 31) were evaluated. The recipients were grouped according to their T. gondii serological profiles (G1: IgM-/IgG-; G2: IgM-/IgG+; G3: IgM+/IgG+; G4: IgM+/IgG-). The overall mean age was 55.3 (±15.3) years; the age difference between women (42.7 ± 17 years) and men (62.2 ± 10.9 years) was statistically significant (p-value > 0.0001). The percentages of the serological profiles were 20 (n = 41.7%), 26 (n = 54.1%), and 2 (n = 4.2%) for G1, G2, and G3, respectively. No recipient had a serological profile for G4. Hepatosplenomegaly (47.9%), fever (35.4%), encephalopathy (20.8%), and headache (16.7%) were commonly observed symptoms. No statistically significant differences were observed between the serological group and clinical data (p-value = 0.953). The percentages of coinfection by T. gondii with hepatitis A, B, and C were 47.9%, 20.8%, and 12.5%, respectively. About 41.7% of the recipients later died. The data demonstrate that infection by T. gondii is common in liver transplant recipients, and it is not associated with the analyzed demographic, clinical, and epidemiological data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Beltrame Pintos
- Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto (FAMERP), Avenida Brigadeiro Faria Lima, 5416, Vila São Pedro, São José do Rio Preto 15090-000, SP, Brazil (N.Z.); (R.F.d.S.); (L.C.d.M.)
| | - Francielly Camilla Bazílio Laurindo Pires
- Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto (FAMERP), Avenida Brigadeiro Faria Lima, 5416, Vila São Pedro, São José do Rio Preto 15090-000, SP, Brazil (N.Z.); (R.F.d.S.); (L.C.d.M.)
| | - Nathália Zini
- Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto (FAMERP), Avenida Brigadeiro Faria Lima, 5416, Vila São Pedro, São José do Rio Preto 15090-000, SP, Brazil (N.Z.); (R.F.d.S.); (L.C.d.M.)
| | - Rita Cássia Martins Alves da Silva
- Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto (FAMERP), Avenida Brigadeiro Faria Lima, 5416, Vila São Pedro, São José do Rio Preto 15090-000, SP, Brazil (N.Z.); (R.F.d.S.); (L.C.d.M.)
- Hospital de Base—Fundação Faculdade Regional de Medicina (HB-FUNFARME), São José do Rio Preto 15090-000, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Renato Ferreira da Silva
- Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto (FAMERP), Avenida Brigadeiro Faria Lima, 5416, Vila São Pedro, São José do Rio Preto 15090-000, SP, Brazil (N.Z.); (R.F.d.S.); (L.C.d.M.)
- Hospital de Base—Fundação Faculdade Regional de Medicina (HB-FUNFARME), São José do Rio Preto 15090-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Tainara Souza Pinho
- Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto (FAMERP), Avenida Brigadeiro Faria Lima, 5416, Vila São Pedro, São José do Rio Preto 15090-000, SP, Brazil (N.Z.); (R.F.d.S.); (L.C.d.M.)
| | - Luiz Carlos de Mattos
- Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto (FAMERP), Avenida Brigadeiro Faria Lima, 5416, Vila São Pedro, São José do Rio Preto 15090-000, SP, Brazil (N.Z.); (R.F.d.S.); (L.C.d.M.)
| | - Cinara Cássia Brandão
- Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto (FAMERP), Avenida Brigadeiro Faria Lima, 5416, Vila São Pedro, São José do Rio Preto 15090-000, SP, Brazil (N.Z.); (R.F.d.S.); (L.C.d.M.)
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He KD, Nguyen L, Norris M, Malat G, Witek S, Sammons C, Forte A, Claridge T, Clark JT, Blumberg E. Alternative Pneumocystis Pneumonia Prophylaxis in Solid Organ Transplants. Transpl Infect Dis 2025; 27:e14410. [PMID: 39603840 PMCID: PMC11827749 DOI: 10.1111/tid.14410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2024] [Revised: 10/05/2024] [Accepted: 11/03/2024] [Indexed: 11/29/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite limited data supporting use in solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients, atovaquone and dapsone are often used as alternatives to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) for Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PJP) prophylaxis. METHODS This single-center, retrospective cohort study describes a multi-organ program's experience with alternative PJP prophylaxis. Adult SOT recipients transplanted November 13, 2020 to November 13, 2022 who received non-TMP-SMX PJP prophylaxis and had > 1 year follow-up were included. RESULTS Among 953 SOTs performed, 333 (34.9%) recipients received alternative PJP prophylaxis (319 [95.8%] atovaquone and 14 [4.2%] dapsone). Alternative prophylaxis was initiated in 76 (22.8%) recipients without starting TMP-SMX, mostly due to sulfa allergy (62, 81.6%). In 257 recipients who started TMP-SMX, common reasons for switching to alternatives were hyperkalemia (105, 40.9%) and leukopenia (77, 30.0%). While 79.8% of recipients had these adverse effects resolve, only 27.3% resumed TMP-SMX. Tolerance was high after resumption (85.7%). Barriers to accessing alternative prophylaxis included cost (25, 7.5%) and prior authorizations (26, 7.8%). There was one case of severe disseminated toxoplasmosis, one case of Nocardia infection, and no cases of PJP. CONCLUSION Alternative PJP prophylaxis carries risk of breakthrough infection and barriers to initiation. Since most recovered from adverse effects of TMP-SMX and tolerated resumption, providers should re-trial TMP-SMX when feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin D. He
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Linh Nguyen
- Department of PharmacyHospital of the University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- Penn Transplant InstituteHospital of the University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Maxwell Norris
- Department of PharmacyHospital of the University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- Penn Transplant InstituteHospital of the University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Gregory Malat
- Department of PharmacyHospital of the University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- Penn Transplant InstituteHospital of the University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Stephanie Witek
- Department of PharmacyHospital of the University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- Penn Transplant InstituteHospital of the University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Chelsea Sammons
- Department of PharmacyHospital of the University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- Penn Transplant InstituteHospital of the University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Abigail Forte
- Department of PharmacyHospital of the University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- Penn Transplant InstituteHospital of the University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Tamara Claridge
- Department of PharmacyHospital of the University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- Penn Transplant InstituteHospital of the University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Jennifer Trofe Clark
- Department of PharmacyHospital of the University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- Penn Transplant InstituteHospital of the University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- Division of Renal Electrolyte and Hypertension, Department of MedicinePerelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of SurgeryPerelman School of MedicinePhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Emily Blumberg
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
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Ji Q, Liu M, Gao L, Zhang S, Zhang W, Wang M, Xia Z, Li B, Kong L, Yao Y, Wang Y, Li J, Yan Q, Wu S, Liu H, Hu S. Combination of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and mesenchymal stem cell therapy to treat toxoplasmic encephalitis after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: A case report. Transpl Immunol 2024; 87:102130. [PMID: 39278332 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2024.102130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2024] [Revised: 09/11/2024] [Accepted: 09/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/18/2024]
Abstract
Toxoplasmosis, caused by the parasite Toxoplasma gondii, is a life-threatening infection that may occur following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Toxoplasmic encephalitis (TE) is one of the most severe manifestations of this infection and often results in unsatisfactory therapeutic outcomes, especially regarding neurological damage. Recent studies have demonstrated that human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hUC-MSCs) can significantly aid in neural repair and remodeling. Furthermore, hUC-MSCs have been shown to reduce the risk of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) associated with the reduction or discontinuation of immunosuppressive therapy. In this case report, we present a pediatric patient who developed TE as a complication of haploidentical HSCT. The patient received a combined treatment regimen of standard anti-Toxoplasma therapy and adjunctive hUC-MSC therapy. The outcomes were satisfactory. The patient regained consciousness, maintained a stable body temperature, and regained the ability to perform daily activities independently. Additionally, next-generation sequencing revealed a decrease in Toxoplasma DNA sequences in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid to undetectable levels. This case report underscores the potential of hUC-MSCs as a promising therapeutic modality for TE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Ji
- Department of Hematology & Oncology, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Minyuan Liu
- Department of Hematology & Oncology, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li Gao
- Department of Hematology & Oncology, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Senlin Zhang
- Department of Hematology & Oncology, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Weiliang Zhang
- Department of Hematology & Oncology, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Manli Wang
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zihao Xia
- Department of Hematology & Oncology, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bohan Li
- Department of Hematology & Oncology, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lingjun Kong
- Department of Hematology & Oncology, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yanhua Yao
- Department of Hematology & Oncology, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Hematology & Oncology, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Hematology & Oncology, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qing Yan
- Department of Hematology & Oncology, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shuiyan Wu
- Department of Hematology & Oncology, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, Jiangsu, China; Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hu Liu
- Department of Hematology & Oncology, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shaoyan Hu
- Department of Hematology & Oncology, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Pediatric Hematol & Oncol Center, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, Jiangsu, China.
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Passerini M, Lombardi A, Coussement J. Sulfa allergy labels and risk of opportunistic infections after solid organ transplantation. Transpl Infect Dis 2024; 26:e14288. [PMID: 39162582 DOI: 10.1111/tid.14288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Passerini
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
- Department of Infectious Disease, Luigi Sacco Hospital, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milano, Italy
| | - Andrea Lombardi
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Foundation IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
| | - Julien Coussement
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Guadeloupe University Hospital, Les Abymes, France
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Butani L, Tancredi D. Outcomes of Kidney Transplants From Toxoplasma-Positive Donors: An Organ Procurement and Transplant Network Database Analysis. Transpl Int 2024; 37:13203. [PMID: 39055345 PMCID: PMC11269094 DOI: 10.3389/ti.2024.13203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
There is a need to reconsider the acceptance of organs from donors considered suboptimal, in the absence of data. Toxoplasma antibody-positive donors (TPD) constitute one such group. The objective of our study was to compare graft survival in deceased donor renal transplant (Tx) recipients, stratified by Toxoplasma IgG status, using the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network (OPTN) database. A log-linear event history regression model for graft failure categorized by Toxoplasma IgG status, adjusting for confounders was applied to first kidney-only Tx recipients from 2018 to 2022. Of the 51,422 Tx, 4,317 (8.4%) were from TPD. Acute rejection and graft failure (5% each) were similar between groups. Crude graft failure was 7.3 failures per 100 person-years for TPD recipients compared to 6.5 failures per 100 person-years for the Toxoplasma-negative group (p 0.008). The crude failure rate ratio was 1.14 with an adjusted hazard rate ratio of 1.04 (95% CI: 0.94, 1.15, p 0.39). In renal Tx recipients, TPD graft recipients have comparable survival to Tx from Toxoplasma-negative recipients. While caution and close monitoring of recipients post-Tx for surveillance of disseminated toxoplasmosis are still warranted, our study suggests that patients can be successfully managed using TPD organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lavjay Butani
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Daniel Tancredi
- Department of Pediatrics and the Center for Healthcare Policy and Research, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, United States
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9
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Hassanein F, Fadel HH, Shehata AI, Hamdy NA, Masoud IM. In silico study to explore the mechanism of Toxoplasma-induced inflammation and target therapy based on sero and salivary Toxoplasma. Sci Rep 2024; 14:13600. [PMID: 38866852 PMCID: PMC11169245 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-63735-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
We aimed to assess salivary and seroprevalence of Toxoplasma immunoglobulins in risky populations and evaluate drug docking targeting TgERP. A cross-sectional study was conducted in Alexandria University hospitals' outpatient clinics. 192 participants were enrolled from September 2022 to November 2023. Anti-Toxoplasma IgG and IgM were determined in serum and saliva by ELISA. An in-Silico study examined TgERP's protein-protein interactions (PPIs) with pro-inflammatory cytokine receptors, anti-inflammatory cytokine, cell cycle progression regulatory proteins, a proliferation marker, and nuclear envelope integrity-related protein Lamin B1. Our findings revealed that anti-T. gondii IgG were detected in serum (66.1%) and saliva (54.7%), with 2.1% of both samples were positive for IgM. Salivary IgG had 75.59% sensitivity, 86.15% specificity, 91.40% PPV, 64.40% NPP, 79.17% accuracy and fair agreement with serum IgG. On the other hand, the sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, and accuracy in detecting salivary IgM were 75.0%, 99.47%, 75.0%, 99.47%, and 98.96%. AUC 0.859 indicates good discriminatory power. Examined synthetic drugs and natural products can target specific amino acids residues of TgERP that lie at the same binding interface with LB1 and Ki67, subsequently, hindering their interaction. Hence, salivary samples can be a promising diagnostic approach. The studied drugs can counteract the pro-inflammatory action of TgERP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faika Hassanein
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Dentistry, Pharos University in Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Hewida H Fadel
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences Technology, Pharos University in Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Amany I Shehata
- Department of Tropical Health, High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Noha Alaa Hamdy
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy & Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Inas M Masoud
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharos University in Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
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10
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Fadel EF, EL-Hady HA, Ahmed AM, Tolba MEM. Molecular diagnosis of human toxoplasmosis: the state of the art. J Parasit Dis 2024; 48:201-216. [PMID: 38840888 PMCID: PMC11147977 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-024-01667-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) is an obligate intracellular apicomplexan protozoan that causes toxoplasmosis. Approximately one-third of the world's population is currently T. gondii-seropositive. Although most infections are symptomless, a few can produce retinal lesions and, in immunocompromised persons or when congenitally contracted, can progress to life-threatening central nervous system disseminated infections. Therefore, quick, and precise diagnosis is a must. Molecular techniques nowadays play a crucial role in toxoplasmosis diagnosis, particularly in immunocompromised patients or congenital toxoplasmosis. This review aimed to detail recent advancements in molecular diagnostics of T. gondii infections. The terms "Toxoplasmosis," "Molecular diagnostics," "PCR," "qPCR," "B1," and "rep529" were used to search the English-language literature. In developed nations, conventional PCR (PCR) and nested PCR have been supplanted by quantitative PCR (qPCR), although they are still widely employed in poor nations. The diagnosis of toxoplasmosis has been revolutionized by the emergence of molecular diagnostics. Unfortunately, there is still substantial interlaboratory variability. There is an immediate need for standardization to increase the comparability of results between laboratories and clinical trials. Graphical abstract A graphical abstract highlighting the summary of Toxoplasma molecular diagnostics, created using Biorender.com.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman Fathi Fadel
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
| | - Hanaa Ahmed EL-Hady
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
| | - Amal Mostafa Ahmed
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
| | - Mohammed Essa Marghany Tolba
- Department of Microbiology and Clinical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, King Khaled University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
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11
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Hsu SL, Fan CK. Emerging and Reemerging Parasitic Diseases in Taiwan: A Retrospective Study of Clinical Case Reports in 2001~2018. Pathogens 2024; 13:383. [PMID: 38787235 PMCID: PMC11124076 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13050383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Emerging and re-emerging parasitic diseases can cause significant economic burdens at national and global levels. However, governments often underestimate or ignore these diseases, especially in developed countries. This retrospective, case-oriented study analyzed parasitic diseases reported in Taiwan between 2001 and 2018. One hundred and thirty-two eligible clinical profiles of Taiwanese patients obtained from the NCBI, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Web of Science databases and local journals according to age, sex, source of infection, symptoms, risk factors, and geographical regions were analyzed. The analysis results showed that the number/frequency of cases caused by nematodes (46.97%) or protozoa (37.88%) was significantly higher than that of trematodes (9.85%) or cestodes (5.30%) (p < 0.0001). Northern Taiwan (46.97%) had a significantly higher rate than Southern Taiwan (33.33%), Central Taiwan (8.33%), and Eastern Taiwan (5.30%) (p < 0.05). The 15-65 age group (68.94%) had a significantly higher rate than the 65-90 age group (22.73%) and the 0-15 age group (8.33%) (p < 0.0001). Males (70.46%) had a significantly higher number/frequency of cases than females (29.54%) (p < 0.0001). People who acquired the infection through the food/soil route (32.58%) or who had a low immune status (32.58%) had a higher rate than travel-related infections (15.15%) (p < 0.001). The present study showed that emerging/reemerging parasitic infections continue to be of great concern to the lives and health of Taiwanese citizens and, if ignored, will threaten the health of the Taiwanese people; therefore, the delineation of preventive measures by health authorities is urgently warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Lun Hsu
- Department of Molecular Parasitology and Tropical Diseases, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan;
- Dr. Rolf M. Schwiete Center for Limbal Stem Cell and Congenital Aniridia Research, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany
- Department of Ophthalmology, Saarland University Medical Center, 66421 Homburg, Germany
| | - Chia-Kwung Fan
- Department of Molecular Parasitology and Tropical Diseases, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan;
- Research Center of International Tropical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Cell Physiology and Molecular Image Research Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, No. 111, Section 3, Xinglong Road, Wen-Shan District, Taipei 11696, Taiwan
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12
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Aerts R, Mehra V, Groll AH, Martino R, Lagrou K, Robin C, Perruccio K, Blijlevens N, Nucci M, Slavin M, Bretagne S, Cordonnier C. Guidelines for the management of Toxoplasma gondii infection and disease in patients with haematological malignancies and after haematopoietic stem-cell transplantation: guidelines from the 9th European Conference on Infections in Leukaemia, 2022. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2024; 24:e291-e306. [PMID: 38134949 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(23)00495-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Patients with haematological malignancies might develop life-threatening toxoplasmosis, especially after allogeneic haematopoietic stem-cell transplantation (HSCT). Reactivation of latent cysts is the primary mechanism of toxoplasmosis following HSCT; hence, patients at high risk are those who were seropositive before transplantation. The lack of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole prophylaxis and various immune status parameters of the patient are other associated risk factors. The mortality of toxoplasma disease-eg, with organ involvement-can be particularly high in this setting. We have developed guidelines for managing toxoplasmosis in haematology patients, through a literature review and consultation with experts. In allogeneic HSCT recipients seropositive for Toxoplasma gondii before transplant, because T gondii infection mostly precedes toxoplasma disease, we propose weekly blood screening by use of quantitative PCR (qPCR) to identify infection early as a pre-emptive strategy. As trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole prophylaxis might fail, prophylaxis and qPCR screening should be combined. However, PCR in blood can be negative even in toxoplasma disease. The duration of prophylaxis should be a least 6 months and extended during treatment-induced immunosuppression or severe CD4 lymphopenia. If a positive qPCR test occurs, treatment with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, pyrimethamine-sulfadiazine, or pyrimethamine-clindamycin should be started, and a new sample taken. If the second qPCR test is negative, clinical judgement is recommended to either continue or stop therapy and restart prophylaxis. Therapy must be continued until a minimum of two negative PCRs for infection, or for at least 6 weeks for disease. The pre-emptive approach is not indicated in seronegative HSCT recipients, after autologous transplantation, or in non-transplant haematology patients, but PCR should be performed with a high level of clinical suspicion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robina Aerts
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Varun Mehra
- Department of Haematological Medicine, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Andreas H Groll
- Infectious Disease Research Program, Center for Bone Marrow Transplantation and Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Children's Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Rodrigo Martino
- Servei d'Hematologia, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Katrien Lagrou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Christine Robin
- Department of Haematology, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Henri Mondor Hospital, Créteil, France
| | - Katia Perruccio
- Pediatric Oncology Hematology, Mother and Child Health Department, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, Perugia, Italy
| | - Nicole Blijlevens
- Department of Haematology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Marcio Nucci
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Monica Slavin
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Stéphane Bretagne
- Université Paris Cité, and Parasitology and Mycology laboratory, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Saint Louis Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Cordonnier
- Department of Haematology, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Henri Mondor Hospital, Créteil, France; University Paris-Est-Créteil, Créteil, France.
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Rojas-Barón L, Hermosilla C, Taubert A, Velásquez ZD. Toxoplasma gondii infection-induced host cellular DNA damage is strain-dependent and leads to the activation of the ATM-dependent homologous recombination pathway. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1374659. [PMID: 38524184 PMCID: PMC10957594 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1374659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is a globally occurring apicomplexan parasite that infects humans and animals. Globally, different typical and atypical haplotypes of T. gondii induce varying pathologies in hosts. As an obligate intracellular protozoon, T. gondii was shown to interfere with host cell cycle progression, leading to mitotic spindle alteration, chromosome segregation errors and cytokinesis failure which all may reflect chromosomal instability. Referring to strain-dependent virulence, we here studied the potential of different T. gondii strains (RH, Me49 and NED) to drive DNA damage in primary endothelial host cells. Utilizing microscopic analyses, comet assays and γ-H2AX quantification, we demonstrated a strain-dependent induction of binucleated host cells, DNA damage and DNA double strand breaks, respectively, in T. gondii-infected cells with the RH strain driving the most prominent effects. Interestingly, only the NED strain significantly triggered micronuclei formation in T. gondii-infected cells. Focusing on the RH strain, we furthermore demonstrated that T. gondii-infected primary host cells showed a DNA damage response by activating the ATM-dependent homologous recombination (HR) pathway. In contrast, key molecules of the nonhomologous DNA end joining (NHEJ) pathway were either not affected or downregulated in RH-infected host cells, suggesting that this pathway is not activated by infection. In conclusion, current finding suggests that T. gondii infection affects the host cell genome integrity in a strain-dependent manner by causing DNA damage and chromosomal instability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Zahady D. Velásquez
- Institute of Parasitology, Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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14
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Yarahmadi S, Saki J, Arjmand R, Shahbazian H. Toxoplasma gondii molecular detection and phylogenetic analysis in hemodialysis patients from Khuzestan, Southwest Iran. Trop Med Health 2024; 52:19. [PMID: 38350969 PMCID: PMC10863173 DOI: 10.1186/s41182-024-00585-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The diagnosis and genetic characterization of Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) infection can make a significant influence to the prevention of the dangerous consequences of toxoplasmosis, particularly in immunocompromised people. OBJECTIVE The aim of this investigation was to assess the frequency and genotyping of T. gondii in blood samples of patients with hemodialysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS In the current investigation, a total of 379 blood samples were taken from subjects with hemodialysis who were referred to teaching hospital of Ahvaz in the southwest of Iran. The samples were evaluated using the Nested PCR by targeting the B1 gene, and then, sequencing and phylogenetic tree were constructed. RESULTS T. gondii DNA was found in 112 (29.55%) of the blood samples by Nested PCR. Amplicons from T. gondii revealed high identity with GenBank sequences. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that all sequences were closely related to Type I of T. gondii. CONCLUSION Because of the high incidence of toxoplasmosis with type I prevalent in hemodialysis patients, we recommend a systematic screening for toxoplasmosis to carry out for monitoring the possible dissemination of toxoplasmosis during hemodialysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Yarahmadi
- Department of Medical Parasitology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, P. O. Box 6135743337, Ahvaz, 393-61155, Iran
| | - Jasem Saki
- Health Research Institute, Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 6135743337, Ahvaz, 393-61155, Iran.
| | - Reza Arjmand
- Department of Medical Parasitology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, P. O. Box 6135743337, Ahvaz, 393-61155, Iran
| | - Heshmatolah Shahbazian
- Department of Nephrology, Golestan General Hospital, Diabetes and CKD Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 6135743337, Ahvaz, 393-61155, Iran
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15
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Lv Q, Cao Y, Wang J, Meng L, Wang G. Metagenomic Next-generation Sequencing May be a Tool for Timely Diagnosis of Seronegative and Primary Toxoplasma Infection After Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation: A Case Report and Literature Review. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2024; 43:155-159. [PMID: 38190489 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000004170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
We report a case of Toxoplasma gondii ( T. gondii ) antibody seronegativity in a 14-year-old boy with a primary infection of T. gondii after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for acute T-cell lymphoblastic leukemia who was rapidly diagnosed through metagenomic next-generation sequencing of peripheral blood as well as clinical manifestations. He was successfully cured with timely administration of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole due to early diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuxia Lv
- From the Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
- Department of Hematology, The Peoples Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanning, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Cao
- From the Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jue Wang
- From the Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Meng
- From the Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Gaoxiang Wang
- From the Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
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16
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Kanno Y, Okamoto K, Shinohara T, Kinoshita O, Hatano M, Ikeda M, Harada S, Okugawa S, Moriya K, Ono M, Tsutsumi T. Pre-Transplant Seroprevalence, Associated Factors, and Post-Transplant Incidence of Toxoplasma gondii Infection Among Heart Transplant Recipients in Japan. Transplant Proc 2024; 56:148-152. [PMID: 38177043 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2023.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Among solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients, heart transplant (HT) recipients are at a higher risk of Toxoplasma gondii infection. As Toxoplasma seroprevalence varies by geographic location, updated local epidemiology is essential to guide preventive and therapeutic strategies. However, the Toxoplasma seroprevalence and incidence of post-transplant toxoplasmosis among SOT recipients in Japan are unknown. METHODS We performed a single-center retrospective observational study at an HT center in Tokyo, Japan. All HT recipients aged ≥18 years between 2006 and April 2019 were included. We reviewed patient charts and conducted a questionnaire survey to investigate the risk factors for infection. RESULTS Among 105 recipients included in the study, 11 (10.5%) were seropositive before transplant. Ninety-five recipients (90.5%), including all pre-transplant seropositive recipients, answered the questionnaire. The recipients who had lived in Okinawa (odds ratio [OR] 7.5 [95% CI 1.42-39.61]; P = .032) and who reported raw-meat eating habits (OR 4.64 [95% CI 1.04-23.3]; P = .021) were more likely to be seropositive. None of the patients developed symptoms of toxoplasmosis. The post-transplant incidence of other major adverse outcomes was not significantly different according to the pre-transplant serostatus. CONCLUSIONS About 10% of HT recipients at an HT center in Tokyo were seropositive for Toxoplasma pre-transplant, and none developed symptomatic toxoplasmosis post-transplant on trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. The history of raw meat consumption was associated with seropositivity; therefore, avoiding it might be recommended for HT recipient candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Kanno
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koh Okamoto
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Takayuki Shinohara
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Osamu Kinoshita
- Department of Heart Surgery, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan; Organ Transplant Center, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaru Hatano
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo Japan
| | - Mahoko Ikeda
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Infection Prevention and Control, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sohei Harada
- Department of Infection Prevention and Control, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shu Okugawa
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kyoji Moriya
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Infection Prevention and Control, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Minoru Ono
- Department of Heart Surgery, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan; Organ Transplant Center, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeya Tsutsumi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Infection Prevention and Control, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
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17
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Haque E, Muhsen IN, Rasheed W, Fakih RE, Aljurf M. Parasitic infections in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. Transpl Infect Dis 2023; 25 Suppl 1:e14160. [PMID: 37793057 DOI: 10.1111/tid.14160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is a vital treatment for various hematological disorders. However, HSCT recipients face increased risks of infectious complications due to immunosuppression. Parasitic infections are a significant concern in this vulnerable population and can lead to substantial morbidity and mortality. This review examines parasitic infections in HSCT recipients, focusing on major infections affecting different organ systems, including intestinal parasites (Giardia spp., Entamoeba histolytica, and Cryptosporidium spp.), hematologic parasites (Plasmodium spp. and Babesia spp.), and tissue/visceral parasites (Toxoplasma gondii, Leishmania spp., and Trypanosoma cruzi). METHODS A systematic search of relevant literature was conducted and included studies up to August 2023. Databases included PubMed, Google Scholar, were queried using specific keywords related to parasitic infections in HSCT patients. The epidemiology, risk factors, clinical presentation, diagnostic methods, and treatment approaches for each infection were evaluated. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Knowing the epidemiology, risk factors, and clinical presentations are crucial for timely intervention and successful management. By emphasizing early detection, effective therapies, and the unique challenges posed by each of these infections, this review highlights the importance of tailored strategies for HSCT recipients. Future research can further refine management protocols to enhance care and outcomes for these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emaan Haque
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim N Muhsen
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology and Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Walid Rasheed
- Department of Adult Hematology and Stem Cell Transplant, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Riad El Fakih
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Adult Hematology and Stem Cell Transplant, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud Aljurf
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Adult Hematology and Stem Cell Transplant, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Wang C, Xie L, Xing Y, Liu M, Yang J, Gao N, Cai Y. Iron-overload-induced ferroptosis in mouse cerebral toxoplasmosis promotes brain injury and could be inhibited by Deferiprone. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011607. [PMID: 37651502 PMCID: PMC10508604 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron is a trace metal element that is essential for the survival of cells and parasites. The role of iron in cerebral toxoplasmosis (CT) is still unclear. Deferiprone (DFP) is the orally active iron chelator that binds iron in a molar ratio of 3:1 (ligand:iron) and promotes urinary iron excretion to remove excess iron from the body. The aims of this experiment were to observe the alterations in iron in brains with Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) acute infections and to investigate the mechanism of ferroptosis in CT using DFP. We established a cerebral toxoplasmosis model in vivo using TgCtwh3, the dominant strains of which are prevalent in China, and treated the mice with DFP at a dose of 75 mg/kg/d. Meanwhile, we treated the HT-22 cells with 100 μM DFP for half an hour and then infected cells with TgCtwh3 in vitro. A qRT-PCR assay of TgSAG1 levels showed a response to the T. gondii burden. We used inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, an iron ion assay kit, Western blot analysis, glutathione and glutathione disulfide assay kits, a malonaldehyde assay kit, and immunofluorescence to detect the ferroptosis-related indexes in the mouse hippocampus and HT-22 cells. The inflammatory factors interferon-γ, tumor necrosis factor-α, transforming growth factor-β, and arginase 1 in the hippocampus and cells were detected using the Western blot assay. Hematoxylin and eosin staining, electron microscopy, and the Morris water maze experiment were used to evaluate the brain injuries of the mice. The results showed that TgCtwh3 infection is followed by the activation of ferroptosis-related signaling pathways and hippocampal pathological damage in mice. The use of DFP led to ferroptosis resistance and attenuated pathological changes, inflammatory reactions and T. gondii burden of the mice, prolonging their survival time. The HT-22 cells with TgCtwh3 activated the ferroptosis pathway and was inhibit by DFP in vitro. In TgCtwh3-infected cells, inflammatory response and mitochondrial damage were severe, but these effects could be reduced by DFP. Our study elucidates the mechanism by which T. gondii interferes with the host's iron metabolism and activates ferroptosis, complementing the pathogenic mechanism of CT and further demonstrating the potential value of DFP for the treatment of CT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Wang
- Department of Health Inspection and Quarantine, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology, and Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Zoonoses of High Institutions, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Linding Xie
- Department of Health Inspection and Quarantine, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology, and Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Zoonoses of High Institutions, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yien Xing
- Department of Health Inspection and Quarantine, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology, and Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Zoonoses of High Institutions, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Min Liu
- Department of Health Inspection and Quarantine, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology, and Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Zoonoses of High Institutions, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Health Inspection and Quarantine, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology, and Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Zoonoses of High Institutions, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Nannan Gao
- Department of Health Inspection and Quarantine, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology, and Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Zoonoses of High Institutions, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yihong Cai
- Department of Health Inspection and Quarantine, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology, and Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Zoonoses of High Institutions, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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Evaluation of the inhibitory effects and the mechanism of terpenoids on Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites. Acta Trop 2023; 237:106741. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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20
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Velleca A, Shullo MA, Dhital K, Azeka E, Colvin M, DePasquale E, Farrero M, García-Guereta L, Jamero G, Khush K, Lavee J, Pouch S, Patel J, Michaud CJ, Shullo M, Schubert S, Angelini A, Carlos L, Mirabet S, Patel J, Pham M, Urschel S, Kim KH, Miyamoto S, Chih S, Daly K, Grossi P, Jennings D, Kim IC, Lim HS, Miller T, Potena L, Velleca A, Eisen H, Bellumkonda L, Danziger-Isakov L, Dobbels F, Harkess M, Kim D, Lyster H, Peled Y, Reinhardt Z. The International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation (ISHLT) Guidelines for the Care of Heart Transplant Recipients. J Heart Lung Transplant 2022; 42:e1-e141. [PMID: 37080658 DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2022.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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21
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Velleca A, Shullo MA, Dhital K, Azeka E, Colvin M, DePasquale E, Farrero M, García-Guereta L, Jamero G, Khush K, Lavee J, Pouch S, Patel J, Michaud CJ, Shullo M, Schubert S, Angelini A, Carlos L, Mirabet S, Patel J, Pham M, Urschel S, Kim KH, Miyamoto S, Chih S, Daly K, Grossi P, Jennings D, Kim IC, Lim HS, Miller T, Potena L, Velleca A, Eisen H, Bellumkonda L, Danziger-Isakov L, Dobbels F, Harkess M, Kim D, Lyster H, Peled Y, Reinhardt Z. The International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation (ISHLT) Guidelines for the Care of Heart Transplant Recipients. J Heart Lung Transplant 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2022.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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22
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Durieux MF, Lopez JG, Banjari M, Passebosc-Faure K, Brenier-Pinchart MP, Paris L, Gargala G, Berthier S, Bonhomme J, Chemla C, Villena I, Flori P, Fréalle E, L’Ollivier C, Lussac-Sorton F, Montoya JG, Cateau E, Pomares C, Simon L, Quinio D, Robert-Gangneux F, Yera H, Labriffe M, Fauchais AL, Dardé ML. Toxoplasmosis in patients with an autoimmune disease and immunosuppressive agents: A multicenter study and literature review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010691. [PMID: 35939518 PMCID: PMC9387931 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background
Cases of Toxoplasma reactivation or more severe primary infection have been reported in patients receiving immunosuppressive (IS) treatment for autoimmune diseases (AID). The purpose of this study was to describe features of toxoplasmosis occurring in patients with AID treated by IS therapy, excluded HIV-positive and transplant patients.
Methods
A multicenter descriptive study was conducted using data from the French National Reference Center for Toxoplasmosis (NRCT) that received DNA extracts or strains isolated from patients, associated with clinical data. Other cases were retrieved through a questionnaire sent to all French parasitology and internal medicine departments. Furthermore, a systematic literature review was conducted.
Results
61 cases were collected: 25 retrieved by the NRCT and by a call for observations and 36 from a literature review. Half of the cases were attributed to reactivation (50.9%), and most of cases (49.2%) were cerebral toxoplasmosis. The most common associated AID were rheumatoid arthritis (28%) and most frequent treatments were antimetabolites (44.3%). Corticosteroids were involved in 60.7% of cases. Patients had a favorable outcome (50.8%) but nine did not survive. For 12 cases, a successful Toxoplasma strain characterization suggested the possible role of this parasitic factor in ocular cases.
Conclusion
Although this remains a rare condition, clinicians should be aware for the management of patients and for the choice of IS treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Fleur Durieux
- Department of parasitology and mycology, Dupuytren University Hospital, National Reference Center of Toxoplasmosis, Limoges Cedex, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Jean-Guillaume Lopez
- Department of internal medicine, Dupuytren University Hospital, Limoges Cedex, France
| | - Maher Banjari
- Department of internal medicine faculty of medicine -Rabigh Campus- King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Karine Passebosc-Faure
- Department of parasitology and mycology, Dupuytren University Hospital, National Reference Center of Toxoplasmosis, Limoges Cedex, France
| | | | - Luc Paris
- Parasitology laboratory, AP-HP Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Gilles Gargala
- Parasitology laboratory, University hospital of Rouen, Rouen, France
| | - Sabine Berthier
- Department of internal medicine, University hospital of Dijon, Dijon, France
| | - Julie Bonhomme
- Microbiology laboratory, University hospital of Caen, Caen, France
| | - Cathy Chemla
- Parasitology Laboratory, EA 7510, Reims Champagne Ardenne University, National Reference Centre on Toxoplasmosis CHU Reims, Reims, France
| | - Isabelle Villena
- Parasitology Laboratory, EA 7510, Reims Champagne Ardenne University, National Reference Centre on Toxoplasmosis CHU Reims, Reims, France
| | - Pierre Flori
- Parasitology laboratory, Hospital of Saint-Étienne, Saint-Étienne, France
| | - Emilie Fréalle
- Parasitology laboratory, University hospital of Lille, Lille, France
| | | | | | - José Gilberto Montoya
- Dr. Jack S. Remington Laboratory for Specialty Diagnostics, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
| | - Estelle Cateau
- Parasitology laboratory, University hospital of Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Christelle Pomares
- Parasitology-Mycology laboratory, Côte d’Azur University, INSERM 1065, University hospital of Nice, Nice, France
| | - Loïc Simon
- Parasitology-Mycology laboratory, Côte d’Azur University, INSERM 1065, University hospital of Nice, Nice, France
| | - Dorothée Quinio
- Parasitology laboratory, University hospital of Brest, Brest, France
| | | | - Hélène Yera
- Parasitology laboratory, AP-HP Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Marc Labriffe
- Pharmacology & Transplantation, INSERM U1248, Université de Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Anne-Laure Fauchais
- Department of internal medicine, Dupuytren University Hospital, Limoges Cedex, France
| | - Marie-Laure Dardé
- Department of parasitology and mycology, Dupuytren University Hospital, National Reference Center of Toxoplasmosis, Limoges Cedex, France
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van den Bogaart L, Lang BM, Rossi S, Neofytos D, Walti LN, Khanna N, Mueller NJ, Boggian K, Garzoni C, Mombelli M, Manuel O. Central Nervous System Infections in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients: Results from the Swiss Transplant Cohort Study. J Infect 2022; 85:1-7. [PMID: 35605804 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2022.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe the epidemiology and clinical presentation of central nervous system (CNS) infections in solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients in the current era of transplantation. METHODS Patients from the Swiss Transplant Cohort Study (STCS) transplanted between 2008 and 2018 were included with a median follow-up of 3.8 years. Epidemiological, microbiological, and clinical data were extracted from the STCS database and patients' medical records. We calculated incidence rates and 90-day survival of transplant recipients with CNS infection. RESULTS Among 4762 patients, 42 episodes of CNS infection in 41 (0.8%) SOT recipients were identified, with an overall incidence rate of 2.06 per 1000 patient-years. Incidence of CNS infections was similar across all types of transplantations. Time to CNS infection onset ranged from 0.6 to 97 months after transplant. There were 22/42 (52.4%) cases of viral infections, 11/42 (26.2%) of fungal infections, 5/42 (11.9%) of bacterial infections and 4/42 (9.5%) of probable viral/bacterial etiology. Clinical presentation was meningitis/encephalitis in 25 cases (59.5%) and brain-space occupying lesions in 17 cases (40.5%). Twenty-three cases (60.5%) were considered opportunistic infections. Diagnosis were achieved mainly by brain biopsy/necropsy (15/42, 36%) or by cerebrospinal fluid analysis (20/42, 48%). Up to 40% of cases (17/42) had concurrent extra-neurological disease localizations. Overall, 90-day mortality rate was 29.0% (73.0% for fungal, 14.0% for viral and 11.0% for bacterial and probable infections, p<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS CNS infections were rare in the STCS, with viral meningoencephalitis being the most common disease. Fungal infections were associated with a high mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena van den Bogaart
- Service of Infectious Diseases and Transplantation Center, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Brian M Lang
- Transplantationsimmunologie and Nephrologie Data Center of Swiss Transplant Cohort Study, Basel University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Simona Rossi
- Transplantationsimmunologie and Nephrologie Data Center of Swiss Transplant Cohort Study, Basel University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dionysios Neofytos
- Transplant Infectious Diseases Unit, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Laura N Walti
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Inselspital Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nina Khanna
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, Basel University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas J Mueller
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Katia Boggian
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, Cantonal Hospital St Gallen, St Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Christian Garzoni
- Clinic of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Clinica Luganese Moncucco, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Matteo Mombelli
- Service of Infectious Diseases and Transplantation Center, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Oriol Manuel
- Service of Infectious Diseases and Transplantation Center, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
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24
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Neß T, Winterhalter S, Stübiger N. Infectious Posterior Uveitis - Toxoplasmosis, Treponema, Tuberculosis (TTT). Klin Monbl Augenheilkd 2022; 239:666-675. [PMID: 35320874 DOI: 10.1055/a-1727-1951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii, Treponema pallidum and Mycobacterium tuberculosis are the most important infectious causes of posterior uveitis. The epidemiology, clinical picture, diagnostic and treatment strategies of these diseases are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Neß
- Klinik für Augenheilkunde, Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Deutschland.,Medizinische Fakultät, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Deutschland
| | | | - Nicole Stübiger
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Augenheilkunde, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Deutschland
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25
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Fernández-Escobar M, Schares G, Maksimov P, Joeres M, Ortega-Mora LM, Calero-Bernal R. Toxoplasma gondii Genotyping: A Closer Look Into Europe. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:842595. [PMID: 35402301 PMCID: PMC8984497 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.842595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is a major zoonotic agent which may cause harmful effects mainly in pregnant and immunocompromised hosts. Despite many efforts on its genetic characterization, an entirely clear picture of the population structure in Europe has not been achieved yet. The present study aimed to summarize the available genotyping information and to map the distribution of circulating strains. There is consensus on type II T. gondii genotypes prevailing in Europe, but the absence of harmonization in the use of typing methods limits detailed knowledge. Standardized, high-end typing tools and integrative strategies are needed to fill the gaps and complete an accurate image of the T. gondii genetic population in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Fernández-Escobar
- SALUVET, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gereon Schares
- National Reference Laboratory for Toxoplasmosis, Institute of Epidemiology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Pavlo Maksimov
- National Reference Laboratory for Toxoplasmosis, Institute of Epidemiology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Maike Joeres
- National Reference Laboratory for Toxoplasmosis, Institute of Epidemiology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Luis Miguel Ortega-Mora
- SALUVET, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Calero-Bernal
- SALUVET, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Rafael Calero-Bernal,
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26
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Kassab I, Isada C, Azar MM, Sarsam N, Jiang M, Camelo-Piragua S, Kaul D, Malinis M. Into the Unknown: Diagnosing Mysterious Brain Lesions. Transpl Infect Dis 2022; 24:e13829. [PMID: 35307917 DOI: 10.1111/tid.13829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The case discussed involves a 49-year-old male with simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplant who presented with fever, headache and was found to have multifocal brain lesion on brain imaging. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ihab Kassab
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Carlos Isada
- Department of Infectious Disease, Respiratory Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Marwan M Azar
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Nadine Sarsam
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Min Jiang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Daniel Kaul
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Maricar Malinis
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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27
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Martins HDD, da Silva QP, Gonçalves LFF, Leonel ACLDS, Perez DEDC, Bonan PRF. Ulcerative lesion on lower lip. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2022; 134:415-419. [PMID: 35461796 DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2022.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hélder Domiciano Dantas Martins
- Oral Pathology Post Graduate Program, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil; PhD student, Dentistry Post Graduation Program, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil.
| | - Quemuel Pereira da Silva
- MSc Student, Dentistry Post Graduation Program, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
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28
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Wu Y, Wang F, Wang C, Tang X, Liu X, Li S, Waterfield NR, Wang W, Suo X, Yang G. Detection of Pneumocystis jirovecii and Toxoplasma gondii in patients with lung infections by a duplex qPCR assay. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0010025. [PMID: 34919557 PMCID: PMC8682901 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) and pulmonary toxoplasmosis (PT) are caused by Pneumocystis jirovecii and Toxoplasma gondii. The clinical symptoms and imaging of PCP and PT are indistinguishable. A duplex qPCR was developed to differentiate between these two pathogens. In testing 92 clinical samples to validate the performance of this method for P. jirovecii detection, it identified 31 positive samples for P. jirovecii infection, consistent with clinical diagnosis. Among the remainder of the 61 clinical samples with suspected PCP, yet showing as negative by the conventional PCR diagnosis approach, 6 of them proved positive using our new assay. Our new approach also produced similar results in identification of T. gondii infections, giving a result of 2 positive and 20 negative in clinical samples. An investigation was undertaken on the prevalence of P. jirovecii and T. gondii infections using 113 samples from lung infection patients. 9% (10/113) were shown to be positive with infections of P. jirovecii, 2% with T. gondii (2/113) and 5% (6/113) were co-infected with both pathogens. Although this duplex qPCR can detect individual P. jirovecii and T. gondii infection, and co-infection of both pathogens, further large-scale investigations are needed to validate its performance, especially in T. gondii detection. Our assay provides a rapid and accurate tool for PCP and PT diagnosis in immunocompromised population and clinical surveillance of these infections in patients with no immune defects. Pneumocystis jirovecii and Toxoplasma gondii are opportunistic pathogens that can cause pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) and pulmonary toxoplasmosis (PT) in immunocompromised patients. Due to the non-specific clinical symptoms and similar imaging of lung pathology, these two deadly diseases are difficult to be clinically differential diagnosed. Early diagnosis of these infections would reduce medical costs, morbidity and mortality. A duplex qPCR method was developed for the detection of both P. jirovecii and T. gondii infection simultaneously. This new assay provides a potential application for diagnosis and surveillance of both PCP and PT. Further investigation for the prevalence of P. jirovecii and T. gondii infections indicated that P. jirovecii and T. gondii involvement in lung infection has been seriously underestimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Wu
- Beijing Institute of Tropical Medicine, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Beijing Institute of Tropical Medicine, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chaoyue Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Protozoa Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinming Tang
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xianyong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Protozoa Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shaogang Li
- Beijing Institute of Tropical Medicine, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Wei Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (WW); (XS); (GY)
| | - Xun Suo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Protozoa Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (WW); (XS); (GY)
| | - Guowei Yang
- Beijing Institute of Tropical Medicine, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (WW); (XS); (GY)
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29
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Stampf S, Mueller NJ, van Delden C, Pascual M, Manuel O, Banz V, Binet I, De Geest S, Bochud PY, Leichtle A, Schaub S, Steiger J, Koller M. Cohort profile: The Swiss Transplant Cohort Study (STCS): A nationwide longitudinal cohort study of all solid organ recipients in Switzerland. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e051176. [PMID: 34911712 PMCID: PMC8679072 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-051176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The Swiss Transplant Cohort Study (STCS) is a prospective multicentre cohort study which started to actively enrol study participants in May 2008. It takes advantage of combining data from all transplant programmes in one unique system to perform comprehensive nationwide reporting and to promote translational and clinical post-transplant outcome research in the framework of Swiss transplantation medicine. PARTICIPANTS Over 5500 solid organ transplant recipients have been enrolled in all six Swiss transplant centres by end of 2019, around three-quarter of them for kidney and liver transplants. Ninety-three per cent of all transplanted recipients have consented to study participation, almost all of them (99%) contributed to bio-sampling. The STCS genomic data set includes around 3000 patients. FINDINGS TO DATE Detailed clinical and laboratory data in high granularity as well as patient-reported outcomes from transplant recipients and activities in Switzerland are available in the last decade. Interdisciplinary contributions in diverse fields of transplantation medicine such as infectious diseases, genomics, oncology, immunology and psychosocial science have resulted in approximately 70 scientific papers getting published in peer-review journals so far. FUTURE PLANS The STCS will deepen its efforts in personalised medicine and digital epidemiology, and will also focus on allocation research and the use of causal inference methods to make complex matters in transplant medicine more understandable and transparent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Stampf
- Clinic for Transplantation Immunology and Nephrology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas J Mueller
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christian van Delden
- Transplant Infectious Diseases Unit, University Hospitals Geneva and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Manuel Pascual
- Transplantation Center, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Oriol Manuel
- Transplantation Center, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Service of Infectious Diseases, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Vanessa Banz
- Department for Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern and Bern University, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Isabelle Binet
- Nephrology and Transplantation Medicine, Kantonsspital St Gallen, Sankt Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Sabina De Geest
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Nursing Science, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Pierre-Yves Bochud
- Service of Infectious Diseases, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Leichtle
- Center for Laboratory Medicine, University Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Inselspital University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Schaub
- Clinic for Transplantation Immunology and Nephrology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jürg Steiger
- Clinic for Transplantation Immunology and Nephrology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael Koller
- Clinic for Transplantation Immunology and Nephrology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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30
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Hajj RE, Tawk L, Itani S, Hamie M, Ezzeddine J, El Sabban M, El Hajj H. Toxoplasmosis: Current and Emerging Parasite Druggable Targets. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9122531. [PMID: 34946133 PMCID: PMC8707595 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9122531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasmosis is a prevalent disease affecting a wide range of hosts including approximately one-third of the human population. It is caused by the sporozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii), which instigates a range of symptoms, manifesting as acute and chronic forms and varying from ocular to deleterious congenital or neuro-toxoplasmosis. Toxoplasmosis may cause serious health problems in fetuses, newborns, and immunocompromised patients. Recently, associations between toxoplasmosis and various neuropathies and different types of cancer were documented. In the veterinary sector, toxoplasmosis results in recurring abortions, leading to significant economic losses. Treatment of toxoplasmosis remains intricate and encompasses general antiparasitic and antibacterial drugs. The efficacy of these drugs is hindered by intolerance, side effects, and emergence of parasite resistance. Furthermore, all currently used drugs in the clinic target acute toxoplasmosis, with no or little effect on the chronic form. In this review, we will provide a comprehensive overview on the currently used and emergent drugs and their respective parasitic targets to combat toxoplasmosis. We will also abridge the repurposing of certain drugs, their targets, and highlight future druggable targets to enhance the therapeutic efficacy against toxoplasmosis, hence lessening its burden and potentially alleviating the complications of its associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana El Hajj
- Department of Biological Sciences, Beirut Arab University, P.O. Box 11-5020, Riad El Solh, Beirut 1107 2809, Lebanon;
| | - Lina Tawk
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Balamand, Beirut 1100 2807, Lebanon; (L.T.); (J.E.)
| | - Shaymaa Itani
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, P.O. Box 11-0236, Riad El-Solh, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon; (S.I.); (M.H.)
| | - Maguy Hamie
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, P.O. Box 11-0236, Riad El-Solh, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon; (S.I.); (M.H.)
| | - Jana Ezzeddine
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Balamand, Beirut 1100 2807, Lebanon; (L.T.); (J.E.)
| | - Marwan El Sabban
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, P.O. Box 11-0236, Riad El-Solh, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon;
| | - Hiba El Hajj
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, P.O. Box 11-0236, Riad El-Solh, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon; (S.I.); (M.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +961–1-350000 (ext. 4897)
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San-Juan R, Aguado JM. Pre-emptive approach against toxoplasmosis in allogeneic haematopoietic cell transplantation. Still far away from experience in CMV. Clin Microbiol Infect 2021; 28:319-320. [PMID: 34826622 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2021.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael San-Juan
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario '12 de Octubre', Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital '12 de Octubre' (imas12), Madrid, Spain; Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain.
| | - José María Aguado
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario '12 de Octubre', Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital '12 de Octubre' (imas12), Madrid, Spain; Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
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Daher D, Shaghlil A, Sobh E, Hamie M, Hassan ME, Moumneh MB, Itani S, El Hajj R, Tawk L, El Sabban M, El Hajj H. Comprehensive Overview of Toxoplasma gondii-Induced and Associated Diseases. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10111351. [PMID: 34832507 PMCID: PMC8625914 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10111351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) is a prevalent protozoan parasite of medical and veterinary significance. It is the etiologic agent of toxoplasmosis, a neglected disease in which incidence and symptoms differ between patients and regions. In immunocompetent patients, toxoplasmosis manifests as acute and chronic forms. Acute toxoplasmosis presents as mild or asymptomatic disease that evolves, under the host immune response, into a persistent chronic disease in healthy individuals. Chronic toxoplasmosis establishes as latent tissue cysts in the brain and skeletal muscles. In immunocompromised patients, chronic toxoplasmosis may reactivate, leading to a potentially life-threatening condition. Recently, the association between toxoplasmosis and various diseases has been shown. These span primary neuropathies, behavioral and psychiatric disorders, and different types of cancer. Currently, a direct pre-clinical or clinical molecular connotation between toxoplasmosis and most of its associated diseases remains poorly understood. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview on Toxoplasma-induced and associated diseases with a focus on available knowledge of the molecular players dictating these associations. We will also abridge the existing therapeutic options of toxoplasmosis and highlight the current gaps to explore the implications of toxoplasmosis on its associated diseases to advance treatment modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darine Daher
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon; (D.D.); (M.H.); (M.E.H.); (M.B.M.); (S.I.)
| | - Ahmad Shaghlil
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, R. Hariri Campus, Lebanese University, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon; (A.S.); (E.S.)
| | - Eyad Sobh
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, R. Hariri Campus, Lebanese University, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon; (A.S.); (E.S.)
| | - Maguy Hamie
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon; (D.D.); (M.H.); (M.E.H.); (M.B.M.); (S.I.)
| | - Malika Elhage Hassan
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon; (D.D.); (M.H.); (M.E.H.); (M.B.M.); (S.I.)
| | - Mohamad Bahij Moumneh
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon; (D.D.); (M.H.); (M.E.H.); (M.B.M.); (S.I.)
| | - Shaymaa Itani
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon; (D.D.); (M.H.); (M.E.H.); (M.B.M.); (S.I.)
| | - Rana El Hajj
- Department of Biological Sciences, Beirut Arab University, Beirut 1107 2809, Lebanon;
| | - Lina Tawk
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Balamand, Beirut 1100 2807, Lebanon;
| | - Marwan El Sabban
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon;
| | - Hiba El Hajj
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon; (D.D.); (M.H.); (M.E.H.); (M.B.M.); (S.I.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +961–1-350000 (ext. 4897)
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Aerts R, Mercier T, Beckers M, Schoemans H, Lagrou K, Maertens J. Toxoplasmosis after allogeneic haematopoietic cell transplantation: experience using a PCR-guided pre-emptive approach. Clin Microbiol Infect 2021; 28:440-445. [PMID: 34634458 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2021.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Prophylaxis with trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ) is recommended in Toxoplasma-seropositive allogeneic haematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) recipients to prevent reactivation, but it is associated with numerous side effects. We report our experience of a pre-emptive approach guided by a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in patients not receiving prophylaxis. METHODS In this retrospective, single-centre experience, seropositive recipients and seronegative recipients receiving a graft from a seropositive donor were screened by PCR for the presence of Toxoplasma gondii DNA in peripheral blood until at least 6 months after transplantation. Confirmed PCR positivity triggered a pre-emptive anti-Toxoplasma therapy. Cases of Toxoplasma reactivation (using the European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation definitions) were compared with four controls (without reactivation), matched in time and recipient serostatus, to identify risk factors for reactivation by multivariate analysis. RESULTS From November 2001 to August 2020, 1455 consecutive adult patients (59 cases and 1396 controls) were screened. The overall 1-year cumulative incidence of toxoplasmosis was 4.1% and the 1-year cumulative incidence in the seropositive recipients was 8.5%. Reactivation was associated with second transplant (OR 2.51, 95%CI 1.28-4.94, p 0.011), myeloablative conditioning (OR 2.24, 95%CI 1.17-4.41, p 0.011), total body irradiation (OR 2.29, 95%CI 1.17-4.44, p 0.010), acute graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) (OR 2.27, 95%CI 1.26-4.08, p 0.008) and use of high-dose corticosteroids (OR 2.08, 95%CI 1.14-3.78, p 0.018). In multivariate analysis only acute GvHD remained significant (adjusted OR 2.54, 95%CI 1.16-5.71, p 0.021). CONCLUSIONS A PCR-based pre-emptive approach might serve as an acceptable alternative for patients unable to start with or to continue TMP-SMZ prophylaxis. Acute GvHD was identified as the single independent predictor for reactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robina Aerts
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Toine Mercier
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Haematology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mariëlle Beckers
- Department of Haematology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Oncology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hélène Schoemans
- Department of Haematology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Katrien Lagrou
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospitals, Belgium
| | - Johan Maertens
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Haematology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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Vishnevetsky A, Anand P. Approach to Neurologic Complications in the Immunocompromised Patient. Semin Neurol 2021; 41:554-571. [PMID: 34619781 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1733795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Neurologic complications are common in immunocompromised patients, including those with advanced human immunodeficiency virus, transplant recipients, and patients on immunomodulatory medications. In addition to the standard differential diagnosis, specific pathogens and other conditions unique to the immunocompromised state should be considered in the evaluation of neurologic complaints in this patient population. A thorough understanding of these considerations is critical to the inpatient neurologist in contemporary practice, as increasing numbers of patients are exposed to immunomodulatory therapies. In this review, we provide a chief complaint-based approach to the clinical presentations and diagnosis of both infectious and noninfectious complications particular to immunocompromised patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Vishnevetsky
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Pria Anand
- Department of Neurology, Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
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Nishi L, Sanfelice RADS, da Silva Bortoleti BT, Tomiotto-Pellissier F, Silva TF, Evangelista FF, Lazarin-Bidóia D, Costa IN, Pavanelli WR, Conchon Costa I, Baptista ATA, Bergamasco R, Falavigna-Guilherme AL. Moringa oleifera extract promotes apoptosis-like death in Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites in vitro. Parasitology 2021; 148:1447-1457. [PMID: 34187608 PMCID: PMC11010153 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182021001086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is the causative agent of toxoplasmosis, and an important problem of public health. The current treatment for toxoplasmosis is the combination of pyrimethamine and sulphadiazine, which do not act in the chronic phase of toxoplasmosis and have several side-effects. This study evaluated the anti-T. gondii activity and potential mechanism of Moringa oleifera seeds’ aqueous extract in vitro. The concentration of M. oleifera extract in HeLa cells was determined by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide cell viability assays. The presence of T. gondii was assessed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and toluidine blue staining. Pyrimethamine and sulphadiazine were used as drug controls. Modifications in T. gondii morphology and ultrastructure were observed by electron microscopy. In vitro, the M. oleifera extract had no toxic effect on HeLa cells at concentrations below 50 μg mL−1. Moringa oleifera extract inhibits T. gondii invasion and intracellular proliferation with similar results for sulphadiazine + pyrimethamine, and also shows cellular nitric oxide production at a concentration of 30 μg mL−1. Electron microscopy analyses indicated structural and ultrastructural modifications in tachyzoites after treatment. We also observed an increase in reactive oxygen species production and a loss of mitochondrial membrane integrity. Nile Red staining assays demonstrated a lipid accumulation. Annexin V–fluorescein isothiocyanate and propidium iodide staining demonstrated that the main action of M. oleifera extract in T. gondii tachyzoites was compatible with late apoptosis. In conclusion, M. oleifera extract has anti-T. gondii activity in vitro and might be a promising substance for the development of a new anti-T. gondii drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letícia Nishi
- Graduate Program in Health Science, State University of Maringá, Colombo Avenue, 5790, Zip Code 87020-900, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Raquel Arruda da Silva Sanfelice
- Department of Pathological Sciences, Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer – LIDNC, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid Campus, Zip Code 86057-970, Postal box 10.011, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Bruna Taciane da Silva Bortoleti
- Department of Pathological Sciences, Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer – LIDNC, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid Campus, Zip Code 86057-970, Postal box 10.011, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
- Biosciences and Biotechnology Postgraduate Program, Carlos Chagas Institute (ICC/Fiocruz-PR), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Tomiotto-Pellissier
- Department of Pathological Sciences, Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer – LIDNC, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid Campus, Zip Code 86057-970, Postal box 10.011, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
- Biosciences and Biotechnology Postgraduate Program, Carlos Chagas Institute (ICC/Fiocruz-PR), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Taylon Felipe Silva
- Department of Pathological Sciences, Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer – LIDNC, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid Campus, Zip Code 86057-970, Postal box 10.011, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Ferreira Evangelista
- Graduate Program in Health Science, State University of Maringá, Colombo Avenue, 5790, Zip Code 87020-900, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Danielle Lazarin-Bidóia
- Department of Pathological Sciences, Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer – LIDNC, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid Campus, Zip Code 86057-970, Postal box 10.011, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Idessania Nazareth Costa
- Department of Pathological Sciences, Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer – LIDNC, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid Campus, Zip Code 86057-970, Postal box 10.011, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Wander Rogério Pavanelli
- Department of Pathological Sciences, Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer – LIDNC, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid Campus, Zip Code 86057-970, Postal box 10.011, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Ivete Conchon Costa
- Department of Pathological Sciences, Laboratory of Immunoparasitology of Neglected Diseases and Cancer – LIDNC, Center of Biological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid Campus, Zip Code 86057-970, Postal box 10.011, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Aline Takaoka Alves Baptista
- Departament of Food and Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Technology – Paraná – UTFPR, Câmpus Campo Mourão, Via Rosalina Maria Dos Santos, 1233, Zip Code 87301-899, Campo Mourão, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Rosângela Bergamasco
- Department of Chemical Engineering, State University of Maringa, Colombo Avenue, 5790, Zip Code 87020-900, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Ana Lúcia Falavigna-Guilherme
- Graduate Program in Health Science, State University of Maringá, Colombo Avenue, 5790, Zip Code 87020-900, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
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Rostami A, Riahi SM, Abdollahzadeh Sagha S, Taghipour A, Sepidarkish M, Mohammadnia-Afrouzi M, Ebrahimpour S, Hotez PJ, Gamble R, Gasser RB. Seroprevalence Estimates of Latent and Acute Toxoplasma Infections in HIV + People-Call for Action in Underprivileged Communities. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9102034. [PMID: 34683355 PMCID: PMC8537859 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9102034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We undertook a comprehensive, systematic review of observational studies to estimate respective seroprevalences of latent and acute Toxoplasma gondii infections in HIV+ people at the global, regional and country levels; related seroprevalence to socio-economic variables and CD4+ cell counts; and assessed temporal changes in prevalence and risk factors for this group. We systematically searched international databases for seroepidemiological surveys between 1 January 1980 and 31 July 2020. We used a random effects model to calculate pooled seroprevalences with 95% confidence intervals (CI), and estimated the numbers of HIV+ people inferred to harbour latent and acute T. gondii infections (LT or AT). We grouped seroprevalence data according to the geographic regions defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) and conducted subgroup and meta-regression analyses of the data. Of a total of 4024 studies identified, 150 and 65 of them met the inclusion criteria for LT and AT in HIV+ people, respectively. The overall, pooled seroprevalences of LT and AT were 37.4% (95% CI, 33.4–41.4) and 1.3% (95% CI, 0.9–1.8%), equating to ~14.2 and 0.5 million HIV+ people, respectively. Most HIV+ people with T. gondii infections originated from Africa, and the highest seroprevalences were in low-income countries with low human development indices. Significant risk factors for toxoplasmosis in HIV+ patients included the consumption of raw/undercooked meat, frequent contact with soil, a low CD4+ T lymphocyte number (<200 cells per μL) and age. Overall, the finding of high seroprevalences of particularly latent T. gondii infection in HIV+ people in underprivileged regions of the world, such as parts of Africa, calls for preventative action. Programs that include routine serological monitoring, counselling, care, animal control and/or prophylactic treatment measures are needed to prevent severe toxoplasmosis from developing in people living with HIV infection. Our study highlights the potential importance of parasite chemoprophylaxis in resource-poor settings, particularly in low-income countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Rostami
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; (S.A.S.); (S.E.)
- Immunoregulation Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran;
- Correspondence: (A.R.); (R.B.G.)
| | - Seyed Mohammad Riahi
- Cardiovascular Diseases Research Center, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran;
| | - Shayan Abdollahzadeh Sagha
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; (S.A.S.); (S.E.)
| | - Ali Taghipour
- Zoonoses Research Center, School of Medicine, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran;
| | - Mahdi Sepidarkish
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran;
| | - Mousa Mohammadnia-Afrouzi
- Immunoregulation Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran;
| | - Soheil Ebrahimpour
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; (S.A.S.); (S.E.)
| | - Peter J. Hotez
- Texas Children’s Center for Vaccine Development, Department of Pediatrics and Molecular Virology and Microbiology, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Ray Gamble
- National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC 20001, USA;
| | - Robin B. Gasser
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
- Correspondence: (A.R.); (R.B.G.)
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Štajner T, Vujić D, Srbljanović J, Bauman N, Zečević Ž, Simić M, Djurković-Djaković O. Risk of reactivated toxoplasmosis in haematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients: a prospective cohort study in a setting withholding prophylaxis. Clin Microbiol Infect 2021; 28:733.e1-733.e5. [PMID: 34555535 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2021.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Reactivation of latent toxoplasmosis may be life-threatening in haematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients. We conducted an 8-year-long prospective study on the diagnosis and monitoring of reactivated toxoplasmosis in paediatric HSCT recipients. The primary objective was to determine the incidence of reactivated toxoplasmosis in a setting that withholds prophylaxis until engraftment. The second objective was to identify the subgroups of HSCT recipients particularly prone to reactivation who may benefit the most from regular PCR follow-up. METHODS Serological and qPCR screening targeting the Toxoplasma 529 bp gene was performed before HSCT, and continued by weekly monitoring after HSCT for a median time of 104 days. RESULTS Reactivated toxoplasmosis was diagnosed in 21/104 (20.2%), predominantly in allo- (19/75) and rarely in auto-HSCT (2/29) recipients. Over 50% (14/21) of cases were diagnosed during the first month after HSCT, while awaiting engraftment without prophylaxis. Toxoplasma disease evolved in only three (14.3%, 3/21) patients, all treated by allo-HSCT. Reactivation was more frequent in patients treated for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (3/27, p 0.03) and especially, in recipients of haploidentical stem cells (10/20, p 0.005). Seronegative status of the donor (where was known) contributed to 75% (12/16) cases of reactivated toxoplasmosis after allo-HSCT. DISCUSSION The presented results show that peripheral blood-based qPCR, both before and after HSCT, is a valuable asset for the diagnosis of reactivated toxoplasmosis, whereas the results of serology in recipients should be interpreted with caution. Weekly qPCR monitoring, at least until successful engraftment and administration of prophylaxis, allows for prompt introduction of specific treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tijana Štajner
- National Reference Laboratory for Toxoplasmosis, Group for Microbiology with Parasitology, Centre of Excellence for Food- and Vector-borne Zoonoses, Institute for Medical Research, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dragana Vujić
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia; Mother and Child Health Care Institute of Serbia "Dr Vukan Čupić", Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Srbljanović
- National Reference Laboratory for Toxoplasmosis, Group for Microbiology with Parasitology, Centre of Excellence for Food- and Vector-borne Zoonoses, Institute for Medical Research, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Neda Bauman
- National Reference Laboratory for Toxoplasmosis, Group for Microbiology with Parasitology, Centre of Excellence for Food- and Vector-borne Zoonoses, Institute for Medical Research, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Željko Zečević
- Mother and Child Health Care Institute of Serbia "Dr Vukan Čupić", Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marija Simić
- Mother and Child Health Care Institute of Serbia "Dr Vukan Čupić", Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Olgica Djurković-Djaković
- National Reference Laboratory for Toxoplasmosis, Group for Microbiology with Parasitology, Centre of Excellence for Food- and Vector-borne Zoonoses, Institute for Medical Research, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
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Central nervous system infections after solid organ transplantation. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2021; 34:207-216. [PMID: 33741794 DOI: 10.1097/qco.0000000000000722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Significant advances to our understanding of several neuroinfectious complications after a solid organ transplant (SOT) have occurred in the last few years. Here, we review the central nervous system (CNS) infections that are relevant to SOT via a syndromic approach with a particular emphasis on recent updates in the field. RECENT FINDINGS A few key studies have advanced our understanding of the epidemiology and clinical characteristics of several CNS infections in SOT recipients. Risk factors for poor prognosis and protective effects of standard posttransplant prophylactic strategies have been better elucidated. Newer diagnostic modalities which have broad clinical applications like metagenomic next-generation sequencing, as well as those that help us better understand esoteric concepts of disease pathogenesis have been studied. Finally, several studies have provided newer insights into the treatment of these diseases. SUMMARY Recent findings reflect the steady progress in our understanding of CNS infections post SOT. They provide several avenues for improvement in the prevention, early recognition, and therapeutic outcomes of these diseases.
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Robert MG, Brenier-Pinchart MP, Garnaud C, Fricker-Hidalgo H, Pelloux H. Molecular diagnosis of toxoplasmosis: recent advances and a look to the future. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2021; 19:1529-1542. [PMID: 34112045 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2021.1941867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Toxoplasmosis is a globally distributed parasitic infection that can be particularly severe when opportunistic or congenital. Its diagnosis requires accurate and rapid techniques that rely mainly on serology and molecular methods. AREAS COVERED The aim of this review was to discuss the positioning of the molecular diagnosis of toxoplasmosis according to the different clinical situations possibly resulting from infection with T. gondii, and to detail recent developments in this technique. The English and French literature were searched with the following keywords: 'Toxoplasmosis', "Molecular diagnosis" and 'PCR'. EXPERT OPINION Molecular techniques have revolutionized the diagnosis of toxoplasmosis, and practices have considerably evolved over the past decades. However, there is still a high degree of inter-laboratory heterogeneity which impairs comparisons between results and studies. Efforts to standardize practices are underway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Gladys Robert
- Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France.,Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut pour l'Avancée des Biosciences (IAB), Grenoble, France
| | - Marie-Pierre Brenier-Pinchart
- Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France.,Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut pour l'Avancée des Biosciences (IAB), Grenoble, France.,Centre National de Référence Toxoplasmose - Pôle Biologie Moléculaire, France
| | - Cécile Garnaud
- Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France.,Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble INP, TIMC-IMAG, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Hervé Pelloux
- Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France.,Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut pour l'Avancée des Biosciences (IAB), Grenoble, France.,Centre National de Référence Toxoplasmose - Pôle Biologie Moléculaire, France
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Stollberg KC, Schares G, Mayer-Scholl A, Hrushetska I, Diescher S, Johne A, Richter MH, Bier NS. Comparison of Direct and Indirect Toxoplasma gondii Detection and Genotyping in Game: Relationship and Challenges. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9081663. [PMID: 34442742 PMCID: PMC8399173 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9081663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of game as a source of Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) infection in humans is largely unknown. New data on the presence of T. gondii in game hunted in the Federal State of Brandenburg, Germany, were obtained by direct and indirect detection (ELISA). DNA extracted either directly (5 g heart or foreleg muscle, DE) or after acid pepsin digestion (50 g heart, PD) or enriched by magnetic capture (50 g heart, MC) was examined by real-time PCR (qPCR). ELISA revealed seroprevalences of 20% in wild boar (Sus scrofa), 11% in roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) and 6% in red deer (Cervus elaphus). T. gondii DNA was detected by at least one direct detection method in 12% of wild boar, 6% of roe deer, 2% of fallow deer (Dama dama) and 2% of red deer. In both, positive wild boar and roe deer, T. gondii type II specific alleles were the most prevalent, as assessed by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism. The highest proportion of positive animals was detected by MC qPCR, followed by PD qPCR with a similar proportion of positive findings. Investigation of 50 g of heart muscle revealed a significantly higher proportion of positive qPCR results than analysis of 5 g (p = 0.048). An association between seropositivity and direct detection was evident in wild boar and roe deer (p < 0.001). Infectivity of T. gondii DNA–positive samples was confirmed by bioassay (4/4), providing evidence that game could represent a relevant source of viable T. gondii posing a risk for human infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaya C. Stollberg
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department for Safety in the Food Chain, 10589 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Gereon Schares
- National Reference Laboratory for Toxoplasmosis, Institute of Epidemiology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany;
| | - Anne Mayer-Scholl
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department for Biological Safety, 12277 Berlin, Germany; (A.M.-S.); (I.H.); (S.D.); (A.J.); (M.H.R.)
| | - Iryna Hrushetska
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department for Biological Safety, 12277 Berlin, Germany; (A.M.-S.); (I.H.); (S.D.); (A.J.); (M.H.R.)
| | - Susanne Diescher
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department for Biological Safety, 12277 Berlin, Germany; (A.M.-S.); (I.H.); (S.D.); (A.J.); (M.H.R.)
| | - Annette Johne
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department for Biological Safety, 12277 Berlin, Germany; (A.M.-S.); (I.H.); (S.D.); (A.J.); (M.H.R.)
| | - Martin H. Richter
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department for Biological Safety, 12277 Berlin, Germany; (A.M.-S.); (I.H.); (S.D.); (A.J.); (M.H.R.)
| | - Nadja S. Bier
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department for Biological Safety, 12277 Berlin, Germany; (A.M.-S.); (I.H.); (S.D.); (A.J.); (M.H.R.)
- Correspondence:
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Stage-Specific Oligonucleotide Primers for the Diagnosis of Toxoplasmosis Among Iranian Pediatric Heart Transplant Recipients; Evaluation of Cotrimoxazole as a Preventive Therapy. ARCHIVES OF PEDIATRIC INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2021. [DOI: 10.5812/pedinfect.111940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: Toxoplasmosis is an opportunistic infection that affects solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients. The parasite transmission may be occurred from a Toxoplasma-seropositive donor to a Toxoplasma-seronegative recipient by organ transplantation. Objectives: In this study, a nested PCR was carried out using different primers targeting the B1, SAG4, and MAG1 genes to assess Toxoplasma infection in pediatric heart transplantation at Shahid Rajaei Heart Center in Tehran. Methods: Blood samples were collected from 46 pediatric heart transplant patients aged 1 - 17 years referring to Rajaei Cardiovascular and Medical Research Center from 2018 - 2019. All patients were on oral administration of Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (cotrimoxazole). Blood samples were collected, and peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) isolation using the Ficoll gradient method was performed. DNA was extracted from PBMC, and nested PCR was carried out. Serologic tests were performed using ELISA to determine IgG and IgM anti - Toxoplasma gondii antibodies. Results: The results of serologic tests showed that all 46 patients had negative anti-T. gondii IgM antibody. Furthermore, 6 (13.05%) and 3 (6.5 %) out of the 46 patients were positive for IgG T. gondii antibody before and after transplantation, respectively. All 46 patients were evaluated using PCR using B1, MAG-1, and SAG-4 genes, and PCR results were negative. Conclusions: In general, due to the negative results of Toxoplasma with PCR using B1 and bradyzoite-specific genes (SAG-4 and MAG-1), it is possible that the results obtained in this study are because of prophylaxis with cotrimoxazole.
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Anand P. Neurologic Infections in Patients on Immunomodulatory and Immunosuppressive Therapies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 27:1066-1104. [PMID: 34623105 DOI: 10.1212/con.0000000000000985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Both broadly immunosuppressive medications and selective immunomodulatory agents that act on particular components of the immune system are increasingly used in the treatment of neurologic and non-neurologic diseases. These therapies predispose patients to particular infections, some of which may affect the nervous system. Therefore, familiarity with the clinical and radiologic features of neurologic infections associated with specific immunomodulatory therapies is of importance for the practicing neurologist. This article reviews these neuroinfectious conditions, as well as other neurologic complications unique to transplant recipients and other patients who are immunocompromised. RECENT FINDINGS Diagnosis of infectious pathogens in patients who are immunocompromised may be particularly challenging because a decreased immune response can lead to atypical imaging or laboratory findings. Next-generation sequencing and other novel diagnostic modalities may improve the rate of early identification of neurologic infections in patients who are immunocompromised and ultimately ameliorate outcomes in this vulnerable population. SUMMARY A broad range of bacterial, viral, fungal, and parasitic infections of the nervous system can complicate solid organ and hematopoietic cell transplantation as well as other forms of immunocompromise. In addition to neurologic infections, such patients are at risk of neurotoxic and neuroinflammatory complications related to immunomodulatory and immunosuppressive therapies. Early recognition of infectious and noninfectious complications of immunocompromise is essential to guide appropriate treatment, which can include antimicrobial therapy and, in some cases, withdrawal of the predisposing medication with a transition to an alternative regimen.
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43
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De Mattos LC, Ferreira AIC, de Oliveira KY, Nakashima F, Brandão CC. The Potential Contribution of ABO, Lewis and Secretor Histo-Blood Group Carbohydrates in Infection by Toxoplasma gondii. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:671958. [PMID: 34222043 PMCID: PMC8251793 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.671958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The glycosyltransferases encoded by genes from the human ABO, Lewis, and Secretor histo-blood group systems synthesize part of the carbohydrate antigens in hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic tissues. The combined action of these glycosyltransferases strongly influences cell, tissue, mucosa, and exocrine secretion carbohydrate phenotypes, including those serving as habitat for mutualistic and pathogenic microorganisms. A set of reports investigated associations between Toxoplasma gondii infection and the ABO histo-blood group system, but the results are contradictory. As T. gondii uses the gastrointestinal tract as a route for infection, and in this organ, the expression of ABO, Lewis, and Secretor histo-blood group carbohydrates occurs, it is reasonable to suppose some biological relationship between them. This text reviewed association studies published in recent decades focusing on the potential contribution of the ABO, Lewis, and Secretor histo-blood group carbohydrates and infection by T. gondii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Carlos De Mattos
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine – FAMERP, São José do Rio Preto, Brazil
| | - Ana Iara Costa Ferreira
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine – FAMERP, São José do Rio Preto, Brazil
| | - Karina Younan de Oliveira
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine – FAMERP, São José do Rio Preto, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Nakashima
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine – FAMERP, São José do Rio Preto, Brazil
| | - Cinara Cássia Brandão
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine – FAMERP, São José do Rio Preto, Brazil
- FAMERP Toxoplasma Research Group, Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine – FAMERP, São José do Rio Preto, Brazil
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44
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Fida N, Tantrachoti P, Guha A, Bhimaraj A. Post-transplant Management in Heart Transplant Recipients: New Drugs and Prophylactic Strategies. CURRENT TREATMENT OPTIONS IN CARDIOVASCULAR MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11936-021-00933-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Adekunle RO, Sherman A, Spicer JO, Messina JA, Steinbrink JM, Sexton ME, Lyon GM, Mehta AK, Phadke VK, Woodworth MH. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of toxoplasmosis among transplant recipients at two US academic medical centers. Transpl Infect Dis 2021; 23:e13636. [PMID: 33993599 DOI: 10.1111/tid.13636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii can cause severe opportunistic infection in immunocompromised individuals, but diagnosis is often delayed. We conducted a retrospective review of solid organ transplant (SOT) and hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients with toxoplasmosis between 2002 and 2018 at two large US academic transplant centers. Patients were identified by ICD-9 or ICD-10 toxoplasmosis codes, positive Toxoplasma polymerase chain reaction test result, or pathologic diagnosis. Data were collected regarding transplant type, time from transplant to toxoplasmosis diagnosis, clinical and radiographic features, and mortality at 30 and 90 days. Twenty patients were identified: 10 HSCT recipients (80% allogeneic HSCT) and 10 SOT recipients (60% deceased donor renal transplants). Rejection among SOT recipients (70%) and graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) prophylaxis among HSCT recipients (50%) were frequent. Median time from transplant to toxoplasmosis diagnosis was longer for SOT than HSCT (1385 vs. 5 days, P-value .002). Clinical manifestations most commonly were encephalitis (65%), respiratory failure (40%), renal failure (40%), and distributive shock (40%). Cohort 30-day mortality was 45%, and 90-day mortality was 55%. Diagnosis was postmortem in 25% of the cohort. Further evaluation of toxoplasmosis screening is needed for noncardiac SOT recipients, HSCT recipients with GVHD, and periods of increased net immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth O Adekunle
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Amy Sherman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jennifer O Spicer
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Julia A Messina
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Julie M Steinbrink
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Mary Elizabeth Sexton
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - George Marshall Lyon
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Aneesh K Mehta
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Varun K Phadke
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Michael H Woodworth
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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46
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de Faria Junior GM, Murata FHA, Lorenzi HA, Castro BBP, Assoni LCP, Ayo CM, Brandão CC, de Mattos LC. The Role of microRNAs in the Infection by T. gondii in Humans. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:670548. [PMID: 34055667 PMCID: PMC8160463 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.670548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs are molecules belonging to an evolutionarily conserved family of small non-coding RNAs, which act on post-transcriptional gene regulation, causing messenger RNA (mRNA) degradation or inhibiting mRNA translation into proteins. These molecules represent potential biomarkers for diagnosis, non-invasive prognosis, and monitoring the development of the disease. Moreover, they may provide additional information on the pathophysiology of parasitic infections and guide strategies for treatment. The Apicomplexan parasite Toxoplasma gondii modifies the levels of microRNAs and mRNAs in infected host cells by modulating the innate and adaptive immune responses, facilitating its survival within the host. Some studies have shown that microRNAs are promising molecular markers for developing diagnostic tools for human toxoplasmosis. MicroRNAs can be detected in human specimens collected using non-invasive procedures. changes in the circulating host microRNAs have been associated with T. gondii infection in mice and ocular toxoplasmosis in humans. Besides, microRNAs can be amplified from samples using sensitive and molecular-specific approaches such as real-time PCR. This review presents recent findings of the role that microRNAs play during T. gondii infection and discuss their potential use of these small nuclei acid molecules to different approaches such as laboratory diagnosis, modulation of cell and tissue infected as other potential applications in human toxoplasmosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geraldo Magela de Faria Junior
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, Molecular Biology Department, Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto (FAMERP), São José do Rio Preto, Brazil
| | - Fernando Henrique Antunes Murata
- Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD, United States
| | | | - Bruno Bello Pede Castro
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Letícia Carolina Paraboli Assoni
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, Molecular Biology Department, Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto (FAMERP), São José do Rio Preto, Brazil
| | - Christiane Maria Ayo
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, Molecular Biology Department, Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto (FAMERP), São José do Rio Preto, Brazil
| | - Cinara Cássia Brandão
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, Molecular Biology Department, Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto (FAMERP), São José do Rio Preto, Brazil
| | - Luiz Carlos de Mattos
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, Molecular Biology Department, Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto (FAMERP), São José do Rio Preto, Brazil
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47
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Early primary toxoplasmosis transmitted by liver graft: A case report. Infect Dis Now 2021; 51:315-316. [PMID: 33934813 DOI: 10.1016/j.idnow.2020.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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48
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Nawej Tshikung O, Porto V, Nabergoj M, Deffert C, Masouridi-Levrat S, Chalandon Y, Van Delden C, Neofytos D. Intracellular Pathogen in the Cerebrospinal Fluid of an Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplant Recipient With Graft-Versus-Host Disease and Brain Lesions. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 71:3005-3008. [PMID: 33386855 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Violaine Porto
- Division of Hematology, Bone Marrow Unit, University Hospital of Geneva and Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Mitja Nabergoj
- Division of Hematology, Bone Marrow Unit, University Hospital of Geneva and Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Christine Deffert
- Division of Laboratory, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stavroula Masouridi-Levrat
- Division of Hematology, Bone Marrow Unit, University Hospital of Geneva and Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Yves Chalandon
- Division of Hematology, Bone Marrow Unit, University Hospital of Geneva and Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Christian Van Delden
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Dionysios Neofytos
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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49
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van Delden C, Stampf S, Hirsch HH, Manuel O, Meylan P, Cusini A, Hirzel C, Khanna N, Weisser M, Garzoni C, Boggian K, Berger C, Nadal D, Koller M, Saccilotto R, Mueller NJ. Burden and Timeline of Infectious Diseases in the First Year After Solid Organ Transplantation in the Swiss Transplant Cohort Study. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 71:e159-e169. [PMID: 31915816 PMCID: PMC7583409 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciz1113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The burden and timeline of posttransplant infections are not comprehensively documented in the current era of immunosuppression and prophylaxis. Methods In this prospective study nested within the Swiss Transplant Cohort Study (STCS), all clinically relevant infections were identified by transplant–infectious diseases physicians in persons receiving solid organ transplant (SOT) between May 2008 and December 2014 with ≥12 months of follow-up. Results Among 3541 SOT recipients, 2761 (1612 kidney, 577 liver, 286 lung, 213 heart, and 73 kidney-pancreas) had ≥12 months of follow-up; 1520 patients (55%) suffered 3520 infections during the first year posttransplantation. Burden and timelines of clinically relevant infections differed between transplantations. Bacteria were responsible for 2202 infections (63%) prevailing throughout the year, with a predominance of Enterobacteriaceae (54%) as urinary pathogens in heart, lung, and kidney transplant recipients, and as digestive tract pathogens in liver transplant recipients. Enterococcus spp (20%) occurred as urinary tract pathogens in kidney transplant recipients and as digestive tract pathogens in liver transplant recipients, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (9%) in lung transplant recipients. Among 1039 viral infections, herpesviruses predominated (51%) in kidney, liver, and heart transplant recipients. Among 263 fungal infections, Candida spp (60%) prevailed as digestive tract pathogens in liver transplant recipients. Opportunistic pathogens, including Aspergillus fumigatus (1.4%) and cytomegalovirus (6%), were rare, scattering over 12 months across all SOT recipients. Conclusions In the current era of immunosuppression and prophylaxis, SOT recipients experience a high burden of infections throughout the first year posttransplantation, with rare opportunistic pathogens and a predominance of bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian van Delden
- Transplant Infectious Diseases Unit, University Hospitals Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Susanne Stampf
- Clinic for Transplantation Immunology and Nephrology (Swiss Transplant Cohort Study), University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hans H Hirsch
- Transplantation and Clinical Virology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Oriol Manuel
- Infectious Diseases Service and Transplantation Center, University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Meylan
- Institute of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Service, University Hospital and Medical School, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alexia Cusini
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Cédric Hirzel
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nina Khanna
- Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Maja Weisser
- Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christian Garzoni
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Clinic of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Clinica Luganese, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Katja Boggian
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, Cantonal Hospital St Gallen, St Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Berger
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - David Nadal
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Koller
- Clinic for Transplantation Immunology and Nephrology (Swiss Transplant Cohort Study), University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ramon Saccilotto
- Clinic for Transplantation Immunology and Nephrology (Swiss Transplant Cohort Study), University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas J Mueller
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
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50
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Robert-Gangneux F, Guegan H. Anti-Toxoplasma IgG assays: What performances for what purpose? A systematic review. Parasite 2021; 28:39. [PMID: 33904818 PMCID: PMC8078101 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2021035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic infection with Toxoplasma gondii is attested by the detection of specific anti-Toxoplasma IgG. A wide panel of serologic methods is currently marketed, and the most suitable method should be chosen according to the laboratory resources and the screened population. This systematic review of evaluation studies aimed at establishing an overview of the performances, i.e. sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of marketed anti-Toxoplasma IgG assays, and discussing their technical characteristics to guide further choice for routine diagnostic use. According to PRISMA guidelines, the search performed in PubMed and Web of Science databases recovered 826 studies, of which 17 were ultimately included. Twenty commercial anti-Toxoplasma IgG assays were evaluated, in comparison with an accepted reference method. Most of them were enzyme-immunoassays (EIAs, n = 12), followed by agglutination tests (n = 4), immunochromatographic tests (n = 3), and a Western-Blot assay (WB, n = 1). The mean sensitivity of IgG assays ranged from 89.7% to 100% for standard titers and from 13.4% to 99.2% for low IgG titers. A few studies pointed out the ability of some methods, especially WB to detect IgG early after primary infection. The specificity of IgG assays was generally high, ranging from 91.3% to 100%; and higher than 99% for most EIA assays. The PPV was not a discriminant indicator among methods, whereas significant disparities (87.5%-100%) were reported among NPVs, a key-parameter assessing the ability to definitively rule out a Toxoplasma infection in patients at-risk for opportunistic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Robert-Gangneux
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Université de Rennes, CHU Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé Environnement Travail), UMR_S 1085 35000 Rennes France
| | - Hélène Guegan
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Université de Rennes, CHU Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé Environnement Travail), UMR_S 1085 35000 Rennes France
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