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Iddrisu I, Monteagudo-Mera A, Poveda C, Shahzad M, Walton GE, Andrews SC. A review of the effect of iron supplementation on the gut microbiota of children in developing countries and the impact of prebiotics. Nutr Res Rev 2024:1-9. [PMID: 38586996 DOI: 10.1017/s0954422424000118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Iron is essential for many physiological functions of the body, and it is required for normal growth and development. Iron deficiency (ID) is the most common form of micronutrient malnutrition and is particularly prevalent in infants and young children in developing countries. Iron supplementation is considered the most effective strategy to combat the risk of ID and ID anaemia (IDA) in infants, although iron supplements cause a range of deleterious gut-related problems in malnourished children. The purpose of this review is to assess the available evidence on the effect of iron supplementation on the gut microbiota during childhood ID and to further assess whether prebiotics offer any benefits for iron supplementation. Prebiotics are well known to improve gut-microbial health in children, and recent reports indicate that prebiotics can mitigate the adverse gut-related effects of iron supplementation in children with ID and IDA. Thus, provision of prebiotics alongside iron supplements has the potential for an enhanced strategy for combatting ID and IDA among children in the developing world. However, further understanding is required before the benefit of such combined treatments of ID in nutritionally deprived children across populations can be fully confirmed. Such enhanced understanding is of high relevance in resource-poor countries where ID, poor sanitation and hygiene, alongside inadequate access to good drinking water and poor health systems, are serious public health concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishawu Iddrisu
- Rose Ward, Prospect Park Hospital, Berkshire Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Reading, RG30 4EJ, UK
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AP, UK
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6EX, UK
| | - Andrea Monteagudo-Mera
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AP, UK
| | - Carlos Poveda
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AP, UK
| | - Muhammed Shahzad
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, Pakistan
- Faculty of Dentistry, Zarqa University, Zarqa, 13110, Jordan
| | - Gemma E Walton
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AP, UK
| | - Simon C Andrews
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6EX, UK
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Gut microbiome dysbiosis in malnutrition. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2022; 192:205-229. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2022.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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3
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Iddrisu I, Monteagudo-Mera A, Poveda C, Pyle S, Shahzad M, Andrews S, Walton GE. Malnutrition and Gut Microbiota in Children. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13082727. [PMID: 34444887 PMCID: PMC8401185 DOI: 10.3390/nu13082727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Malnutrition continues to threaten the lives of millions across the world, with children being hardest hit. Although inadequate access to food and infectious disease are the primary causes of childhood malnutrition, the gut microbiota may also contribute. This review considers the evidence on the role of diet in modifying the gut microbiota, and how the microbiota impacts childhood malnutrition. It is widely understood that the gut microbiota of children is influenced by diet, which, in turn, can impact child nutritional status. Additionally, diarrhoea, a major contributor to malnutrition, is induced by pathogenic elements of the gut microbiota. Diarrhoea leads to malabsorption of essential nutrients and reduced energy availability resulting in weight loss, which can lead to malnutrition. Alterations in gut microbiota of severe acute malnourished (SAM) children include increased Proteobacteria and decreased Bacteroides levels. Additionally, the gut microbiota of SAM children exhibits lower relative diversity compared with healthy children. Thus, the data indicate a link between gut microbiota and malnutrition in children, suggesting that treatment of childhood malnutrition should include measures that support a healthy gut microbiota. This could be of particular relevance in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia where prevalence of malnutrition remains a major threat to the lives of millions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishawu Iddrisu
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AX, UK; (I.I.); (A.M.-M.); (C.P.)
| | - Andrea Monteagudo-Mera
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AX, UK; (I.I.); (A.M.-M.); (C.P.)
| | - Carlos Poveda
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AX, UK; (I.I.); (A.M.-M.); (C.P.)
| | - Simone Pyle
- Unilever R&D, Colworth Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, UK;
| | - Muhammad Shahzad
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar 25100, Pakistan;
| | - Simon Andrews
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AX, UK;
| | - Gemma Emily Walton
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AX, UK; (I.I.); (A.M.-M.); (C.P.)
- Correspondence:
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Allen NR, Taylor-Mew AR, Wilkinson TJ, Huws S, Phillips H, Morphew RM, Brophy PM. Modulation of Rumen Microbes Through Extracellular Vesicle Released by the Rumen Fluke Calicophoron daubneyi. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:661830. [PMID: 33959516 PMCID: PMC8096352 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.661830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasite derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been proposed to play key roles in the establishment and maintenance of infection. Calicophoron daubneyi is a newly emerging parasite of livestock with many aspects of its underpinning biology yet to be resolved. This research is the first in-depth investigation of EVs released by adult C. daubneyi. EVs were successfully isolated using both differential centrifugation and size exclusion chromatography (SEC), and morphologically characterized though transmission electron microscopy (TEM). EV protein components were characterized using a GeLC approach allowing the elucidation of comprehensive proteomic profiles for both their soluble protein cargo and surface membrane bound proteins yielding a total of 378 soluble proteins identified. Notably, EVs contained Sigma-class GST and cathepsin L and B proteases, which have previously been described in immune modulation and successful establishment of parasitic flatworm infections. SEC purified C. daubneyi EVs were observed to modulate rumen bacterial populations by likely increasing microbial species diversity via antimicrobial activity. This data indicates EVs released from adult C. daubneyi have a role in establishment within the rumen through the regulation of microbial populations offering new routes to control rumen fluke infection and to develop molecular strategies to improve rumen efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan R Allen
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, United Kingdom
| | - Aspen R Taylor-Mew
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, United Kingdom
| | - Toby J Wilkinson
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, United Kingdom
| | - Sharon Huws
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Phillips
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, United Kingdom
| | - Russell M Morphew
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, United Kingdom
| | - Peter M Brophy
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, United Kingdom
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Terra DADA, Vilela EG, Silva ROS, LeÃo LA, Lima KS, Passos RIFÂ, Diniz AN, Coelho LGV. STRUCTURING A FECAL MICROBIOTA TRANSPLANTATION CENTER IN A UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL IN BRAZIL. ARQUIVOS DE GASTROENTEROLOGIA 2020; 57:434-458. [PMID: 33331486 DOI: 10.1590/s0004-2803.202000000-79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is an important therapeutic option for recurrent or refractory Clostridioides difficile infection, being a safe and effective method. Initial results suggest that FMT also plays an important role in other conditions whose pathogenesis involves alteration of the intestinal microbiota. However, its systematized use is not widespread, especially in Brazil. In the last decade, multiple reports and several cases emerged using different protocols for FMT, without standardization of methods and with variable response rates. In Brazil, few isolated cases of FMT have been reported without the implantation of a Fecal Microbiota Transplantation Center (FMTC). OBJECTIVE The main objective of this study is to describe the process of implanting a FMTC with a stool bank, in a Brazilian university hospital for treatment of recurrent and refractory C. difficile infection. METHODS The center was structured within the criteria required by international organizations such as the Food and Drug Administration, the European Fecal Microbiota Transplant Group and in line with national epidemiological and regulatory aspects. RESULTS A whole platform involved in structuring a transplant center with stool bank was established. The criteria for donor selection, processing and storage of samples, handling of recipients before and after the procedure, routes of administration, short and long-term follow-up of transplant patients were determined. Donor selection was conducted in three stages: pre-screening, clinical evaluation and laboratory screening. Most of the candidates were excluded in the first (75.4%) and second stage (72.7%). The main clinical exclusion criteria were: recent acute diarrhea, overweight (body mass index ≥25 kg/m2) and chronic gastrointestinal disorders. Four of the 134 candidates were selected after full screening, with a donor detection rate of 3%. CONCLUSION The implantation of a transplant center, unprecedented in our country, allows the access of patients with recurrent or refractory C. difficile infection to innovative, safe treatment, with a high success rate and little available in Brazil. Proper selection of qualified donors is vital in the process of implementing a FMTC. The rigorous clinical evaluation of donors allowed the rational use of resources. A transplant center enables treatment on demand, on a larger scale, less personalized, with more security and traceability. This protocol provides subsidies for conducting FMT in emerging countries.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eduardo Garcia Vilela
- Instituto Alfa de Gastroenterologia, Hospital das Clínicas / EBSERH, Universidade Federal de Mina Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | | | - Laiane Alves LeÃo
- Instituto Alfa de Gastroenterologia, Hospital das Clínicas / EBSERH, Universidade Federal de Mina Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Karine Sampaio Lima
- Instituto Alfa de Gastroenterologia, Hospital das Clínicas / EBSERH, Universidade Federal de Mina Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | | | - Amanda Nádia Diniz
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Escola de Veterinária, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Luiz Gonzaga Vaz Coelho
- Instituto Alfa de Gastroenterologia, Hospital das Clínicas / EBSERH, Universidade Federal de Mina Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
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The Effects of Fecal Donors with Different Feeding Patterns on Diarrhea in a Patient Undergoing Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation. Case Rep Hematol 2019; 2019:4505238. [PMID: 31049232 PMCID: PMC6462343 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4505238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Almost 90% of patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) experience diarrheal episodes, which represent a severe, often life-threatening complication for these patients. Although fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) represents an alternative treatment option for infection-related diarrhea, the application of FMT in HSCT patients is greatly restricted for safety reasons. Furthermore, the therapeutic outcomes of FMT as a diarrhea treatment are somewhat related to the choice of the FMT donor. Here, we comprehensively profiled the dynamic changes in the intestinal microbiota after FMT from two donors with different feeding patterns and the same severely diarrheal recipient undergoing HSCT via a 45-day clinical observation. Importantly, no adverse events attributed to FMT were observed. The stool volume and frequency of the patient were reduced when we used feces from donor #1 (mixed feeding), but these changes were not observed after FMT from donor #2 (exclusive breastfeeding). Interestingly, no obvious differences in overall diversity (Shannon) or richness (Chao1) between the two donors were observed. Additionally, Bifidobacterium accounted for 29.9% and 18.1% of OTUs in the stools of donors #1 and #2, respectively. Lactobacillus accounted for 16.3% and 2.9% of the stools of donors #1 and #2, respectively. Furthermore, through longitudinal monitoring of the patient, we identified 6 OTUs that were particularly sensitive to the different FMT complements. Together, we present a case report suggesting that the overall diversity of the intestinal microbiota may not be the only important element in the selection of an effective FMT donor.
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Reddy MB, Armah SM. Impact of Iron-Enriched Aspergillus oryzae on Iron Bioavailability, Safety, and Gut Microbiota in Rats. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:6213-6218. [PMID: 29852063 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b01758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Iron deficiency is a leading global nutritional problem. Ferrous sulfate (FeSO4) is the most common iron source used for supplementation. Because of many side effects associated with its consumption, it is important to identify new forms of iron. The objectives of this study were to assess the bioavailability of iron-enriched Aspergillus oryzae, Aspiron (ASP), evaluate the toxicity of high-dose iron supplementation with ASP, and determine the ASP impact on gut microbiota in rats. In this study, we investigated iron bioavailability using the hemoglobin repletion test. Aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and blood urea nitrogen levels were determined to evaluate the effect on liver and kidney functions. Protein carbonyls were measured to assess oxidative damage to proteins. Fecal samples at the end of the 14 day repletion period were used for 16S rRNA sequencing for gut microbiota analysis. The slope ratio method using a common intercept linear regression model was used to compare the bioavailability of ASP to FeSO4. Iron repletion increased hemoglobin concentrations with both ASP and FeSO4 treatments compared to the control group, except in the lowest ASP group. The slope ratio indicated that relative iron bioavailability of ASP was 60% of that of FeSO4 when hemoglobin change was compared to iron in the diet. Similar results were obtained when absolute iron intake was compared on the basis of food consumption. In comparison to the control, protein carbonyl concentrations were significantly ( p < 0.05) higher in the FeSO4 group but not with the ASP group. Supplementation with both sources of iron reduced the Enterobacteriaceae population in the gut microbiota of the rats. A higher relative abundance of bacteria from the phylum Verrucomicrobia was also observed with the highest dose of ASP. Iron-enriched A. oryzae with 60% relative bioavailability of FeSO4 did not show any signs of adverse effects after 14 days of iron supplementation. Future human studies are needed to understand the ASP detailed effect on gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manju B Reddy
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition , Iowa State University , 706 Morrill Road , 220 Mackay Hall, Ames , Iowa 50011 , United States
| | - Seth M Armah
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition , Iowa State University , 706 Morrill Road , 220 Mackay Hall, Ames , Iowa 50011 , United States
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Revaiah PC, Kochhar R, Rana SV, Berry N, Ashat M, Dhaka N, Rami Reddy Y, Sinha SK. Risk of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in patients receiving proton pump inhibitors versus proton pump inhibitors plus prokinetics. JGH OPEN 2018; 2:47-53. [PMID: 30483563 PMCID: PMC6206996 DOI: 10.1002/jgh3.12045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background and Aim Intestinal dysmotility is considered a risk factor for small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO). Prokinetics improve intestinal motility and are often prescribed with proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and/or functional dyspepsia. The present study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of SIBO and the orocecal transit time (OCTT) in patients taking PPI compared with those taking PPI plus prokinetics. Methods The study is a single‐center, cross‐sectional study. Enrolled patients (with age > 12 years) were divided into two groups: patients taking PPIs for more than 3 months (Group A) and those taking PPIs with prokinetics for more than 3 months (Group B) for various indications. Lactulose breath test (LBT) for OCTT and glucose breath test (GBT) for SIBO were conducted for all patients. Results Of the 147 enrolled patients, SIBO was documented in 13.2% patients in Group A versus 1.8% in Group B, P = 0.018. Median OCTT in Group A was 130 (105–160) min compared with 120 (92.5–147.5) min in Group B (P = 0.010). Median OCTT among SIBO‐positive patients was 160 (140–172.5) min compared with SIBO‐negative patients, where it was 120 (103.75–150) min (P = 0.002). The duration and type of PPI used were not associated with the occurrence of SIBO in our study. Conclusion The use of prokinetics in patients on PPI may reduce the risk of SIBO by enhancing intestinal motility and may reduce SIBO risk associated with long‐term PPI use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pruthvi C Revaiah
- Department of Medicine Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research Chandigarh India
| | - Rakesh Kochhar
- Department of Gastroenterology Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research Chandigarh India
| | - Surinder V Rana
- Department of Gastroenterology Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research Chandigarh India
| | - Neha Berry
- Department of Gastroenterology Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research Chandigarh India
| | - Munish Ashat
- Department of Gastroenterology Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research Chandigarh India
| | - Narendra Dhaka
- Department of Gastroenterology Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research Chandigarh India
| | - Y Rami Reddy
- Department of Gastroenterology Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research Chandigarh India
| | - Saroj K Sinha
- Department of Gastroenterology Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research Chandigarh India
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König J, Siebenhaar A, Högenauer C, Arkkila P, Nieuwdorp M, Norén T, Ponsioen CY, Rosien U, Rossen NG, Satokari R, Stallmach A, de Vos W, Keller J, Brummer RJ. Consensus report: faecal microbiota transfer - clinical applications and procedures. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2017; 45:222-239. [PMID: 27891639 PMCID: PMC6680358 DOI: 10.1111/apt.13868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Faecal microbiota transplantation or transfer (FMT) aims at replacing or reinforcing the gut microbiota of a patient with the microbiota from a healthy donor. Not many controlled or randomised studies have been published evaluating the use of FMT for other diseases than Clostridium difficile infection, making it difficult for clinicians to decide on a suitable indication. AIM To provide an expert consensus on current clinical indications, applications and methodological aspects of FMT. METHODS Well-acknowledged experts from various countries in Europe have contributed to this article. After literature review, consensus has been achieved by repetitive circulation of the statements and the full manuscript among all authors with intermittent adaptation to comments (using a modified Delphi process). Levels of evidence and agreement were rated according to the GRADE system. Consensus was defined a priori as agreement by at least 75% of the authors. RESULTS Key recommendations include the use of FMT in recurrent C. difficile infection characterised by at least two previous standard treatments without persistent cure, as well as its consideration in severe and severe-complicated C. difficile infection as an alternative to total colectomy in case of early failure of antimicrobial therapy. FMT in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and metabolic syndrome should only be performed in research settings. CONCLUSIONS Faecal microbiota transplantation or transfer is a promising treatment for a variety of diseases in which the intestinal microbiota is disturbed. For indications other than C. difficile infection, more evidence is needed before more concrete recommendations can be made.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - W. de Vos
- HelsinkiFinland
- WageningenThe Netherlands
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Chronic Health Consequences of Acute Enteric Infections in the Developing World. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1038/ajgsup.2016.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Giacomin P, Croese J, Krause L, Loukas A, Cantacessi C. Suppression of inflammation by helminths: a role for the gut microbiota? Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2016; 370:rstb.2014.0296. [PMID: 26150662 PMCID: PMC4528494 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2014.0296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple recent investigations have highlighted the promise of helminth-based therapies for the treatment of inflammatory disorders of the intestinal tract of humans, including inflammatory bowel disease and coeliac disease. However, the mechanisms by which helminths regulate immune responses, leading to the amelioration of symptoms of chronic inflammation are unknown. Given the pivotal roles of the intestinal microbiota in the pathogenesis of these disorders, it has been hypothesized that helminth-induced modifications of the gut commensal flora may be responsible for the therapeutic properties of gastrointestinal parasites. In this article, we review recent progress in the elucidation of host-parasite-microbiota interactions in both animal models of chronic inflammation and humans, and provide a working hypothesis of the role of the gut microbiota in helminth-induced suppression of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Giacomin
- Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Smithfield 4878, Australia
| | - John Croese
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Prince Charles Hospital, Brisbane 4007, Australia
| | - Lutz Krause
- Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Woolloongabba, Australia
| | - Alex Loukas
- Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Smithfield 4878, Australia
| | - Cinzia Cantacessi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
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Giacomin P, Zakrzewski M, Croese J, Su X, Sotillo J, McCann L, Navarro S, Mitreva M, Krause L, Loukas A, Cantacessi C. Experimental hookworm infection and escalating gluten challenges are associated with increased microbial richness in celiac subjects. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13797. [PMID: 26381211 PMCID: PMC4585380 DOI: 10.1038/srep13797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestinal microbiota plays a critical role in the development of the immune system. Recent investigations have highlighted the potential of helminth therapy for treating a range of inflammatory disorders, including celiac disease (CeD); however, the mechanisms by which helminths modulate the immune response of the human host and ameliorate CeD pathology are unknown. In this study, we investigated the potential role of alterations in the human gut microbiota in helminth-mediated suppression of an inflammatory disease. We assessed the qualitative and quantitative changes in the microbiota of human volunteers with CeD prior to and following infection with human hookworms, and following challenge with escalating doses of dietary gluten. Experimental hookworm infection of the trial subjects resulted in maintenance of the composition of the intestinal flora, even after a moderate gluten challenge. Notably, we observed a significant increase in microbial species richness over the course of the trial, which could represent a potential mechanism by which hookworms can regulate gluten-induced inflammation and maintain intestinal immune homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Giacomin
- Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - Martha Zakrzewski
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - John Croese
- Prince Charles Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Xiaopei Su
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Javier Sotillo
- Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - Leisa McCann
- Prince Charles Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Severine Navarro
- Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - Makedonka Mitreva
- The Genome Institute, and.,Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Lutz Krause
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Alex Loukas
- Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - Cinzia Cantacessi
- Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Becker-Dreps S, Allali I, Monteagudo A, Vilchez S, Hudgens MG, Rogawski ET, Carroll IM, Zambrana LE, Espinoza F, Azcarate-Peril MA. Gut Microbiome Composition in Young Nicaraguan Children During Diarrhea Episodes and Recovery. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2015; 93:1187-93. [PMID: 26350452 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.15-0322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding how the gut microbiota is affected by diarrhea episodes may help explain alterations in intestinal function among children in low-income settings. This study examined the composition of the gut microbiome of Nicaraguan children both during diarrhea episodes and while free of diarrhea for at least 2 months. Relative abundances of bacterial taxa, phylogenetic diversity, and species richness were determined by 16S amplicon sequencing and compared between paired diarrhea and recovery samples. A total of 66 stools were provided by 25 children enrolled in a 1-year cohort study of diarrhea etiologies. Children in our cohort had a mean age of 21.9 months; 64% were breast-fed, and 10% had received an antibiotic during the diarrhea episode. Overall, phylogenetic diversity and species richness did not differ significantly between diarrhea and recovery stools. However, of children who had a bacterial enteropathogen detected in any diarrhea stool, none experienced an increase in phylogenetic diversity in recovery, whereas of those in whom no bacterial enteropathogens were detected in their diarrhea stool(s), 59% experienced an increase in phylogenetic diversity in recovery (P = 0.008). This preliminary study suggests that recovery of the gut microbiota after a diarrhea episode may take longer time than previously thought and may be pathogen specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Becker-Dreps
- Department of Family Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Microbiome Core Facility, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco; Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, National Autonomous University of Nicaragua, León, Nicaragua; Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Center for Demographic and Health Research, National Autonomous University of Nicaragua, León, Nicaragua; Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Imane Allali
- Department of Family Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Microbiome Core Facility, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco; Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, National Autonomous University of Nicaragua, León, Nicaragua; Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Center for Demographic and Health Research, National Autonomous University of Nicaragua, León, Nicaragua; Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Andrea Monteagudo
- Department of Family Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Microbiome Core Facility, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco; Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, National Autonomous University of Nicaragua, León, Nicaragua; Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Center for Demographic and Health Research, National Autonomous University of Nicaragua, León, Nicaragua; Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Samuel Vilchez
- Department of Family Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Microbiome Core Facility, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco; Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, National Autonomous University of Nicaragua, León, Nicaragua; Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Center for Demographic and Health Research, National Autonomous University of Nicaragua, León, Nicaragua; Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Michael G Hudgens
- Department of Family Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Microbiome Core Facility, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco; Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, National Autonomous University of Nicaragua, León, Nicaragua; Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Center for Demographic and Health Research, National Autonomous University of Nicaragua, León, Nicaragua; Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Elizabeth T Rogawski
- Department of Family Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Microbiome Core Facility, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco; Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, National Autonomous University of Nicaragua, León, Nicaragua; Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Center for Demographic and Health Research, National Autonomous University of Nicaragua, León, Nicaragua; Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Ian M Carroll
- Department of Family Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Microbiome Core Facility, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco; Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, National Autonomous University of Nicaragua, León, Nicaragua; Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Center for Demographic and Health Research, National Autonomous University of Nicaragua, León, Nicaragua; Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Luis Enrique Zambrana
- Department of Family Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Microbiome Core Facility, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco; Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, National Autonomous University of Nicaragua, León, Nicaragua; Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Center for Demographic and Health Research, National Autonomous University of Nicaragua, León, Nicaragua; Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Felix Espinoza
- Department of Family Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Microbiome Core Facility, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco; Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, National Autonomous University of Nicaragua, León, Nicaragua; Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Center for Demographic and Health Research, National Autonomous University of Nicaragua, León, Nicaragua; Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - M Andrea Azcarate-Peril
- Department of Family Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Microbiome Core Facility, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco; Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, National Autonomous University of Nicaragua, León, Nicaragua; Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Center for Demographic and Health Research, National Autonomous University of Nicaragua, León, Nicaragua; Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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14
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Carrillo-Larco RM, Miranda JJ, Bernabé-Ortiz A. Delivery by caesarean section and risk of childhood obesity: analysis of a Peruvian prospective cohort. PeerJ 2015; 3:e1046. [PMID: 26137427 PMCID: PMC4485704 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives. We aimed to assess if Caesarean section is a risk factor for overnutrition in early- and late-childhood, and to assess the magnitude of the effect of child- versus family-related variables in these risk estimates. Methods. Longitudinal data from Peruvian children from the Young Lives Study was used. Outcomes assessed were overweight, obesity, overnutrition (overweight plus obesity), and central obesity (waist circumference) at the age 5 (first follow-up) and 7 (second follow-up) years. The exposure of interests was delivery by Caesarean section. Relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated using multivariable models adjusted for child-related (e.g., birth weight) and family-related (e.g., maternal nutritional status) variables. Results. At baseline, mean age was 11.7 (± 3.5) months and 50.1% were boys. Children born by Caesarean section were 15.6%. The 10.5% of the children were overweight and 2.4% were obese. For the obesity outcome, data from 6,038 and 9,625 children-years was included from baseline to the first and second follow-up, respectively. Compared to those who did not experience Caesarean delivery, the risk of having obesity was higher in the group born by Caesarean: RRs were higher at early-childhood (first follow-up: 2.25; 95% CI [1.36–3.74]) than later in life (second follow-up: 1.57; 95% CI [1.02–2.41]). Family-related variables had a greater effect in attenuating the risk estimates for obesity at the first, than at the second follow-up. Conclusion. Our results suggest a higher probability of developing obesity, but not overweight, among children born by Caesarean section delivery. The magnitude of risk estimates decreased over time, and family-related variables had a stronger effect on the risk estimates at early-childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo M Carrillo-Larco
- CRONICAS Center of Excellence in Chronic Diseases, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia , Lima , Peru ; School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia , Lima , Peru
| | - J Jaime Miranda
- CRONICAS Center of Excellence in Chronic Diseases, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia , Lima , Peru ; School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia , Lima , Peru
| | - Antonio Bernabé-Ortiz
- CRONICAS Center of Excellence in Chronic Diseases, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia , Lima , Peru ; Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas , Lima , Peru
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15
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Lee SC, Tang MS, Lim YAL, Choy SH, Kurtz ZD, Cox LM, Gundra UM, Cho I, Bonneau R, Blaser MJ, Chua KH, Loke P. Helminth colonization is associated with increased diversity of the gut microbiota. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e2880. [PMID: 24851867 PMCID: PMC4031128 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Soil-transmitted helminths colonize more than 1.5 billion people worldwide, yet little is known about how they interact with bacterial communities in the gut microbiota. Differences in the gut microbiota between individuals living in developed and developing countries may be partly due to the presence of helminths, since they predominantly infect individuals from developing countries, such as the indigenous communities in Malaysia we examine in this work. We compared the composition and diversity of bacterial communities from the fecal microbiota of 51 people from two villages in Malaysia, of which 36 (70.6%) were infected by helminths. The 16S rRNA V4 region was sequenced at an average of nineteen thousand sequences per samples. Helminth-colonized individuals had greater species richness and number of observed OTUs with enrichment of Paraprevotellaceae, especially with Trichuris infection. We developed a new approach of combining centered log-ratio (clr) transformation for OTU relative abundances with sparse Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis (sPLS-DA) to enable more robust predictions of OTU interrelationships. These results suggest that helminths may have an impact on the diversity, bacterial community structure and function of the gut microbiota. Soil-transmitted helminths are carried by large numbers of people in developing countries. These parasites live in the gut and may interact with bacterial communities in the gut, also called the gut microbiota. To determine whether there are alterations to the gut microbiota that are associated with helminth infections, we examined the types of bacteria present in fecal samples from rural Malaysians, many of whom are helminth-positive and find it likely that helminth colonization alters the gut microbiota for rural Malaysians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Ching Lee
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mei San Tang
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Yvonne A. L. Lim
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- * E-mail: (YALL); (PL)
| | - Seow Huey Choy
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Zachary D. Kurtz
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Laura M. Cox
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Uma Mahesh Gundra
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Ilseung Cho
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Richard Bonneau
- Department of Biology, Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Martin J. Blaser
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Kek Heng Chua
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - P'ng Loke
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (YALL); (PL)
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16
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Kerr CA, Grice DM, Tran CD, Bauer DC, Li D, Hendry P, Hannan GN. Early life events influence whole-of-life metabolic health via gut microflora and gut permeability. Crit Rev Microbiol 2014; 41:326-40. [PMID: 24645635 DOI: 10.3109/1040841x.2013.837863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The capacity of our gut microbial communities to maintain a stable and balanced state, termed 'resilience', in spite of perturbations is vital to our achieving and maintaining optimal health. A loss of microbial resilience is observed in a number of diseases including obesity, diabetes and metabolic syndrome. There are large gaps in our understanding of why an individual's co-evolved microflora consortium fail to develop resilience thereby establishing a trajectory towards poor metabolic health. This review examines the connections between the developing gut microbiota and intestinal barrier function in the neonate, infant and during the first years of life. We propose that the effects of early life events on the gut microflora and permeability, whilst it is in a dynamic and vulnerable state, are fundamental in shaping the microbial consortia's resilience and that it is the maintenance of resilience that is pivotal for metabolic health throughout life. We review the literature supporting this concept suggesting new potential research directions aimed at developing a greater understanding of the longitudinal effects of the gut microflora on metabolic health and potential interventions to recalibrate the 'at risk' infant gut microflora in the direction of enhanced metabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline A Kerr
- Preventative Health Flagship, CSIRO , North Ryde , Australia
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17
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Distinct distal gut microbiome diversity and composition in healthy children from Bangladesh and the United States. PLoS One 2013; 8:e53838. [PMID: 23349750 PMCID: PMC3551965 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our current understanding of the composition and stability of the human distal gut microbiota is based largely on studies of infants and adults living in developed countries. In contrast, little is known about the gut microbiota and its variation over time in older children and adolescents, especially in developing countries. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We compared the diversity, composition, and temporal stability of the fecal microbiota of healthy children, ages 9 to 14 years, living in an urban slum in Bangladesh with that of children of the same age range in an upper-middle class suburban community in the United States. We analyzed >8,000 near full-length 16S rRNA gene sequences and over 845,000 pyrosequencing reads of the 16S rRNA V1-V3 region. The distal gut of Bangladeshi children harbored significantly greater bacterial diversity than that of U.S. children, including novel lineages from several bacterial phyla. Bangladeshi and U.S. children had distinct fecal bacterial community membership and structure; the microbiota of Bangladeshi children was enriched in Prevotella, Butyrivibrio, and Oscillospira and depleted in Bacteroides relative to U.S. children (although similar to Bangladeshi adults). Furthermore, community membership and structure in Bangladeshi children was significantly less stable month-to-month than U.S. children. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Together, these results suggest that differing environmental or genetic factors may shape the microbiota of healthy children in the two countries. Further investigation is necessary to understand the mechanisms and factors that underlie these differences, and to incorporate these findings into new strategies for the prevention and treatment of childhood and adolescent diseases.
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