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Monteiro AFM, da Silva FS, Cruz ACR, da Silva SP, Queiroz ALN, Casseb LMN, Martins LC, Medeiros DBDA. Viral diversity in wild rodents in the regions of Canaã de Carajás and Curionopólis, State of Pará, Brazil. Front Microbiol 2025; 15:1502462. [PMID: 39839123 PMCID: PMC11747277 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1502462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2024] [Accepted: 12/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2025] Open
Abstract
Wild rodents serve as crucial reservoirs for zoonotic viruses. Anthropogenic and environmental disruptions, particularly those induced by mining activities, can destabilize rodent populations and facilitate the emergence of viral agents. In the Canaã dos Carajás and Curionópolis regions of Brazil, significant environmental changes have occurred due to mining expansion, potentially creating conditions conducive to the emergence of rodent-associated viral diseases. This study aimed to investigate the viral diversity in wild rodents captured in Canaã dos Carajás and Curionópolis, Pará, between 2017 and 2019. A total of 102 rodent samples were taxonomically identified through karyotyping and screened for anti-Orthohantavirus antibodies using the ELISA method. Subsequently, nucleotide sequencing and bioinformatics analyses were conducted on 14 selected samples to characterize the virome. This selection was based on the most commonly associated rodent genera as reservoirs of Orthohantavirus and Mammarenavirus. Of the 102 samples tested via ELISA, 100 were negative, and two showed optical density at the cutoff point. Sequencing of the 14 samples generated approximately 520 million reads, with 409 million retained after quality control. These reads were categorized into 53 viral families, including both DNA and RNA viruses, with Retroviridae, Baculoviridae, and Microviridae being the most abundant. Viral contigs were identified, including one fragment related to Arenaviridae and three to Filoviridae. Metagenomic analysis revealed high viral diversity in the sampled rodents, with the presence of viral families of public health concern, such as Arenaviridae and Filoviridae. The findings suggest that increased human activities associated with mining may contribute to the emergence of these viruses, underscoring the need for ongoing surveillance to prevent potential outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Freitas Moraes Monteiro
- Graduate Program in Virology, Evandro Chagas Institute — IEC/MS/SVSA, Ananindeua, Brazil
- Evandro Chagas Institute — IEC/MS/SVSA, Department of Arbovirology and Hemorragic Fevers, Ananindeua, Brazil
| | - Fábio Silva da Silva
- Evandro Chagas Institute — IEC/MS/SVSA, Department of Arbovirology and Hemorragic Fevers, Ananindeua, Brazil
| | - Ana Cecília Ribeiro Cruz
- Graduate Program in Virology, Evandro Chagas Institute — IEC/MS/SVSA, Ananindeua, Brazil
- Evandro Chagas Institute — IEC/MS/SVSA, Department of Arbovirology and Hemorragic Fevers, Ananindeua, Brazil
| | - Sandro Patroca da Silva
- Evandro Chagas Institute — IEC/MS/SVSA, Department of Arbovirology and Hemorragic Fevers, Ananindeua, Brazil
| | - Alice Louize Nunes Queiroz
- Evandro Chagas Institute — IEC/MS/SVSA, Department of Arbovirology and Hemorragic Fevers, Ananindeua, Brazil
| | - Livia Medeiros Neves Casseb
- Graduate Program in Virology, Evandro Chagas Institute — IEC/MS/SVSA, Ananindeua, Brazil
- Evandro Chagas Institute — IEC/MS/SVSA, Department of Arbovirology and Hemorragic Fevers, Ananindeua, Brazil
| | - Livia Carício Martins
- Graduate Program in Virology, Evandro Chagas Institute — IEC/MS/SVSA, Ananindeua, Brazil
- Evandro Chagas Institute — IEC/MS/SVSA, Department of Arbovirology and Hemorragic Fevers, Ananindeua, Brazil
| | - Daniele Barbosa de Almeida Medeiros
- Graduate Program in Virology, Evandro Chagas Institute — IEC/MS/SVSA, Ananindeua, Brazil
- Evandro Chagas Institute — IEC/MS/SVSA, Department of Arbovirology and Hemorragic Fevers, Ananindeua, Brazil
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Westover JB, Bailey KW, Wasson SR, Boardman KM, Lustig KH, Amberg SM, Gowen BB. Coadministration of LHF-535 and favipiravir protects against experimental Junín virus infection and disease. Antiviral Res 2024; 229:105952. [PMID: 38945484 PMCID: PMC11323185 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2024.105952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Argentine hemorrhagic fever, caused by Junín virus (JUNV), is the most common of the South American arenaviral hemorrhagic fevers. The disease has a case fatality rate of 15-30% in untreated patients. Although early intervention with immune plasma is effective, diminishing stocks and limited availability outside of Argentina underscores the need for new therapeutics. Ideally, these would be broadly active agents effective against all the pathogenic arenaviruses. The fusion inhibitor LHF-535 and the nucleoside analog favipiravir have shown promise in animal models of Lassa fever, a disease endemic in parts of Africa and the most prominent of the arenaviral hemorrhagic fevers. Against JUNV, a high dose of favipiravir is required to achieve protection in the gold-standard guinea pig infection model. Here, we demonstrate a synergistic effect by the coadministration of LHF-535 with a sub-optimal dose of favipiravir in guinea pigs challenged with JUNV. Administered individually, LHF-535 and sub-optimal favipiravir only delayed the onset of severe disease. However, combined dosing of the drugs afforded complete protection against lethal JUNV infection in guinea pigs. The benefits of the drug combination were also evident by the absence of viremia and infectious virus in tissues compared to guinea pigs treated with only the placebos. Thus, combined targeting of JUNV-endosomal membrane fusion and the viral polymerase with pan-arenaviral LHF-535 and favipiravir may expand their indication beyond Lassa fever, providing a significant barrier to drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonna B Westover
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Kevin W Bailey
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Samantha R Wasson
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Kirsten M Boardman
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | | | | | - Brian B Gowen
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA.
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Nuñez IA, Crane A, Crozier I, Worwa G, Kuhn JH. Treatment of highly virulent mammarenavirus infections-status quo and future directions. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2024; 19:537-551. [PMID: 38606475 PMCID: PMC11069405 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2024.2340494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mammarenaviruses are negative-sense bisegmented enveloped RNA viruses that are endemic in Africa, the Americas, and Europe. Several are highly virulent, causing acute human diseases associated with high case fatality rates, and are considered to be significant with respect to public health impact or bioterrorism threat. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes the status quo of treatment development, starting with drugs that are in advanced stages of evaluation in early clinical trials, followed by promising candidate medical countermeasures emerging from bench analyses and investigational animal research. EXPERT OPINION Specific therapeutic treatments for diseases caused by mammarenaviruses remain limited to the off-label use of ribavirin and transfusion of convalescent sera. Progress in identifying novel candidate medical countermeasures against mammarenavirus infection has been slow in part because of the biosafety and biosecurity requirements. However, novel methodologies and tools have enabled increasingly efficient high-throughput molecular screens of regulatory-agency-approved small-molecule drugs and led to the identification of several compounds that could be repurposed for the treatment of infection with several mammarenaviruses. Unfortunately, most of them have not yet been evaluated in vivo. The most promising treatment under development is a monoclonal antibody cocktail that is protective against multiple lineages of the Lassa virus in nonhuman primate disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivette A. Nuñez
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Division of
Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National
Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD21702, USA
| | - Anya Crane
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Division of
Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National
Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD21702, USA
| | - Ian Crozier
- Clinical Monitoring Research Program Directorate, Frederick
National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Gabriella Worwa
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Division of
Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National
Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD21702, USA
| | - Jens H. Kuhn
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Division of
Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National
Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD21702, USA
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Lendino A, Castellanos AA, Pigott DM, Han BA. A review of emerging health threats from zoonotic New World mammarenaviruses. BMC Microbiol 2024; 24:115. [PMID: 38575867 PMCID: PMC10993514 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-024-03257-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite repeated spillover transmission and their potential to cause significant morbidity and mortality in human hosts, the New World mammarenaviruses remain largely understudied. These viruses are endemic to South America, with animal reservoir hosts covering large geographic areas and whose transmission ecology and spillover potential are driven in part by land use change and agriculture that put humans in regular contact with zoonotic hosts.We compiled published studies about Guanarito virus, Junin virus, Machupo virus, Chapare virus, Sabia virus, and Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis virus to review the state of knowledge about the viral hemorrhagic fevers caused by New World mammarenaviruses. We summarize what is known about rodent reservoirs, the conditions of spillover transmission for each of these pathogens, and the characteristics of human populations at greatest risk for hemorrhagic fever diseases. We also review the implications of repeated outbreaks and biosecurity concerns where these diseases are endemic, and steps that countries can take to strengthen surveillance and increase capacity of local healthcare systems. While there are unique risks posed by each of these six viruses, their ecological and epidemiological similarities suggest common steps to mitigate spillover transmission and better contain future outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Lendino
- The George Washington University, Milken Institute for Public Health, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | | | - David M Pigott
- Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, 2301 5th Ave, Suite 600, Seattle, WA, 98121, USA
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98121, USA
| | - Barbara A Han
- Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, NY, 12545, USA.
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Shedroff E, Martin ML, Whitmer SLM, Brignone J, Garcia JB, Sen C, Nazar Y, Fabbri C, Morales-Betoulle M, Mendez J, Montgomery J, Morales MA, Klena JD. Novel Oliveros-like Clade C Mammarenaviruses from Rodents in Argentina, 1990-2020. Viruses 2024; 16:340. [PMID: 38543706 PMCID: PMC10976098 DOI: 10.3390/v16030340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Following an Argentine Hemorrhagic Fever (AHF) outbreak in the early 1990s, a rodent survey for Junín virus, a New World Clade B arenavirus, in endemic areas of Argentina was conducted. Since 1990, INEVH has been developing eco-epidemiological surveillance of rodents, inside and outside the Argentine Hemorrhagic Fever endemic area. Samples from rodents captured between 1993 and 2019 that were positive for Arenavirus infection underwent Sanger and unbiased, Illumina-based high-throughput sequencing, which yielded 5 complete and 88 partial Mammarenaviruses genomes. Previously, 11 genomes representing four species of New World arenavirus Clade C existed in public records. This work has generated 13 novel genomes, expanding the New World arenavirus Clade C to 24 total genomes. Additionally, two genomes exhibit sufficient genetic diversity to be considered a new species, as per ICTV guidelines (proposed name Mammarenavirus vellosense). The 13 novel genomes exhibited reassortment between the small and large segments in New World Mammarenaviruses. This work demonstrates that Clade C Mammarenavirus infections circulate broadly among Necromys species in the Argentine Hemorrhagic Fever endemic area; however, the risk for Clade C Mammarenavirus human infection is currently unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Shedroff
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd., Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (E.S.); (S.L.M.W.); (M.M.-B.); (J.M.)
| | - Maria Laura Martin
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Virales Humanas Dr. Julio I. Maiztegui, Monteagudo 2510, Pergamino 2700, Argentina; (M.L.M.); (J.B.); (J.B.G.); (C.S.); (Y.N.); (C.F.); (M.A.M.)
| | - Shannon L. M. Whitmer
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd., Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (E.S.); (S.L.M.W.); (M.M.-B.); (J.M.)
| | - Julia Brignone
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Virales Humanas Dr. Julio I. Maiztegui, Monteagudo 2510, Pergamino 2700, Argentina; (M.L.M.); (J.B.); (J.B.G.); (C.S.); (Y.N.); (C.F.); (M.A.M.)
| | - Jorge B. Garcia
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Virales Humanas Dr. Julio I. Maiztegui, Monteagudo 2510, Pergamino 2700, Argentina; (M.L.M.); (J.B.); (J.B.G.); (C.S.); (Y.N.); (C.F.); (M.A.M.)
| | - Carina Sen
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Virales Humanas Dr. Julio I. Maiztegui, Monteagudo 2510, Pergamino 2700, Argentina; (M.L.M.); (J.B.); (J.B.G.); (C.S.); (Y.N.); (C.F.); (M.A.M.)
| | - Yael Nazar
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Virales Humanas Dr. Julio I. Maiztegui, Monteagudo 2510, Pergamino 2700, Argentina; (M.L.M.); (J.B.); (J.B.G.); (C.S.); (Y.N.); (C.F.); (M.A.M.)
| | - Cintia Fabbri
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Virales Humanas Dr. Julio I. Maiztegui, Monteagudo 2510, Pergamino 2700, Argentina; (M.L.M.); (J.B.); (J.B.G.); (C.S.); (Y.N.); (C.F.); (M.A.M.)
| | - Maria Morales-Betoulle
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd., Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (E.S.); (S.L.M.W.); (M.M.-B.); (J.M.)
| | - Jairo Mendez
- Pan American Health Organization, 525 23rd St. New World, Washington, DC 20037, USA;
| | - Joel Montgomery
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd., Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (E.S.); (S.L.M.W.); (M.M.-B.); (J.M.)
| | - Maria Alejandra Morales
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Virales Humanas Dr. Julio I. Maiztegui, Monteagudo 2510, Pergamino 2700, Argentina; (M.L.M.); (J.B.); (J.B.G.); (C.S.); (Y.N.); (C.F.); (M.A.M.)
| | - John D. Klena
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd., Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (E.S.); (S.L.M.W.); (M.M.-B.); (J.M.)
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Dorlass EG, Amgarten DE. Bioinformatic Approaches for Comparative Analysis of Viruses. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2802:395-425. [PMID: 38819566 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3838-5_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
The field of viral genomic studies has experienced an unprecedented increase in data volume. New strains of known viruses are constantly being added to the GenBank database and so are completely new species with little or no resemblance to our databases of sequences. In addition to this, metagenomic techniques have the potential to further increase the number and rate of sequenced genomes. Besides, it is important to consider that viruses have a set of unique features that often break down molecular biology dogmas, e.g., the flux of information from RNA to DNA in retroviruses and the use of RNA molecules as genomes. As a result, extracting meaningful information from viral genomes remains a challenge and standard methods for comparing the unknown and our databases of characterized sequences may need adaptations. Thus, several bioinformatic approaches and tools have been created to address the challenge of analyzing viral data. This chapter offers descriptions and protocols of some of the most important bioinformatic techniques for comparative analysis of viruses. The authors also provide comments and discussion on how viruses' unique features can affect standard analyses and how to overcome some of the major sources of problems. Protocols and topics emphasize online tools (which are more accessible to users) and give the real experience of what most bioinformaticians do in day-by-day work with command-line pipelines. The topics discussed include (1) clustering related genomes, (2) whole genome multiple sequence alignments for small RNA viruses, (3) protein alignment for marker genes and species affiliation, (4) variant calling and annotation, and (5) virome analyses and pathogen identification.
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Bezerra EHS, Melo-Hanchuk TD, Marques RE. Structural and molecular biology of Sabiá virus. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2023; 248:1624-1634. [PMID: 37937408 PMCID: PMC10723027 DOI: 10.1177/15353702231199071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Brazilian mammarenavirus, or Sabiá virus (SABV), is a New World (NW) arenavirus associated with fulminant hemorrhagic disease in humans and the sole biosafety level 4 microorganism ever isolated in Brazil. Since the isolation of SABV in the 1990s, studies on viral biology have been scarce, with no available countermeasures against SABV infection or disease. Here we provide a comprehensive review of SABV biology, including key aspects of SABV replication, and comparisons with related Old World and NW arenaviruses. SABV is most likely a rodent-borne virus, transmitted to humans, through exposure to urine and feces in peri-urban areas. Using protein structure prediction methods and alignments, we analyzed shared and unique features of SABV proteins (GPC, NP, Z, and L) that could be explored in search of therapeutic strategies, including repurposing intended application against arenaviruses. Highly conserved catalytic activities present in L protein could be targeted for broad-acting antiviral activity among arenaviruses, while protein-protein interactions, such as those between L and the matrix protein Z, have evolved in NW arenaviruses and should be specific to SABV. The nucleoprotein (NP) also shares targetable interaction interfaces with L and Z and exhibits exonuclease activity in the C-terminal domain, which may be involved in multiple aspects of SABV replication. Envelope glycoproteins GP1 and GP2 have been explored in the development of promising cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies and vaccines, some of which could be repurposed for SABV. GP1 remains a challenging target in SABV as evolutive pressures render it the most variable viral protein in terms of both sequence and structure, while antiviral strategies targeting the Z protein remain to be validated. In conclusion, the prediction and analysis of protein structures should revolutionize research on viruses such as SABV by facilitating the rational design of countermeasures while reducing dependence on sophisticated laboratory infrastructure for experimental validation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rafael Elias Marques
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), São Paulo 13083-100, Brazil
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Saito T, Reyna RA, Taniguchi S, Littlefield K, Paessler S, Maruyama J. Vaccine Candidates against Arenavirus Infections. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:635. [PMID: 36992218 PMCID: PMC10057967 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11030635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The viral family Arenaviridae contains several members that cause severe, and often lethal, diseases in humans. Several highly pathogenic arenaviruses are classified as Risk Group 4 agents and must be handled in the highest biological containment facility, biosafety level-4 (BSL-4). Vaccines and treatments are very limited for these pathogens. The development of vaccines is crucial for the establishment of countermeasures against highly pathogenic arenavirus infections. While several vaccine candidates have been investigated, there are currently no approved vaccines for arenavirus infection except for Candid#1, a live-attenuated Junin virus vaccine only licensed in Argentina. Current platforms under investigation for use include live-attenuated vaccines, recombinant virus-based vaccines, and recombinant proteins. We summarize here the recent updates of vaccine candidates against arenavirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Saito
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Rachel A. Reyna
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Satoshi Taniguchi
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Kirsten Littlefield
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Slobodan Paessler
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Junki Maruyama
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
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de Oliveira ALR, Cunha MS, Bisordi I, de Souza RP, Timenetsky MDCST. Serological evidence of arenavirus circulation in wild rodents from central-west, southeast, and south regions of Brazil, 2002-2006. Braz J Microbiol 2023; 54:279-284. [PMID: 36441413 PMCID: PMC9943984 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-022-00858-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral hemorrhagic fevers caused by arenaviruses are severe zoonotic diseases. In reservoirs, the presence of antibodies may indicate viral circulation in a population of a specific region, and these data can be used as an indicator for further investigations by molecular techniques. The present study aimed to detect the presence of arenavirus antibodies in wild rodents captured from 1998 to 2008 during epidemiological surveillance activities. A retrospective analysis of 2243 wild rodent blood samples using a broad cross-reactive in-house developed enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) revealed a 0.44% (10/2243) positive rate in wild rodents, which included Necromys lasiurus (6/1012), Calomys callosus (2/94), and Akodon sp. (2/273) species. These rodents were captured between 2002 to 2006 in Campo Alegre de Goiás/GO, Bodoquena/MS, Nuporanga/SP, and Mogi das Cruzes/SP. Our findings suggest the sylvatic circulation of arenavirus among wild rodents in the southeast region of Brazil. However, future virological and molecular studies are necessary to confirm the viral presence in these regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Lúcia Rodrigues de Oliveira
- Núcleo de Doenças de Transmissão Vetorial Do Centro de Virologia do Instituto Adolfo Lutz, SP, São Paulo, Brazil.
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências, Mestrado Em Pesquisa Laboratoriais Em Saúde Pública da Coordenadoria de Controle de Doenças da Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Mariana Sequetin Cunha
- Núcleo de Doenças de Transmissão Vetorial Do Centro de Virologia do Instituto Adolfo Lutz, SP, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Ivani Bisordi
- Núcleo de Doenças de Transmissão Vetorial Do Centro de Virologia do Instituto Adolfo Lutz, SP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renato Pereira de Souza
- Núcleo de Doenças de Transmissão Vetorial Do Centro de Virologia do Instituto Adolfo Lutz, SP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria do Carmo Sampaio Tavares Timenetsky
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências, Mestrado Em Pesquisa Laboratoriais Em Saúde Pública da Coordenadoria de Controle de Doenças da Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Centro de Virologia Do, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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10
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Slavov SN. Viral Metagenomics for Identification of Emerging Viruses in Transfusion Medicine. Viruses 2022; 14:v14112448. [PMID: 36366546 PMCID: PMC9699440 DOI: 10.3390/v14112448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral metagenomics has revolutionized our understanding for identification of unknown or poorly characterized viruses. For that reason, metagenomic studies gave been largely applied for virus discovery in a wide variety of clinical samples, including blood specimens. The emerging blood-transmitted virus infections represent important problem for public health, and the emergence of HIV in the 1980s is an example for the vulnerability of Blood Donation systems to such infections. When viral metagenomics is applied to blood samples, it can give a complete overview of the viral nucleic acid abundance, also named "blood virome". Detailed characterization of the blood virome of healthy donors could identify unknown (emerging) viral genomes that might be assumed as hypothetic transfusion threats. However, it is impossible only by application of viral metagenomics to assign that one viral agent could impact blood transfusion. That said, this is a complex issue and will depend on the ability of the infectious agent to cause clinically important infection in blood recipients, the viral stability in blood derivatives and the presence of infectious viruses in blood, making possible its transmission by transfusion. This brief review summarizes information regarding the blood donor virome and some important challenges for use of viral metagenomics in hemotherapy for identification of transfusion-transmitted viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetoslav Nanev Slavov
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Therapy (NuCeL), Butantan Institute, São Paulo 05503-900, SP, Brazil; ; Tel.: +55-(16)-2101-9300 (ext. 9365)
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Rua Tenente Catão Roxo 2501, Ribeirão Preto CEP 14051-140, SP, Brazil
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Ellwanger JH, Fearnside PM, Ziliotto M, Valverde-Villegas JM, Veiga ABGDA, Vieira GF, Bach E, Cardoso JC, Müller NFD, Lopes G, Caesar L, Kulmann-Leal B, Kaminski VL, Silveira ES, Spilki FR, Weber MN, Almeida SEDEM, Hora VPDA, Chies JAB. Synthesizing the connections between environmental disturbances and zoonotic spillover. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2022; 94:e20211530. [PMID: 36169531 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202220211530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Zoonotic spillover is a phenomenon characterized by the transfer of pathogens between different animal species. Most human emerging infectious diseases originate from non-human animals, and human-related environmental disturbances are the driving forces of the emergence of new human pathogens. Synthesizing the sequence of basic events involved in the emergence of new human pathogens is important for guiding the understanding, identification, and description of key aspects of human activities that can be changed to prevent new outbreaks, epidemics, and pandemics. This review synthesizes the connections between environmental disturbances and increased risk of spillover events based on the One Health perspective. Anthropogenic disturbances in the environment (e.g., deforestation, habitat fragmentation, biodiversity loss, wildlife exploitation) lead to changes in ecological niches, reduction of the dilution effect, increased contact between humans and other animals, changes in the incidence and load of pathogens in animal populations, and alterations in the abiotic factors of landscapes. These phenomena can increase the risk of spillover events and, potentially, facilitate new infectious disease outbreaks. Using Brazil as a study model, this review brings a discussion concerning anthropogenic activities in the Amazon region and their potential impacts on spillover risk and spread of emerging diseases in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Henrique Ellwanger
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul/UFRGS, Laboratório de Imunobiologia e Imunogenética, Departmento de Genética, Campus do Vale, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Agronomia, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular/PPGBM, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul/UFRGS, Departmento de Genética, Campus do Vale, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Agronomia, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Philip Martin Fearnside
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia/INPA, Avenida André Araújo, 2936, Aleixo, 69067-375 Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Marina Ziliotto
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul/UFRGS, Laboratório de Imunobiologia e Imunogenética, Departmento de Genética, Campus do Vale, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Agronomia, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular/PPGBM, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul/UFRGS, Departmento de Genética, Campus do Vale, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Agronomia, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Jacqueline María Valverde-Villegas
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier/IGMM, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/CNRS, Laboratoire coopératif IGMM/ABIVAX, 1919, route de Mende, 34090 Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Ana Beatriz G DA Veiga
- Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre/UFCSPA, Departamento de Ciências Básicas de Saúde, Rua Sarmento Leite, 245, Centro Histórico, 90050-170 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Gustavo F Vieira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular/PPGBM, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul/UFRGS, Departmento de Genética, Campus do Vale, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Agronomia, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul/UFRGS, Laboratório de Imunoinformática, Núcleo de Bioinformática do Laboratório de Imunogenética/NBLI, Departmento de Genética, Campus do Vale, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Agronomia, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde e Desenvolvimento Humano, Universidade La Salle, Laboratório de Saúde Humana in silico, Avenida Victor Barreto, 2288, Centro, 92010-000 Canoas, RS, Brazil
| | - Evelise Bach
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul/UFRGS, Laboratório de Imunobiologia e Imunogenética, Departmento de Genética, Campus do Vale, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Agronomia, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular/PPGBM, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul/UFRGS, Departmento de Genética, Campus do Vale, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Agronomia, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Jáder C Cardoso
- Centro Estadual de Vigilância em Saúde/CEVS, Divisão de Vigilância Ambiental em Saúde, Secretaria da Saúde do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Ipiranga, 5400, Jardim Botânico, 90610-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Nícolas Felipe D Müller
- Centro Estadual de Vigilância em Saúde/CEVS, Divisão de Vigilância Ambiental em Saúde, Secretaria da Saúde do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Ipiranga, 5400, Jardim Botânico, 90610-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Lopes
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz/FIOCRUZ, Casa de Oswaldo Cruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, 21040-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Lílian Caesar
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular/PPGBM, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul/UFRGS, Departmento de Genética, Campus do Vale, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Agronomia, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Indiana University/IU, Department of Biology, 915 East 3rd Street, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Bruna Kulmann-Leal
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul/UFRGS, Laboratório de Imunobiologia e Imunogenética, Departmento de Genética, Campus do Vale, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Agronomia, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular/PPGBM, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul/UFRGS, Departmento de Genética, Campus do Vale, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Agronomia, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Valéria L Kaminski
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo/UNIFESP, Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia/ICT, Laboratório de Imunologia Aplicada, Rua Talim, 330, Vila Nair, 12231-280 São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Etiele S Silveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular/PPGBM, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul/UFRGS, Departmento de Genética, Campus do Vale, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Agronomia, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul/UFRGS, Laboratório de Imunoinformática, Núcleo de Bioinformática do Laboratório de Imunogenética/NBLI, Departmento de Genética, Campus do Vale, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Agronomia, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Fernando R Spilki
- Universidade Feevale, Laboratório de Saúde Única, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde/ICS, Rodovia ERS-239, 2755, Vila Nova, 93525-075 Novo Hamburgo, RS, Brazil
| | - Matheus N Weber
- Universidade Feevale, Laboratório de Saúde Única, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde/ICS, Rodovia ERS-239, 2755, Vila Nova, 93525-075 Novo Hamburgo, RS, Brazil
| | - Sabrina E DE Matos Almeida
- Universidade Feevale, Laboratório de Saúde Única, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde/ICS, Rodovia ERS-239, 2755, Vila Nova, 93525-075 Novo Hamburgo, RS, Brazil
| | - Vanusa P DA Hora
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande/FURG, Faculdade de Medicina, Rua Visconde de Paranaguá, 102, Centro, 96203-900, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - José Artur B Chies
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul/UFRGS, Laboratório de Imunobiologia e Imunogenética, Departmento de Genética, Campus do Vale, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Agronomia, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular/PPGBM, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul/UFRGS, Departmento de Genética, Campus do Vale, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Agronomia, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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12
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Nastri AC, Duarte-Neto AN, Casadio LVB, Souza WMD, Claro IM, Manuli ER, Selegatto G, Salomão MC, Fialkovitz G, Taborda M, Almeida BLD, Magri MC, Guedes AR, Perdigão Neto LV, Sataki FM, Guimarães T, Mendes-Correa MC, Tozetto-Mendoza TR, Fumagalli MJ, Ho YL, Maia da Silva CA, Coletti TM, Goes de Jesus J, Romano CM, Hill SC, Pybus O, Rebello Pinho JR, Ledesma FL, Casal YR, Kanamura CT, Tadeu de Araújo LJ, Ferreira CSDS, Guerra JM, Figueiredo LTM, Dolhnikoff M, Faria NR, Sabino EC, Alves VAF, Levin AS. Understanding Sabiá virus infections (Brazilian mammarenavirus). Travel Med Infect Dis 2022; 48:102351. [PMID: 35537676 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2022.102351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Only two naturally occurring human Sabiá virus (SABV) infections have been reported, and those occurred over 20 years ago. METHODS We diagnosed two new cases of SABV infection using metagenomics in patients thought to have severe yellow fever and described new features of histopathological findings. RESULTS We characterized clinical manifestations, histopathology and analyzed possible nosocomial transmission. Patients presented with hepatitis, bleeding, neurological alterations and died. We traced twenty-nine hospital contacts and evaluated them clinically and by RT-PCR and neutralizing antibodies. Autopsies uncovered unique features on electron microscopy, such as hepatocyte "pinewood knot" lesions. Although previous reports with similar New-World arenavirus had nosocomial transmission, our data did not find any case in contact tracing. CONCLUSIONS Although an apparent by rare, Brazilian mammarenavirus infection is an etiology for acute hemorrhagic fever syndrome. The two fatal cases had peculiar histopathological findings not previously described. The virological diagnosis was possible only by contemporary techniques such as metagenomic assays. We found no subsequent infections when we used serological and molecular tests to evaluate close contacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Catharina Nastri
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Amaro Nunes Duarte-Neto
- Department of Pathology, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil; Núcleo de Anatomia Patológica, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Luciana Vilas Boas Casadio
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil.
| | - William Marciel de Souza
- World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA.
| | - Ingra M Claro
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil; Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Erika R Manuli
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil; Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Gloria Selegatto
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Matias C Salomão
- Infection Control Department, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Gabriel Fialkovitz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Mariane Taborda
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Bianca Leal de Almeida
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil; Infection Control Department, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Marcello C Magri
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Ana Rúbia Guedes
- Infection Control Department, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Lauro Vieira Perdigão Neto
- Infection Control Department, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Fatima Mitie Sataki
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Thais Guimarães
- Infection Control Department, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Maria Cassia Mendes-Correa
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil; Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil.
| | | | - Marcilio Jorge Fumagalli
- Centro de Pesquisa em Virologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.
| | - Yeh-Li Ho
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Camila Alves Maia da Silva
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil; Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Thaís M Coletti
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil; Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Jaqueline Goes de Jesus
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil; Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Camila M Romano
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil; Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Sarah C Hill
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, United Kingdom Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, United Kingdom; Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom.
| | - Oliver Pybus
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, United Kingdom.
| | - João Renato Rebello Pinho
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil; Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | | | - Yuri R Casal
- Department of Pathology, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | | - Luiz Tadeu Moraes Figueiredo
- Centro de Pesquisa em Virologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.
| | - Marisa Dolhnikoff
- Department of Pathology, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Nuno R Faria
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil; Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, United Kingdom; MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, J-IDEA, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Ester C Sabino
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil; Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil.
| | | | - Anna S Levin
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil; Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil; Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil; Infection Control Department, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil.
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13
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Miao L, Li H, Ding W, Lu S, Pan S, Guo X, Zhou X, Wang D. Research Priorities on One Health: A Bibliometric Analysis. Front Public Health 2022; 10:889854. [PMID: 35712284 PMCID: PMC9194370 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.889854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective One Health is an emerging research area that has received increasing attention globally. In this study, we aimed to explore the global research trend and hotspots of One Health and provide a reference for potential future research and practices. Methods This was a bibliometric descriptive study of publications on One Health in four directions, including zoonotic diseases, antimicrobial resistance, food safety, and vector-borne infections. Publications from 2003 to 2021 were retrieved using the Scopus database on One Health, which were screened based on the PRISMA guidelines. Keywords were analyzed and visualized using VOSviewer software. Results A total of 12,815 publications were included. The annual number of publications and those on each topic showed a gradual increase from 181 in 2003 to 1,647 in 2020, with an average annual growth rate of about 20.2%; the top three countries in terms of the number of publications were the United States of America (n=3,588), the United Kingdom (n=1,429) and China (n=1,233); the major research subjects were mainly in the natural sciences, with fewer social sciences subjects involved (n = 312; 1%). The main research directions within the area of zoonotic diseases included viral, bacterial, parasitic zoonotic diseases, and vector-borne diseases, with a small amount of antimicrobial resistance research. The major research interests within antimicrobial resistance were Enterobacteriaceae drug-resistant bacteria, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and antimicrobial resistance gene detection; research on food safety clustered around agronomy research, aquaculture research as well as a small amount of antimicrobial resistance research in food; and research on vector-borne diseases focused on mosquito-borne infectious diseases, tick-borne infectious diseases, and vectors. Conclusions The scientific literature on One Health has witnessed a rising global trend. Most research has focused on the human-animal health interface, while environmental health is often neglected. Research subjects mainly fall within natural science disciplines, with less social science research. More support needs to be given to interdisciplinary and intersectoral cooperation and research in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyuan Miao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), Shanghai, China.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China.,National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China.,One Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University-The University of Edinburgh, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Li
- School of Public Health/Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Ding
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), Shanghai, China.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China.,National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Shenning Lu
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), Shanghai, China.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China.,National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuning Pan
- Center for Social Sciences and Institute for Advanced Studies in Social Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaokui Guo
- NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - XiaoNong Zhou
- NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), Shanghai, China.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China.,National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China.,One Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University-The University of Edinburgh, Shanghai, China
| | - Duoquan Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), Shanghai, China.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China.,National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
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14
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Gallo GL, López N, Loureiro ME. The Virus–Host Interplay in Junín Mammarenavirus Infection. Viruses 2022; 14:v14061134. [PMID: 35746604 PMCID: PMC9228484 DOI: 10.3390/v14061134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Junín virus (JUNV) belongs to the Arenaviridae family and is the causative agent of Argentine hemorrhagic fever (AHF), a severe human disease endemic to agricultural areas in Argentina. At this moment, there are no effective antiviral therapeutics to battle pathogenic arenaviruses. Cumulative reports from recent years have widely provided information on cellular factors playing key roles during JUNV infection. In this review, we summarize research on host molecular determinants that intervene in the different stages of the viral life cycle: viral entry, replication, assembly and budding. Alongside, we describe JUNV tight interplay with the innate immune system. We also review the development of different reverse genetics systems and their use as tools to study JUNV biology and its close teamwork with the host. Elucidating relevant interactions of the virus with the host cell machinery is highly necessary to better understand the mechanistic basis beyond virus multiplication, disease pathogenesis and viral subversion of the immune response. Altogether, this knowledge becomes essential for identifying potential targets for the rational design of novel antiviral treatments to combat JUNV as well as other pathogenic arenaviruses.
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15
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de Oliveira RC, Fernandes J, Gonçalves-Oliveira J, Guterres A, de Lemos ERS. Out of the shadows, into the spotlight: Invisible zoonotic diseases in Brazil. LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH. AMERICAS 2022; 8:100202. [PMID: 35187523 PMCID: PMC8839808 DOI: 10.1016/j.lana.2022.100202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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16
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Merabet O, Pietrosemoli N, Perthame E, Armengaud J, Gaillard JC, Borges-Cardoso V, Daniau M, Legras-Lachuer C, Carnec X, Baize S. Infection of Human Endothelial Cells with Lassa Virus Induces Early but Transient Activation and Low Type I IFN Response Compared to the Closely-Related Nonpathogenic Mopeia Virus. Viruses 2022; 14:v14030652. [PMID: 35337059 PMCID: PMC8953476 DOI: 10.3390/v14030652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Lassa virus (LASV), an Old World arenavirus, is responsible for hemorrhagic fevers in western Africa. The privileged tropism of LASV for endothelial cells combined with a dysregulated inflammatory response are the main cause of the increase in vascular permeability observed during the disease. Mopeia virus (MOPV) is another arenavirus closely related to LASV but nonpathogenic for non-human primates (NHPs) and has never been described in humans. MOPV is more immunogenic than LASV in NHPs and in vitro in human immune cell models, with more intense type I IFN and adaptive cellular responses. Here, we compared the transcriptomic and proteomic responses of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) to infection with the two viruses to further decipher the mechanisms involved in their differences in immunogenicity and pathogenicity. Both viruses replicated durably and efficiently in HUVECs, but the responses they induced were strikingly different. Modest activation was observed at an early stage of LASV infection and then rapidly shut down. By contrast, MOPV induced a late but more intense response, characterized by the expression of genes and proteins mainly associated with the type I IFN response and antigen processing/presentation. Such a response is consistent with the higher immunogenicity of MOPV relative to LASV, whereas the lack of an innate response induced in HUVECs by LASV is consistent with its uncontrolled systemic dissemination through the vascular endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Othmann Merabet
- Unité de Biologie des Infections Virales Emergentes, Institut Pasteur, 69007 Lyon, France; (O.M.); (V.B.-C.); (X.C.)
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Université de Lyon, INSERM U1111, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Natalia Pietrosemoli
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Hub, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, 75015 Paris, France; (N.P.); (E.P.)
| | - Emeline Perthame
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Hub, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, 75015 Paris, France; (N.P.); (E.P.)
| | - Jean Armengaud
- Laboratoire Innovations Technologiques pour la Détection et le Diagnostic (LI2D), Service de Pharmacologie et Immunoanalyse (SPI), Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, 30200 Bagnols-sur-Cèze, France; (J.A.); (J.-C.G.)
| | - Jean-Charles Gaillard
- Laboratoire Innovations Technologiques pour la Détection et le Diagnostic (LI2D), Service de Pharmacologie et Immunoanalyse (SPI), Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, 30200 Bagnols-sur-Cèze, France; (J.A.); (J.-C.G.)
| | - Virginie Borges-Cardoso
- Unité de Biologie des Infections Virales Emergentes, Institut Pasteur, 69007 Lyon, France; (O.M.); (V.B.-C.); (X.C.)
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Université de Lyon, INSERM U1111, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Maïlys Daniau
- ViroScan3D SAS, 01600 Trévoux, France; (M.D.); (C.L.-L.)
| | | | - Xavier Carnec
- Unité de Biologie des Infections Virales Emergentes, Institut Pasteur, 69007 Lyon, France; (O.M.); (V.B.-C.); (X.C.)
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Université de Lyon, INSERM U1111, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Sylvain Baize
- Unité de Biologie des Infections Virales Emergentes, Institut Pasteur, 69007 Lyon, France; (O.M.); (V.B.-C.); (X.C.)
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Université de Lyon, INSERM U1111, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, 69007 Lyon, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-4-3728-2440
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17
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Tapia-Ramírez G, Lorenzo C, Navarrete D, Carrillo-Reyes A, Retana Ó, Carrasco-Hernández R. A Review of Mammarenaviruses and Rodent Reservoirs in the Americas. ECOHEALTH 2022; 19:22-39. [PMID: 35247117 PMCID: PMC9090702 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-022-01580-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In the Americas, infectious viral diseases caused by viruses of the genus Mammarenavirus have been reported since the 1960s. Such diseases have commonly been associated with land use changes, which favor abundance of generalist rodent species. In the Americas-where the rates of land use change are among the highest worldwide-at least 1326 of all 2277 known rodent species have been reported. We conducted a literature review of studies between 1960 and 2020, to establish the current and historical knowledge about genotypes of mammarenaviruses and their rodent reservoirs in the Americas. Our overall goal was to show the importance of focusing research efforts on the American continent, since the conditions exist for future viral hemorrhagic fever (VHF) outbreaks caused by rodent-borne viruses, in turn, carried by widely distributed rodents. We found 47 species identified down to the species level, and one species identified only down to the genus level (Oryzomys sp.), reported in the Americas as reservoirs of mammarenaviruses, most these are ecological generalists. These species associate with 29 genotypes of Mammarenavirus, seven of which have been linked to VHFs in humans. We also highlight the need to monitor these species, in order to prevent viral disease outbreaks in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Tapia-Ramírez
- Departamento de Conservación de la Biodiversidad, El Colegio de La Frontera Sur, Periférico Sur S/N María Auxiliadora, 29290, San Cristóbal de Las Casas, Chiapas, Mexico.
| | - Consuelo Lorenzo
- Departamento de Conservación de la Biodiversidad, El Colegio de La Frontera Sur, Periférico Sur S/N María Auxiliadora, 29290, San Cristóbal de Las Casas, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - Darío Navarrete
- Departamento de Observación de la Tierra, Atmósfera y Océano, El Colegio de La Frontera Sur, Periférico Sur S/N María Auxiliadora, 29290, San Cristóbal de Las Casas, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - Arturo Carrillo-Reyes
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas, Av 1a. Sur Pte 1460, C.P., 29000, Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - Óscar Retana
- Centro de Estudios en Desarrollo Sustentable, Universidad Autónoma de Campeche, Avenida Héroe de Nacozari 480, C.P., 24079, San Francisco de Campeche, Campeche, Mexico
| | - Rocío Carrasco-Hernández
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Ismael Cosío Villegas, Calz. de Tlalpan 4502, C. P., 14080, Ciudad de México, Mexico
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18
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Mazur FG, Morinisi LM, Martins JO, Guerra PPB, Freire CCM. Exploring Virome Diversity in Public Data in South America as an Approach for Detecting Viral Sources From Potentially Emerging Viruses. Front Genet 2022; 12:722857. [PMID: 35126446 PMCID: PMC8814814 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.722857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The South American continent presents a great diversity of biomes, whose ecosystems are constantly threatened by the expansion of human activity. The emergence and re-emergence of viral populations with impact on the human population and ecosystem have shown increases in the last decades. In deference to the growing accumulation of genomic data, we explore the potential of South American-related public databases to detect signals that contribute to virosphere research. Therefore, our study aims to investigate public databases with emphasis on the surveillance of viruses with medical and ecological relevance. Herein, we profiled 120 "sequence read archives" metagenomes from 19 independent projects from the last decade. In a coarse view, our analyses identified only 0.38% of the total number of sequences from viruses, showing a higher proportion of RNA viruses. The metagenomes with the most important viral sequences in the analyzed environmental models were 1) aquatic samples from the Amazon River, 2) sewage from Brasilia, and 3) soil from the state of São Paulo, while the models of animal transmission were detected in mosquitoes from Rio Janeiro and Bats from Amazonia. Also, the classification of viral signals into operational taxonomic units (OTUs) (family) allowed us to infer from metadata a probable host range in the virome detected in each sample analyzed. Further, several motifs and viral sequences are related to specific viruses with emergence potential from Togaviridae, Arenaviridae, and Flaviviridae families. In this context, the exploration of public databases allowed us to evaluate the scope and informative capacity of sequences from third-party public databases and to detect signals related to viruses of clinical or environmental importance, which allowed us to infer traits associated with probable transmission routes or signals of ecological disequilibrium. The evaluation of our results showed that in most cases the size and type of the reference database, the percentage of guanine-cytosine (GC), and the length of the query sequences greatly influence the taxonomic classification of the sequences. In sum, our findings describe how the exploration of public genomic data can be exploited as an approach for epidemiological surveillance and the understanding of the virosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Caio C. M. Freire
- Department Genetics and Evolution, UFSCar—Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
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19
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Lee M, Koma T, Iwasaki M, Urata S. [South American Hemorrhagic Fever viruses and the cutting edge of the vaccine and antiviral development]. Uirusu 2022; 72:7-18. [PMID: 37899233 DOI: 10.2222/jsv.72.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
South American Hemorrhagic Fever is caused by the Arenavirus, which belong to the Family Arenaviridae, genus mammarenavirus, infection at South America. South American Hemorrhagic Fever includes 1. Argentinian Hemorrhagic fever caused by Junin virus, 2. Brazilian hemorrhagic fever caused by Sabia virus, 3. Venezuelan Hemorrhagic fever caused by Guanarito virus, 4. Bolivian Hemorrhagic fever caused by Machupo virus, and 5. Unassigned hemorrhagic fever caused by Chapare virus. These viruses are classified in New World (NW) Arenavirus, which is different from Old World Arenavirus (ex. Lassa virus), based on phylogeny, serology, and geographic differences. In this review, the current knowledge of the biology and the development of the vaccines and antivirals of NW Arenaviruses which cause South American Hemorrhagic Fever will be described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meion Lee
- National Research Center for the Control and Prevention of Infectious Diseases (CCPID), Nagasaki University
- Department of Cell Regulation, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University
| | - Takaaki Koma
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokushima University
| | - Masaharu Iwasaki
- Laboratory of Emerging Viral Diseases, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University
| | - Shuzo Urata
- National Research Center for the Control and Prevention of Infectious Diseases (CCPID), Nagasaki University
- Department of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University
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20
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Malhotra H, Kumar A. Codon usage signatures in Sabia and Chapare for host adaptation. Bioinformation 2021; 17:891-898. [PMID: 35574503 PMCID: PMC9070627 DOI: 10.6026/97320630017891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Sabia and Chapare viruses in the Arenavirus family cause viral hemorrhagic fever among humans with a fatality rate of 30% with no treatment models. Therefore, it is of interest to document the codon usage, amino acid patterns and associated factors influencing the observed variations in Sabia and Chapare viruses for host adaptation. Multivariate statistical analysis revealed compositional constraint and host selection pressure influencing the viral codon usage patterns. These data suggests the codon usage signatures in Sabia and Chapare viruses for host adaptation in the human host implying its role in the rapid progression of the infection. Dinucleotides UpG and CpA were noted to be over-represented among the Sabia, Chapare viruses and human genomes. Strong restraint from the usage of CpG dinucleotides among viruses is linked with the molecular mimicry of the human immune system. Thus, the data reported from this study help in understanding the mechanism of viral adaptation inside the host genome for further consideration in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himani Malhotra
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar Delhi G.T. Road, Phagwara, Punjab, INDIA -144411
| | - Arvind Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar Delhi G.T. Road, Phagwara, Punjab, INDIA -144411
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21
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Antibody-Based Inhibition of Pathogenic New World Hemorrhagic Fever Mammarenaviruses by Steric Occlusion of the Human Transferrin Receptor 1 Apical Domain. J Virol 2021; 95:e0186820. [PMID: 34132574 PMCID: PMC8354235 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01868-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic clade B New World mammarenaviruses (NWM) can cause Argentine, Venezuelan, Brazilian, and Bolivian hemorrhagic fevers. Sequence variability among NWM glycoproteins (GP) poses a challenge to the development of broadly neutralizing therapeutics against the entire clade of viruses. However, blockade of their shared binding site on the apical domain of human transferrin receptor 1 (hTfR1/CD71) presents an opportunity for the development of effective and broadly neutralizing therapeutics. Here, we demonstrate that the murine monoclonal antibody OKT9, which targets the apical domain of hTfR1, can sterically block cellular entry by viral particles presenting clade B NWM glycoproteins (GP1-GP2). OKT9 blockade is also effective against viral particles pseudotyped with glycoproteins of a recently identified pathogenic Sabia-like virus. With nanomolar affinity for hTfR1, the OKT9 antigen binding fragment (OKT9-Fab) sterically blocks clade B NWM-GP1s and reduces infectivity of an attenuated strain of Junin virus. Binding of OKT9 to the hTfR1 ectodomain in its soluble, dimeric state produces stable assemblies that are observable by negative-stain electron microscopy. A model of the OKT9-sTfR1 complex, informed by the known crystallographic structure of sTfR1 and a newly determined structure of the OKT9 antigen binding fragment (Fab), suggests that OKT9 and the Machupo virus GP1 share a binding site on the hTfR1 apical domain. The structural basis for this interaction presents a framework for the design and development of high-affinity, broadly acting agents targeting clade B NWMs. IMPORTANCE Pathogenic clade B NWMs cause grave infectious diseases, the South American hemorrhagic fevers. Their etiological agents are Junin (JUNV), Guanarito (GTOV), Sabiá (SABV), Machupo (MACV), Chapare (CHAV), and a new Sabiá-like (SABV-L) virus recently identified in Brazil. These are priority A pathogens due to their high infectivity and mortality, their potential for person-to-person transmission, and the limited availability of effective therapeutics and vaccines to curb their effects. While low homology between surface glycoproteins of NWMs foils efforts to develop broadly neutralizing therapies targeting NWMs, this work provides structural evidence that OKT9, a monoclonal antibody targeting a single NWM glycoprotein binding site on hTfR1, can efficiently prevent their entry into cells.
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22
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Kim YJ, Cubitt B, Cai Y, Kuhn JH, Vitt D, Kohlhof H, de la Torre JC. Novel Dihydroorotate Dehydrogenase Inhibitors with Potent Interferon-Independent Antiviral Activity against Mammarenaviruses In Vitro. Viruses 2020; 12:v12080821. [PMID: 32751087 PMCID: PMC7472048 DOI: 10.3390/v12080821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammarenaviruses cause chronic infections in rodents, which are their predominant natural hosts. Human infection with some of these viruses causes high-consequence disease, posing significant issues in public health. Currently, no FDA-licensed mammarenavirus vaccines are available, and anti-mammarenavirus drugs are limited to an off-label use of ribavirin, which is only partially efficacious and associated with severe side effects. Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) inhibitors, which block de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis, have antiviral activity against viruses from different families, including Arenaviridae, the taxonomic home of mammarenaviruses. Here, we evaluate five novel DHODH inhibitors for their antiviral activity against mammarenaviruses. All tested DHODH inhibitors were potently active against lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) (half-maximal effective concentrations [EC50] in the low nanomolar range, selectivity index [SI] > 1000). The tested DHODH inhibitors did not affect virion cell entry or budding, but rather interfered with viral RNA synthesis. This interference resulted in a potent interferon-independent inhibition of mammarenavirus multiplication in vitro, including the highly virulent Lassa and Junín viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jin Kim
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (Y.-J.K.); (B.C.)
| | - Beatrice Cubitt
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (Y.-J.K.); (B.C.)
| | - Yingyun Cai
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick (IRF-Frederick), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), B-8200 Research Plaza, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA; (Y.C.); (J.H.K.)
| | - Jens H. Kuhn
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick (IRF-Frederick), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), B-8200 Research Plaza, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA; (Y.C.); (J.H.K.)
| | - Daniel Vitt
- Immunic Therapeutics, New York City, NY 10036, USA; (D.V.); (H.K.)
| | - Hella Kohlhof
- Immunic Therapeutics, New York City, NY 10036, USA; (D.V.); (H.K.)
| | - Juan C. de la Torre
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (Y.-J.K.); (B.C.)
- Correspondence:
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