MYC function and regulation in physiological perspective

Environmental pollutant Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate induces asthenozoospermia: new insights from network toxicology

The global decline in sperm quality in men is closely associated with environmental exposure to the plasticizer Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), but the molecular mechanisms underlying its induction of asthenozoospermia (AZS) remain incompletely understood. By integrating the toxicological targets of DEHP and differential genes in AZS patients, and combining machine learning, molecular docking, and dynamics simulations, this study successfully identified hub genes and signaling pathways induced by DEHP in AZS, aiming to provide new strategies for the prevention and treatment of this disease. A total of 26 toxicological targets were identified, with FGFR1, MMP7, and ST14 clearly defined as playing crucial regulatory roles in DEHP-induced AZS. This study also reveals that DEHP may induce reproductive system inflammation, affecting the proliferation and survival of reproductive cells, and subsequently impacting sperm vitality, possibly through regulating the mTORC1 pathway, TNF-α signaling via the NF-κB pathway, and MYC targets v1 pathway. Furthermore, changes in the immune microenvironment revealed the significant impact of immune status on testicular function. In conclusion, this study provides important scientific evidence for understanding the molecular mechanisms of AZS and developing prevention and treatment strategies based on toxicological targets.

Prognostic model identification of ribosome biogenesis-related genes in pancreatic cancer based on multiple machine learning analyses

BACKGROUND

Pancreatic cancer is a highly aggressive cancer characterized by low survival rate. Enhanced ribosome biogenesis may be associated with tumor drug resistance and malignant phenotypes, representing a potential therapeutic target in pancreatic cancer. Therefore, exploring the molecular mechanisms of ribosome biogenesis in pancreatic cancer may uncover new biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets, facilitating the development of personalized treatment strategies.

METHODS

Ribosome biogenesis-related gene signatures were acquired from TCGA and Gene Cards databases. Prognostic gene sets were screened using machine learning algorithms to construct a risk model, which was externally validated via GEO database. Single-cell RNA sequencing analysis (GSE155698 dataset) was performed to assess gene expression patterns and module scores.

RESULTS

Sixty ribosome biogenesis-related prognostic genes were identified in pancreatic cancer. Cox regression and machine learning algorithms selected nine pivotal biomarkers (ECT2; CKB; HMGA2; TPX2; ERBB3; SLC2A1; KRT13; PRSS3; CRABP2) with high diagnostic and prognostic specificity for PAAD. The machine learning-derived risk score correlated strongly with tumor proliferation pathways and immunosuppression, suggesting dual roles in tumor promotion and immunosuppressive microenvironment remodeling. Single-cell analysis highlighted predominant expression of CKB, SLC2A1, ERBB3, CRABP2, and PRSS3 in pancreatic ductal epithelial cells.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results shed light on the potential connections between ribosome biogenesis-related molecular characteristics and clinical features, the tumor microenvironment, and clinical drug responses. The research underscores the critical role of ribosome biogenesis in the progression and treatment resistance of pancreatic cancer, offering valuable new perspectives for prognostic evaluation and therapeutic response prediction in pancreatic cancer.

Transcriptomic functional characterization of recombinant adeno-associated virus producing cell line adapted to suspension-growth

Recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) is a widely used delivery vehicle in gene therapy. A scalable production technology is essential for its wide clinical applications. We have taken a synthetic biology approach to generate HEK293-based cell lines which harbor integrated genetic elements encoding essential AAV and adenoviral helper components and can be induced to produce rAAV. Through cycles of cell line enhancement, a high rAAV productivity could be achieved. The cell lines, like their parental HEK293, grew adherently. For scalable production, cell cultivation in suspension is highly desirable. A producer cell line GX6B was adapted to suspension growth in serum-free medium (named GX6Bs). However, it had substantially reduced virus titer. Returning GX6Bs cells to adherent culture conditions using adherent medium and cultured stationarily brought the productivity back to close to the level of adherent GX6B. A survey of the transcriptome revealed that induction and rAAV production elicited a wide range of cellular changes in various functional classes, including host immune defense response and nucleosome organization. The response was more subdued in suspension-growing GX6Bs. Upon reverting to adherent growth, the cellular transcriptome change regained its vigor to be more similar to that seen in GX6B. The GX6Bs maintained in suspension serum-free conditions were then reverted to the adherent culture medium but under an agitated culture environment to keep suspension growth for rAAV production. The productivity returned to within 25%-50% of GX6B. This work demonstrated the feasibility of the suspension culture of synthetic cell lines for the expansion and production of rAAV.

The potential of secretogranin V as a prognostic biomarker in non-small cell lung cancer

Recent studies indicate that Secretogranin V (SCG5) is aberrantly expressed in various cancers and may be linked to tumor progression and prognosis. This study aims to evaluate the potential of SCG5 as a prognostic biomarker for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We employed a combination of bioinformatics analysis, Western blotting, and immunofluorescence techniques to investigate the role of SCG5 in NSCLC. A comprehensive analysis of TCGA and GEO pan-cancer datasets revealed a consistent upregulation of SCG5 across multiple cancer types. In NSCLC, SCG5 expression was significantly higher in tumor tissues compared to normal lung tissues (p < 0.001). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis demonstrated that patients with elevated SCG5 expression exhibited lower overall survival rates, suggesting a strong association with poor prognosis. Univariate and multivariate COX regression analyses, conducted on both TCGA cases and our collected patient data, confirmed SCG5 as an independent prognostic factor for NSCLC. Furthermore, immune infiltration analysis indicated a significant correlation between SCG5 expression and various immune cell subpopulations, underscoring its potential role as a biomarker for adverse outcomes. Western blot analysis further validated the elevated levels of SCG5 in NSCLC tissues and cell lines compared to their normal counterparts. Based on our findings, we hypothesize that SCG5 may serve as a valuable biomarker for predicting the prognosis of non-small cell lung cancer, thereby guiding future research in the fields of diagnosis, progression, therapy, and prognosis of NSCLC.

One for All and All for One: New Insights into Enhancers Driving MYC Dysregulation

The role of the proto-oncogene MYC as a driver of lymphoma has been known since the 1980s, but the mechanisms underlying its dysregulation are not completely understood. In this issue of Blood Cancer Discovery, Iyer and colleagues employ a CRISPR interference screen targeted at open chromatin regions to unveil enhancers critical for MYC overexpression in lymphoma, including a novel regulatory element in the MYC locus that controls germinal center reentry and is recurrently amplified in diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (germinal center B-cell diffuse large B-cell lymphoma). See related article by Iyer et al., p. 233.

Transcriptomics-based identification of biomarkers associated with mast cell activation during ischemia-reperfusion injury in kidney transplantation

BACKGROUND

Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) in kidney transplantation can delay graft function recovery and increase the risk of rejection. Mast cell activation releases various bioactive mediators that exacerbate renal IRI. Assessing mast cell activation may be crucial for managing IRI after kidney transplantation.

METHODS

We analyzed the dataset GSE43974 from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) to evaluate immune cell infiltration during the IRI phase of kidney transplantation using the CIBERSORT algorithm. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was performed to identify genes most strongly correlated with mast cell activation. Hub genes were identified using protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis and machine learning algorithms. Model accuracy for identifying hub genes was assessed using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve calibration. Clinical utility was evaluated through decision curve analysis (DCA). Correlation analysis was conducted to explore associations between the selected hub genes and immune cell infiltration. Additionally, a hub gene-miRNA regulatory network was constructed.

RESULTS

Mast cell activation exhibited the most significant variation among graft-infiltrating immune cells during IRI. WGCNA identified 115 genes closely associated with mast cell activation, from which three hub genes-JUN, MYC, and ALDH2-were selected using a PPI network and machine learning approach. A diagnostic model based on these three genes demonstrated high accuracy, as validated by the Hosmer-Lemeshow test (P = 0.980) and an area under the ROC curve (AUC) of 1. DCA indicated that these hub genes had strong clinical decision-making relevance, while correlation analysis confirmed their associations with multiple immune cell types. Finally, a hub gene-miRNA network provided a theoretical framework for the regulatory mechanisms of the three genes.

CONCLUSION

JUN, MYC, and ALDH2 may serve as biomarkers of mast cell activation during IRI in kidney transplantation. Further studies are warranted to explore their potential in mitigating IRI.

Rethinking MYC inhibition: a multi-dimensional approach to overcome cancer's master regulator

MYC, a master regulator in oncogenesis, has long been deemed "undruggable" due to its intrinsically disordered structure. However, recent advances are overturning this view, with direct inhibitors like Omomyc (OMO-103) and PROTAC-based degraders such as WBC100 showing promising clinical progress. Complementary strategies-including BET and CDK9 inhibitors, RNA-based therapeutics, nanobodies, and engineered proteases-are expanding the therapeutic landscape. Despite challenges in specificity, toxicity, and delivery, these innovations underscore MYC's emerging druggability. Moreover, combination therapies integrating MYC inhibitors with chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or immunotherapy demonstrate synergistic potential. This article advocates for a multi-dimensional, biomarker-guided approach to MYC targeting, emphasizing rational drug combinations and continued innovation to overcome resistance and improve outcomes in MYC-driven cancers.

Three-dimensional regulatory hubs support oncogenic programs in glioblastoma

Dysregulation of enhancer-promoter communication in the three-dimensional (3D) nucleus is increasingly recognized as a potential driver of oncogenic programs. Here, we profiled the 3D enhancer-promoter networks of patient-derived glioblastoma stem cells to identify central regulatory nodes. We focused on hyperconnected 3D hubs and demonstrated that hub-interacting genes exhibit high and coordinated expression at the single-cell level and are associated with oncogenic programs that distinguish glioblastoma from low-grade glioma. Epigenetic silencing of a recurrent hub-with an uncharacterized role in glioblastoma-was sufficient to cause downregulation of hub-connected genes, shifts in transcriptional states, and reduced clonogenicity. Integration of datasets across 16 cancers identified "universal" and cancer-type-specific 3D hubs that enrich for oncogenic programs and factors associated with worse prognosis. Genetic alterations could explain only a small fraction of hub hyperconnectivity and increased activity. Overall, our study provides strong support for the potential central role of 3D regulatory hubs in controlling oncogenic programs and properties.

Muscle fiber Myc is dispensable for muscle growth and its forced expression severely perturbs homeostasis

The oncogenic transcription factor Myc stimulates many growth processes including cell cycle progression and ribosome biogenesis. Myc expression is low in adult skeletal muscle, but is upregulated upon growth stimuli. Furthermore, muscle fiber Myc overexpression recapitulates many aspects of growth-related gene expression, leading to the hypothesis that Myc mediates pro-growth responses to anabolic stimuli, such as exercise. Here, we test this hypothesis by examining mouse models in which Myc is specifically eliminated or overexpressed in skeletal muscle fibers or muscle stem cells (MuSC). While muscle fiber Myc expression increased during muscle growth and Myc expression in MuSCs was required for successful muscle regeneration, muscle fiber Myc expression was dispensable for post-natal, mechanical overload or PKBα/Akt1-induced muscle growth in mice. Similarly, constitutive Myc expression did not promote skeletal muscle hypertrophy, but instead impaired muscle fiber structure and function within days. These data question the role of Myc in skeletal muscle growth.

Exploring common genomic biomarkers to disclose common drugs for the treatment of colorectal cancer and hepatocellular carcinoma with type-2 diabetes through transcriptomics analysis

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a crucial risk factor for both colorectal cancer (CRC) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, so far, there was no study that has investigated common drugs against HCC and CRC during their co-occurrence with T2D patients. Consequently, patients often require multiple disease-specific multiple drugs, which can lead toxicities and adverse effects to the patients due to drug-drug interactions. This study aimed to identify common genomic biomarkers (cGBs) and associated pathogenetic mechanisms underlying CRC, HCC, and T2D to uncover potential common therapeutic compounds against these three diseases. Firstly, we identified 86 common differentially expressed genes (cDEGs) capable of separating each of CRC, HCC and T2D patients from control groups based on transcriptomic profiling. Of these cDEGs, 37 genes were upregulated and 49 were downregulated. Genetic association studies based on average of Log2 fold-change (aLog2FC) of cDEGs suggested a genetic association among CRC, HCC and T2D. Subsequently, six top-ranked cDEGs (MYC, MMP9, THBS1, IL6, CXCL1, and SPP1) were identified as common genomic biomarkers (cGBs) through protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis. Further analysis of these cGBs with GO-terms and KEGG pathways revealed shared pathogenetic mechanisms of three diseases, including specific biological processes, molecular functions, cellular components and signaling pathways. The gene co-regulatory network analysis identified two transcription factors (FOXC1 and GATA2) and three miRNAs (hsa-mir-195-5p, hsa-mir-124a-3p, and hsa-mir-34a-5p) as crucial transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulators of the cGBs. Finally, cGBs-guided seven candidate drugs (Digitoxin, Camptosar, AMG-900, Imatinib, Irinotecan, Midostaurin, and Linsitinib) as the common treatment against T2D, CRC and HCC were identified through molecular docking, cross-validation, and ADME/T (Absorption-Distribution-Metabolism-Excretion-Toxicity) analysis. Most of these findings received support by the literature review of diseases specific individual studies. Thus, this study offers valuable insights for researchers and clinicians to improve the diagnosis and treatment of CRC and/or HCC patients during the co-occurrence of T2D.

MYC Serine 62 phosphorylation promotes its binding to DNA double strand breaks to facilitate repair and cell survival under genotoxic stress

Genomic instability is a hallmark of cancer, driving oncogenic mutations that enhance tumor aggressiveness and drug resistance. MYC, a master transcription factor that is deregulated in nearly all human tumors, paradoxically induces replication stress and associated DNA damage while also increasing expression of DNA repair factors and mediating resistance to DNA-damaging therapies. Emerging evidence supports a non-transcriptional role for MYC in preserving genomic integrity at sites of active transcription and protecting stalled replication forks under stress. Understanding how MYC's genotoxic and genoprotective functions diverge may reveal new therapeutic strategies for MYC-driven cancers. Here, we identify a non-canonical role of MYC in DNA damage response (DDR) through its direct association with DNA breaks. We show that phosphorylation at serine 62 (pS62-MYC) is crucial for the efficient recruitment of MYC to damage sites, its interaction with repair factors BRCA1 and RAD51, and effective DNA repair to support cell survival under stress. Mass spectrometry analysis with MYC-BioID2 during replication stress reveals a shift in MYC's interactome, maintaining DDR associations while losing transcriptional regulators. These findings establish pS62-MYC as a key regulator of genomic stability and a potential therapeutic target in cancers.

Decoding brain aging trajectory: predictive discrepancies, genetic susceptibilities, and emerging therapeutic strategies

The global extension of human lifespan has intensified the focus on aging, yet its underlying mechanisms remain inadequately understood. The article highlights aspects of genetic susceptibility to impaired brain bioenergetics, trends in age-related gene expression related to neuroinflammation and brain senescence, and the impact of stem cell exhaustion and quiescence on accelerated brain aging. We also review the accumulation of senescent cells, mitochondrial dysfunction, and metabolic disturbances as central pathological processes in aging, emphasizing how these factors contribute to inflammation and disrupt cellular competition defining the aging trajectory. Furthermore, we discuss emerging therapeutic strategies and the future potential of integrating advanced technologies to refine aging assessments. The combination of several methods including genetic analysis, neuroimaging techniques, cognitive tests and digital twins, offer a novel approach by simulating and monitoring individual health and aging trajectories, thereby providing more accurate and personalized insights. Conclusively, the accurate estimation of brain aging trajectories is crucial for understanding and managing aging processes, potentially transforming preventive and therapeutic strategies to improve health outcomes in aging populations.

Overexpression of lncRNA TINCR inhibits cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma cells through promotes methylation of Myc and TERC genes

Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) TINCR has been shown to play a crucial regulatory role in various tumors. However, its specific mechanism of action in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC) remains unclear. This study aimed to explore the role of lncRNA TINCR in CSCC. We utilized overexpression techniques to study the effects of TINCR on CSCC cells. Methylation-specific PCR (MSP) and RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) assays were used to assess the impact of TINCR on the methylation of the promoter regions of the Myc and TERC genes, and its interaction with DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1). The results showed that overexpression of TINCR significantly promoted methylation in the promoter regions of Myc (N-MYC, L-MYC, and c-MYC) and TERC genes, inhibiting the proliferation, migration, and invasion of CSCC cells. MSP and RIP experiments further confirmed that TINCR binds to DNMT1, enhancing the methylation levels of the promoter regions of Myc and TERC genes. These findings suggest that lncRNA TINCR may serve as a potential therapeutic target for CSCC by regulating the methylation of key oncogenes. These findings provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms of CSCC and highlight the therapeutic potential of targeting TINCR.

Multitarget mechanism of MYC inhibition by the bacterial lon protease in disease

Identifying specific inhibitors of the MYC oncogene has been challenging, due to off target effects associated with MYC inhibition. This study investigated how the recombinant Escherichia coli Lon protease (rLon), which targets MYC in human cells, inhibits MYC over-activation in models of infection and cancer. In silico predictions identified specific peptide domains of bacterial Lon that target MYC and the affinity of these peptides for MYC was investigated by surface plasmon resonance. The N-terminal domain of rLon was shown to interact with the C-terminal, leucine zipper domain of MYC and MAX and to prevent MYC/MAX dimerization. Furthermore, rLon targeted and degraded c-MYC in vitro and in cellular models, through the peptidase domain. In a model of kidney infection, rLon treatment prevented, c-MYC, N-MYC and L-MYC over-expression, MYC-dependent gene expression, specifically renal toxicity genes and pathology, suggesting that rLon recognizes and corrects MYC dysregulation in this disease. The findings describe a multitarget mechanism of MYC inhibition by rLon, and the combined effects achieved by the Lon domains, targeting different MYC epitopes and MYC-dependent functions, with no evidence of toxicity or detrimental effects on homeostatic MYC expression.

A comprehensive analysis-based study of Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP)-Environmental explanation of bladder cancer progression

Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is widely utilized as a plasticizer in industrial manufacturing to enhance the durability and flexibility of plastics. Studies have depicted that DEHP exposure may be associated with multiple cancers, including colorectal, liver and prostate cancer. However, the effects and underlying mechanisms of DEHP on bladder cancer progression remain unspecific. In this work, we explored the correlation between DEHP exposure and bladder cancer through comprehensive analysis. A total of 172 differentially expressed DEHP-related genes (DEDRGs) were screened based on the CTD and TCGA database. In addition, a new prognostic model related to DEHP was developed, which had excellent predictive power for bladder cancer prognoses. Molecular docking techniques were employed to assess the binding affinity of mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) to crucial proteins. Lastly, both in vitro and in vivo experiments, along with RNA sequencing, were conducted to elucidate the biological roles and mechanisms of MEHP in bladder cancer. Several new insights into the role of DEHP/MEHP in bladder cancer were given in this study, as well as an awareness of the association between environmental toxicants and cancer progression.

Beyond small molecules: advancing MYC-targeted cancer therapies through protein engineering

Protein engineering has emerged as a powerful approach toward the development of novel therapeutics targeting the MYC/MAX/E-box network, an active driver of >70% of cancers. The MYC/MAX heterodimer regulates numerous genes in our cells by binding the Enhancer box (E-box) DNA site and activating the transcription of downstream genes. Traditional small molecules that inhibit MYC face significant limitations that include toxic effects, drug delivery challenges, and resistance. Recent advances in protein engineering offer promising alternatives by creating protein-based drugs that directly disrupt the MYC/MAX dimerization interface and/or MYC/MAX's binding to specific DNA targets. Designed DNA binding proteins like Omomyc, DuoMyc, ME47, MEF, and Mad inhibit MYC activity through specific dimerization, sequestration, and DNA-binding mechanisms. Compared to small molecules, these engineered proteins can offer superior specificity and efficacy and provide a potential pathway for overcoming the limitations of traditional cancer therapies. The success of these protein therapeutics highlights the importance of protein engineering in developing cancer treatments.

In Silico Study of the Anti-MYC Potential of Lanostane-Type Triterpenes

One of the most investigated molecular targets for anticancer therapy is the proto-oncogene MYC, which is amplified and thus overexpressed in many types of cancer. Due to its structural characteristics, developing inhibitors for the target has proven to be challenging. In this study, the anti-MYC potential of lanostane-type triterpenes was investigated for the first time, using computational approaches that involved ensemble docking, prediction of structural properties and pharmacokinetic parameters, molecular dynamics (MD), and binding energy calculation using the molecular mechanics-generalized born surface area (MM-GBSA) method. The analysis of physicochemical properties, druglikeness, and pharmacokinetic parameters showed that ligands ganoderic acid E (I), ganoderlactone D (II), ganoderic acid Y (III), ganoderic acid Df (IV), lucidenic acid F (V), ganoderic acid XL4 (VI), mariesiic acid A (VII), and phellinol E (VIII) presented properties within the filter used. These eight ligands, in general, could interact with the molecular target favorably, with interaction energy values between -8.3 and -8.6 kcal mol-1. In MD, the results of RMSD, RMSF, radius of gyration, and hydrogen bonds of the complexes revealed that ligands I, IV, VI, and VII interacted satisfactorily with the protein during the simulations and assisted in its conformational and energetic stabilization. The binding energy calculation using the MM-GBSA method showed better results for the MYC-VII and MYC-I complexes (-44.98 and -41.96 kcal mol-1, respectively). These results support the hypothesis that such molecules can interact with MYC for a considerable period, which would be an essential condition for them to exert their inhibitory activity effectively.

Three-dimensional regulatory hubs support oncogenic programs in glioblastoma

Dysregulation of enhancer-promoter communication in the context of the three-dimensional (3D) nucleus is increasingly recognized as a potential driver of oncogenic programs. Here, we profiled the 3D enhancer-promoter networks of primary patient-derived glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs) in comparison with neuronal stem cells (NSCs) to identify potential central nodes and vulnerabilities in the regulatory logic of this devastating cancer. Specifically, we focused on hyperconnected 3D regulatory hubs and demonstrated that hub-interacting genes exhibit high and coordinated expression at the single-cell level and strong association with oncogenic programs that distinguish IDH-wt glioblastoma patients from low-grade glioma. Epigenetic silencing of a recurrent 3D enhancer hub-with an uncharacterized role in glioblastoma-was sufficient to cause concordant downregulation of multiple hub-connected genes along with significant shifts in transcriptional states and reduced clonogenicity. By integrating published datasets from other cancer types, we also identified both universal and cancer type-specific 3D regulatory hubs which enrich for varying oncogenic programs and nominate specific factors associated with worse outcomes. Genetic alterations, such as focal duplications, could explain only a small fraction of the detected hyperconnected hubs and their increased activity. Overall, our study provides computational and experimental support for the potential central role of 3D regulatory hubs in controlling oncogenic programs and properties.

Increased c-MYC Expression Associated with Active IGH Locus Rearrangement: An Emerging Role for c-MYC in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia

This review examines the pivotal role of c-MYC in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL), focusing on how its overexpression leads to increased genetic instability, thereby accelerating disease progression. MYC, a major oncogene, encodes a transcription factor that regulates essential cellular processes, including cell cycle control, proliferation, and apoptosis. In CLL cases enriched with unmutated immunoglobulin heavy chain variable (IGHV) genes, MYC is significantly overexpressed and associated with active rearrangements in the IGH immunoglobulin heavy chain locus. This overexpression results in substantial DNA damage, including double-strand breaks, chromosomal translocations, and an increase in abnormal repair events. Consequently, c-MYC plays a dual role in CLL: it promotes aggressive cell proliferation while concurrently driving genomic instability through its involvement in genetic recombination. This dynamic contributes not only to CLL progression but also to the overall aggressiveness of the disease. Additionally, the review suggests that c-MYC's influence on genetic rearrangements makes it an attractive target for therapeutic strategies aimed at mitigating CLL malignancy. These findings underscore c-MYC's critical importance in advancing CLL progression, highlighting the need for further research to explore its potential as a target in future treatment approaches.

The FGF/FGFR/c-Myc axis as a promising therapeutic target in multiple myeloma

Among blood cancers, multiple myeloma (MM) represents the second most common neoplasm and is characterized by the accumulation and proliferation of monoclonal plasma cells within the bone marrow. Despite the last few decades being characterized by the development of different therapeutic strategies against MM, at present such disease is still considered incurable. Although MM is highly heterogeneous in terms of genetic and molecular subtypes, about 67% of MM cases are associated with abnormal activity of the transcription factor c-Myc, which has so far revealed a protein extremely difficult to target. We have recently demonstrated that activation of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling protects MM cells from oxidative stress-induced apoptosis by stabilizing the oncoprotein c-Myc. Accordingly, secretion of FGF ligands and autocrine activation of FGF receptors (FGFR) is observed in MM cells and FGFR3 genomic alterations represent some 15-20% MM cases and are associated with poor outcome. Thus, FGF/FGFR blockade may represent a promising strategy to indirectly target c-Myc in MM. On this basis, the present review aims at providing an overview of recently explored connections between the FGF/FGFR system and c-Myc oncoprotein, sustaining the therapeutic potential of targeting the FGF/FGFR/c-Myc axis in MM by using inhibitors targeting FGF ligands or FGF receptors. Importantly, the provided findings may represent the rationale for using FDA approved FGFR TK inhibitors (i.e. Pemigatinib, Futibatinib, Erdafitinib) for the treatment of MM patients presenting with an aberrant activation of this axis.

Cell-specific models reveal conformation-specific RAF inhibitor combinations that synergistically inhibit ERK signaling in pancreatic cancer cells

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) presents significant challenges for targeted clinical interventions due to prevalent KRAS mutations, rendering PDAC resistant to RAF and MEK inhibitors (RAFi and MEKi). In addition, responses to targeted therapies vary between patients. Here, we explored the differential sensitivities of PDAC cell lines to RAFi and MEKi and developed an isogenic pair comprising the most sensitive and resistant PDAC cells. To simulate patient- or tumor-specific variations, we constructed cell-line-specific mechanistic models based on protein expression profiling and differential properties of KRAS mutants. These models predicted synergy between two RAFi with different conformation specificity (type I½ and type II RAFi) in inhibiting phospho-ERK (ppERK) and reducing PDAC cell viability. This synergy was experimentally validated across all four studied PDAC cell lines. Our findings underscore the need for combination approaches to inhibit the ERK pathway in PDAC.

Differential Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Electrostimulation in a Standardized Setting

The therapeutic usage of physical stimuli is framed in a highly heterogeneous research area, with variable levels of maturity and of translatability into clinical application. In particular, electrostimulation is deeply studied for its application on the autonomous nervous system, but less is known about the anti- inflammatory effects of such stimuli beyond the inflammatory reflex. Further, reproducibility and meta-analyses are extremely challenging, owing to the limited rationale on dosage and experimental standardization. It is specifically to address the fundamental question on the anti-inflammatory effects of electricity on biological systems, that we propose a series of controlled experiments on the effects of direct and alternate current delivered on a standardized 3D bioconstruct constituted by fibroblasts and keratinocytes in a collagen matrix, in the presence or absence of TNF-α as conventional inflammation inducer. This selected but systematic exploration, with transcriptomics backed by metabolomics at specific time points allows to obtain the first systemic overview of the biological functions at stake, highlighting the differential anti-inflammatory potential of such approaches, with promising results for 5 V direct current stimuli, correlating with the wound healing process. With our results, we wish to set the base for a rigorous systematic approach to the problem, fundamental towards future elucidations of the detailed mechanisms at stake, highlighting both the healing and damaging potential of such approaches.

SOX2 represses c-MYC transcription by altering the co-activator landscape of the c-MYC super-enhancer and promoter regions

Our previous studies determined that elevating SOX2 in a wide range of tumor cells leads to a reversible state of tumor growth arrest. Efforts to understand how tumor cell growth is inhibited led to the discovery of a SOX2:MYC axis that is responsible for downregulating c-MYC (MYC) when SOX2 is elevated. Although we had determined that elevating SOX2 downregulates MYC transcription, the mechanism responsible was not determined. Given the challenges of targeting MYC clinically, we set out to identify how elevating SOX2 downregulates MYC transcription. In this study, we focused on the MYC promoter region and an upstream region of the MYC locus that contains a MYC super-enhancer encompassing five MYC enhancers and which is associated with several cancers. Here we report that BRD4 and p300 associate with each of the MYC enhancers in the upstream MYC super-enhancer as well as the MYC promoter region and that elevating SOX2 decreases the recruitment of BRD4 and p300 to these sites. Additionally, we determined that elevating SOX2 leads to increases in the association of SOX2 and H3K27me3 within the MYC super-enhancer and the promoter region of MYC. Importantly, we conclude that the increases in SOX2 within the MYC super-enhancer precipitate a cascade of events that culminates in the repression of MYC transcription. Together, our studies identify a novel molecular mechanism able to regulate MYC transcription in two distinctly different tumor types and provide new mechanistic insights into the molecular interrelationships between two master regulators, SOX2 and MYC, widely involved in multiple cancers.

Biological Evaluation of Dinuclear Platinum(II) Complexes with Aromatic N-Heterocycles as Bridging Ligands

The history of effective anti-cancer medications begins with the discovery of cisplatin's anti-cancer properties. Second-generation analogue, carboplatin, with a similar range of effectiveness, made progress in improving these drugs with fewer side effects and better solubility. Renewed interest in platinum-based drugs has been increasing in the past several years. These developments highlight a revitalized enthusiasm and ongoing exploration in platinum chemotherapy based on the series of dinuclear platinum(II) complexes, [{Pt(L)Cl}2(μ-bridging ligand)]2+, which have been synthesized and evaluated for their biological activities. These complexes are designed to target various cancerous conditions, exhibiting promising antitumor, antiproliferative, and apoptosis-inducing activities. The current work aims to shed light on the potential of these complexes as next-generation platinum-based therapies, highlighting their enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects, which could revolutionize the approach to chemotherapy.

M1-type microglia-derived exosomes contribute to blood-brain barrier damage

BACKGROUND

As a key substance for intercellular communication, exosomes could be a potential strategy for stroke treatment. Activated microglia disrupt the integrity of blood-brain barrier (BBB) to facilitate the stroke process. Hence, this study was designed to investigate the effect of microglia-derived exosomes on BBB cell model injury and to explore the underlying molecular mechanisms.

METHODS

M1 polarization of BV2 cells was induced with LPS and their derived exosomes were isolated. Astrocytes were cultured in primary culture and constructed with End3 cells as a BBB cell model. After co-culture with exosomes, the BBB cell model was examined for changes in TEER, permeability, and expression of BBB-related proteins (Claudin-1, Occludin, ZO-1 and JAM). Resting and M1-type BV2 cell-derived exosomes perform small RNA sequences and differentially expressed miRNAs (DE-miRNAs) are identified by bioinformatics.

RESULTS

M1-type BV2 cell-derived exosomes decreased End3 cell viability, and increased their apoptotic ratio. Moreover, M1 type BV2 cell-derived exosomes dramatically enhanced the permeability of BBB cell model, and diminished the TEER and BBB-related protein (Claudin-1, Occludin, ZO-1) expression. Notably, resting BV2 cell-derived exosomes had no effect on the integrity of BBB cell model. Sequencing results indicated that 71 DE-miRNAs were present in M1 BV2 cell-derived exosomes, and their targets mediated neurological development and signaling pathways such as MAPK and cAMP. RT-qPCR confirmed the differential expression of mmu-miR-125a-5p, mmu-miR-122b-3p, mmu-miR-139-3p, mmu-miR-330-3p, mmu-miR-3057-5p and mmu-miR-342-3p consistent with the small RNA sequence. Furthermore, Creb1, Jun, Mtor, Frk, Pabpc1 and Sdc1 are the most well-connected proteins in the PPI network.

CONCLUSION

M1-type microglia-derived exosomes contribute to the injury of BBB cell model, which has the involvement of miRNAs. Our findings provide new perspectives and potential mechanisms for future M1 microglia-derived exosomes as therapeutic targets in stroke.

Manipulating Myc for reparative regeneration

The Myc family of proto-oncogenes is a key node for the signal transduction of external pro-proliferative signals to the cellular processes required for development, tissue homoeostasis maintenance, and regeneration across evolution. The tight regulation of Myc synthesis and activity is essential for restricting its oncogenic potential. In this review, we highlight the central role that Myc plays in regeneration across the animal kingdom (from Cnidaria to echinoderms to Chordata) and how Myc could be employed to unlock the regenerative potential of non-regenerative tissues in humans for therapeutic purposes. Mastering the fine balance of harnessing the ability of Myc to promote transcription without triggering oncogenesis may open the door to many exciting opportunities for therapeutic development across a wide array of diseases.

AI in Pharma: Transforming Drug Discovery and Strategic Management with MYC-Modulating Compounds and BET Protein Inhibitors

The landscape of pharmaceutical R&D is being reshaped by the synergistic integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and groundbreaking drug discoveries, mainly focusing on MYC-modulating compounds and BET protein inhibitors. This Patent Highlight delves into this convergence, illustrating a transformative shift in the pharmaceutical industry's approach to drug development, strategic management, and treating various diseases, from cancer to inflammatory and fibrotic disorders.

MYC: there is more to it than cancer

MYC is a pleiotropic transcription factor involved in multiple cellular processes. While its mechanism of action and targets are not completely elucidated, it has a fundamental role in cellular proliferation, differentiation, metabolism, ribogenesis, and bone and vascular development. Over 4 decades of research and some 10,000 publications linking it to tumorigenesis (by searching PubMed for "MYC oncogene") have led to MYC becoming a most-wanted target for the treatment of cancer, where many of MYC's physiological functions become co-opted for tumour initiation and maintenance. In this context, an abundance of reviews describes strategies for potentially targeting MYC in the oncology field. However, its multiple roles in different aspects of cellular biology suggest that it may also play a role in many additional diseases, and other publications are indeed linking MYC to pathologies beyond cancer. Here, we review these physiological functions and the current literature linking MYC to non-oncological diseases. The intense efforts towards developing MYC inhibitors as a cancer therapy will potentially have huge implications for the treatment of other diseases. In addition, with a complementary approach, we discuss some diseases and conditions where MYC appears to play a protective role and hence its increased expression or activation could be therapeutic.

Investigation of the Expression and Regulation of SCG5 in the Context of the Chromogranin-Secretogranin Family in Malignant Tumors

The SCG5 gene has been demonstrated to play an essential role in the development and progression of a range of malignant neoplasms. The regulation of SCG5 expression involves multiple biological pathways. According to relevant studies, SCG5 is differentially expressed in different cancers, and its up- or down-regulation may even affect tumour growth, invasion, and migration, which caught our attention. Therefore, we summarise the regulatory roles played by the SCG5 gene in a variety of cancers and the biological regulatory mechanisms associated with its possible promotion or inhibition of tumour biological behavior, to further explore the potential of SCG5 as a new tumour marker and hopefully provide theoretical guidance for subsequent disease research and treatment.