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Dusadeepong R, Maquart PO, Hide M, Boyer S. Phylogeny and spatial distribution of Japanese encephalitis virus vector species in Cambodia. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2023; 37:737-744. [PMID: 37404158 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
In Southeast Asia, despite the use of Japanese encephalitis vaccines and vaccination coverage, Japanese encephalitis (JE) transmission is still a major public health issue. The main vectors of this virus are mosquitoes from the genus Culex, which diversity and density are important in Southeast Asia. The main vector species of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) in Cambodia belong to the Vishnui subgroup. However, their morphological identification solely based on the adult stage remains challenging, making their segregation and detection difficult. In order to identify and describe the distribution of the three main JEV vector species in Cambodia, namely Culex vishnui, Cx. pseudovishnui and Cx. tritaeniorhynchus, mosquito samplings were carried out throughout the country in different environments. Phylogenetic analysis of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (coI) gene using maximum-likelihood tree with ultrafast bootstrap and phylogeographic analysis were performed. The three main Culex species are phylogenetically separated, and represent two distinct clades, one with Cx. tritaeniorhynchus and the second with Cx. vishnui and Cx. pseudovishnui, the latter appearing as a subgroup of Cx. vishnui. The phylogeographic analysis shows a distribution of the Vishnui subgroup on the entire Cambodian territory with an overlapped distribution areas leading to a sympatric distribution of these species. The three JEV vector species are geographically well-defined with a strong presence of Cx. pseudovishnui in the forest. Combined with the presence of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus and Cx. vishnui in rural, peri-urban, and urban areas, the presence of JEV-competent vectors is widespread in Cambodia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rutaiwan Dusadeepong
- Medical and Veterinary Entomology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Pierre-Olivier Maquart
- Medical and Veterinary Entomology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Mallorie Hide
- Medical Laboratory, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
- MIVEGEC, Université de Montpellier, IRD (Institut de Recherche pour le Développement), CNRS, Montpellier, France
- LMI Drug Resistance in South East Asia, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Sebastien Boyer
- Medical and Veterinary Entomology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
- Ecology and Emergence of Arthropod-borne diseases, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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Harbach RE, Wilkerson RC. The insupportable validity of mosquito subspecies (Diptera: Culicidae) and their exclusion from culicid classification. Zootaxa 2023; 5303:1-184. [PMID: 37518540 DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5303.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Beginning about 80 years ago, the recognition of morphological varieties of mosquitoes was gradually replaced by the recognition of subspecies. As an examination of revisionary and detailed taxonomic studies of mosquitoes clearly shows, subspecies are untenable concepts which have been synonymized with nominotypical forms or recognized as distinct species. Thus, from our perspective, subspecies is not a functional or practical taxonomic rank. Consequently, in this study we critically assessed the taxonomic status of the 120 nominal taxa distinguished as subspecies before now to determine whether they should be recognized as separate species or synonymous names. As a result, 96 subspecies are formally elevated to specific rank, 22 are relegated to synonymy with nominotypical forms, one is considered a nomen dubium, one a species inquirenda and the names of four nominal species regarded as synonyms are revalidated. The subspecies and their new status are listed in a conspectus. The revalidated species include Anopheles argentinus (Brèthes, 1912), from synonymy with An. pseudopunctipennis Theobald, 1901c; An. peruvianus Tamayo, 1907, from synonymy with An. pseudopunctipennis as nomen dubium; Culex major Edwards, 1935, from synonymy with Cx. annulioris consimilis Newstead, 1907; and Trichoprosopon trichorryes (Dyar & Knab, 1907), from synonymy with Tr. compressum Lutz, 1905. Additionally, the type locality of Anopheles sergentii Theobald, 1907 is restricted to El Outaya, Biskra Province, Algeria. A complete list of species to be retained, added to or removed from the Encyclopedia of Life, with a few corrections, is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph E Harbach
- Department of Science; Natural History Museum; Cromwell Road; London SW7 5BD; UK.
| | - Richard C Wilkerson
- Department of Entomology; National Museum of Natural History; Smithsonian Institution; Washington DC 20013; USA; Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit; Museum Support Center; Smithsonian Institution; Suitland; MD 20746; USA; One Health Branch; Walter Reed Army Institute of Research; Silver Spring; MD 20910; USA.
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Koh C, Frangeul L, Blanc H, Ngoagouni C, Boyer S, Dussart P, Grau N, Girod R, Duchemin JB, Saleh MC. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequences from 33 globally distributed mosquito species for improved metagenomics and species identification. eLife 2023; 12:82762. [PMID: 36688360 PMCID: PMC10014081 DOI: 10.7554/elife.82762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Total RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) is an important tool in the study of mosquitoes and the RNA viruses they vector as it allows assessment of both host and viral RNA in specimens. However, there are two main constraints. First, as with many other species, abundant mosquito ribosomal RNA (rRNA) serves as the predominant template from which sequences are generated, meaning that the desired host and viral templates are sequenced far less. Second, mosquito specimens captured in the field must be correctly identified, in some cases to the sub-species level. Here, we generate mosquito rRNA datasets which will substantially mitigate both of these problems. We describe a strategy to assemble novel rRNA sequences from mosquito specimens and produce an unprecedented dataset of 234 full-length 28S and 18S rRNA sequences of 33 medically important species from countries with known histories of mosquito-borne virus circulation (Cambodia, the Central African Republic, Madagascar, and French Guiana). These sequences will allow both physical and computational removal of rRNA from specimens during RNA-seq protocols. We also assess the utility of rRNA sequences for molecular taxonomy and compare phylogenies constructed using rRNA sequences versus those created using the gold standard for molecular species identification of specimens-the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) gene. We find that rRNA- and COI-derived phylogenetic trees are incongruent and that 28S and concatenated 28S+18S rRNA phylogenies reflect evolutionary relationships that are more aligned with contemporary mosquito systematics. This significant expansion to the current rRNA reference library for mosquitoes will improve mosquito RNA-seq metagenomics by permitting the optimization of species-specific rRNA depletion protocols for a broader range of species and streamlining species identification by rRNA sequence and phylogenetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra Koh
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3569, Viruses and RNA Interference Unit, F-75015ParisFrance
| | - Lionel Frangeul
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3569, Viruses and RNA Interference Unit, F-75015ParisFrance
| | - Hervé Blanc
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3569, Viruses and RNA Interference Unit, F-75015ParisFrance
| | - Carine Ngoagouni
- Institut Pasteur de Bangui, Medical Entomology LaboratoryBanguiCentral African Republic
| | - Sébastien Boyer
- Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Medical and Veterinary Entomology UnitPhnom PenhCambodia
| | | | - Nina Grau
- Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Medical Entomology UnitAntananarivoMadagascar
| | - Romain Girod
- Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Medical Entomology UnitAntananarivoMadagascar
| | - Jean-Bernard Duchemin
- Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Vectopôle Amazonien Emile AbonnencCayenneFrench Guiana
| | - Maria-Carla Saleh
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3569, Viruses and RNA Interference Unit, F-75015ParisFrance
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Maquart PO, Sokha C, Boyer S. Mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) diversity and medical importance in Koh Kong mangrove forests, Cambodia. ASIAN BIOMED 2022; 16:121-129. [PMID: 37551380 PMCID: PMC10321176 DOI: 10.2478/abm-2022-0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background Mangroves are an ecosystem interface between land and sea, forming distinctive shallow-water marine communities in tropical and subtropical waters. The mangrove forest surface in Cambodia is being reduced due to deforestation. Because the mangrove type of ecosystem generally hosts a great diversity of mosquitoes, the urbanization of these ecosystems will increase interactions between humans and wild mosquitoes, and might thus serve as a potential source of new infectious diseases. Understanding mosquito diversity and analyzing their virome is critical to estimate the risk of emergence or future outbreaks of mosquito-borne diseases. Objective To understand the mosquito diversity of mangrove forests of Koh Kong province (Cambodia). Methods In 2019, the mosquito fauna was sampled for 3 consecutive days using BG-Sentinel and light traps, in 3 locations in the mangrove forests of Koh Kong province (Cambodia) during both dry and rainy seasons. Results A total of 3107 samples were collected, belonging to 10 genera for 34 species. The Culex genus was the most diverse, accounting for 10 species. One species, Culex sitiens, represented over 60% of all collected mosquitoes. A total of 12 medically important species were recorded, 2 species, Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus and Culex vishnui, were collected in all sites and during both the dry and rainy seasons, highlighting a potential risk of these species acting as bridge vectors. Conclusions If new arboviruses were to be recorded in this peculiar area, it would indicate that the mosquito species found have the potential to act as a bridge between sylvatic and anthropogenic arboviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Olivier Maquart
- Medical and Veterinary Entomology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh12201, Cambodia
| | - Chea Sokha
- Wildlife Health Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Sangkat Tonle Bassac, Phnom Penh12000, Cambodia
| | - Sébastien Boyer
- Medical and Veterinary Entomology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh12201, Cambodia
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Zhong D, Aung PL, Mya MM, Wang X, Qin Q, Soe MT, Zhou G, Kyaw MP, Sattabongkot J, Cui L, Yan G. Community structure and insecticide resistance of malaria vectors in northern-central Myanmar. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:155. [PMID: 35505366 PMCID: PMC9062858 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05262-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myanmar is one of the six countries in the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS) of Southeast Asia. Malaria vectors comprise many Anopheles species, which vary in abundance and importance in malaria transmission among different geographical locations in the GMS. Information about the species composition, abundance, and insecticide resistance status of vectorial systems in Myanmar is scarce, hindering our efforts to effectively control malaria vectors in this region. METHODS During October and November 2019, larvae and adult females of Anopheles mosquitoes were collected in three sentinel villages of Banmauk township in northern Myanmar. Adult female mosquitoes collected by cow-baited tent collection (CBTC) and adults reared from field-collected larvae (RFCL) were used to determine mortality rates and knockdown resistance (kdr) against deltamethrin using the standard WHO susceptibility test. Molecular species identification was performed by multiplex PCR and ITS2 PCR, followed by DNA sequencing. The kdr mutation at position 1014 of the voltage-gated sodium channel gene was genotyped by DNA sequencing for all Anopheles species tested. RESULTS A total of 1596 Anopheles mosquitoes from seven morphologically identified species groups were bioassayed. Confirmed resistance to deltamethrin was detected in the populations of An. barbirostris (s.l.), An. hyrcanus (s.l.), and An. vagus, while possible resistance was detected in An. annularis (s.l.), An. minimus, and An. tessellatus. Anopheles kochi was found susceptible to deltamethrin. Compared to adults collected by CBTC, female adults from RFCL had significantly lower mortality rates in the four species complexes. A total of 1638 individuals from 22 Anopheles species were molecularly identified, with the four most common species being An. dissidens (20.5%) of the Barbirostris group, An. peditaeniatus (19.4%) of the Hyrcanus group, An. aconitus (13.4%) of the Funestus group, and An. nivipes (11.5%) of the Annularis group. The kdr mutation L1014F was only detected in the homozygous state in two An. subpictus (s.l.) specimens and in a heterozygous state in one An. culicifacies (s.l.) specimen. CONCLUSIONS This study provides updated information about malaria vector species composition and insecticide resistance status in northern Myanmar. The confirmed deltamethrin resistance in multiple species groups constitutes a significant threat to malaria vector control. The lack or low frequency of target-site resistance mutations suggests that other mechanisms are involved in resistance. Continual monitoring of the insecticide resistance of malaria vectors is required for effective vector control and insecticide resistance management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daibin Zhong
- Program in Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697 USA
| | | | | | - Xiaoming Wang
- Program in Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697 USA
| | - Qian Qin
- Medical College, Lishui University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Myat Thu Soe
- Myanmar Health Network Organization, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Guofa Zhou
- Program in Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697 USA
| | | | - Jetsumon Sattabongkot
- Mahidol Vivax Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Liwang Cui
- Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612 USA
| | - Guiyun Yan
- Program in Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697 USA
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Maquart PO, Fontenille D, Rahola N, Yean S, Boyer S. Checklist of the mosquito fauna (Diptera, Culicidae) of Cambodia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 28:60. [PMID: 34374642 PMCID: PMC8354007 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2021056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Between 2016 and 2020, the Medical and Veterinary Entomology unit of the Institut Pasteur du Cambodge collected over 230,000 mosquitoes. Based on this sampling effort, a checklist of 290 mosquito species in Cambodia is presented. This is the first attempt to list the Culicidae fauna of the country. We report 49 species for the first time in Cambodia. The 290 species belong to 20 genera: Aedeomyia (1 sp.), Aedes (55 spp.), Anopheles (53 spp.), Armigeres (26 spp.), Coquillettidia (3 spp.), Culex (57 spp.), Culiseta (1 sp.), Ficalbia (1 sp.), Heizmannia (10 spp.), Hodgesia (3 spp.), Lutzia (3 spp.), Malaya (2 spp.), Mansonia (5 spp.), Mimomyia (7 spp.), Orthopodomyia (3 spp.), Topomyia (4 spp.), Toxorhynchites (4 spp.), Tripteroides (6 spp.), Uranotaenia (27 spp.), and Verrallina (19 spp.). The Cambodian Culicidae fauna is discussed in its Southeast Asian context. Forty-three species are reported to be of medical importance, and are involved in the transmission of pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Olivier Maquart
- Medical and Veterinary Entomology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge 5, BP 983, Blvd. Monivong, 12201 Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Didier Fontenille
- Medical and Veterinary Entomology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge 5, BP 983, Blvd. Monivong, 12201 Phnom Penh, Cambodia - MIVEGEC, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, 911 Avenue Agropolis, 34394 Montpellier, France
| | - Nil Rahola
- MIVEGEC, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, 911 Avenue Agropolis, 34394 Montpellier, France
| | - Sony Yean
- Medical and Veterinary Entomology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge 5, BP 983, Blvd. Monivong, 12201 Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Sébastien Boyer
- Medical and Veterinary Entomology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge 5, BP 983, Blvd. Monivong, 12201 Phnom Penh, Cambodia
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Tangena JAA, Thammavong P, Malaithong N, Inthavong T, Ouanesamon P, Brey PT, Lindsay SW. Diversity of Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) Attracted to Human Subjects in Rubber Plantations, Secondary Forests, and Villages in Luang Prabang Province, Northern Lao PDR. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 54:1589-1604. [PMID: 28505314 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjx071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The impact of the rapid expansion of rubber plantations in South-East Asia on mosquito populations is uncertain. We compared the abundance and diversity of adult mosquitoes using human-baited traps in four typical rural habitats in northern Lao PDR: secondary forests, immature rubber plantations, mature rubber plantations, and villages. Generalized estimating equations were used to explore differences in mosquito abundance between habitats, and Simpson's diversity index was used to measure species diversity. Over nine months, 24,927 female mosquitoes were collected, including 51 species newly recorded in Lao PDR. A list of the 114 mosquito species identified is included. More mosquitoes, including vector species, were collected in the secondary forest than immature rubber plantations (rainy season, odds ratio [OR] 0.33, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.31-0.36; dry season, 0.46, 95% CI 0.41-0.51), mature rubber plantations (rainy season, OR 0.25, 95% CI 0.23-0.27; dry season, OR 0.25, 95% CI 0.22-0.28), and villages (rainy season, OR 0.13, 95% CI 0.12-0.14; dry season, 0.20, 95% CI 0.18-0.23). All habitats showed high species diversity (Simpson's indexes between 0.82-0.86) with vectors of dengue, Japanese encephalitis (JE), lymphatic filariasis, and malaria. In the secondary forests and rubber plantations, Aedes albopictus (Skuse), a dengue vector, was the dominant mosquito species, while in the villages, Culex vishnui (Theobald), a JE vector, was most common. This study has increased the overall knowledge of mosquito fauna in Lao PDR. The high abundance of Ae. albopictus in natural and man-made forests warrants concern, with vector control measures currently only implemented in cities and villages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie-Anne A Tangena
- Department of Medical Entomology, Institut Pasteur du Laos, Samsenthai Rd, Ban Kao-gnot, PO Box 3560, Vientiane, Lao PDR
- School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Phoutmany Thammavong
- Department of Medical Entomology, Institut Pasteur du Laos, Samsenthai Rd, Ban Kao-gnot, PO Box 3560, Vientiane, Lao PDR
| | - Naritsara Malaithong
- Department of Entomology, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngam Wong Wan Rd., Ladyaow Chatuchak Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Thavone Inthavong
- Agriculture and Forestry Policy Research Center, National Agriculture and Forestry Research Institute, Nongviengkham Village, Vientiane, P.O Box 7170, Lao PDR
| | - Phuthasone Ouanesamon
- Agriculture and Forestry Policy Research Center, National Agriculture and Forestry Research Institute, Nongviengkham Village, Vientiane, P.O Box 7170, Lao PDR
| | - Paul T Brey
- Department of Medical Entomology, Institut Pasteur du Laos, Samsenthai Rd, Ban Kao-gnot, PO Box 3560, Vientiane, Lao PDR
| | - Steve W Lindsay
- School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
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Eamkum P, Sungvornyothin S, Kritpetcharat O, Daduang J, Lek-Uthai U, Charerntanyarak L, Kritpetcharat P. A single-round multiplex PCR assay for the identification of Anopheles minimus related species infected with Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax. Parasitol Int 2014; 63:442-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2013.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Revised: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
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Sinka ME, Bangs MJ, Manguin S, Chareonviriyaphap T, Patil AP, Temperley WH, Gething PW, Elyazar IRF, Kabaria CW, Harbach RE, Hay SI. The dominant Anopheles vectors of human malaria in the Asia-Pacific region: occurrence data, distribution maps and bionomic précis. Parasit Vectors 2011; 4:89. [PMID: 21612587 PMCID: PMC3127851 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-4-89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 317] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2011] [Accepted: 05/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The final article in a series of three publications examining the global distribution of 41 dominant vector species (DVS) of malaria is presented here. The first publication examined the DVS from the Americas, with the second covering those species present in Africa, Europe and the Middle East. Here we discuss the 19 DVS of the Asian-Pacific region. This region experiences a high diversity of vector species, many occurring sympatrically, which, combined with the occurrence of a high number of species complexes and suspected species complexes, and behavioural plasticity of many of these major vectors, adds a level of entomological complexity not comparable elsewhere globally. To try and untangle the intricacy of the vectors of this region and to increase the effectiveness of vector control interventions, an understanding of the contemporary distribution of each species, combined with a synthesis of the current knowledge of their behaviour and ecology is needed. RESULTS Expert opinion (EO) range maps, created with the most up-to-date expert knowledge of each DVS distribution, were combined with a contemporary database of occurrence data and a suite of open access, environmental and climatic variables. Using the Boosted Regression Tree (BRT) modelling method, distribution maps of each DVS were produced. The occurrence data were abstracted from the formal, published literature, plus other relevant sources, resulting in the collation of DVS occurrence at 10116 locations across 31 countries, of which 8853 were successfully geo-referenced and 7430 were resolved to spatial areas that could be included in the BRT model. A detailed summary of the information on the bionomics of each species and species complex is also presented. CONCLUSIONS This article concludes a project aimed to establish the contemporary global distribution of the DVS of malaria. The three articles produced are intended as a detailed reference for scientists continuing research into the aspects of taxonomy, biology and ecology relevant to species-specific vector control. This research is particularly relevant to help unravel the complicated taxonomic status, ecology and epidemiology of the vectors of the Asia-Pacific region. All the occurrence data, predictive maps and EO-shape files generated during the production of these publications will be made available in the public domain. We hope that this will encourage data sharing to improve future iterations of the distribution maps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne E Sinka
- Spatial Ecology and Epidemiology Group, Tinbergen Building, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK
| | - Michael J Bangs
- Public Health and Malaria Control Department, PT Freeport Indonesia, Kuala Kencana, Papua, Indonesia
| | - Sylvie Manguin
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Lab. d'Immuno-Physiopathologie Moléculaire Comparée, UMR-MD3/Univ. Montpellier 1, Faculté de Pharmacie, 15, Ave Charles Flahault, 34093 Montpellier, France
| | | | - Anand P Patil
- Spatial Ecology and Epidemiology Group, Tinbergen Building, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK
| | - William H Temperley
- Spatial Ecology and Epidemiology Group, Tinbergen Building, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK
| | - Peter W Gething
- Spatial Ecology and Epidemiology Group, Tinbergen Building, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK
| | | | - Caroline W Kabaria
- Malaria Public Health and Epidemiology Group, Centre for Geographic Medicine, KEMRI - Univ. Oxford - Wellcome Trust Collaborative Programme, Kenyatta National Hospital Grounds, P.O. Box 43640-00100 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Ralph E Harbach
- Department of Entomology, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Simon I Hay
- Spatial Ecology and Epidemiology Group, Tinbergen Building, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK
- Malaria Public Health and Epidemiology Group, Centre for Geographic Medicine, KEMRI - Univ. Oxford - Wellcome Trust Collaborative Programme, Kenyatta National Hospital Grounds, P.O. Box 43640-00100 Nairobi, Kenya
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