Screening strategy for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

Prevalence of Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease: Mapping Across Different Indian Populations (MAP Study)

INTRODUCTION

Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is a growing global health concern. MASLD is strongly linked to obesity, sedentary lifestyles, and metabolic syndrome. In India, the prevalence of MASLD exhibits regional variations because of genetic, dietary, and socioeconomic factors. Liver stiffness measurement (LSM) and controlled attenuation parameter (CAP) are standardized non-invasive tools for assessing fibrosis and steatosis in MASLD. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and severity of MASLD across different Indian regions and examine regional disparities in MASLD burden.

METHODS

This retrospective, multicenter, cross-sectional study analyzed the data of 13,750 adults from 105 diabetes and endocrine clinics across six geographic zones in India between May 2023 and February 2024. Participants underwent LSM and CAP assessment using FibroScan™. Based on LSM, liver fibrosis was categorized as F0-F1 (2-7 kPa), F2 (7-10 kPa), F3 (10-14 kPa), and F4 (≥ 14 kPa). Based on CAP, MASLD was classified as mild (238-260 dB/m), moderate (261-292 dB/m), and severe (≥ 293 dB/m).

RESULTS

The prevalence of MASLD was 68.2% (CAP ≥ 238 dB/m), and the prevalence of fibrosis was 33.7% (LSM ≥ 7 kPa). The highest MASLD burden was observed in North India (73.3%), particularly in Uttarakhand (80.0%). Severe fibrosis (F4) was highly prevalent in Kerala (20.0%), whereas severe steatosis (S3) was highly prevalent in Jammu and Kashmir (50.3%). The prevalence of MASLD was significantly associated with regional variations (P < 0.001) but not with age.

CONCLUSION

This study highlights significant regional disparities in MASLD burden. The high burden in North India calls for region-specific public health interventions, standardized screening, and preventive strategies.

Bioelectrical impedance analysis parameters are superior to liver enzymes in predicting metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease in young adults

BACKGROUND/AIMS

The predictive value of bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) parameters and liver enzymes for metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) in young adults is unclear. We aimed to investigate the usefulness of BIA parameters and liver enzymes in MASLD screening in young adults.

METHODS

Overall, 2,647 participants aged 19-30 years were evaluated by sex. Logistic regression analyses were performed with MASLD as the dependent variable. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to compare the predictive ability for MASLD.

RESULTS

In males, percentage body fat (PBF), total body fat (TBF), visceral fat area (VFA), abdominal subcutaneous fat (ASF), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and elevated ALT levels were positively associated with MASLD, whereas skeletal muscle index (SMI) and AST/ALT were negatively associated after adjusting for age, body mass index, and moderate physical activity. In females, PBF, TBF, ASF, AST, ALT, low SMI (LSMI), and elevated ALT levels were positively associated with MASLD, whereas SMI and AST/ALT were negatively associated. The areas under the ROC curves (AUCs) of PBF, TBF, VFA, ASF, SMI, AST, ALT, and AST/ALT were 0.818, 0.837, 0.834, 0.837, 0.818, 0.653, 0.759, and 0.790 respectively, in males. In females, the corresponding values were 0.915, 0.939, 0.934, 0.940, 0.915, 0.620, 0.799, and 0.849 respectively. The AUC of LSMI was significantly higher than that of increased ALT levels in females.

CONCLUSIONS

BIA parameters and ALT levels are useful for predicting MASLD in young adults. BIA parameters have superior predictive ability than liver enzymes.

The insight to history and trends of transient elastography for assessing liver fibrosis-a bibliometric analysis

Background

Transient elastography (TE) has become a prominent technique for the detection of fibrosis, owing to its non-invasive nature, rapid execution, safety, and ease of repetition. This study aims to conduct a bibliometric analysis of the historical development and trends in the application of TE for the assessment of liver fibrosis.

Methods

In the Web of Science (Core Collection database), we selected the Science Citation Index Expanded database to search for relevant literature from 1 January 1983 to 20 November 2023. We performed a search using the following topic words: transient elastography, liver fibrosis. After screening according to the title, abstract and keyword and removing the repetition, the literature included in the study was finally determined, and full records were downloaded. Bibliometric analysis was performed using VOSviewer and CiteSpace.

Results

Through the bibliometric visualization analysis of 577 articles, it was found that since TE was first reported for the measurement of liver fibrosis in 2003, the number of publications in this field has generally shown an upward trend, and the distribution of publications has shown a bimodal distribution, with peaks in 2010 and 2019. France and China have shown a high contribution in this field with a high number of publications. In terms of contributions from individual research centers, Yonsei University stands out prominently. Throughout the history of research in this field, early studies focused on chronic viral hepatitis, by comparing TE and Fibrosis-4, aspartate aminotransferase to platelet ratio index, FibroTest, liver biopsy and other liver fibrosis detection indicators to verify its diagnostic efficacy. Subsequently, the focus of research gradually shifted to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and other liver diseases, and the scope of research extended to the establishment of prediction models and efficacy evaluation through TE.

Conclusions

The application scope of TE is gradually expanding, and its safety, simplicity, rapidity, high accuracy, quantitative results, repeatability and good tolerance make it popular in clinical practice. Nowadays, the application of TE is not limited to the diagnosis of liver fibrosis, but has been extended to the establishment of prognostic models and efficacy evaluation of various liver diseases. To explore the deeper value of TE through new research methods such as machine learning models, radiate the advantages of TE to more liver diseases, and combine TE with a variety of non-invasive detection indicators to improve its application value, may be the future development and application prospect of TE in the field of liver fibrosis.

Sustainability of General Population Screening for Steatotic Liver Disease: A Proof-of-Concept Study

BACKGROUND

Steatotic liver disease (SLD) is a growing global health concern and may progress to more advanced liver diseases (i.e., fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma). Early identification of individuals at risk through effective screening strategies is crucial for timely intervention and management. The aim of this population-based study was to evaluate the feasibility of mean/large-scale screening and its importance by analyzing key risk factors, such as metabolic and lifestyle-related determinants.

METHODS

This cross-sectional study involved 387 subjects aged 18 to 89 years in a remote rural area that stretches among the valleys at the foot of the Apennines and the Apuan Alps. Anthropometric and demographic data were recorded, together with the measurement of blood pressure and cardiac rhythm. Furthermore, US-based liver stiffness (LS) and the ultrasound attenuation parameter (UAP) using the ILivTouch (Hisky Medical, Wuxi, China) device were performed. All data were analyzed with SPSS version 28. Univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to identify significant predictors of both LS and UAP.

RESULTS

Significant associations are observed between elevated LS and UAP values and risk factors, such as BMI and waist circumference (BMI and waist with R = 0.45 and R = 0.34, R = 0.29 and R = 0.28; respectively, for UAP and LS; all with p < 0.001). The presence of hypertension is associated with a high value of LS (p < 0.05), and high UAP with alcohol consumption and sugary coffee intake habit (p < 0.001 and, p < 0.05, respectively).

CONCLUSIONS

General population screening for SLD is feasible, sustainable, and useful to identify both individuals at risk and patients with progressive liver disease.

Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease, Awareness of a Diagnostic Challenge—A Clinician’s Perspective

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the main cause of chronic liver disease globally. NAFLD is a complex pathology, considered to be the hepatic expression of metabolic syndrome (MetS). It is supposed to become the main indication for liver transplantation in the coming years and is estimated to affect 57.5–74.0% of obese people, 22.5% of children and 52.8% of obese children, with 50% of individuals with type 2 diabetes being diagnosed with NAFLD. Recent research has proved that an increase in adipose tissue insulin resistance index is an important marker of liver injury in patients with NAFLD. Despite being the main underlying cause of incidental liver damage and a growing worldwide health problem, NAFLD is mostly under-appreciated. Currently, NAFLD is considered a multifactorial disease, with various factors contributing to its pathogenesis, associated with insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus, but also with cardiovascular, kidney and endocrine disorders (polycystic ovary syndrome, hypothyroidism, growth hormone deficiency). Hepatitis B and hepatitis C, sleep apnea, inflammatory bowel diseases, cystic fibrosis, viral infections, autoimmune liver diseases and malnutrition are some other conditions in which NAFLD can be found. The aim of this review is to emphasize that, from the clinician’s perspective, NAFLD is an actual and valuable key diagnosis factor for multiple conditions; thus, efforts need to be made in order to increase recognition of the disease and its consequences. Although there is no global consensus, physicians should consider screening people who are at risk of NAFLD. A large dissemination of current concepts on NAFLD and an extensive collaboration between physicians, such as gastroenterologists, internists, cardiologists, diabetologists, nutritionists and endocrinologists, is equally needed to ensure we have the knowledge and resources to address this public health challenge.

Adolescent Metabolic Screening

This article explores metabolic syndrome (MetS) in children and adolescents, shedding light on its significant influence on long-term cardiovascular health outcomes. We navigate the complex landscape of MetS, where there is no universally accepted definition, and explore its roots in factors like obesity and insulin resistance. We also discuss the challenges of diagnosing and understanding its relevance in pediatric populations. The article also discussed the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the metabolic well-being of adolescents. Also, we discuss the importance of addressing associated comorbidities and risk factors in the context of MetS.

Reference Range of Quantitative MRI Metrics Corrected T1 and Liver Fat Content in Children and Young Adults: Pooled Participant Analysis

BACKGROUND

Multiparametric MRI markers of liver health corrected T1 (cT1) and proton density fat fraction (PDFF) have shown utility in the management of various chronic liver diseases. We assessed the normal population reference range of both cT1 and PDFF in healthy child and adult volunteers without any known liver disease.

METHODS

A retrospective multi-centre pooled analysis of 102 child and young adult (9.1 years (6-18)) volunteers from three centres: Children's Memorial Health Institute (N = 21), University Hospital Southampton (N = 28) and Hospital Infantil de Mexico (N = 53). Sex and ethnic differences were investigated for both cT1 and PDFF. Age effects were investigated with comparison to a pooled adult cohort from the UK Biobank (N = 500) and CoverScan (N = 71), covering an age range of 21 to 81 years.

RESULTS

cT1 values were normally distributed with a median of 748 ms (IQR: 725-768 ms; 2.5-97.5 percentiles: 683-820 ms). PDFF values followed a normal distribution with a median of 1.7% (IQR: 1.3-1.9%; 2.5-97.5 percentiles: 1-4.4%). There were no significant age and sex differences in cT1 and PDFF between children and young adults. No differences in cT1 and PDFF were found between ethnicities. Age comparisons showed statistically significant, but clinically negligible, cT1 (748 ms vs. 732 ms) and PDFF (2.4% vs. 1.9%) differences between paediatric and adult groups, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

Median healthy cT1 and PDFF reference ranges in children and young adults fall within the reported limits for normal of 800 ms and 5%, respectively.

Exploring the Correlation Between Vitamin D Levels and Serological Markers in Liver Diseases: Insights from a Cross-Sectional Study

BACKGROUND/AIM

This study investigated the correlation between vitamin D levels and serological markers of liver diseases in two groups of patients: the control group (CG) and the study group (SG).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The study analyzed data on vitamin D levels categorized as insufficient, sufficient, and optimal, along with serological markers, such as alpha2-macroglobulin, haptoglobin, apolipoprotein A1, bilirubin total, gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), glucose, total cholesterol, and triglycerides.

RESULTS

The results indicate significant differences in vitamin D levels between the two groups, particularly in SG, where vitamin D levels varied according to its status and correlated with serological markers. Marker levels, including alpha2-macroglobulin, glucose, and total cholesterol, were notably higher in SG compared to CG, suggesting a potential association with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Further analysis using Pearson correlation revealed a strong, inverse relationship between vitamin D levels and FibroTest, NashTest, alpha2-globulin, and glucose. Additionally, increasing FibroTest and NashTest stages, as well as levels of alpha2-macroglobulin and glucose, were associated with lower vitamin D levels in SG.

CONCLUSION

These findings under-score the complex interplay between vitamin D and serological markers in NAFLD, highlighting the potential significance of vitamin D levels in disease progression. Further research is warranted to elucidate the mechanisms underlying this relationship and its clinical implications.

Evaluation of the ability of insulin resistance and lipid-related indices to predict the presence of NAFLD in obese adolescents

BACKGROUND

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become an important health issue in adolescents. Although several parameters and indices have been investigated for the evaluation of NAFLD in adults, these indices are limited in adolescents. In this study, body mass index, waist circumference, triponderal mass index, HbA1c, homeostatic model assessment insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), triglyceride/high-density lipoprotein (Tg/HDL), the lipid accumulation product (LAP) index, the triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index and the aminotransferase (AT) index were examined together, and their diagnostic values in the clinical treatment of NAFLD were compared.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Seventynine adolescents (10-19 years old) with obesity who were admitted to a pediatric clinic between January and August 2022 and who were diagnosed with exogenous obesity without any comorbidities were included in the study. The presence of NAFLD was evaluated by liver magnetic resonance imaging. The laboratory findings were obtained retrospectively from system records. Parameters were compared between the NAFLD (+) and NAFLD (-) groups. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine the most effective factors for NAFLD treatment. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was performed with significant indices. Sex, HOMA-IR, TyG and AT indices were evaluated together with multivariate analysis to design a diagnostic scale.

RESULTS

HbA1c, HOMA-IR, AT indices and TyG indices were greater in the NAFLD (+) group (P = 0.012; P = 0.001; P = 0.012; P = 0.002, respectively). There was a positive correlation between liver fat percentage and HOMA-IR, the TyG index, the AT index, and Tg/HDL. According to the regression analysis, male sex and elevated HOMA-IR were determined to be significant risk factors for the presence of NAFLD. A probability scale with 4 parameters [sex, HOMA-IR, the TyG index, and alanine aminotransferase (ALT)] was designed with 82.5% specificity and 80% sensitivity.

CONCLUSION

Evaluation of the HOMA-IR and TyG indices, especially in high-risk patients, will support the diagnosis of NAFLD via ultrasonography. A probability scale with ALT, HOMA-IR, TyG, and sex data with a diagnostic accuracy of 80% may aid in the diagnosis of NAFLD in adolescents with obesity.

The associations between fibrosis changes and liver-related events in patients with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease

BACKGROUND

The prognosis of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is associated with liver fibrosis. We investigated the associations between changes in liver stiffness measurement (LSM) over 3-year period and the development of cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in patients with MASLD.

METHODS

This study involved patients with MASLD who underwent transient elastography at baseline and 3 years after baseline from 2012 to 2020. Low (L), indeterminate (I) and high (H) LSM values were classified as <8 kPa, 8-12 kPa and >12 kPa respectively.

RESULTS

Among 1738 patients, 150 (8.6%) were diagnosed with cirrhosis or HCC. The proportions of patients with L, I and H risk were 69.7%, 19.9% and 10.5% at baseline, and 78.8%, 12.8% and 8.4% at 3 years after baseline, respectively. The incidence rates of cirrhosis or HCC per 1000 person-years were 3.7 (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.4-5.5) in the L → L + I group, 23.9 (95% CI, 17.1-32.6) in the I → L + I group, 38.3 (95% CI, 22.3-61.3) in the H → L + I group, 62.5 (95% CI, 32.3-109.2) in the I → H group, 67.8 (95% CI, 18.5-173.6) in the L → H group and 93.9 (95% CI 70.1-123.1) in the H → H group. Two risk factors for the development of cirrhosis or HCC were LSM changes and low platelet counts.

CONCLUSION

LSM changes could predict clinical outcomes in patients with MASLD. Thus, it is important to monitor changes in the fibrotic burden by regular assessment of LSM values.

Outcomes of Various Classes of Oral Antidiabetic Drugs on Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Importance

Several oral antidiabetic drug (OAD) classes can potentially improve patient outcomes in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) to varying degrees, but clinical data on which class is favored are lacking.

Objective

To investigate which OAD is associated with the best patient outcomes in NAFLD and type 2 diabetes (T2D).

Design, Setting, and Participants

This retrospective nonrandomized interventional cohort study used the National Health Information Database, which provided population-level data for Korea. This study involved patients with T2D and concomitant NAFLD.

Exposures

Receiving either sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, thiazolidinediones, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors, or sulfonylureas, each combined with metformin for 80% or more of 90 consecutive days.

Main Outcomes and Measures

The main outcomes were NAFLD regression assessed by the fatty liver index and composite liver-related outcome (defined as liver-related hospitalization, liver-related mortality, liver transplant, and hepatocellular carcinoma) using the Fine-Gray model regarding competing risks.

Results

In total, 80 178 patients (mean [SD] age, 58.5 [11.9] years; 43 007 [53.6%] male) were followed up for 219 941 person-years, with 4102 patients experiencing NAFLD regression. When compared with sulfonylureas, SGLT2 inhibitors (adjusted subdistribution hazard ratio [ASHR], 1.99 [95% CI, 1.75-2.27]), thiazolidinediones (ASHR, 1.70 [95% CI, 1.41-2.05]), and DPP-4 inhibitors (ASHR, 1.45 [95% CI, 1.31-1.59]) were associated with NAFLD regression. SGLT2 inhibitors were associated with a higher likelihood of NAFLD regression when compared with thiazolidinediones (ASHR, 1.40 [95% CI, 1.12-1.75]) and DPP-4 inhibitors (ASHR, 1.45 [95% CI, 1.30-1.62]). Only SGLT2 inhibitors (ASHR, 0.37 [95% CI, 0.17-0.82]), not thiazolidinediones or DPP-4 inhibitors, were significantly associated with lower incidence rates of adverse liver-related outcomes when compared with sulfonylureas.

Conclusions and Relevance

The results of this cohort study suggest that physicians may lean towards prescribing SGLT2 inhibitors as the preferred OAD for individuals with NAFLD and T2D, considering their potential benefits in NAFLD regression and lower incidences of adverse liver-related outcomes. This observational study should prompt future research to determine whether prescribing practices might merit reexamination.

Screening the General Population for Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Model Development and Validation

BACKGROUND

The prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is increasing worldwide. Screening the general population for this may help to select appropriate diagnostic and preventive measures before disease progression.

AIMS

We aimed to develop a screening method to identify patients with NAFLD in the general population.

METHODS

We analyzed cross-sectional data from a large Japanese study of NAFLD. Principal component analysis was used to analyze the data. Candidate predictors were patients' demographic, clinical, and laboratory characteristics. The resulting model was externally validated using three data sets from different populations.

RESULTS

Of 15,464 (54.5% men) included patients, 2,741 (17.7%) had NAFLD as determined by ultrasonography. An index was calculated as the arithmetic mean of the scaled body mass index and serum triglyceride levels for both men and women. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, sensitivity, specificity, and false positive rate were 0.875, 0.824, 0.770, and 17.6%, respectively. The mean index values were significantly different between the patients with and without non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (p <0.001). The odds ratio of the index cutoff was 15.6 (95% confidence interval [CI]:14.05, 17.39). The model yielded areas under the curve of 0.828, 0.851, and 0.836 for a Chinese (N = 2,319), an Iranian (N = 2,160), and a Brazilian (N = 45,029) data set, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

The proposed composite index demonstrated high performance and generalizability, suggesting its potential use as a screening tool for NAFLD in the general population.

Validation of a screening panel for pediatric metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease using metabolomics

BACKGROUND

Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), formerly known as NAFLD, is the most common liver disease in children. Liver biopsy remains the gold standard for diagnosis, although more efficient screening methods are needed. We previously developed a novel NAFLD screening panel in youth using machine learning applied to high-resolution metabolomics and clinical phenotype data. Our objective was to validate this panel in a separate cohort, which consisted of a combined cross-sectional sample of 161 children with stored frozen samples (75% male, 12.8±2.6 years of age, body mass index 31.0±7.0 kg/m2, 81% with MASLD, 58% Hispanic race/ethnicity).

METHODS

Clinical data were collected from all children, and high-resolution metabolomics was performed using their fasting serum samples. MASLD was assessed by MRI-proton density fat fraction or liver biopsy and cardiometabolic factors. Our previously developed panel included waist circumference, triglycerides, whole-body insulin sensitivity index, 3 amino acids, 2 phospholipids, dihydrothymine, and 2 unknowns. To improve feasibility, a simplified version without the unknowns was utilized in the present study. Since the panel was modified, the data were split into training (67%) and test (33%) sets to assess the validity of the panel.

RESULTS

Our present highest-performing modified model, with 4 clinical variables and 8 metabolomics features, achieved an AUROC of 0.92, 95% sensitivity, and 80% specificity for detecting MASLD in the test set.

CONCLUSIONS

Therefore, this panel has promising potential for use as a screening tool for MASLD in youth.

MASLD and aspartame: are new studies in the horizon?

Fatty liver disease has been on the rise in the past few decades, and there is no hope that it will stop. The terminology change that has been recently proposed may not be sufficient to advocate for a reduction of steatogenic foods and a change in lifestyle. A course change may be supported by the recent labeling of aspartame sweetener as a possible carcinogenic compound by the International Association for Research on Cancer (IARC), an agency of the World Health Organization (WHO). Aspartame sweeteners and other edulcorating molecular compounds besides colorings may trigger liver cancer other than fatty liver disease, despite limited data supporting it. An essential bias in human cohort studies is indeed the exclusion of all confounding factors, which may be barely impossible for human studies. In this perspective, we suggest that the activation of the NOD-like receptor-enclosing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome and the stimulation of the tumor suppression gene TP53 may be critical in the progression from fatty liver to liver inflammation and liver cancer. Aspartame reduces a transcriptional coactivator, precisely the peroxisomal proliferator-initiated receptor-γ (gamma) coactivator 1-α (alpha) (or PGC1α). This coactivator upregulates mitochondrial bioformation, oxidative phosphorylation, respiratory capacity, and fatty acid β-oxidation. Aspartame acts in this way, probably through the activation of TP53. These events have been accountable for the variations in the lipid outline in serum and total lipid storage as well as for the impairment of gluconeogenesis in the liver, as supported by the downregulation of the gluconeogenic enzymes in experimental animals, and may be relevant in humans as well.

Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease as a Systemic Disease and the Need for Multidisciplinary Care

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is currently the most common chronic liver disease, and there has been a rapid increase in cases worldwide. NAFLD is rapidly becoming the leading cause of hepatocellular carcinoma and is also associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease or exacerbation of other organ diseases, thus posing a significant health problem from both a medical and a socioeconomic perspective. NAFLD is a systemic disease and requires the involvement of numerous medical professionals. Multidisciplinary collaboration, in which different professionals within different specialties come together and work together toward a common goal, supports better patient care by integrating perspectives of multiple experts and facilitating the exchange of opinions. Due to the large number of potential patients, gastroenterologists and hepatologists cannot manage the patients alone, and collaboration between specialists in various fields, including family doctors, dentists, nutritionists, and pharmacists is required for treatment of NAFLD. This review will discuss NAFLD from the perspective of various specialties and introduce multidisciplinary collaboration.

The Role of the Fatty Liver Index (FLI) in the Management of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Systematic Review

Currently, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is the most common liver disease worldwide, with a prevalence of 32%. It is much more common among men (40%) and among patients with metabolic comorbidities such as obesity, diabetes and dyslipidemia. Being an asymptomatic disease, the diagnosis is often established on the basis of imaging methods, with an important role given to abdominal ultrasonography, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. In order to facilitate diagnosis, experts have introduced a series of blood biomarkers. Two biomarker panels are currently validated for the diagnosis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: the fatty liver index, and the hepatic steatosis index. The fatty liver index has been in use in medical practice for over 17 years and has demonstrated its accuracy in various studies that compared it with other diagnostic methods, highlighted its role in screening patients with cardiovascular risk and validated the effects of different diets and drugs that are proposed for the treatment of the disease. In the management of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, the fatty liver index is an important algorithm in the diagnosis and prognosis of patients with metabolic risk. Taking into account the diversity of drugs to be approved in the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, the fatty liver index will become an effective tool in monitoring the effects of these therapies.

Uncovering the Cardiovascular Threat: A Comprehensive Examination of Liver Fibrosis and Subclinical Atherosclerosis in Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has emerged as a global epidemic intricately linked to the rising tide of obesity and metabolic syndrome. This comprehensive review delves into the complex web of relationships between NAFLD, liver fibrosis, and subclinical atherosclerosis, shedding light on their interplay, shared risk factors, and clinical implications. NAFLD encompasses a spectrum of liver conditions, from the benign non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) to the more severe non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), characterized by inflammation and hepatocellular injury. Central to the discussion is the insidious development of liver fibrosis, the ominous harbinger of progressive liver damage, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. The increasing prevalence of NAFLD, now affecting a quarter of the global population, poses a significant public health challenge. Its association with obesity, insulin resistance, and metabolic syndrome highlights the multifactorial nature of this disease. However, NAFLD's repercussions extend beyond the liver. This review unveils a potent connection between NAFLD and subclinical atherosclerosis, the early precursor to cardiovascular disease. Individuals with NAFLD face an elevated risk of atherosclerosis, even without traditional cardiovascular risk factors. The intricate link between these two conditions is illuminated through shared pathophysiological pathways, including systemic inflammation, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia. Understanding the interplay between liver fibrosis and subclinical atherosclerosis has profound clinical implications. Patients with advanced fibrosis or cirrhosis are not only at risk of liver-related complications but also of cardiovascular events. This necessitates a holistic approach to patient care, with lifestyle modifications and pharmacological interventions simultaneously managing both conditions. Physicians must prioritize early detection and collaborate across disciplines to provide comprehensive care. Looking ahead, the future holds promising avenues of research. Emerging areas include genetics and precision medicine, microbiome research, and epigenetics, which may unveil new therapeutic targets. Innovations in diagnostics and therapeutics, such as non-invasive biomarkers and combination therapies, offer hope for more effective management. Long-term outcomes and survivorship research will provide insights into the lasting impact of interventions. In conclusion, this review underscores the imperative of addressing liver fibrosis and atherosclerosis in the context of NAFLD. It is a call to action for healthcare professionals, researchers, and policymakers to work collaboratively, promote early detection, and advance our understanding of these interconnected conditions. By doing so, we can enhance patient outcomes and chart a course toward a healthier future for those grappling with NAFLD and its intricate web of consequences.

Waiting for the changes after the adoption of steatotic liver disease

Steatotic liver disease was suggested as an overarching term encompassing various etiologies of hepatic steatosis. Experts from multinational liver societies went through the Delphi process, including four rounds of surveys, and consented to adopt a new nomenclature and definition instead of the conventional nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). This was to improve the understanding of the patients and primary care physicians, with an explanation of the pathophysiology in the name of the disease. Also, it could minimize the stigmatization of patients by using the histological neutral term "steatosis" instead of "fatty". Herein, we will discuss the changes and continuity between the two nomenclatures, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) and NAFLD, as well as the challenges to MASLD which need to be addressed in future.

Regression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is associated with reduced risk of incident diabetes: A longitudinal cohort study

OBJECTIVE

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is potentially reversible. However, whether improvement of NAFLD leads to clinical benefits remains uncertain. We investigated the association between regression of NAFLD and the risk of incident diabetes in a longitudinal way.

METHODS

A cohort of 11,260 adults who had NAFLD at in an initial exam, had the second evaluation for NAFLD status at 1~2 years from an initial exam were followed up for incident diabetes from 2001 and 2016. NAFLD was diagnosed with abdominal ultrasound.

RESULTS

At baseline, NAFLD was regressed in 2,559 participants (22.7%). During 51,388 person-years of follow-up (median 4 years), 1,768 participants developed diabetes. The fully adjusted hazard ratio (HR) for incident diabetes in participants with regressed NAFLD compared to those with persistent NAFLD was 0.81 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.72-0.92]. When assessed by NAFLD severity, among participants with a low NAFLD fibrosis score (NFS) (< -1.455), participants with regressed NAFLD had a lower risk of incident diabetes than those with persistent NAFLD (HR 0.77, 95% CI 0.68-0.88). However, in participants with an intermediate to high NFS (≥ -1.455), the risk of incident diabetes was not different between NAFLD regression and persistence groups (HR 1.12, 95% CI 0.82-1.51).

CONCLUSIONS

Regression of NAFLD was associated with decreased risk of incident diabetes compared to persistent NAFLD. However, the benefit was evident only for NAFLD patients with low NFS. This suggests that early intervention for NAFLD, before advanced fibrosis is present, may maximize the metabolic benefit from NAFLD regression.