1
|
Blindheim S, Andersen L, Trösse C, Karlsbakk E, Nylund A. Growth characteristics and morphology of Paramoeba perurans from Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. and ballan wrasse Labrus bergylta in Norway. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:112. [PMID: 36959596 PMCID: PMC10037839 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05715-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Paramoeba perurans is the causative agent of amoebic gill disease (AGD) in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. and many other farmed marine fish species worldwide. The first cases of AGD in Norway were reported in 2006, and it has subsequently become established as a significant gill disease that affects the country's salmonid aquaculture industry. Despite several decades of research on AGD, there is still a lack of knowledge of the biology of P. perurans and its interactions with its hosts and the environment. METHODS The growth and morphology of 10 clonal isolates of P. perurans were studied. The isolates were from farmed Atlantic salmon and ballan wrasse that had been obtained from different sites along the Norwegian coast between 2013 and 2015. The morphology and population growth patterns of these clonal amoeba isolates were examined in vitro using light microscopy and real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction under a range of temperatures (4, 12, 15 and 21 °C) and salinities (20, 25, 30 and 34 ‰). RESULTS We found distinct morphological differences between both locomotive and floating forms of the amoeba isolates. The locomotive amoebae of the clonal isolates varied in size (area) from 453 µm2 to 802 µm2. There were differences in the growth patterns of the clonal amoeba isolates under similar conditions, and in their responses to variations in temperature and salinity. While most of the isolates grew well at salinities of 25-34 ‰, a significant reduction in growth was seen at 20 ‰. Most of the amoeba isolates grew well at 12 °C and 15 °C. At 4 °C, amoebae grew slower and, in contrast to the other temperatures, no extended pseudopodia could be seen in their floating form. The isolates seemed to reach a plateau phase faster at 21 °C, with a higher number of smaller, rounded amoebae. CONCLUSIONS The differences observed here between clonal isolates of P. perurans should be further examined in experimental in vivo challenge studies, as they may be of relevance to the virulence and proliferation potential of this amoeba on gills. Potential differences in virulence within P. perurans could have implications for management strategies for AGD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Blindheim
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, 7803, 5020, Bergen, Norway
- The Industrial and Aquatic Laboratory, Thormøhlensgate 55, 5006, Bergen, Norway
| | - Linda Andersen
- The Industrial and Aquatic Laboratory, Thormøhlensgate 55, 5006, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Christiane Trösse
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, 7803, 5020, Bergen, Norway
| | - Egil Karlsbakk
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, 7803, 5020, Bergen, Norway
| | - Are Nylund
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, 7803, 5020, Bergen, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Volkova E, Kudryavtsev A. A morphological and molecular reinvestigation of Janickina pigmentifera (Grassi, 1881) Chatton 1953 - an amoebozoan parasite of arrow-worms (Chaetognatha). Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2021; 71. [PMID: 34846292 DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.005094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Amoebozoan parasites of arrow-worms (Chaetognatha) were isolated from their hosts living in plankton of the Bay of Villefranche (Mediterranean Sea). Based on the light microscopic characters, the amoebae were identified as Janickina pigmentifera (Grassi, 1881) by their limax locomotive form and due to the presence of the intracellular symbiont, Perkinsela amoebae, surrounded by a layer of pigment granules. Sequences of the 18S rRNA gene of both J. pigmentifera and its symbiont were obtained for the first time. The molecular phylogenetic analyses of 18S rRNA gene placed J. pigmentifera within the genus Neoparamoeba, a taxon also characterized by the presence of a symbiont, known as Perkinsela amoebae-like organism (PLO). The 18S rRNA gene sequence of P. amoebae from J. pigmentifera grouped with the sequences of 18S rRNA genes of PLOs from Neoparamoeba branchiphila and Neoparamoeba invadens. The first photo documentation of the light microscopic features of J. pigmentifera, such as locomotive form, the morphology of the nucleus and P. amoebae have been provided. The new results support the affinity of J. pigmentifera with the family Paramoebidae suggested previously based on the presence of PLO. In contrast to Janickina, typical members of Paramoebidae (Neoparamoeba and Paramoeba) have a flattened, dactylopodial locomotive form. This discrepancy in morphology can be explained by the obligate parasitic lifestyle of Janickina.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Volkova
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Protistology, Zoological Institute RAS, Universitetskaya nab, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexander Kudryavtsev
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Protistology, Zoological Institute RAS, Universitetskaya nab, St Petersburg, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Tröße C, Kindt M, Blindheim S, Andersen L, Nylund A. Method for cryopreservation of Paramoeba perurans. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2021; 44:739-745. [PMID: 33159703 PMCID: PMC8246932 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Paramoeba perurans causes amoebic gill disease (AGD), which is a major problem in aquaculture worldwide. The parasite can be cultured in vitro, but to this date, no method for long-term storage of the clones exists. In this study, we describe a method for cryopreservation of Paramoeba perurans. The method was successfully employed on four out the five clones we tested. The thawing success rate, that is the percentage of successfully thawed vials relative to the total number of vials that were thawed, differed for the clones and ranged from 25% to 100%. The age of the clones seemed to have a negative impact on the ability to survive cryopreservation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Tröße
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
| | - Mats Kindt
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
- Present address:
Pharmaq ASOsloNorway
| | | | - Linda Andersen
- The Aquatic and Industrial Laboratory (ILAB)BergenNorway
| | - Are Nylund
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hudson J, Nowak BF. Experimental Challenge Models and In Vitro Models to Investigate Efficacy of Treatments and Vaccines against Amoebic Gill Disease. Microorganisms 2021; 9:710. [PMID: 33808191 PMCID: PMC8065880 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9040710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Amoebic Gill Disease (AGD) severely affects salmonid mariculture due to fish losses and costs associated with management of the disease. Continued research into management solutions, including new treatments and vaccine development, is highly important for the future of salmonid production worldwide. This requires both in vitro (both pathogen only and host-pathogen models) and in vivo (disease challenge) testing. Challenge models are still widely varied, in particular with regard to: infection methods (cohabitation or immersion), source of the pathogen (isolated from infected fish or cultured), infectious dose, environmental conditions (in particular temperature) and the endpoints across experimental treatment and vaccine studies which makes comparisons between studies difficult. This review summarises in vitro assays, the challenge methods and endpoints used in studies of experimental treatments and vaccines for AGD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Barbara F. Nowak
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Launceston 7250, Australia;
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Jia B, Delphino MKVC, Awosile B, Hewison T, Whittaker P, Morrison D, Kamaitis M, Siah A, Milligan B, Johnson SC, Gardner IA. Review of infectious agent occurrence in wild salmonids in British Columbia, Canada. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2020; 43:153-175. [PMID: 31742733 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Wild Pacific salmonids (WPS) are economically and culturally important to the Pacific North region. Most recently, some populations of WPS have been in decline. Of hypothesized factors contributing to the decline, infectious agents have been postulated to increase the risk of mortality in Pacific salmon. We present a literature review of both published journal and unpublished data to describe the distribution of infectious agents reported in wild Pacific salmonid populations in British Columbia (BC), Canada. We targeted 10 infectious agents, considered to potentially cause severe economic losses in Atlantic salmon or be of conservation concern for wild salmon in BC. The findings indicated a low frequency of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus, piscine orthoreovirus, viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus, Aeromonas salmonicida, Renibacterium salmoninarum, Piscirickettsia salmonis and other Rickettsia-like organisms, Yersinia ruckeri, Tenacibaculum maritimum and Moritella viscosa. No positive results were reported for infestations with Paramoeba perurans in peer-reviewed papers and the DFO Fish Pathology Program database. This review synthesizes existing information, as well as gaps therein, that can support the design and implementation of a long-term surveillance programme of infectious agents in wild salmonids in BC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Jia
- Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - Marina K V C Delphino
- Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - Babafela Awosile
- Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - Tim Hewison
- Grieg Seafood BC Ltd., Campbell River, BC, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Ahmed Siah
- British Columbia Centre for Aquatic Health Sciences, Campbell River, BC, Canada
| | | | - Stewart C Johnson
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO), Nanaimo, BC, Canada
| | - Ian A Gardner
- Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Perolo A, Gustinelli A, Fioravanti ML, Manfrin A, Dalla Pozza M, Lunelli F, Accini A, Quaglio F. Occurrence of nodular gill disease in farmed brown trout (Salmo trutta L.). JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2019; 42:1315-1320. [PMID: 31157406 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Perolo
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Andrea Gustinelli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Italy
| | - Maria Letizia Fioravanti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Italy
| | - Amedeo Manfrin
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Francesco Quaglio
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Collins C, Hall M, Fordyce MJ, White P. Survival and Growth in vitro of Paramoeba perurans Populations Cultured Under Different Salinities and Temperatures. Protist 2019; 170:153-167. [PMID: 31071676 DOI: 10.1016/j.protis.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Growth rates of Paramoeba perurans cultures under different temperature and salinity conditions were investigated in vitro over a 15day period. Optimal population growth, under the experimental conditions, was observed at 15°C and a salinity of 35‰, with amoebae populations doubling every 14h. Positive P. perurans populations growth was observed at 15°C between salinities of above 20‰ and 50‰, and at 8°C, 11°C and 18°C at salinities between 25‰ and 50‰, 50‰ being the maximum salinity tested. Amoebae numbers were sustained at 4°C. Therefore, lower temperature and salinity thresholds for P. perurans population growth lie between 4 to 8°C, and salinities of 20 to 25‰, respectively. Upper limits were not determined in this study. The populations remained relatively stable at 4°C and 2°C at permissive salinities with respect to numbers of viable amoebae over the 15day exposure period.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Collins
- Marine Scotland, 375 Victoria Road, Aberdeen AB11 9DB, United Kingdom.
| | - Malcolm Hall
- Marine Scotland, 375 Victoria Road, Aberdeen AB11 9DB, United Kingdom.
| | - Mark J Fordyce
- Marine Scotland, 375 Victoria Road, Aberdeen AB11 9DB, United Kingdom
| | - Patricia White
- Marine Scotland, 375 Victoria Road, Aberdeen AB11 9DB, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Nowak BF, Archibald JM. Opportunistic but Lethal: The Mystery of Paramoebae. Trends Parasitol 2018; 34:404-419. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2018.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 01/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
9
|
Hellebø A, Stene A, Aspehaug V. PCR survey for Paramoeba perurans in fauna, environmental samples and fish associated with marine farming sites for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2017; 40:661-670. [PMID: 27594383 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Amoebic gill disease (AGD) caused by the amoeba Paramoeba perurans is an increasing problem in Atlantic salmon aquaculture. In the present PCR survey, the focus was to identify reservoir species or environmental samples where P. perurans could be present throughout the year, regardless of the infection status in farmed Atlantic salmon. A total of 1200 samples were collected at or in the proximity to farming sites with AGD, or with history of AGD, and analysed for the presence of P. perurans. No results supported biofouling organisms, salmon lice, biofilm or sediment to maintain P. perurans. However, during clinical AGD in Atlantic salmon, the amoeba were detected in several samples, including water, biofilm, plankton, several filter feeders and wild fish. It is likely that some of these samples were positive as a result of the continuous exposure through water. Positive wild fish may contribute to the spread of P. perurans. Cleaner fish tested positive for P. perurans when salmon tested negative, indicating that they may withhold the amoeba longer than salmon. The results demonstrate the high infection pressure produced from an AGD-afflicted Atlantic salmon population and thus the importance of early intervention to reduce infection pressure and horizontal spread of P. perurans within farms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Hellebø
- Møreforsking Ålesund AS, Ålesund, Norway
| | - A Stene
- NTNU in Ålesund, Ålesund, Norway
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Sibbald SJ, Cenci U, Colp M, Eglit Y, O'Kelly CJ, Archibald JM. Diversity and Evolution of Paramoeba spp. and their Kinetoplastid Endosymbionts. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2017; 64:598-607. [PMID: 28150358 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Members of the genus Paramoeba (including Neoparamoeba) (Amoebozoa) are single-celled eukaryotes of economic and ecological importance because of their association with disease in a variety of marine animals including fish, sea urchins, and lobster. Interestingly, they harbor a eukaryotic endosymbiont of kinetoplastid ancestry, Perkinsela sp. To investigate the complex relationship between Paramoeba spp. and Perkinsela sp., as well as the relationships between different Paramoeba species, molecular data was obtained for four novel isolates. We also acquired new data from the urchin pathogen P. invadens. Comprehensive molecular phylogenetic analyses were carried out using 33 newly obtained 18S rDNA sequences from the host amoebae and 16 new 18S rDNA sequences from their corresponding Perkinsela sp., together with all publicly available 18S molecular data. Intra-isolate 18S rDNA nucleotide diversity was found to be surprisingly high within the various species of Paramoeba, but relatively low within their Perkinsela sp. endosymbionts. 18S rDNA phylogenies and ParaFit co-evolution analysis revealed a high degree of congruence between the Paramoeba and Perkinsela sp. tree topologies, strongly suggesting that a single endosymbiotic event occurred in the common ancestor of known Paramoeba species, and that the endosymbionts have been inherited vertically ever since.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shannon J Sibbald
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, Halifax, NS, B3H 4H7, Canada.,Centre for Comparative Genomics and Evolutionary Bioinformatics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 4H7, Canada
| | - Ugo Cenci
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, Halifax, NS, B3H 4H7, Canada.,Centre for Comparative Genomics and Evolutionary Bioinformatics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 4H7, Canada
| | - Morgan Colp
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, Halifax, NS, B3H 4H7, Canada.,Centre for Comparative Genomics and Evolutionary Bioinformatics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 4H7, Canada
| | - Yana Eglit
- Centre for Comparative Genomics and Evolutionary Bioinformatics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 4H7, Canada.,Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada.,Friday Harbor Laboratories, University of Washington, Friday Harbor, Washington, 98250, USA
| | - Charles J O'Kelly
- Friday Harbor Laboratories, University of Washington, Friday Harbor, Washington, 98250, USA
| | - John M Archibald
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, Halifax, NS, B3H 4H7, Canada.,Centre for Comparative Genomics and Evolutionary Bioinformatics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 4H7, Canada.,Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, CIFAR Program in Integrated Microbial Biodiversity, Toronto, ON, M5G 1Z8, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wiik-Nielsen J, Mo TA, Kolstad H, Mohammad SN, Hytterød S, Powell MD. Morphological diversity of Paramoeba perurans trophozoites and their interaction with Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., gills. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2016; 39:1113-1123. [PMID: 26775899 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Amoebic gill disease (AGD) caused by the ectoparasite Paramoeba perurans affects several cultured marine fish species worldwide. In this study, the morphology and ultrastructure of P. perurans in vitro and in vivo was investigated using scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM, respectively). Amoebae cultures contained several different morphologies ranging from a distinct rounded cell structure and polymorphic cells with pseudopodia of different lengths and shapes. SEM studies of the gills of AGD-affected Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., revealed the presence of enlarged swellings in affected gill filaments and fusion of adjacent lamellae. Spherical amoebae appeared to embed within the epithelium, and subsequently leave hemispherical indentations with visible fenestrations in the basolateral surface following their departure. These fenestrated structures corresponded to the presence of pseudopodia which could be seen by TEM to penetrate into the epithelium. The membrane-membrane interface contained an amorphous and slightly fibrous matrix. This suggests the existence of cellular glycocalyces and a role for extracellular products in mediating pathological changes in amoebic gill disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - T A Mo
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway
| | - H Kolstad
- Imaging Centre, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | | | - S Hytterød
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway
| | - M D Powell
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Bergen, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Lovy J, Becker JA, Speare DJ, Wadowska DW, Wright GM, Powell MD. Ultrastructural Examination of the Host Cellular Response in the Gills of Atlantic Salmon, Salmo salar, with Amoebic Gill Disease. Vet Pathol 2016; 44:663-71. [PMID: 17846238 DOI: 10.1354/vp.44-5-663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Gills from Atlantic salmon with experimentally induced amoebic gill disease ( Neoparamoeba spp.) were examined with transmission electron microscopy to assess pathology and host-cell responses. Amoebae were found either on the surface epithelium or with pseudopodia extending deeply into invaginations of epithelial cells. The amoebae had various densities along the plasma membrane and contained electron-dense deposits within their cytoplasm. Surface epithelial cells sloughed from the gills and had features consistent with apoptosis, including rounded shape, loss of surface microridges, and hypercondensation of nuclear chromatin. Affected areas of gills had fusion of secondary lamellae with interlamellar spaces occupied by mitotic epithelial cells and eosinophils. Eosinophils contained abundant fusiform-shaped granules that measured approximately 1 μm long and 360 nm wide. The granule consisted of an electron-dense matrix with a central inclusion that was less electron-dense, consisting of particulate and fibrillar material. In many instances, the central inclusion appeared empty and 90% of the eosinophils had morphology suggestive of piecemeal degranulation. Also observed within affected areas were a few neutrophils, mucous cells releasing mucus, and a small number of dendritic-like cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Lovy
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PEI C1A 4P3, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Udalov IA. Pseudoparamoeba microlepis n. sp., Korotnevella fousta n. sp. (Amoebozoa, Dactylopodida), with notes on the evolution of scales among dactylopodid amoebae. Eur J Protistol 2016; 54:33-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
14
|
Lima PC, Taylor RS, Cook M. Involvement of contractile vacuoles in the osmoregulation process of the marine parasitic amoeba Neoparamoeba perurans. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2016; 39:629-633. [PMID: 26332530 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P C Lima
- CSIRO Agriculture Flagship, Integrated Sustainable Aquaculture Production Program, BIRC, Woorim, Qld, Australia
| | - R S Taylor
- CSIRO Agriculture Flagship, Integrated Sustainable Aquaculture Production Program, Battery Point, TAS, Australia
| | - M Cook
- CSIRO Agriculture Flagship, Integrated Sustainable Aquaculture Production Program, ESP, Dutton Park, Qld, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Gene Loss and Error-Prone RNA Editing in the Mitochondrion of Perkinsela, an Endosymbiotic Kinetoplastid. mBio 2015; 6:e01498-15. [PMID: 26628723 PMCID: PMC4669381 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01498-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Perkinsela is an enigmatic early-branching kinetoplastid protist that lives as an obligate endosymbiont inside Paramoeba (Amoebozoa). We have sequenced the highly reduced mitochondrial genome of Perkinsela, which possesses only six protein-coding genes (cox1, cox2, cox3, cob, atp6, and rps12), despite the fact that the organelle itself contains more DNA than is present in either the host or endosymbiont nuclear genomes. An in silico analysis of two Perkinsela strains showed that mitochondrial RNA editing and processing machineries typical of kinetoplastid flagellates are generally conserved, and all mitochondrial transcripts undergo U-insertion/deletion editing. Canonical kinetoplastid mitochondrial ribosomes are also present. We have developed software tools for accurate and exhaustive mapping of transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) reads with extensive U-insertions/deletions, which allows detailed investigation of RNA editing via deep sequencing. With these methods, we show that up to 50% of reads for a given edited region contain errors of the editing system or, less likely, correspond to alternatively edited transcripts. Uridine insertion/deletion-type RNA editing, which occurs in the mitochondrion of kinetoplastid protists, has been well-studied in the model parasite genera Trypanosoma, Leishmania, and Crithidia. Perkinsela provides a unique opportunity to broaden our knowledge of RNA editing machinery from an evolutionary perspective, as it represents the earliest kinetoplastid branch and is an obligatory endosymbiont with extensive reductive trends. Interestingly, up to 50% of mitochondrial transcripts in Perkinsela contain errors. Our study was complemented by use of newly developed software designed for accurate mapping of extensively edited RNA-seq reads obtained by deep sequencing.
Collapse
|
16
|
Lahr DJG, Grant J, Molestina R, Katz LA, Anderson OR. Sapocribrum chincoteaguense n. gen. n. sp.: A Small, Scale-bearing Amoebozoan with Flabellinid Affinities. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2015; 62:444-53. [PMID: 25515047 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The isolate American Type Culture Collection (ATCC)® 50979™ is a small amoebozoan whose actin gene was previously characterized, but did not allow a stable phylogenetic placement. This isolate was originally mis-identified upon deposition, and subsequently mis-illustrated in a recent publication. Here, we provide both a detailed morphological description as well as additional molecular analyses in order to clarify the isolate's phylogenetic relationships. The amoeba is minute (less than 5 μm), and presents the behavior of staying in a fixed location, while emitting one or two thin pseudopods. Transmission electron microscopy reveals that the cell is covered in a layer with embedded scales, giving the cell an armored appearance. Molecular phylogenetic analyses of data (actin, alpha- and beta-tubulin, elongation factor 2, and 14-3-3) from transcriptomes of this and four other isolates reveals that ATCC® 50979(™) is closely related to the recently described Squamamoeba japonica and in a novel, stable clade. Due to the unique nature of the scale covering, as well as other gross morphological characters and the molecular phylogenetic analyses, we formally describe the isolate as Sapocribrum chincoteaguense n. gen. n. sp.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J G Lahr
- Department of Zoology, University of São Paulo, 05508-090, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Biological Sciences, Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts, 01063, USA
| | - Jessica Grant
- Department of Biological Sciences, Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts, 01063, USA
| | - Robert Molestina
- Protistology Collection, American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, Virginia, 20110, USA
| | - Laura A Katz
- Department of Biological Sciences, Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts, 01063, USA
| | - O Roger Anderson
- Department of Biology, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, New York, 10964, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Young ND, Dyková I, Crosbie PB, Wolf M, Morrison RN, Bridle AR, Nowak BF. Support for the coevolution of Neoparamoeba and their endosymbionts, Perkinsela amoebae-like organisms. Eur J Protistol 2014; 50:509-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2014.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Revised: 07/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
18
|
Sühnel S, Ivachuk CDS, Schaefer ALC, Pontinha VA, Martins ML, Figueras A, Meyer GR, Jones SRM, Stewart JC, Gurney-Smith HJ, Magalhães ARM, Bower SM. Detection of a parasitic amoeba (Order Dactylopodida) in the female gonads of oysters in Brazil. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2014; 109:241-250. [PMID: 24991850 DOI: 10.3354/dao02748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The impacts of oocyte parasites on the reproductive success of molluscs are largely unknown. In this study, we evaluated the presence of gonad parasites in 6 species of marine bivalve molluscs native to southern Brazil. Cultured bivalves included the mangrove oyster Crassostrea gasar (sometimes called C. brasiliana), the brown mussel Perna perna, the lion's paw scallop Nodipecten nodosus and the wing pearl oyster Pteria hirundo. Another species of mangrove oyster, C. rhizophorae, and the carib pointed venus clam Anomalocardia brasiliana (syn. A. flexuosa) were collected from the wild. Molluscs were collected in winter 2009 and summer 2010 for histopathological and molecular evaluation. An unknown ovarian parasite (UOP) was observed in histopathological sections of female gonads of C. gasar and C. rhizophorae. The UOP possessed features suggestive of amoebae, including an irregular outer membrane, frothy cytoplasm, a nucleus with a prominent central nucleolus and a closely associated basophilic parasome. PCR analysis was negative for Marteilioides chungmuensis, Perkinsus spp. and Paramoeba perurans. However, real-time PCR successfully amplified DNA from oyster gonads when using universal Paramoeba spp. primers. Also, conventional PCR amplified DNA using primers specific for Perkinsela amoebae-like organisms (syn. Perkinsiella), which are considered as endosymbionts of Parameoba spp., previously thought to be the parasome. Our results suggest that this UOP is a species of amoeba belonging to 1 of the 2 families of the order Dactylopodida, possibly related to Paramoeba spp. This study represents the first report of this type of organism in oysters. We found that C. gasar and C. rhizophorae were the most susceptible molluscs to these UOPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Sühnel
- Nucleus for Aquatic Pathology Studies, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Rodovia Admar Gonzaga, 1346, 88040-900, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina (SC), Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Geisen S, Weinert J, Kudryavtsev A, Glotova A, Bonkowski M, Smirnov A. Two new species of the genus Stenamoeba (Discosea, Longamoebia): Cytoplasmic MTOC is present in one more amoebae lineage. Eur J Protistol 2014; 50:153-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2014.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
20
|
Mouton A, Crosbie P, Cadoret K, Nowak B. First record of amoebic gill disease caused by Neoparamoeba perurans in South Africa. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2014; 37:407-409. [PMID: 23763465 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Revised: 04/21/2013] [Accepted: 04/21/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A Mouton
- Amanzi Biosecurity, Hermanus, South Africa
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Feehan CJ, Johnson-Mackinnon J, Scheibling RE, Lauzon-Guay JS, Simpson AGB. Validating the identity of Paramoeba invadens, the causative agent of recurrent mass mortality of sea urchins in Nova Scotia, Canada. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2013; 103:209-227. [PMID: 23574707 DOI: 10.3354/dao02577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Green sea urchins Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis along the coast of Nova Scotia, Canada, suffer mass mortalities from infection by the pathogenic amoeba Paramoeba invadens Jones, 1985. It has been speculated that P. invadens could be a form of Neoparamoeba pemaquidensis, a species associated with disease in S. droebachiensis and lobsters in the northeast USA. During a disease outbreak in fall 2011, we isolated amoebae from moribund urchins collected from 4 locations along ~200 km of coastline. In laboratory infection trials, we found that timing and rate of morbidity corresponded to that of similar experiments conducted in the early 1980s, when P. invadens was first identified. All isolates had a similar size and morphology to the original description, including an absence of microscales. Sequences of nuclear SSU rDNA show that disease was caused by one 'species' of amoeba across the range sampled. Phylogenetic analyses prove that P. invadens is not conspecific with N. pemaquidensis, but is a distinct species most closely related to N. branchiphila, a suspected pathogen of sea urchins Diadema aff. antillarum in the Canary Islands, Spain. Morphology and closest phylogenetic affinities suggest that P. invadens would be assignable to the genus Neoparamoeba; however, nuclear SSU rDNA trees show that Neoparamoeba and Paramoeba are phylogenetically inseparable. Therefore, we treat Neoparamoeba as a junior synonym of Paramoeba, with P. invadens retaining that name, and N. pemaquidensis and N. aestuarina reverting to their original names (P. pemaquidensis and P. aestuarina), and with new combinations for N. branchiphila Dykova et al., 2005, and N. perurans Young et al., 2007, namely P. branchiphila comb. nov. and P. perurans comb. nov.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Colette J Feehan
- Biology Department, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
In vitro cultured Neoparamoeba perurans causes amoebic gill disease in Atlantic salmon and fulfils Koch’s postulates. Int J Parasitol 2012; 42:511-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2012.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Revised: 04/09/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
23
|
Dyková I, Lorenzo-Morales J, Kostka M, Valladares B, Pecková H. Neoparamoeba branchiphila infections in moribund sea urchins Diadema aff. antillarum in Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2011; 95:225-231. [PMID: 21932534 DOI: 10.3354/dao02361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A total of 109 sea urchins from 3 species collected in 2 localities off the coast of Tenerife Island, Spain, were examined for the presence of free-living amoebae in their coelomic fluid. Amoeba trophozoites were isolated exclusively from moribund individuals of long-spined sea urchins Diadema aff. antillarum (Philippi) (Echinoidea, Echinodermata) that manifested lesions related to sea urchin bald disease on their tests (16 out of 56 examined). No amoebae were detected in Arbacia lixula (L.) and Paracentrotus lividus (Lamarck). From the former sea urchin species, 8 strains, established from 10 primary isolates, were identified as Neoparamoeba branchiphila Dyková et al., 2005 using morphological and molecular methods. Results of this study (limited to the screening for free-living amoebae) together with data on agents of sea urchin mortalities reported to date justify the hypothesis that free-living amoebae play an opportunistic role in D. aff. antillarum mortality. The enlargement of the dataset of SSU rDNA sequences brought new insight into the phylogeny of Neoparamoeba species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iva Dyková
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Branisovská 31, 370 05 Ceské Budejovice, Czech Republic.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Genomic characterization of Neoparamoeba pemaquidensis (Amoebozoa) and its kinetoplastid endosymbiont. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2011; 10:1143-6. [PMID: 21666073 DOI: 10.1128/ec.05027-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We have performed a genomic characterization of a kinetoplastid protist living within the amoebozoan Neoparamoeba pemaquidensis. The genome of this "Ichthyobodo-related organism" was found to be unexpectedly large, with at least 11 chromosomes between 1.0 and 3.5 Mbp and a total genome size of at least 25 Mbp.
Collapse
|
25
|
Mitchell SO, Rodger HD. A review of infectious gill disease in marine salmonid fish. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2011; 34:411-432. [PMID: 21401646 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2011.01251.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Infectious gill diseases of marine salmonid fish present a significant challenge in salmon-farming regions. Infectious syndromes or disease conditions affecting marine-farmed salmonids include amoebic gill disease (AGD), proliferative gill inflammation (PGI) and tenacibaculosis. Pathogens involved include parasites, such as Neoparamoeba perurans, bacteria, such as Piscichlamydia salmonis and Tenacibaculum maritimum, and viruses, such as the Atlantic salmon paramyxovirus (ASPV). The present level of understanding of these is reviewed with regard to risk factors, potential impacting factors, methods of best practice to mitigate infectious gill disease, as well as knowledge gaps and avenues for future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S O Mitchell
- Vet-Aqua International, Oranmore, Co. Galway, Ireland
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
|
27
|
Santos MJ, Cavaleiro F, Campos P, Sousa A, Teixeira F, Martins M. Impact of amoeba and scuticociliatidia infections on the aquaculture European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) in Portugal. Vet Parasitol 2010; 171:15-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2009] [Revised: 03/03/2010] [Accepted: 03/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
28
|
Dyková I, Fiala I, Dvořáková H, Pecková H. Living together: The marine amoeba Thecamoeba hilla Schaeffer, 1926 and its endosymbiont Labyrinthula sp. Eur J Protistol 2008; 44:308-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2008.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2008] [Revised: 04/12/2008] [Accepted: 04/12/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
29
|
Wynne JW, O'Sullivan MG, Cook MT, Stone G, Nowak BF, Lovell DR, Elliott NG. Transcriptome analyses of amoebic gill disease-affected Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) tissues reveal localized host gene suppression. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2008; 10:388-403. [PMID: 18219527 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-007-9075-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2007] [Revised: 12/04/2007] [Accepted: 12/07/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The transcriptome response of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) displaying advanced stages of amoebic gill disease (AGD) was investigated. Naïve smolt were challenged with AGD for 19 days, at which time all fish were euthanized and their severity of infection quantified through histopathological scoring. Gene expression profiles were compared between heavily infected and naïve individuals using a 17 K Atlantic salmon cDNA microarray with real-time quantitative RT-PCR (qPCR) verification. Expression profiles were examined in the gill, anterior kidney, and liver. Twenty-seven transcripts were significantly differentially expressed within the gill; 20 of these transcripts were down-regulated in the AGD-affected individuals compared with naïve individuals. In contrast, only nine transcripts were significantly differentially expressed within the anterior kidney and five within the liver. Again the majority of these transcripts were down-regulated within the diseased individuals. A down-regulation of transcripts involved in apoptosis (procathepsin L, cathepsin H precursor, and cystatin B) was observed in AGD-affected Atlantic salmon. Four transcripts encoding genes with antioxidant properties also were down-regulated in AGD-affected gill tissue according to qPCR analysis. The most up-regulated transcript within the gill was an unknown expressed sequence tag (EST) whose expression was 218-fold (+/- SE 66) higher within the AGD affected gill tissue. Our results suggest that Atlantic salmon experiencing advanced stages of AGD demonstrate general down-regulation of gene expression, which is most pronounced within the gill. We propose that this general gene suppression is parasite-mediated, thus allowing the parasite to withstand or ameliorate the host response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James W Wynne
- CSIRO National Food Futures Flagship, CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Wynne JW, O'Sullivan MG, Stone G, Cook MT, Nowak BF, Lovell DR, Taylor RS, Elliott NG. Resistance to amoebic gill disease (AGD) is characterised by the transcriptional dysregulation of immune and cell cycle pathways. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 32:1539-1560. [PMID: 18621418 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2008.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2008] [Revised: 05/03/2008] [Accepted: 05/21/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Amoebic gill disease (AGD) is a parasite-mediated proliferative gill disease capable of affecting a range of teleost hosts. While a moderate heritability for AGD resistance in Atlantic salmon has been reported previously, the mechanisms by which individuals resist the proliferative effects remain poorly understood. To gain more knowledge of this commercially important trait, we compared gill transcriptomes of two groups of Atlantic salmon, one designated putatively resistant, and one designated putatively susceptible to AGD. Utilising a 17k Atlantic salmon cDNA microarray we identified 196 transcripts that were differentially expressed between the two groups. Expression of 11 transcripts were further examined with real-time quantitative RT-PCR (qPCR) in the AGD-resistant and AGD-susceptible animals, as well as non-infected naïve fish. Gene expression determined by qPCR was in strong agreement with the microarray analysis. A large number of differentially expressed genes were involved in immune and cell cycle responses. Resistant individuals displayed significantly higher expression of genes involved in adaptive immunity and negative regulation of the cell cycle. In contrast, AGD-susceptible individuals showed higher expression of acute phase proteins and positive regulators of the cell cycle. Combined with the gill histopathology, our results suggest AGD resistance is acquired rather than innately present, and that this resistance is for the most part associated with the dysregulation of immune and cell cycle pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James W Wynne
- CSIRO National Food Futures Flagship, CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research Hobart, GPO Box 1538, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Dyková I, Fiala I, Pecková H. Neoparamoeba spp. and their eukaryotic endosymbionts similar to Perkinsela amoebae (Hollande, 1980): coevolution demonstrated by SSU rRNA gene phylogenies. Eur J Protistol 2008; 44:269-77. [PMID: 18396388 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2008.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2007] [Revised: 01/24/2008] [Accepted: 01/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The molecular phylogeny of Neoparamoeba spp. based on SSU rDNA was updated by including new sequences of strains isolated from an invertebrate and an alga. In total, 59 sequences of strains representating N. pemaquidensis, N. branchiphila, N. aestuarina and N. perurans were analysed. Sequences of SSU rDNA of eukaryotic endosymbionts (Perkinsela amoebae-like organisms) were prepared from 34 samples of genomic DNA of strain-representatives of N. pemaquidensis, N. branchiphila and N. aestuarina. Comparison of phylograms reconstructed from corresponding SSU rDNA sequences of host amoebae and their symbionts revealed a high level of congruence, which argues very strongly for coevolution of these two eukaryotic organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iva Dyková
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Branisovská 31, 370 05 Ceské Budejovice, Czech Republic.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Young ND, Dyková I, Nowak BF, Morrison RN. Development of a diagnostic PCR to detect Neoparamoeba perurans, agent of amoebic gill disease. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2008; 31:285-295. [PMID: 18353020 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2008.00903.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The recent description of Neoparamoeba perurans as an aetiological agent of amoebic gill disease (AGD) advanced our understanding of the condition and has forced a re-evaluation of methods used for the diagnosis of AGD. Currently, there are no tools available that are both specific for N. perurans and suitable for a routine diagnostic procedure. Therefore, in this study we describe an assay to detect N. perurans. The assay, which utilizes PCR to amplify the N. perurans 18S rRNA gene, was shown to be specific and highly sensitive. Neoparamoeba perurans was detected in both gill samples and primary isolates of non-cultured gill-derived amoebae obtained during necropsy or biopsy from AGD-affected Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. The PCR-based assay provides a simple, flexible tool that will be a useful addition to the diagnostic repertoire for AGD. It may also be used for the genotypic screening of trophozoites during culture and could facilitate further epidemiological and ecological studies of AGD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N D Young
- School of Aquaculture, Tasmanian Aquaculture and Fisheries Institute, University of Tasmania and Aquafin CRC, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Steinum T, Kvellestad A, Rønneberg LB, Nilsen H, Asheim A, Fjell K, Nygård SMR, Olsen AB, Dale OB. First cases of amoebic gill disease (AGD) in Norwegian seawater farmed Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., and phylogeny of the causative amoeba using 18S cDNA sequences. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2008; 31:205-214. [PMID: 18261034 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2007.00893.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Amoebic gill disease (AGD) was observed in seawater farmed Atlantic salmon at four geographically distant locations on the western coast of Norway. To the best of our knowledge, these are the first detected AGD outbreaks in Norway. The outbreaks lasted for 7-12 weeks in late autumn 2006 and were for the most part concurrent. The crude, cumulative mortality was in the range of 12-20% at three farms and 82% at a fourth. The histopathology showed uniform parasomal amoebae in lesions characteristic for AGD. Another gill disease, proliferative gill inflammation (PGI), was also present to a variable degree and the distinction between the two gill problems is discussed. Seawater temperatures were 3.5 degrees C higher than average before disease outbreaks, which subsided in early winter. The geographical and time pattern of these outbreaks strongly indicates simultaneous infection from the marine environment. Two contiguous 18S cDNA sequences, obtained by reverse transcriptase PCR from gill tissue with AGD-related lesions, showed highest similarity (99.2%) to a newly recognized species designated Neoparamoeba perurans and maximum likelihood analysis demonstrates that they represent Norwegian strains of this Neoparamoeba lineage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Steinum
- Section for Fish Health, National Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Young ND, Crosbie PBB, Adams MB, Nowak BF, Morrison RN. Neoparamoeba perurans n. sp., an agent of amoebic gill disease of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Int J Parasitol 2007; 37:1469-81. [PMID: 17561022 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2007.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2007] [Revised: 04/23/2007] [Accepted: 04/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Amoebic gill disease (AGD) is a potentially fatal disease of some marine fish. Two amphizoic amoebae Neoparamoeba pemaquidensis and Neoparamoeba branchiphila have been cultured from AGD-affected fish, yet it is not known if one or both are aetiological agents. Here, we PCR amplified the 18S rRNA gene of non-cultured, gill-derived (NCGD) amoebae from AGD-affected Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) using N. pemaquidensis and N. branchiphila-specific oligonucleotides. Variability in PCR amplification led to comparisons of 18S rRNA and 28S rRNA gene sequences from NCGD and clonal cultured, gill-derived (CCGD) N. pemaquidensis and N. branchiphila. Phylogenetic analyses inferred from either 18S or 28S rRNA gene sequences unambiguously segregated a lineage consisting of NCGD amoebae from other members of the genus Neoparamoeba. Species-specific oligonucleotide probes that hybridise 18S rRNA were designed, validated and used to probe gill tissue from AGD-affected Atlantic salmon. The NCGD amoebae-specific probe bound AGD-associated amoebae while neither N. pemaquidensis nor N. branchiphila were associated with AGD-lesions. Together, these data indicate that NCGD amoebae are a new species, designated Neoparamoeba perurans n.sp. and this is the predominant aetiological agent of AGD of Atlantic salmon cultured in Tasmania, Australia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N D Young
- School of Aquaculture, Aquafin CRC, University of Tasmania, Locked Bag 1370, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Moran DM, Anderson OR, Dennett MR, Caron DA, Gast RJ. A description of seven Antarctic marine gymnamoebae including a new subspecies, two new species and a new genus: Neoparamoeba aestuarina antarctica n. subsp., Platyamoeba oblongata n. sp., Platyamoeba contorta n. sp. and Vermistella antarctica n. gen. n. sp. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2007; 54:169-83. [PMID: 17403158 DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2007.00249.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Seven marine gymnamoebae were isolated from different environments of seawater, slush (pack ice meltwater), and sediment in the Ross Sea area of Antarctica. All amoebae were isolated and maintained at temperatures below 4 degrees C. Growth, rate of locomotion, and general morphology were observed at an environmentally appropriate temperature (1 degrees C) and at room temperature (approximately 25 degrees C). Molecular (srDNA sequences) and microscopical techniques were used to identify the gymnamoebae and establish their phylogenetic affinities. Three isolates (S-131-2, SL-200, and W4-3) were assigned to a psychrophilic subspecies of Neoparamoeba aestuarina, N. aestuarina antarctica n. subsp., one isolate (S-205) was assigned to a new species of Platyamoeba, P. oblongata n. sp., two isolates (W51C#4 & W51C#5) were also assigned to a new species of Platyamoeba, P. contorta n. sp., and one isolate (S-241) was a novel psychrophilic gymnamoeba Vermistella antarctica n. gen. n. sp. Molecular and morphological results revealed that V. antarctica was not related to any described family of gymnamoebae. Strains S-205, W51C#4, and W51C#5 were capable of locomotion at room temperature, while strains SL-200, S-131-2, W4-3, and S-241 exhibited locomotion only below approximately 10 degrees C. Our results imply that the Antarctic environment is host both to cosmopolitan gymnamoebae that have acquired adaptations for existence at low environmental temperature and to apparently novel psychrophilic amoebae described here for the first time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dawn M Moran
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, MS#32, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Caraguel CGB, O'Kelly CJ, Legendre P, Frasca S, Gast RJ, Després BM, Cawthorn RJ, Greenwood SJ. Microheterogeneity and Coevolution: An Examination of rDNA Sequence Characteristics in Neoparamoeba pemaquidensis and Its Prokinetoplastid Endosymbiont. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2007; 54:418-26. [PMID: 17910686 DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2007.00281.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Neoparamoeba pemaquidensis, the etiological agent of amoebic gill disease, has shown surprising sequence variability among different copies of the 18S ribosomal RNA gene within an isolate. This intra-genomic microheterogeneity was confirmed and extended to an analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region. High levels of intra-genomic nucleotide diversity (Pi=0.0201-0.0313) were found among sequenced ITS regions from individual host amoeba isolates. In contrast, the ITS region of its endosymbiont revealed significantly lower levels of intra-genomic nucleotide diversity (Pi=0.0028-0.0056) compared with the host N. pemaquidensis. Phylogenetic and ParaFit coevolution analyses involving N. pemaquidensis isolates and their respective endosymbionts confirmed a significant coevolutionary relationship between the two protists. The observation of non-shared microheterogeneity and coevolution emphasizes the complexity of the interactions between N. pemaquidensis and its obligate endosymbiont.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charles G B Caraguel
- AVC Lobster Science Centre, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, C1A 4P3, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Bermingham ML, Mulcahy MF. Microfauna associated with amoebic gill disease in sea-farmed Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., smolts. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2006; 29:455-65. [PMID: 16911533 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2006.00737.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
A study of microfauna, associated with pathological changes in the gills of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., was conducted over 2001-2002. Monthly samples of 1(+) salmon smolts were taken, protozoan populations were quantified and gill health was assessed histologically. Protozoan densities were correlated with pathological changes, in order to determine their possible role in lesions in the gills. The most severe gill tissue changes were observed in summer/autumn and the least in spring. A diverse polyphyletic protozoan community was observed colonizing the gills, including Neoparamoeba sp., other amoebae, scuticociliates, Ichthyobodo-like flagellates, trichodinid ciliates and prostomatean ciliates. The earlier gill tissue changes in the gill were not always associated with the presence of these microorganisms, whereas amoebae (other than Neoparamoeba sp.), Ichthyobodo-like flagellates and trichodinid ciliates correlated with augmenting gill lesions. Neoparamoeba sp. was present, but its abundance did not correlate with the disease. This study suggests that a diversity of protozoans including Ichthyobodo-like flagellates, trichodinid ciliates and amoebae other than Neoparamoeba sp. are involved in the aetiology of amoebic gill disease in the Irish situation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M L Bermingham
- Environmental Research Institute, Aquaculture and Fisheries Development Centre, Department of Zoology, Ecology and Plant Science, National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland.
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Lee LEJ, Van Es SJ, Walsh SK, Rainnie DJ, Donay N, Summerfield R, Cawthorn RJ. High yield and rapid growth of Neoparamoeba pemaquidensis in co-culture with a rainbow trout gill-derived cell line RTgill-W1. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2006; 29:467-80. [PMID: 16911534 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2006.00740.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Neoparamoeba pemaquidensis is an ubiquitous amphizoic marine protozoan and has been implicated as the causative agent for several diseases in marine organisms, most notably amoebic gill disease (AGD) in Atlantic salmon. Despite several reports on the pathology of AGD, relatively little is known about the protozoan and its relationship to host cells. In this study, an in vitro approach using monolayers of a rainbow trout gill cell line (RTgill-W1, ATCC CRL-2523) was used to rapidly grow large numbers of N. pemaquidensis (ATCC 50172) and investigate cell-pathogen interactions. Established cell lines derived from other tissues of rainbow trout and other fish species were also evaluated for amoeba growth support. The amoebae showed preference and highest yield when grown with RTgill-W1 over nine other tested fish cell lines. Amoeba yields could reach as high as 5 x 10(5) cells mL(-1) within 3 days of growth on the gill cell monolayers. The amoebae caused visible focal lesions in RTgill-W1 monolayers within 24 h of exposure and rapidly proliferated and spread with cytopathic effects destroying the neighbouring pavement-like cells within 48-72 h after initial exposure in media above 700 mOsm kg(-1). Disruption of the integrity of the gill cell monolayers could be noted within 30 min of exposure to the amoeba suspensions by changes in transepithelial resistance (TER) compared with control cell monolayers maintained in the exposure media. This was significantly different by 2 h (P < 0.05) compared with control cells and remained significantly different (P < 0.01) for the remaining 72 h that the TER was monitored. The RTgill-W1 cell line is thus a convenient model for growing N. pemaquidensis and for studying host-pathogen interactions in AGD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L E J Lee
- Department of Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Morrison RN, Cooper GA, Koop BF, Rise ML, Bridle AR, Adams MB, Nowak BF. Transcriptome profiling the gills of amoebic gill disease (AGD)-affected Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.): a role for tumor suppressor p53 in AGD pathogenesis? Physiol Genomics 2006; 26:15-34. [PMID: 16493018 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00320.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Neoparamoeba spp. are amphizoic amoebae with the capacity to colonize the gills of some marine fish, causing AGD. Here, the gill tissue transcriptome response of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) to AGD is described. Tanks housing Atlantic salmon were inoculated with Neoparamoeba spp. and fish sampled at time points up to 8 days postinoculation (pi.). Gill tissues were taken from AGD-affected fish, and a DNA microarray was used to compare global gene expression against tissues from AGD-unaffected fish. A total of 206 genes, representing 190 unique transcripts, were reproducibly identified as up- or downregulated in response to Neoparamoeba spp. infection. Informative transcripts having GO biological process identifiers were grouped according to function. Although a number of genes were placed into each category, no distinct patterns were observed. One Atlantic salmon cDNA that was upregulated in infected gill relative to noninfected gill at 114 and 189 h pi. showed significant identity with the Xenopus, mouse, and human anterior gradient-2 (AG-2) homologs. Two Atlantic salmon AG-2 mRNA transcripts, designated asAG-2/1 and asAG-2/2, were cloned, sequenced, and shown to be predominantly expressed in the gill, intestine, and brain of a healthy fish. In AGD-affected fish, differential asAG-2 expression was confirmed in samples used for microarray analyses as well as in AGD-affected gill tissue taken from fish in an independent experiment. The asAG-2 upregulation was restricted to AGD lesions relative to unaffected tissue from the same gill arch, while p53 tumor suppressor protein mRNA was concurrently downregulated in AGD lesions. Differential expression of p53-regulated transcripts, proliferating cell nuclear antigen and growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible gene-45beta (GADD45beta) in AGD lesions, suggests a role for p53 in AGD pathogenesis. Thus AGD may represent a novel model for comparative analysis of p53 and p53-regulated pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard N Morrison
- Aquafin Cooperative Research Centre, School of Aquaculture, Tasmanian Aquaculture and Fisheries Institute, University of Tasmania, Tasmania, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Villavedra M, McCarthy K, To J, Morrison R, Crosbie P, Broady K, Raison RL. Changes in antigenic profile during culture of Neoparamoeba sp., causative agent of amoebic gill disease in Atlantic salmon. Int J Parasitol 2005; 35:1417-23. [PMID: 16102771 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2005.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2005] [Revised: 05/23/2005] [Accepted: 05/31/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Amoebic gill disease (AGD), the most serious infectious disease affecting farmed salmon in Tasmania, is caused by free-living marine amoeba Neoparamoeba sp. The parasites on the gills induce proliferation of epithelial cells initiating a hyperplastic response and reducing the surface area available for gaseous exchange. AGD can be induced in salmon by exposure to freshly isolated Neoparamoeba from AGD infected fish, however cultured Neoparamoeba are non-infective. We describe here antigenic differences between freshly isolated and in vitro cultured parasites, and within individual isolates of the parasite cultured under different conditions. Immunoblot analysis using polyclonal antisera, revealed differences in the antigen profiles of two cultured isolates of Neoparamoeba sp. when they were grown on agar versus in liquid medium. However, the antigen profiles of the two isolates were very similar when they were grown under the same culture conditions. Comparison of these antigen profiles with a preparation from parasites freshly isolated from infected gills revealed a very limited number of shared antigens. In addition monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) raised against surface antigens of cultured parasites were used in an indirect immunofluorescence assay to assess the expression of specific surface antigens of Neoparamoeba sp. after various periods in culture. Significant changes in antigen expression of freshly isolated parasites were observed after 15 days of in vitro culture. The use of mAb demonstrated progressive exposure/expression of individual antigens on the surface of the freshly isolated parasites during the period in culture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Villavedra
- Institute for the Biotechnology of Infectious Diseases, University of Technology, Westbourne Street, Gore Hill, Sydney, NSW 2065, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Peglar MT, Nerad TA, Anderson OR, Gillevet PM. Identification of amoebae implicated in the life cycle of Pfiesteria and Pfiesteria-like dinoflagellates. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2005; 51:542-52. [PMID: 15537089 DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2004.tb00290.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study was undertaken to assess whether amoebae commonly found in mesohaline environments are in fact stages in the life cycles of Pfiesteria and Pfiesteria-like dinoflagellates. Primary isolations of amoebae and dinoflagellates were made from water and sediment samples from five tributaries of the Chesapeake Bay. Additional amoebae were also cloned from bioassay aquaria where fish mortality was attributed to Pfiesteria. Electron microscopy and small subunit (SSU) rRNA gene sequence analysis of these isolates clearly demonstrated that the commonly depicted amoeboid form of Pfiisteria is very likely a species of Korotnevella and is unrelated to Pfiesteria or Pfiesteria-like dinoflagellates. We have determined that the Pfiesteria and Pfiesteria-like dinoflagellates examined in this study undergo a typical homothallic life cycle without amoeboid stages. Furthermore, we have demonstrated that cloned amoebae sharing morphological characteristics described for stages in the life cycle of Pfiesteria do not transform into dinozoites. The strict clonal isolation and cultivation techniques used in this study substantially support the conclusion that the amoebae and some of the flagellates depicted in the life cycle of Pfiesteria are environmental contaminants of the Pfiesteria culture system and that the Ambush Predator Hypothesis needs to be rigorously reevaluated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Peglar
- George Mason University, Department of Environmental Sciences and Policy, Manassas, Virginia 20110, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Dyková I, Nowak BF, Crosbie PBB, Fiala I, Pecková H, Adams MB, Machácková B, Dvoráková H. Neoparamoeba branchiphila n. sp., and related species of the genus Neoparamoeba Page, 1987: morphological and molecular characterization of selected strains. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2005; 28:49-64. [PMID: 15660793 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2004.00600.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A total of 18 Neoparamoeba strains were characterized both morphologically and using the SSU rRNA gene sequences as molecular markers. Nine were isolated from gills of farmed Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., six from sediments sampled in areas of sea-cage farms and three from net material of sea-cages. The newly obtained sequences extended substantially the dataset of Neoparamoeba strains available for phylogenetic analyses, which were used to infer taxonomic relatedness among 32 strains morphologically assigned to this genus. In addition to the N. pemaquidensis and N. aestuarina clades, phylogenetic analyses clearly distinguished a third clade with sequences from six strains. Members of this clade are characterized as representatives of a new species, N. branchiphila n. sp. The diagnostic primers for the identification of this species are introduced.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Dyková
- Institute of Parasitology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Ceské Budejovice, Czech Republic.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Bowman JP, Nowak B. Salmonid gill bacteria and their relationship to amoebic gill disease. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2004; 27:483-492. [PMID: 15291790 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2004.00569.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
16S ribosomal RNA gene analysis was used to assess the bacterial community associated with Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., gills which were either affected by amoebic gill disease (AGD) or were AGD-negative, in order to determine the role that bacteria may play in the development of AGD. AGD-positive specimens were either infected in the laboratory with Neoparamoeba pemaquidensis, the causative agent of AGD, or were obtained from commercial salmon cages. Samples from laboratory fish maintained in sea water possessed a marine-type community while field samples which had been treated by a series of freshwater baths possessed a more diverse community which included variable proportions of different bacterial ecotypes, including groups typically associated with soil, skin surfaces and faeces. Samples from fish infected with AGD in the laboratory and a sample from one of two salmon cage fish specimens were dominated by a phylotype belonging to the strictly marine bacterial genus Psychroserpens (family Flavobacteriaceae, phylum Bacteroidetes). The phylotype was not detected in any of the AGD-negative samples or in one of two AGD-positive samples obtained from fish subjected to temporary freshwater immersion. The possibility of certain Psychroserpens species as potential opportunistic pathogens associated with salmonid AGD is proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J P Bowman
- Australian Food Safety Centre of Excellence, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.
| | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Dyková I, Lom J. Advances in the knowledge of amphizoic amoebae infecting fish. Folia Parasitol (Praha) 2004. [DOI: 10.14411/fp.2004.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
45
|
Butler R, Nowak BF. In vitro interactions between Neoparamoeba sp. and Atlantic salmon epithelial cells. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2004; 27:343-349. [PMID: 15189374 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2004.00550.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Neoparamoeba sp., including the putative aetiological agent of amoebic gill disease in cultured fish (N. pemaquidensis), were incubated in vitro with an Atlantic salmon gill epithelium (RGE-2) cell line. Proliferation by the amoeba population was dependent upon culture osmolarity; no growth occurred at 330 mm x kg(-1) but a sixfold increase was observed at 1000 mm x kg(-1). At 780 mm x kg(-1) there was a fourfold increase in the amoeba population but a concurrent decrease in RGE-2 cell density that was significantly greater than that caused by the high culture osmolarity alone. This apparent cytopathic effect (CPE) developed rapidly and resulted in complete cytolysis of the monolayer in 5 days. CPE occurred in multiple foci and presented as cell vacuolation, rounding and clumping, and the rapid clearance of large areas of the cell monolayer. The possibility that CPE is because of the presence of Neoparamoeba sp. derived cytolytic products is discussed in the context of the pathology of the disease in vivo and the occurrence of secreted cytopathogenic compounds in other amoeba species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Butler
- Tasmanian Aquaculture and Fisheries Institute, School of Aquaculture, University of Tasmania, Tasmania, Australia.
| | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Adams MB, Nowak BF. Sequential pathology after initial freshwater bath treatment for amoebic gill disease in cultured Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2004; 27:163-173. [PMID: 15009242 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2004.00531.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Freshwater bathing is essential for control of amoebic gill disease (AGD) during the marine phase of the Tasmanian Atlantic salmon production cycle, a practice that is costly, production limiting and increasing in frequency. Although the pathogenesis of gill infection with Neoparamoeba sp. in naïve Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, is now understood, the progression of re-infection (post-treatment) required elucidation. Here, we describe the weekly histopathological progression of AGD from first to second freshwater bath. Halocline cessation and increased water temperature appeared to drive the rapid onset of initial infection prior to bathing. Freshwater bathing cleared lesions of attached trophozoites and associated cellular debris. Subsequent gill re-infection with Neoparamoeba sp. was evident at 2 weeks post-bath and had significantly increased (P < 0.001), in severity by 4 weeks post-bath. No significant difference in gross pathology was observed until 4 weeks post-bath (P < 0.05). The re-infective progression of AGD was characterized by localized host tissue responses juxtaposed to adhered trophozoites (epithelial oedema, hypertrophy and hyperplasia), non-specific inflammatory cell infiltration (macrophages, neutrophils and eosinophilic granule cells) and finally advanced hyperplasia with epithelial fortification. During the post-bath period, non-AGD lesions including haemorrhage, necrosis and regenerative hyperplasia were occasionally observed, although no evidence of secondary colonization of these lesions by Neoparamoeba sp. was noted. We conclude that pathogenesis during the inter-bath period was identical to initial infection although the source of re-infection remains to be established.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M B Adams
- School of Aquaculture, Aquafin CRC, Tasmanian Aquaculture and Fisheries Institute, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia.
| | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Gross K, Carson J, Nowak B. Presence of anti-Neoparamoeba sp. antibodies in Tasmanian cultured Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2004; 27:81-88. [PMID: 15009249 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2761.2003.00515.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have indicated that when Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., are exposed to Neoparamoeba sp. the fish produce anti-Neoparamoeba sp. antibodies. It appears unlikely that these antibodies elicit any specific protection against amoebic gill disease (AGD) as fish with demonstrable activities have been affected by AGD. Experiments were conducted on Atlantic salmon cultured throughout Tasmania to assess the natural production of antibodies towards Neoparamoeba sp. Fish were sampled from areas where AGD was prevalent and from areas where there had been no reported cases. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to measure anti-Neoparamoeba sp. antibody activities in serum. All fish from sea water had antibody activities greater than the negative control fish, including fish from areas with no reported cases of AGD. Time trial samples indicated that time after transfer to sea water did not appear to be a significant (P > 0.05) factor in antibody activity, however location was (P < 0.05). There was no agreement (corrected kappa value, 0.16) between the ELISA result and the isolation of Neoparamoeba sp. from the gills of the same fish. The results suggest that Atlantic salmon in seawater culture in Tasmania produce anti-Neoparamoeba sp. antibodies regardless of infection history, suggesting the presence of Neoparamoeba sp. in the environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Gross
- School of Aquaculture, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Adams MB, Nowak BF. Amoebic gill disease: sequential pathology in cultured Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2003; 26:601-614. [PMID: 14653318 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2761.2003.00496.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Amoebic gill disease (AGD) affects the marine culture phase of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., in Tasmania. Here, we describe histopathological observations of AGD from smolts, sampled weekly, following transfer to estuarine/marine sites. AGD was initially detected histologically at week 13 post-transfer while gross signs were not observed for a further week post-transfer. Significant increases (P < 0.001) in the proportion of affected gill filaments occurred at weeks 18 and 19 post-transfer coinciding with the cessation of a halocline and increased water temperature at the cage sites. The progression of AGD histopathology, during the sampling period, was characterized by three phases. (1) Primary attachment/interaction associated with extremely localized host cellular alterations, juxtaposed to amoebae, including epithelial desquamation and oedema. (2) Innate immune response activation and initial focal hyperplasia of undifferentiated epithelial cells. (3) Finally, lesion expansion, squamation-stratification of epithelia at lesion surfaces and variable recruitment of mucous cells to these regions. A pattern of preferential colonization of amoebae at lesion margins was apparent during stage 3 of disease development. Together, these data suggest that AGD progression was linked to retraction of the estuarine halocline and increases in water temperature. The host response to gill infection with Neoparamoeba sp. is characterized by a focal fortification strategy concurrent with a migration of immunoregulatory cells to lesion-affected regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M B Adams
- Aquafin CRC and School of Aquaculture, Tasmanian Aquaculture and Fisheries Institute, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia.
| | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Douglas-Helders GM, O'Brien DP, McCorkell BE, Zilberg D, Gross A, Carson J, Nowak BF. Temporal and spatial distribution of paramoebae in the water column--a pilot study. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2003; 26:231-240. [PMID: 12962231 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2761.2003.00452.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Amoebic gill disease is the main disease affecting the salmonid industry in Tasmania, but no information on the distribution of the causative pathogen, Neoparamoeba pemaquidensis, in the aquatic environment is available. This pilot study aimed to determine temporal and spatial distributions of paramoebae species in the water column, using an immuno-dot blot technique. Water samples were collected from inside fish cages at various depths (0.5, 5.5 and 11.0 m) in both summer and winter, as well as various distances (0, 0.5, 240, 280, 750 and 1100 m) away from the sea cage and farming site. Paramoebae densities were estimated using the most probable number technique (MPN). Temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, nitrite and nitrates, and bacterial counts were measured for each water sample. Data were analysed using a residual maximum likelihood test and significant associations between paramoebae densities and environmental factors were analysed. Results showed that densities were significantly higher in summer (P = 0.017), at 5.5 m depth (P = 0.029), and reduced to the lowest density at 1100 m away from the cage sites (P = 0.008). Bacterial counts, turbidity and temperature were found to be significantly associated with paramoebae densities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G M Douglas-Helders
- School of Aquaculture of the Tasmanian Aquaculture and Fisheries Institute, Aquafin Cooperative Research Centre, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Roberts SD, Powell MD. Comparative ionic flux and gill mucous cell histochemistry: effects of salinity and disease status in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2003; 134:525-37. [PMID: 12600661 DOI: 10.1016/s1095-6433(02)00327-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to assess the physiological effects of freshwater exposure and amoebic gill disease (AGD) in marine Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). The first experiment monitored marine salmon during a 3 h freshwater exposure, the standard treatment for AGD in Tasmania. The second experiment described the gill mucous cell histochemistry for freshwater adapted and seawater acclimated fish (AGD affected and unaffected) for possible correlations to ionoregulation. When exposed to freshwater, marine Atlantic salmon experienced a minor ionoregulatory dysfunction represented by a net efflux of Cl(-) ions at 3 h. AGD affected fish experienced the net efflux of Cl(-) ions 1 h sooner, and had a significantly greater net efflux of total ammonia. Changes to gill mucous cell populations corresponded to differing salinity and the presence of AGD. In AGD affected fish, these populations significantly differed between lesion and non-lesion associated areas of the gill filament. Our results have shown changes in the ionoregulatory capacity of Atlantic salmon due to freshwater exposure and AGD. Gill mucous cell histochemistry indicates the potential importance of the mucous layer in ionoregulation and disease. In comparison to previous studies on rainbow trout, these results suggest that Atlantic salmon have a greater short-term ionoregulatory capacity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shane D Roberts
- School of Aquaculture, Tasmanian Aquaculture and Fisheries Institute, University of Tasmania, Locked Bag 1-370, 7250, Launceston, Tas, Australia.
| | | |
Collapse
|