1
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Britton JR. Contemporary perspectives on the ecological impacts of invasive freshwater fishes. J Fish Biol 2023; 103:752-764. [PMID: 36207758 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Introductions of non-native freshwater fish continue to increase globally, although only a small proportion of these introductions will result in an invasion. These invasive populations can cause ecological impacts in the receiving ecosystem through processes including increased competition and predation pressure, genetic introgression and the transmission of non-native pathogens. Definitions of ecological impact emphasize that shifts in the strength of these processes are insufficient for characterizing impact alone and, instead, must be associated with a quantifiable decline of biological and/or genetic diversity and lead to a measurable loss of diversity or change in ecosystem functioning. Assessments of ecological impact should thus consider the multiple processes and effects that potentially occur from invasive fish populations where, for example, impacts of invasive common carp Cyprinus carpio populations are through a combination of bottom-up and top-down processes that, in entirety, cause shifts in lake stable states and decreased species richness and/or abundances in the biotic communities. Such far-reaching ecological impacts also align to contemporary definitions of ecosystem collapse, given they involve substantial and persistent declines in biodiversity and ecosystem functions that cannot be recovered unaided. Thus, while not all introduced freshwater fishes will become invasive, those species that do develop invasive populations can cause substantial ecological impacts, where some of the impacts on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning might be sufficiently harmful to be considered as contributing to ecosystem collapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Robert Britton
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Bournemouth University, Poole, UK
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2
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Gozlan RE, Combe M. Emergence of the Fungal Rosette Agent in the World: Current Risk to Fish Biodiversity and Aquaculture. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9040426. [PMID: 37108882 PMCID: PMC10145687 DOI: 10.3390/jof9040426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of pathogenic fungi is a major and rapidly growing problem (7% increase) that affects human and animal health, ecosystems, food security, and the economy worldwide. The Dermocystida group in particular has emerged relatively recently and includes species that affect both humans and animals. Within this group, one species in particular, Sphareothecum destruens, also known as the rosette agent, represents a major risk to global aquatic biodiversity and aquaculture, and has caused severe declines in wild fish populations in Europe and large losses in salmon farms in the USA. It is a species that has been associated with a healthy carrier for millions of years, but in recent decades, the host has managed to invade parts of Southeast Asia, Central Asia, Europe, and North Africa. In order to better understand the emergence of this new disease, for the first time, we have synthesized current knowledge on the distribution, detection, and prevalence of S. destruens, as well as the associated mortality curves, and the potential economic impact in countries where the healthy carrier has been introduced. Finally, we propose solutions and perspectives to manage and mitigate the emergence of this fungus in countries where it has been introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marine Combe
- ISEM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, 34090 Montpellier, France
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3
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Cherif E, Deremarque T, Justy F, Gozlan RE, Combe M. Assessing the specificity of the Rosette agent DNA amplification: An optimized protocol for the detection of standard DNA among studies. J Fish Dis 2023; 46:177-180. [PMID: 36179044 PMCID: PMC10092284 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Emira Cherif
- ISEM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, IRDMontpellierFrance
| | | | | | | | - Marine Combe
- ISEM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, IRDMontpellierFrance
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4
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Radtke G, Wolnicki J, Kapusta A, Przybylski M, Kaczkowski Z. Critical thermal maxima of three small-bodied fish species (Cypriniformes) of different origin and protection status. The European Zoological Journal 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/24750263.2022.2148763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- G. Radtke
- Department of Migratory Fish, Inland Fisheries Institute, Żukowo, Poland
| | - J. Wolnicki
- Department of Pond Culture, Inland Fisheries Institute, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - A. Kapusta
- Department of Ichthyology, Hydrobiology and Aquatic Ecology, Inland Fisheries Institute, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - M. Przybylski
- Department of Ecology and Vertebrate Zoology, University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland
| | - Z. Kaczkowski
- UNESCO Chair of Ecohydrology and Applied Ecology, University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland
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5
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Urrutia A, Mitsi K, Foster R, Ross S, Carr M, Ward GM, van Aerle R, Marigomez I, Leger MM, Ruiz-Trillo I, Feist SW, Bass D. Txikispora philomaios n. sp., n. g., a Micro-Eukaryotic Pathogen of Amphipods, Reveals Parasitism and Hidden Diversity in Class Filasterea. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2021; 69:e12875. [PMID: 34726818 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study provides a morphological, ultrastructural, and phylogenetic characterization of a novel micro-eukaryotic parasite (2.3-2.6 µm) infecting amphipod genera Echinogammarus and Orchestia. Longitudinal studies across two years revealed that infection prevalence peaked in late April and May, reaching 64% in Echinogammarus sp. and 15% in Orchestia sp., but was seldom detected during the rest of the year. The parasite infected predominantly haemolymph, connective tissue, tegument, and gonad, although hepatopancreas and nervous tissue were affected in heavier infections, eliciting melanization and granuloma formation. Cell division occurred inside walled parasitic cysts, often within host haemocytes, resulting in haemolymph congestion. Small subunit (18S) rRNA gene phylogenies including related environmental sequences placed the novel parasite as a highly divergent lineage within Class Filasterea, which together with Choanoflagellatea represent the closest protistan relatives of Metazoa. We describe the new parasite as Txikispora philomaios n. sp. n. g., the first confirmed parasitic filasterean lineage, which otherwise comprises four free-living flagellates and a rarely observed endosymbiont of snails. Lineage-specific PCR probing of other hosts and surrounding environments only detected T. philomaios in the platyhelminth Procerodes sp. We expand the known diversity of Filasterea by targeted searches of metagenomic datasets, resulting in 13 previously unknown lineages from environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ander Urrutia
- International Centre of Excellence for Aquatic Animal Health, Centre for Environment, Fisheries, and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS), Barrack Road, Weymouth, DT4 8UB, UK.,Cell Biology in Environmental Toxicology Research Group, Department of Zoology and Animal Cell Biology (Faculty of Science and Technology), Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PiE), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Areatza Pasealekua z/g, Plentzia, 48620, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Konstantina Mitsi
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, Barcelona, 08003, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Rachel Foster
- Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Stuart Ross
- International Centre of Excellence for Aquatic Animal Health, Centre for Environment, Fisheries, and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS), Barrack Road, Weymouth, DT4 8UB, UK
| | - Martin Carr
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, UK
| | - Georgia M Ward
- Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Ronny van Aerle
- International Centre of Excellence for Aquatic Animal Health, Centre for Environment, Fisheries, and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS), Barrack Road, Weymouth, DT4 8UB, UK
| | - Ionan Marigomez
- Cell Biology in Environmental Toxicology Research Group, Department of Zoology and Animal Cell Biology (Faculty of Science and Technology), Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PiE), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Areatza Pasealekua z/g, Plentzia, 48620, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Michelle M Leger
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, Barcelona, 08003, Catalonia, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Centre for Comparative Genomics and evolutionary Bioinformatics, Sir Charles Tupper Medical Building, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Iñaki Ruiz-Trillo
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, Barcelona, 08003, Catalonia, Spain.,Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Facultat de Biologia, Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, 08028, Catalonia, Spain.,ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, Barcelona, 08010, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Stephen W Feist
- International Centre of Excellence for Aquatic Animal Health, Centre for Environment, Fisheries, and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS), Barrack Road, Weymouth, DT4 8UB, UK
| | - David Bass
- International Centre of Excellence for Aquatic Animal Health, Centre for Environment, Fisheries, and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS), Barrack Road, Weymouth, DT4 8UB, UK.,Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK
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6
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Rolla M, Consuegra S, Garcia de Leaniz C. Trophic Plasticity of the Highly Invasive Topmouth Gudgeon (Pseudorasbora parva) Inferred From Stable Isotope Analysis. Front Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2020.00212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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7
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Combe M, Gozlan RE. The rise of the rosette agent in Europe: An epidemiological enigma. Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 65:1474-1481. [PMID: 30144307 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
International biodiversity assessments often overlook the role of emerging infectious pathogens in the decline of freshwater fish populations despite the many examples of emerging diseases in other more visible taxa on a global scale. Whilst the introduction of the rosette agent Sphaerothecum destruens in Europe remained an epidemiological enigma, recent findings have shown that this parasite arrived in Europe with the introduction of the healthy carrier Pseudorasbora parva from China nearly 60 years ago and its emergence went unnoticed for over 45 years despite its severe impact on European fish biodiversity. Recent reports on the host and pathogen phylogeny point towards an ancient host-pathogen co-evolution with direct implications on disease risk. Here, we postulate that the observed rapid population decline of native fish species following their infection with virulent strains of S. destruens has underpinned the rapid establishment of P. parva populations during the invasion process. We reviewed the existing evidence supporting the claim of an S. destruens' emergence worldwide and also suggest that the origin of the US strains is to be found among contaminated Asian Oncorhynchus tshawytscha living in sympatry with native Asian P. parva population. Finally, several important preventative steps are suggested as a way to manage the impact of S. destruens on local fish communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Combe
- ISEM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, EPHE, Montpellier, France
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8
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Sana S, Williams C, Hardouin EA, Blake A, Davison P, Pegg J, Paley R, Zhang T, Andreou D. Phylogenetic and environmental DNA insights into emerging aquatic parasites: implications for risk management. Int J Parasitol 2018; 48:473-481. [PMID: 29438670 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Species translocation leads to disease emergence in native species of considerable economic importance. Generalist parasites are more likely to be transported, become established and infect new hosts, thus their risk needs to be evaluated. Freshwater systems are particularly at risk from parasite introductions due to the frequency of fish movements, lack of international legislative controls for non-listed pathogens and inherent difficulties with monitoring disease introductions in wild fish populations. Here we used one of the world's most invasive freshwater fish, the topmouth gudgeon, Pseudorasbora parva, to demonstrate the risk posed by an emergent generalist parasite, Sphaerothecum destruens. Pseudorasbora parva has spread to 32 countries from its native range in China through the aquaculture trade and has introduced S. destruens to at least five of these. We systematically investigated the spread of S. destruens through Great Britain and its establishment in native fish communities through a combination of phylogenetic studies of the host and parasite and a novel environmental DNA detection assay. Molecular approaches confirmed that S. destruens is present in 50% of the P. parva communities tested and was also detected in resident native fish communities but in the absence of notable histopathological changes. We identified specific P. parva haplotypes associated with S. destruens and evaluated the risk of disease emergence from this cryptic fish parasite. We provide a framework that can be applied to any aquatic pathogen to enhance detection and help mitigate future disease risks in wild fish populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salma Sana
- Bournemouth University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Fern Barrow, Talbot Campus, Poole, Dorset BH12 5BB, UK.
| | - Chris Williams
- Environment Agency, National Fisheries Laboratory, Bromholme Lane, Brampton, Cambridgeshire PE28 4NE, UK
| | - Emilie A Hardouin
- Bournemouth University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Fern Barrow, Talbot Campus, Poole, Dorset BH12 5BB, UK
| | - Adrian Blake
- Bournemouth University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Fern Barrow, Talbot Campus, Poole, Dorset BH12 5BB, UK
| | - Phil Davison
- Bournemouth University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Fern Barrow, Talbot Campus, Poole, Dorset BH12 5BB, UK; Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Pakefield Road, Lowestoft, Suffolk NR33 0HT, UK
| | - Josie Pegg
- Bournemouth University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Fern Barrow, Talbot Campus, Poole, Dorset BH12 5BB, UK
| | - Richard Paley
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, The Nothe, Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK
| | - Tiantian Zhang
- Bournemouth University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Fern Barrow, Talbot Campus, Poole, Dorset BH12 5BB, UK
| | - Demetra Andreou
- Bournemouth University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Fern Barrow, Talbot Campus, Poole, Dorset BH12 5BB, UK.
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9
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Sana S, Hardouin EA, Gozlan RE, Ercan D, Tarkan AS, Zhang T, Andreou D. Origin and invasion of the emerging infectious pathogen Sphaerothecum destruens. Emerg Microbes Infect 2017; 6:e76. [PMID: 28831194 PMCID: PMC5583672 DOI: 10.1038/emi.2017.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Non-native species are often linked to the introduction of novel pathogens with detrimental effects on native biodiversity. Since Sphaerothecum destruens was first discovered as a fish pathogen in the United Kingdom, it has been identified as a potential threat to European fish biodiversity. Despite this parasite’s emergence and associated disease risk, there is still a poor understanding of its origin in Europe. Here, we provide the first evidence to support the hypothesis that S. destruens was accidentally introduced to Europe from China along with its reservoir host Pseudorasbora parva via the aquaculture trade. This is the first study to confirm the presence of S. destruens in China, and it has expanded the confirmed range of S. destruens to additional locations in Europe. The demographic analysis of S. destruens and its host P. parva in their native and invasive range further supported the close association of both species. This research has direct significance and management implications for S. destruens in Europe as a non-native parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salma Sana
- Bournemouth University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Fern Barrow, Talbot Campus, Poole, Dorset BH12 5BB, UK
| | - Emilie A Hardouin
- Bournemouth University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Fern Barrow, Talbot Campus, Poole, Dorset BH12 5BB, UK
| | - Rodolphe E Gozlan
- UMR BOREA IRD-MNHN-Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 47 Rue Cuvier, Paris, Cedex 5 75231, France
| | - Didem Ercan
- Faculty of Fisheries, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, Kötekli, Muğla 48000, Turkey
| | - Ali Serhan Tarkan
- Faculty of Fisheries, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, Kötekli, Muğla 48000, Turkey
| | - Tiantian Zhang
- Bournemouth University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Fern Barrow, Talbot Campus, Poole, Dorset BH12 5BB, UK
| | - Demetra Andreou
- Bournemouth University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Fern Barrow, Talbot Campus, Poole, Dorset BH12 5BB, UK
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10
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Al-Shorbaji F, Roche B, Britton R, Andreou D, Gozlan R. Influence of predation on community resilience to disease. J Anim Ecol 2017; 86:1147-1158. [PMID: 28758196 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Outbreaks of generalist pathogens are influenced by host community structure, including population density and species diversity. Within host communities predation can influence pathogen transmission rates, prevalence and impacts. However, the influence of predation on community resilience to outbreaks of generalist pathogens is not fully understood. The role of predation on host community resilience to disease was assessed using an epidemiological multi-host susceptible-exposed-infectious-recovered model. Sphaerothecum destruens, an emerging fungal-like generalist pathogen, was used as a model pathogen. Six cyprinid and salmonid fishes, including an asymptomatic carrier, were selected as model hosts that are known to be impacted by S. destruens, and they were used within a model host community. Pathogen release into the host community was via introduction of the asymptomatic carrier. Mortality from infection, pathogen incubation rate, and host recovery rate were set to a range of evidence-based values in each species and were varied in secondary consumers to predict top-down effects of infection on the resilience of a host community. Predation pressure within the fish community was varied to test its effects on infection prevalence and host survival in the community. Model predictions suggested that predation of the asymptomatic hosts by fishes in the host community was insufficient to eliminate S. destruens. Sphaerothecum destruens persisted in the community due to its rapid transmission from the asymptomatic host to susceptible host fishes. Following transmission, pathogen prevalence in the community was driven by transmission within and between susceptible host fishes, indicating low host community resilience. However, introducing low densities of a highly specific piscivorous fish into the community to pre-date asymptomatic hosts could limit pathogen prevalence in the host community, thus increasing resilience. The model predictions indicate that whilst resilience to this generalist pathogen in the host community was low, this could be increased using management interventions. The results suggest that this model has high utility for predicting community resilience to disease and thus can be applied to other generalist parasites to determine risks of disease emergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farah Al-Shorbaji
- Bournemouth University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Dorset, UK
| | - Benjamin Roche
- Unit for Mathematical and Computer Modelling of Complex Systems, Institute of Research for Development, Montpellier, France.,Institut de Recherche pour le Développement UMR MIVEGEC IRD-CNRS-Université de Montpellier, Centre IRD de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Robert Britton
- Bournemouth University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Dorset, UK
| | - Demetra Andreou
- Bournemouth University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Dorset, UK
| | - Rodolphe Gozlan
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement UMR MIVEGEC IRD-CNRS-Université de Montpellier, Centre IRD de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Institut de Recherche pour le Développement UMR BOREA IRD-MNHN-Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris Cedex 5, France
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Al-Shorbaji F, Roche B, Gozlan R, Britton R, Andreou D. The consequences of reservoir host eradication on disease epidemiology in animal communities. Emerg Microbes Infect 2016; 5:e46. [PMID: 27165562 PMCID: PMC4893545 DOI: 10.1038/emi.2016.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Non-native species have often been linked with introduction of novel pathogens that spill over into native communities, and the amplification of the prevalence of native parasites. In the case of introduced generalist pathogens, their disease epidemiology in the extant communities remains poorly understood. Here, Sphaerothecum destruens, a generalist fungal-like fish pathogen with bi-modal transmission (direct and environmental) was used to characterise the biological drivers responsible for disease emergence in temperate fish communities. A range of biotic factors relating to both the pathogen and the surrounding host communities were used in a novel susceptible-exposed-infectious-recovered (SEIR) model to test how these factors affected disease epidemiology. These included: (i) pathogen prevalence in an introduced reservoir host (Pseudorasbora parva); (ii) the impact of reservoir host eradication and its timing and (iii) the density of potential hosts in surrounding communities and their connectedness. These were modelled across 23 combinations and indicated that the spill-over of pathogen propagules via environmental transmission resulted in rapid establishment in adjacent fish communities (<1 year). Although disease dynamics were initially driven by environmental transmission in these communities, once sufficient numbers of native hosts were infected, the disease dynamics were driven by intra-species transmission. Subsequent eradication of the introduced host, irrespective of its timing (after one, two or three years), had limited impact on the long-term disease dynamics among local fish communities. These outputs reinforced the importance of rapid detection and eradication of non-native species, in particular when such species are identified as healthy reservoirs of a generalist pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farah Al-Shorbaji
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Bournemouth University, Fern Barrow, Talbot Campus, Poole, Dorset, BH12 5BB, UK
| | - Benjamin Roche
- Unit for Mathematical and Computer Modelling of Complex Systems, Institute of Research for Development, 34394 Montpellier, France
- Pierre and Marie Curie University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Rodolphe Gozlan
- Pierre and Marie Curie University, 75005 Paris, France
- Biology of Aquatic Organisms and Ecosystems Research Unit, Institute of Research for Development, 34394 Montpellier, France
- National Museum of Natural History, 75231 Paris, France
| | - Robert Britton
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Bournemouth University, Fern Barrow, Talbot Campus, Poole, Dorset, BH12 5BB, UK
| | - Demetra Andreou
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Bournemouth University, Fern Barrow, Talbot Campus, Poole, Dorset, BH12 5BB, UK
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12
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Britton JR, Tran TNQ, Ruiz-navarro A. Synergistic effects of propagule pressure and trophic subsidies overcome biotic resistance to a non-native fish. Biol Invasions 2015; 17:3125-3131. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-015-0938-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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13
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Ercan D, Andreou D, Sana S, Öntaş C, Baba E, Top N, Karakuş U, Tarkan AS, Gozlan RE. Evidence of threat to European economy and biodiversity following the introduction of an alien pathogen on the fungal-animal boundary. Emerg Microbes Infect 2015; 4:e52. [PMID: 26954992 PMCID: PMC5176086 DOI: 10.1038/emi.2015.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Recent years have seen a global and rapid resurgence of fungal diseases with direct impact on biodiversity and local extinctions of amphibian, coral, or bat populations. Despite similar evidence of population extinction in European fish populations and the associated risk of food aquaculture due to the emerging rosette agent Sphaerothecum destruens, an emerging infectious eukaryotic intracellular pathogen on the fungal–animal boundary, our understanding of current threats remained limited. Long-term monitoring of population decline for the 8-year post-introduction of the fungal pathogen was coupled with seasonal molecular analyses of the 18S rDNA and histological work of native fish species organs. A phylogenetic relationship between the existing EU and US strains using the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer sequences was also carried out. Here, we provide evidence that this emerging parasite has now been introduced via Pseudorasbora parva to sea bass farms, an industry that represents over 400 M€ annually in a Mediterranean region that is already economically vulnerable. We also provide for the first time evidence linking S. destruens to disease and severe declines in International Union for Conservation of Nature threatened European endemic freshwater fishes (i.e. 80% to 90 % mortalities). Our findings are thus of major economic and conservation importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didem Ercan
- Faculty of Fisheries, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, 48000, Kötekli, Muğla, Turkey
| | - Demetra Andreou
- Faculty of Technology and Science, Bournemouth University, Fern Barrow, Poole, Dorset, BH12 5BB, UK
| | - Salma Sana
- Faculty of Technology and Science, Bournemouth University, Fern Barrow, Poole, Dorset, BH12 5BB, UK
| | - Canan Öntaş
- Faculty of Fisheries, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, 48000, Kötekli, Muğla, Turkey
| | - Esin Baba
- Faculty of Fisheries, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, 48000, Kötekli, Muğla, Turkey
| | - Nildeniz Top
- Faculty of Fisheries, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, 48000, Kötekli, Muğla, Turkey
| | - Uğur Karakuş
- Faculty of Fisheries, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, 48000, Kötekli, Muğla, Turkey
| | - Ali Serhan Tarkan
- Faculty of Fisheries, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, 48000, Kötekli, Muğla, Turkey
| | - Rodolphe Elie Gozlan
- Faculty of Technology and Science, Bournemouth University, Fern Barrow, Poole, Dorset, BH12 5BB, UK.,Institut de Recherche pour le Développement UMR 207 IRD, CNRS 7208-MNHN-UPMC, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 75005 Paris Cedex, France
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14
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Tran TNQ, Jackson MC, Sheath D, Verreycken H, Britton JR. Patterns of trophic niche divergence between invasive and native fishes in wild communities are predictable from mesocosm studies. J Anim Ecol 2015; 84:1071-80. [PMID: 25732893 PMCID: PMC5098174 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ecological theory attempts to predict how impacts for native species arise from biological invasions. A fundamental question centres on the feeding interactions of invasive and native species: whether invasion will result in increased interspecific competition, which would result in negative consequences for the competing species, or trophic niche divergence, which would facilitate the invader's integration into the community and their coexistence with native species. Here, the feeding interactions of a highly invasive fish, topmouth gudgeon Pseudorasbora parva, with three native and functionally similar fishes were studied to determine whether patterns of either niche overlap or divergence detected in mesocosm experiments were apparent between the species at larger spatial scales. Using stable isotope analysis, their feeding relationships were assessed initially in the mesocosms (1000 L) and then in small ponds (<400 m2) and large ponds (>600 m2). In the mesocosms, a consistent pattern of trophic niche divergence was evident between the sympatric fishes, with niches shifting further apart in isotopic space than suggested in allopatry, revealing that sharing of food resources was limited. Sympatric P. parva also had a smaller niche than their allopatric populations. In eight small ponds where P. parva had coexisted for several years with at least one of the fish species used in the mesocosms, strong patterns of niche differentiation were also apparent, with P. parva always at a lower trophic position than the other fishes, as also occurred in the mesocosms. Where these fishes were sympatric within more complex fish communities in the large ponds, similar patterns were also apparent, with strong evidence of trophic niche differentiation. Aspects of the ecological impacts of P. parva invasion for native communities in larger ponds were consistent with those in the mesocosm experiments. Their invasion resulted in divergence in trophic niches, partly due to their reduced niche widths when in sympatry with other species, facilitating their coexistence in invaded ecosystems. Our study highlights the utility of controlled mesocosm studies for predicting the trophic relationships that can develop from introductions of non‐native species into more complex ecosystems and at larger spatial scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Nhat Quyen Tran
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Bournemouth University, Poole, BH12 5BB, UK
| | - Michelle C Jackson
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Bournemouth University, Poole, BH12 5BB, UK.,Department of Zoology and Entomology, Centre for Invasion Biology, University of Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Danny Sheath
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Bournemouth University, Poole, BH12 5BB, UK
| | - Hugo Verreycken
- Research Institute for Nature and Forest (INBO), Kliniekstraat 25, Brussels, B-1070, Belgium
| | - J Robert Britton
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Bournemouth University, Poole, BH12 5BB, UK
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15
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Gozlan RE, Marshall WL, Lilje O, Jessop CN, Gleason FH, Andreou D. Current ecological understanding of fungal-like pathogens of fish: what lies beneath? Front Microbiol 2014. [PMID: 24600442 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00062/bibtex] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite increasingly sophisticated microbiological techniques, and long after the first discovery of microbes, basic knowledge is still lacking to fully appreciate the ecological importance of microbial parasites in fish. This is likely due to the nature of their habitats as many species of fish suffer from living beneath turbid water away from easy recording. However, fishes represent key ecosystem services for millions of people around the world and the absence of a functional ecological understanding of viruses, prokaryotes, and small eukaryotes in the maintenance of fish populations and of their diversity represents an inherent barrier to aquatic conservation and food security. Among recent emerging infectious diseases responsible for severe population declines in plant and animal taxa, fungal and fungal-like microbes have emerged as significant contributors. Here, we review the current knowledge gaps of fungal and fungal-like parasites and pathogens in fish and put them into an ecological perspective with direct implications for the monitoring of fungal fish pathogens in the wild, their phylogeography as well as their associated ecological impact on fish populations. With increasing fish movement around the world for farming, releases into the wild for sport fishing and human-driven habitat changes, it is expected, along with improved environmental monitoring of fungal and fungal-like infections, that the full extent of the impact of these pathogens on wild fish populations will soon emerge as a major threat to freshwater biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolphe E Gozlan
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Biologie des Organismes et Écosystèmes Aquatiques (IRD 207, CNRS 7208, MNHN, UPMC), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle Paris Cedex, France ; Centre for Conservation Ecology and Environmental Sciences, School of Applied Sciences, Bournemouth University Poole, Dorset, UK
| | - Wyth L Marshall
- BC Centre for Aquatic Health Sciences Campbell River, BC, Canada
| | - Osu Lilje
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Sydney Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Casey N Jessop
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Sydney Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Frank H Gleason
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Sydney Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Demetra Andreou
- Centre for Conservation Ecology and Environmental Sciences, School of Applied Sciences, Bournemouth University Poole, Dorset, UK
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16
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Gozlan RE, Marshall WL, Lilje O, Jessop CN, Gleason FH, Andreou D. Current ecological understanding of fungal-like pathogens of fish: what lies beneath? Front Microbiol 2014; 5:62. [PMID: 24600442 PMCID: PMC3928546 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite increasingly sophisticated microbiological techniques, and long after the first discovery of microbes, basic knowledge is still lacking to fully appreciate the ecological importance of microbial parasites in fish. This is likely due to the nature of their habitats as many species of fish suffer from living beneath turbid water away from easy recording. However, fishes represent key ecosystem services for millions of people around the world and the absence of a functional ecological understanding of viruses, prokaryotes, and small eukaryotes in the maintenance of fish populations and of their diversity represents an inherent barrier to aquatic conservation and food security. Among recent emerging infectious diseases responsible for severe population declines in plant and animal taxa, fungal and fungal-like microbes have emerged as significant contributors. Here, we review the current knowledge gaps of fungal and fungal-like parasites and pathogens in fish and put them into an ecological perspective with direct implications for the monitoring of fungal fish pathogens in the wild, their phylogeography as well as their associated ecological impact on fish populations. With increasing fish movement around the world for farming, releases into the wild for sport fishing and human-driven habitat changes, it is expected, along with improved environmental monitoring of fungal and fungal-like infections, that the full extent of the impact of these pathogens on wild fish populations will soon emerge as a major threat to freshwater biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolphe E. Gozlan
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Biologie des Organismes et Écosystèmes Aquatiques (IRD 207, CNRS 7208, MNHN, UPMC), Muséum National d'Histoire NaturelleParis Cedex, France
- Centre for Conservation Ecology and Environmental Sciences, School of Applied Sciences, Bournemouth UniversityPoole, Dorset, UK
| | | | - Osu Lilje
- School of Biological Sciences, University of SydneySydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Casey N. Jessop
- School of Biological Sciences, University of SydneySydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Frank H. Gleason
- School of Biological Sciences, University of SydneySydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Demetra Andreou
- Centre for Conservation Ecology and Environmental Sciences, School of Applied Sciences, Bournemouth UniversityPoole, Dorset, UK
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17
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Abstract
Ecological theory on biological invasions attempts to characterize the predictors of invasion success and the relative importance of the different drivers of population establishment. An outstanding question is how propagule pressure determines the probability of population establishment, where propagule pressure is the number of individuals of a species introduced into a specific location (propagule size) and their frequency of introduction (propagule number). Here, we used large-scale replicated mesocosm ponds over three reproductive seasons to identify how propagule size and number predict the probability of establishment of one of world's most invasive fish, Pseudorasbora parva, as well as its effect on the somatic growth of individuals during establishment. We demonstrated that, although a threshold of 11 introduced pairs of fish (a pair is 1 male, 1 female) was required for establishment probability to exceed 95%, establishment also occurred at low propagule size (1-5 pairs). Although single introduction events were as effective as multiple events at enabling establishment, the propagule sizes used in the multiple introductions were above the detected threshold for establishment. After three reproductive seasons, population abundance was also a function of propagule size, with rapid increases in abundance only apparent when propagule size exceeded 25 pairs. This was initially assisted by adapted biological traits, including rapid individual somatic growth that helped to overcome demographic bottlenecks.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Robert Britton
- Centre for Conservation Ecology and Environmental Science, School of Applied Sciences, Bournemouth University, Poole BH12 5BB, United Kingdom.
| | - Rodolphe Elie Gozlan
- Centre for Conservation Ecology and Environmental Science, School of Applied Sciences, Bournemouth University, Poole BH12 5BB, United Kingdom
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18
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Gozlan RE, Burnard D, Andreou D, Britton JR. Understanding the threats posed by non-native species: public vs. conservation managers. PLoS One 2013; 8:e53200. [PMID: 23341931 PMCID: PMC3547005 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Public perception is a key factor influencing current conservation policy. Therefore, it is important to determine the influence of the public, end-users and scientists on the prioritisation of conservation issues and the direct implications for policy makers. Here, we assessed public attitudes and the perception of conservation managers to five non-native species in the UK, with these supplemented by those of an ecosystem user, freshwater anglers. We found that threat perception was not influenced by the volume of scientific research or by the actual threats posed by the specific non-native species. Media interest also reflected public perception and vice versa. Anglers were most concerned with perceived threats to their recreational activities but their concerns did not correspond to the greatest demonstrated ecological threat. The perception of conservation managers was an amalgamation of public and angler opinions but was mismatched to quantified ecological risks of the species. As this suggests that invasive species management in the UK is vulnerable to a knowledge gap, researchers must consider the intrinsic characteristics of their study species to determine whether raising public perception will be effective. The case study of the topmouth gudgeon Pseudorasbora parva reveals that media pressure and political debate has greater capacity to ignite policy changes and impact studies on non-native species than scientific evidence alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolphe E Gozlan
- Centre for Conservation Ecology and Environmental Sciences, School of Applied Sciences, Bournemouth University, Fern Barrow, Poole, Dorset, UK.
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19
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Andreou D, Arkush KD, Guégan JF, Gozlan RE. Introduced pathogens and native freshwater biodiversity: a case study of Sphaerothecum destruens. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36998. [PMID: 22615866 PMCID: PMC3352871 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A recent threat to European fish diversity was attributed to the association between an intracellular parasite, Sphaerothecum destruens, and a healthy freshwater fish carrier, the invasive Pseudorasbora parva originating from China. The pathogen was found to be responsible for the decline and local extinction of the European endangered cyprinid Leucaspius delineatus and high mortalities in stocks of Chinook and Atlantic salmon in the USA. Here, we show that the emerging S. destruens is also a threat to a wider range of freshwater fish than originally suspected such as bream, common carp, and roach. This is a true generalist as an analysis of susceptible hosts shows that S. destruens is not limited to a phylogenetically narrow host spectrum. This disease agent is a threat to fish biodiversity as it can amplify within multiple hosts and cause high mortalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demetra Andreou
- Centre for Conservation Ecology and Environmental Change, School of Applied Sciences, Bournemouth University, Fern Barrow, Poole, Dorset, United Kingdom.
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20
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Paley RK, Andreou D, Bateman KS, Feist SW. Isolation and culture of Sphaerothecum destruens from Sunbleak (Leucaspius delineatus) in the UK and pathogenicity experiments in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Parasitology 2012; 139:904-14. [PMID: 22313601 DOI: 10.1017/S0031182012000030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The sunbleak (Leucaspius delineatus), a cyprinid fish native to continental Europe and now established in the UK, is experiencing population decline which appears to be linked to the spread of the invasive Asian cyprinid (Pseudorasbora parva). A population of sunbleak in the UK has previously been identified as infected with S. destruens at low prevalence. Because Sphaerothaecum destruens has, on occasion, caused severe disease in cultured and wild salmonids the aim of this work was to establish laboratory cultures of S. destruens from sunbleak in the UK and use these cultures in challenge experiments to determine if the UK isolate of S. destruens from cyprinid species is a potential threat to Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). The first isolation and culture of S. destruens in the UK and from a cyprinid species is described. Cultured S. destruens spores from sunbleak are infective to EPC, CHSE and FHM cells, replicating most rapidly in FHM and EPC cells. Spores can be induced to zoosporulate in water forming motile, uni-flagellated zoospores. Challenge experiments indicated the spores are able to replicate and disperse in Atlantic salmon and are associated with increased mortality (up to 90%) when injected intraperitonealy.
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Burnard D, Hubbard P, Müller C, Griffiths S, Andreou D, Osselton M, Canário A, Gozlan R. Chemically-mediated sexual display postures in pre-ovulatory female topmouth gudgeon, Pseudorasbora parva. BEHAVIOUR 2012. [DOI: 10.1163/1568539x-00003024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
While mating systems vary considerably throughout the animal kingdom, smell is
increasingly recognised as a common factor in successful copulation. However,
the full range of olfactory- induced mating behaviours among animals is
undoubtedly underestimated in comparison to visual or contact stimuli, and this
underestimation suggests that our understanding of courtship rituals may be
incomplete. Here, we use the highly invasive topmouth gudgeon,
Pseudorasbora
parva as a biological model to separate and validate the
induction of headstands as courtship behaviour in many fish species. Conspecific
odour was isolated using solid phase extraction (SPE) and fractionated using
high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Active fractions were
characterised using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Electrophysiological
responses of pre-ovulatory females to conspecific odour were also tested via the
electro-olfactogram (EOG). Results revealed that pre-ovulatory females adopted
headstand body postures during exposure to nest guarding male odour (4/12) and
SPE extract (5/12) but did not display during exposure to any other odour.
Fractions from HPLC yielded 1 active fraction that induced headstand body
postures in pre-ovulatory females (4/12). The active fraction eluted at
30–35 min and showed no response in the UV. NMR imaging revealed
low intensity levels of aliphatic protons: methylene protons (CH2) at
around 2 parts per million (ppm) and methin (CH) at around 3 ppm. EOG response
amplitudes were approximately double in response to pre-ovulatory female odour
than to odour derived from post-ovulatory females (Mann–Whitney
U-test, ,
).
This study provides evidence of sex-specific chemical cues and responsive,
adaptive sexual behaviour in P. parva and demonstrates that
female display postures may be induced by chemical stimuli alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Burnard
- aBournemouth School of Conservation Science, Christchurch House, Bournemouth University, Poole, Dorset, BH12 5BB, UK
- bCardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Biomedical Sciences Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, Wales, UK
| | - P.C. Hubbard
- cCentro de Ciências do Mar, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - C.T. Müller
- bCardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Biomedical Sciences Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, Wales, UK
| | - S.W. Griffiths
- bCardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Biomedical Sciences Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, Wales, UK
| | - D. Andreou
- aBournemouth School of Conservation Science, Christchurch House, Bournemouth University, Poole, Dorset, BH12 5BB, UK
| | - M.D. Osselton
- aBournemouth School of Conservation Science, Christchurch House, Bournemouth University, Poole, Dorset, BH12 5BB, UK
| | - A.V.M. Canário
- cCentro de Ciências do Mar, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - R.E. Gozlan
- aBournemouth School of Conservation Science, Christchurch House, Bournemouth University, Poole, Dorset, BH12 5BB, UK
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