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Ortega-Carballo KJ, Gil-Becerril KM, Acosta-Virgen KB, Casas-Grajales S, Muriel P, Tsutsumi V. Effect of Stevioside ( Stevia rebaudiana) on Entamoeba histolytica Trophozoites. Pathogens 2024; 13:373. [PMID: 38787225 PMCID: PMC11123825 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13050373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Human amoebiasis still represents a major health problem worldwide. Metronidazole has been used as the most common drug to treat the disease; however, it is also known that the drug causes undesirable side effects. This has led to the search for new pharmacological alternatives which include phytochemical compounds with antiamoebic effects. We analyzed the amoebicidal activity of stevioside (STV), a diterpene glycoside present in Stevia rebaudiana, on trophozoites of E. histolytica. Different concentrations of STV were tested, and an inhibitory concentration of 50% of cell viability (IC50) was determined with an exposition of 9.53 mM for 24 h. Trophozoites exposed to STV showed morphological changes evidenced by the decrease in the basic structures related to the movement and adherence to the substrate, as well as ultrastructural features characterized by a loss of regularity on the cell membrane, an increase in cytoplasmic granularity, and an increase in apparent autophagic vacuoles. Also, the decrease in cysteine protease expression and the proteolytic activity of trophozoites to degrade the cell monolayer were analyzed. A histological analysis of hamster livers inoculated with trophozoites and treated with STV showed changes related to the granulomatous reaction of the liver parenchymal tissue. Our results constitute the first report related to the possible use of STV as a therapeutic alternative in amoebiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla Jocelyn Ortega-Carballo
- Department of Infectomics and Molecular Pathogenesis, CINVESTAV-IPN, Mexico City 07360, Mexico; (K.J.O.-C.); (K.M.G.-B.); (K.B.A.-V.)
| | - Karla Montserrat Gil-Becerril
- Department of Infectomics and Molecular Pathogenesis, CINVESTAV-IPN, Mexico City 07360, Mexico; (K.J.O.-C.); (K.M.G.-B.); (K.B.A.-V.)
| | - Karla Berenice Acosta-Virgen
- Department of Infectomics and Molecular Pathogenesis, CINVESTAV-IPN, Mexico City 07360, Mexico; (K.J.O.-C.); (K.M.G.-B.); (K.B.A.-V.)
| | - Sael Casas-Grajales
- Laboratory of Experimental Hepatology, Department of Pharmacology, CINVESTAV-IPN, Mexico City 07360, Mexico; (S.C.-G.); (P.M.)
| | - Pablo Muriel
- Laboratory of Experimental Hepatology, Department of Pharmacology, CINVESTAV-IPN, Mexico City 07360, Mexico; (S.C.-G.); (P.M.)
| | - Víctor Tsutsumi
- Department of Infectomics and Molecular Pathogenesis, CINVESTAV-IPN, Mexico City 07360, Mexico; (K.J.O.-C.); (K.M.G.-B.); (K.B.A.-V.)
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Lê HG, Võ TC, Kang JM, Nguyễn TH, Hwang BS, Oh YT, Na BK. Antiamoebic activities of flavonoids against pathogenic free-living amoebae, Naegleria fowleri and Acanthamoeba species. PARASITES, HOSTS AND DISEASES 2023; 61:449-454. [PMID: 38043540 PMCID: PMC10693969 DOI: 10.3347/phd.23078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Free-living amoebae (FLA) rarely cause human infections but can invoke fatal infections in the central nervous system (CNS). No consensus treatment has been established for FLA infections of the CNS, emphasizing the urgent need to discover or develop safe and effective drugs. Flavonoids, natural compounds from plants and plant-derived products, are known to have antiprotozoan activities against several pathogenic protozoa parasites. The anti-FLA activity of flavonoids has also been proposed, while their antiamoebic activity for FLA needs to be emperically determined. We herein evaluated the antiamoebic activities of 18 flavonoids against Naegleria fowleri and Acanthamoeba species which included A. castellanii and A. polyphaga. These flavonoids showed different profiles of antiamoebic activity against N. fowleri and Acanthamoeba species. Demethoxycurcumin, kaempferol, resveratrol, and silybin (A+B) showed in vitro antiamoebic activity against both N. fowleri and Acanthamoeba species. Apigenin, costunolide, (‒)-epicatechin, (‒)-epigallocatechin, rosmarinic acid, and (‒)-trans-caryophyllene showed selective antiamoebic activity for Acanthamoeba species. Luteolin was more effective for N. fowleri. However, afzelin, berberine, (±)-catechin, chelerythrine, genistein, (+)-pinostrobin, and quercetin did not exhibit antiamoebic activity against the amoeba species. They neither showed selective antiamoebic activity with significant cytotoxicity to C6 glial cells. Our results provide a basis for the anti-FLA activity of flavonoids, which can be applied to develope alternative or supplemental therapeutic agents for FLA infections of the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hương Giang Lê
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, and Institute of Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju 52727,
Korea
- Department of Convergence Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727,
Korea
| | - Tuấn Cường Võ
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, and Institute of Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju 52727,
Korea
- Department of Convergence Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727,
Korea
| | - Jung-Mi Kang
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, and Institute of Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju 52727,
Korea
| | - Thu Hằng Nguyễn
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, and Institute of Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju 52727,
Korea
- Department of Convergence Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727,
Korea
| | - Buyng-Su Hwang
- Nakdonggang National Institute of Biological Resources, Sangju 37242,
Korea
| | - Young-Taek Oh
- Nakdonggang National Institute of Biological Resources, Sangju 37242,
Korea
| | - Byoung-Kuk Na
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, and Institute of Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju 52727,
Korea
- Department of Convergence Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727,
Korea
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Piekarska J, Madej JP, Gorczykowski M, Szczypka M. The Effects of Honeysuckle ( Lonicera caerulea L.) Berry Iridoid-Anthocyanin Extract on the Intestinal and Muscle Histopathology in Mice during Experimental Trichinellosis. Molecules 2023; 28:7067. [PMID: 37894546 PMCID: PMC10608903 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28207067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to determine the effect of iridoid-anthocyanin extract from honeysuckle (Lonicera caerulea L.) (LC) berries on histopathological changes in the intestines and muscles during experimental trichinellosis in mice. The LC extract was administered to uninfected mice (LC group) and Trichinella-spiralis-infected mice (T+LC) orally at a dose of 2 g/kg bw, six times at 24 h intervals, from day 3 prior to infection to day 3 post-infection (dpi). Jejunum samples were collected on 5, 7, 14, and 21 dpi, and their histological assessment involved the villus height to crypt depth ratio (VH/CD), goblet cell (GC) number, and morphological changes. In the T. spiralis-infected muscles, the extent of inflammatory infiltration on the 14th and 21st dpi was assessed. LC in the infected mice restored the VH/CD ratio to control values on 14 dpi. A beneficial effect of the LC extract on the villus height was also observed 14 dpi in the LC and T+LC groups. No differences in the extent of inflammatory infiltration in the muscles between the T+LC and T groups were observed. In conclusion, the iridoid-anthocyanin extract from honeysuckle berry contributed to alleviating the symptoms of the intestinal phase of T. spiralis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Piekarska
- Division of Parasitology, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinic of Horses, Dogs and Cats, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 31, 50-375 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Jan P. Madej
- Department of Immunology, Pathophysiology and Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 31, 50-375 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Michał Gorczykowski
- Division of Parasitology, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinic of Horses, Dogs and Cats, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 31, 50-375 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Marianna Szczypka
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 31, 50-375 Wroclaw, Poland;
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Lê HG, Kang JM, Võ TC, Na BK. Kaempferol induces programmed cell death in Naegleria fowleri. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 119:154994. [PMID: 37597363 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.154994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Naegleria fowleri is a brain-eating amoeba causing a fatal brain infection called primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM). Despite its high mortality over 95%, effective therapeutic drug for PAM has not been developed yet. Therefore, development of an effective and safe therapeutic drug for PAM is urgently needed. In this study, we investigated anti-amoebic effect of kaempferol (KPF) against N. fowleri and its underlying anti-amoebic molecular mechanisms. METHODS Anti-amoebic activity of KPF against N. fowleri trophozoites, as well as cytotoxicity of KPF in C6 glial cells and CHO-K1 cells were investigated. The programmed cell death mechanisms in KPF-treated N. fowleri were also analyzed by apoptosis-necrosis assay, mitochondrial dysfunction assay, TUNEL assay, RT-qPCR, and CYTO-ID assay. RESULTS KPF showed anti-amoebic activity against N. fowleri trophozoites with an IC50 of 29.28 ± 0.63 μM. However, it showed no significant cytotoxicity to mammalian cells. KPF induced significant morphological alterations of the amoebae, resulting in death. Signals associated with apoptosis were detected in the amoebae upon treatment with KPF. KPF induced an increase of intracellular reactive oxygen species level, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, increases of expression levels of genes associated with mitochondria dysfunction, and reduction of ATP levels in the amoebae. Autophagic vacuole accumulations with increased expression levels of autophagy-related genes were also detected in KPF-treated amoebae. CONCLUSION KPF induces programmed cell death in N. fowleri trophozoites via apoptosis-like pathway and autophagy pathway. KPF could be used as a candidate of anti-amoebic drug or supplement compound in the process of developing or optimizing therapeutic drug for PAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hương Giang Lê
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Institute of Health Science, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju 52727, Korea; Department of Convergence Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Korea
| | - Jung-Mi Kang
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Institute of Health Science, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju 52727, Korea; Department of Convergence Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Korea
| | - Tuấn Cường Võ
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Institute of Health Science, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju 52727, Korea; Department of Convergence Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Korea
| | - Byoung-Kuk Na
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Institute of Health Science, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju 52727, Korea; Department of Convergence Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Korea.
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5
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Morán P, Serrano-Vázquez A, Rojas-Velázquez L, González E, Pérez-Juárez H, Hernández EG, Padilla MDLA, Zaragoza ME, Portillo-Bobadilla T, Ramiro M, Ximénez C. Amoebiasis: Advances in Diagnosis, Treatment, Immunology Features and the Interaction with the Intestinal Ecosystem. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11755. [PMID: 37511519 PMCID: PMC10380210 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
This review of human amoebiasis is based on the most current knowledge of pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, and Entamoeba/microbiota interactions. The most relevant findings during this last decade about the Entamoeba parasite and the disease are related to the possibility of culturing trophozoites of different isolates from infected individuals that allowed the characterization of the multiple pathogenic mechanisms of the parasite and the understanding of the host-parasite relationship in the human. Second, the considerable advances in molecular biology and genetics help us to analyze the genome of Entamoeba, their genetic diversity, and the association of specific genotypes with the different amoebic forms of human amoebiasis. Based on this knowledge, culture and/or molecular diagnostic strategies are now available to determine the Entamoeba species and genotype responsible for invasive intestinal or extraintestinal amoebiasis cases. Likewise, the extensive knowledge of the immune response in amoebiasis with the appearance of new technologies made it possible to design diagnostic tools now available worldwide. Finally, the understanding of the interaction between the Entamoeba species and the intestinal microbiota aids the understanding of the ecology of this parasite in the human environment. These relevant findings will be discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Morán
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México 06726, Mexico
| | - Angélica Serrano-Vázquez
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México 06726, Mexico
| | - Liliana Rojas-Velázquez
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México 06726, Mexico
| | - Enrique González
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México 06726, Mexico
| | - Horacio Pérez-Juárez
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México 06726, Mexico
| | - Eric G Hernández
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México 06726, Mexico
| | - Maria de Los Angeles Padilla
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México 06726, Mexico
| | - Martha E Zaragoza
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México 06726, Mexico
| | - Tobías Portillo-Bobadilla
- Unidad de Bioinformática, Bioestadística y Biología Computacional, Red de Apoyo a la Investigación, Coordinación de la Investigación Científica, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM)-Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Ciudad de México 14080, Mexico
| | - Manuel Ramiro
- División de Estudios de Posgrado, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Cecilia Ximénez
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México 06726, Mexico
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Chatterjee D, Al Rimon R, Chowdhury UF, Islam MR. A multi-epitope based vaccine against the surface proteins expressed in cyst and trophozoite stages of parasite Entamoeba histolytica. J Immunol Methods 2023; 517:113475. [PMID: 37088358 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2023.113475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Entamoeba histolytica, an anaerobic parasite, infects humans and other primates and causes fatal diseases, such as amebiasis, amebic liver abscesses, and many others. Thousands of people are infected and dying due to the need for a proper protective cure, especially in poor sanitizing regions, such as Latin America, Asia, and Africa. Around 10% of the world population is infected by E. histolytica every year. Consequently, novel preventive approaches are required to eliminate the threats of the parasite. A designed vaccine targeting the exposed proteins that are common between cyst and trophozoite stages of the parasite's life cycle would be an effective way to repress the impact of the parasite. Therefore, an in silico bioinformatics approach was performed to design an effective vaccine targeting surface proteins common between both stages of the parasite's life cycle using B-cell and T-cell epitopes. The epitopes derived from the conserved portions of the proteins and their corresponding isomers specific to the parasite suggested that the vaccine could benefit cross-protection. Furthermore, the three-dimensional structure of the designed vaccine was modelled, refined, and validated using multiple bioinformatics tools. The physiological properties and solubility were also predicted using different algorithmic tools and found to be highly soluble in nature. The vaccine was found interactcted with TLR immune receptors, and the stability was observed via dynamics simulation. Codon optimization and cloning were performed for expression analysis. Immune simulation prediction anticipated significant immune responses with a high IgG and IgM antibodies expression, Th and Tc cells population, B-cell population, memory cells, INF-γ, and IL-2 cytokines. Therefore, the constructed multi-epitope putative vaccine can effectively neutralize the parasite's harmful effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipankor Chatterjee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Razoan Al Rimon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Umar Faruq Chowdhury
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Sun M, Li L, Wang C, Wang L, Lu D, Shen D, Wang J, Jiang C, Cheng L, Pan X, Yang A, Wang Y, Zhu X, Li B, Li Y, Zhang F. Naringenin confers defence against Phytophthora nicotianae through antimicrobial activity and induction of pathogen resistance in tobacco. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2022; 23:1737-1750. [PMID: 36094814 PMCID: PMC9644278 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco black shank caused by Phytophthora nicotianae is a serious disease in tobacco cultivation. We found that naringenin is a key factor that causes different sensitivity to P. nicotianae between resistant and susceptible tobacco. The level of basal flavonoids in resistant tobacco was distinct from that in susceptible tobacco. Of all flavonoids with different content, naringenin showed the best antimicrobial activity against mycelial growth and sporangia production of P. nicotianae in vitro. However, naringenin showed very low or no antimicrobial activity to other plant pathogens. We found that naringenin induced not only the accumulation of reactive oxygen species, but also the expression of salicylic acid biosynthesis-related genes. Naringenin induced the expression of the basal pathogen resistance gene PR1 and the SAR8.2 gene that contributes to plant resistance to P. nicotianae. We then interfered with the expression of the chalcone synthase (NtCHS) gene, the key gene of the naringenin synthesis pathway, to inhibit naringenin biosynthesis. NtCHS-RNAi rendered tobacco highly sensitive to P. nicotianae, but there was no change in susceptibility to another plant pathogen, Ralstonia solanacearum. Finally, exogenous application of naringenin on susceptible tobacco enhanced resistance to P. nicotianae and naringenin was very stable in this environment. Our findings revealed that naringenin plays a core role in the defence against P. nicotianae and expanded the possibilities for the application of plant secondary metabolites in the control of P. nicotianae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Sun
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Genetic Improvement and Biotechnology, Tobacco Research InstituteChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesQingdaoChina
- China Tobacco Shandong Industrial Co., Ltd.JinanChina
| | - Lei Li
- College of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Chengdong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Genetic Improvement and Biotechnology, Tobacco Research InstituteChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesQingdaoChina
| | - Luanming Wang
- College of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Di Lu
- College of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Danyu Shen
- College of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Jie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Genetic Improvement and Biotechnology, Tobacco Research InstituteChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesQingdaoChina
| | - Caihong Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Genetic Improvement and Biotechnology, Tobacco Research InstituteChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesQingdaoChina
| | - Lirui Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Genetic Improvement and Biotechnology, Tobacco Research InstituteChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesQingdaoChina
| | - Xuhao Pan
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Genetic Improvement and Biotechnology, Tobacco Research InstituteChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesQingdaoChina
| | - Aiguo Yang
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Genetic Improvement and Biotechnology, Tobacco Research InstituteChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesQingdaoChina
| | - Yuanying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Genetic Improvement and Biotechnology, Tobacco Research InstituteChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesQingdaoChina
| | | | - Bin Li
- Sichuan Tobacco CorporationChengduChina
| | - Yiting Li
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Genetic Improvement and Biotechnology, Tobacco Research InstituteChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesQingdaoChina
| | - Feng Zhang
- College of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
- The Key Laboratory of Plant ImmunityNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
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Periferakis A, Periferakis K, Badarau IA, Petran EM, Popa DC, Caruntu A, Costache RS, Scheau C, Caruntu C, Costache DO. Kaempferol: Antimicrobial Properties, Sources, Clinical, and Traditional Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315054. [PMID: 36499380 PMCID: PMC9740324 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids are a category of plant-derived compounds which exhibit a large number of health-related effects. One of the most well-known and studied flavonoids is kaempferol, which can be found in a wide variety of herbs and plant families. Apart from their anticarcinogenic and anti-inflammatory effects, kaempferol and its associated compounds also exhibit antibacterial, antifungal, and antiprotozoal activities. The development of drugs and treatment schemes based on these compounds is becoming increasingly important in the face of emerging resistance of numerous pathogens as well as complex molecular interactions between various drug therapies. In addition, many of the kaempferol-containing plants are used in traditional systems all over the world for centuries to treat numerous conditions. Due to its variety of sources and associated compounds, some molecular mechanisms of kaempferol antimicrobial activity are well known while others are still under analysis. This paper thoroughly documents the vegetal and food sources of kaempferol as well as the most recent and significant studies regarding its antimicrobial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Argyrios Periferakis
- Department of Physiology, The “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
- Akadimia of Ancient Greek and Traditional Chinese Medicine, 16675 Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Periferakis
- Akadimia of Ancient Greek and Traditional Chinese Medicine, 16675 Athens, Greece
- Pan-Hellenic Organization of Educational Programs (P.O.E.P), 17236 Athens, Greece
- Orasis Acupuncture Institute, 11526 Athens, Greece
| | - Ioana Anca Badarau
- Department of Physiology, The “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Elena Madalina Petran
- Department of Biochemistry, The “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Toxicology, Grigore Alexandrescu Emergency Children’s Hospital, 011743 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Delia Codruta Popa
- Department of Biochemistry, The “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Hematology, Fundeni Clinical Institute, 022328 Bucharest, Romania
- Correspondence: (D.C.P.); (C.S.)
| | - Ana Caruntu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, ‘Dr. Carol Davila’ Central Military Emergency Hospital, 010825 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dental Medicine, ‘Titu Maiorescu’ University, 031593 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Raluca Simona Costache
- Department of Gastroenterology, Gastroenterology and Internal Medicine Clinic, ‘Dr. Carol Davila’ Central Military Emergency Hospital, 010825 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, ‘Carol Davila’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Cristian Scheau
- Department of Physiology, The “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
- Correspondence: (D.C.P.); (C.S.)
| | - Constantin Caruntu
- Department of Physiology, The “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Dermatology, ‘Prof. N.C. Paulescu’ National Institute of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, 011233 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Daniel Octavian Costache
- Department of Dermatology, ‘Dr. Carol Davila’ Central Military Emergency Hospital, 010825 Bucharest, Romania
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Palomo-Ligas L, Estrada-Camacho J, Garza-Ontiveros M, Vargas-Villanueva JR, Gutiérrez-Gutiérrez F, Nery-Flores SD, Cañas Montoya JA, Ascacio-Valdés J, Campos-Muzquiz LG, Rodriguez-Herrera R. Polyphenolic extract from Punica granatum peel causes cytoskeleton-related damage on Giardia lamblia trophozoites in vitro. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13350. [PMID: 35502204 PMCID: PMC9055998 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Diarrheal diseases caused by protozoa have a great impact on human health around the world. Giardia lamblia is one of the most common flagellates in the intestinal tract. Factors such as adverse effects to first-line drugs or the appearance of drug-resistant strains, make it necessary to identify new treatment alternatives. Agroindustry waste, like pomegranate peel, are a source of phenolic compounds, which possess antiparasitic activities. In vivo studies demonstrated antigiardiasic potential by reducing cyst shedding and protecting intestinal cells; however, they did not identify the compounds or elucidate any mechanism of action in the parasite. The objective of this study is to identify potential molecular targets and to test the in vitro effects of polyphenols from Punica granatum on Giardia lamblia. Methods The in vitro antigiardial potential of polyphenolic extract from pomegranate peel (Punica granatum L.) obtained using microwave-ultrasound methodology was evaluated on Giardia lamblia trophozoites. Extract phytochemical identification was performed by HPLC/MS analysis. The effect of polyphenolic extract on growth and adhesion capacity was determined by parasite kinetics; morphological damage was evaluated by SEM, alteration on α-tubulin expression and distribution were analyzed by western blot and immunofluorescence, respectively. Results The pomegranate peel extract showed the presence of ellagitannins (punicalin and punicalagin, galloyl-dihexahydroxydiphenoyl-hexoside), flavones (luteolin), and ellagic acid, that caused an inhibitory effect on growth and adhesion capacity, particularly on cells treated with 200 µg/mL, where growth inhibition of 74.36%, trophozoite adherence inhibition of 46.8% and IC50 of 179 µg/mL at 48 h were demonstrated. The most important findings were that the extract alters α-tubulin expression and distribution in Giardia trophozoites in a concentration-independent manner. Also, an increase in α-tubulin expression at 200 µg/mL was observed in western blot and diffuse or incomplete immunolabeling pattern, especially in ventral disk. In addition, the extract caused elongation, disturbance of normal shape, irregularities in the membrane, and flagella abnormalities. Discussion The pomegranate peel extract affects Giardia trophozoites in vitro. The damage is related to the cytoskeleton, due to expression and distribution alterations in α-tubulin, particularly in the ventral disk, a primordial structure for adhesion and pathogenesis. Microtubule impairment could explain morphological changes, and inhibition of adhesion capacity and growth. Besides, this is the first report that suggests that ellagic acid, punicalin, punicalagin and luteolin could be interactioning with the rich-tubulin cytoskeleton of Giardia. Further investigations are needed in order to elucidate the mechanisms of action of the isolated compounds and propose a potential drug alternative for the giardiasis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lissethe Palomo-Ligas
- Departamento de Investigación en Alimentos, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Saltillo, Coahuila, Mexico
| | - Job Estrada-Camacho
- Departamento de Investigación en Alimentos, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Saltillo, Coahuila, Mexico
| | - Mariana Garza-Ontiveros
- Departamento de Investigación en Alimentos, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Saltillo, Coahuila, Mexico
| | - José Roberto Vargas-Villanueva
- Departamento de Investigación en Alimentos, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Saltillo, Coahuila, Mexico
| | - Filiberto Gutiérrez-Gutiérrez
- Departamento de Química, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Sendar Daniel Nery-Flores
- Departamento de Investigación en Alimentos, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Saltillo, Coahuila, Mexico
| | - Jorge Arturo Cañas Montoya
- Departamento de Polímeros, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Saltillo, Coahuila, Mexico
| | - Juan Ascacio-Valdés
- Departamento de Investigación en Alimentos, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Saltillo, Coahuila, Mexico
| | - Lizeth Guadalupe Campos-Muzquiz
- Departamento de Investigación en Alimentos, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Saltillo, Coahuila, Mexico
| | - Raul Rodriguez-Herrera
- Departamento de Investigación en Alimentos, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Saltillo, Coahuila, Mexico
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Bai D, Du J, Bu X, Cao W, Sun T, Zhao J, Zhao Y, Lu N. ALDOA maintains NLRP3 inflammasome activation by controlling AMPK activation. Autophagy 2021; 18:1673-1693. [PMID: 34821530 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2021.1997051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
ABBREVIATIONS ALDOA: aldolase A; AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase; ATG: autophagy related; ATG5: autophagy related 5; ATP: adenosine triphosphate; BMDMs: bone marrow-derived macrophages; CALCOCO2: calcium binding and coiled-coil domain 2; CASP1: caspase 1; CQ: chloroquine; FOXO3: forkhead box O3; IL1B: interleukin 1 beta; LPS: lipopolysaccharide; MAP1LC3B/LC3B: microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta; MT: mutant; mtDNA: mitochondrial DNA; MTORC1: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase complex 1; mtROS: mitochondrial reactive oxygen species; NLRP3: NLR family, pyrin domain containing 3; OPTN: optineurin; PBS: phosphate-buffered saline; PRKN/Parkin: parkin RBR E3 ubiquitin protein ligase; SN: supernatant; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; STK11/LKB1: serine/threonine kinase 11; TOMM20: translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 20; ULK1: unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1; v-ATPase: vacuolar type H+-ATPase; WT: wild-type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongsheng Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaying Du
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiumin Bu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wangjia Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Tifan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiawei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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Rollin-Pinheiro R, Borba-Santos LP, da Silva Xisto MID, de Castro-Almeida Y, Rochetti VP, Rozental S, Barreto-Bergter E. Identification of Promising Antifungal Drugs against Scedosporium and Lomentospora Species after Screening of Pathogen Box Library. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7100803. [PMID: 34682224 PMCID: PMC8539698 DOI: 10.3390/jof7100803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal infections have been increasing during the last decades. Scedosporium and Lomentospora species are filamentous fungi most associated to those infections, especially in immunocompromised patients. Considering the limited options of treatment and the emergence of resistant isolates, an increasing concern motivates the development of new therapeutic alternatives. In this context, the present study screened the Pathogen Box library to identify compounds with antifungal activity against Scedosporium and Lomentospora. Using antifungal susceptibility tests, biofilm analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and synergism assay, auranofin and iodoquinol were found to present promising repurposing applications. Both compounds were active against different Scedosporium and Lomentospora, including planktonic cells and biofilm. SEM revealed morphological alterations and synergism analysis showed that both drugs present positive interactions with voriconazole, fluconazole, and caspofungin. These data suggest that auranofin and iodoquinol are promising compounds to be studied as repurposing approaches against scedosporiosis and lomentosporiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Rollin-Pinheiro
- Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil; (R.R.-P.); (M.I.D.d.S.X.); (Y.d.C.-A.); (V.P.R.)
| | - Luana Pereira Borba-Santos
- Programa de Biologia Celular e Parasitologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil; (L.P.B.-S.); (S.R.)
| | - Mariana Ingrid Dutra da Silva Xisto
- Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil; (R.R.-P.); (M.I.D.d.S.X.); (Y.d.C.-A.); (V.P.R.)
| | - Yuri de Castro-Almeida
- Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil; (R.R.-P.); (M.I.D.d.S.X.); (Y.d.C.-A.); (V.P.R.)
| | - Victor Pereira Rochetti
- Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil; (R.R.-P.); (M.I.D.d.S.X.); (Y.d.C.-A.); (V.P.R.)
| | - Sonia Rozental
- Programa de Biologia Celular e Parasitologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil; (L.P.B.-S.); (S.R.)
| | - Eliana Barreto-Bergter
- Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil; (R.R.-P.); (M.I.D.d.S.X.); (Y.d.C.-A.); (V.P.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-(21)-3938-6741
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12
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Al-Hindi AI, El-Khozondar HJ, Tabaza W, Alreefi M, Al Afifi AM, Kassem D, Al-Bahri R, Abu Haseera G. Effect of magnetic field on the growth of the cultured Entamoeba histolytica isolated from patients in Palestine. Exp Parasitol 2021; 226-227:108126. [PMID: 34246635 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2021.108126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Static magnetic field (SMF) is generated in vicinity of moving charge or current passing through conductor. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of SMF on the growth of the cultured Entamoeba histolytica (E. histolytica) trophozoites. Different SMF strengths with maximum value equals 30 mT (mT) was applied on the E.histolytica for different periods of times: 0 h, 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h. A modified diphasic liver infusion agar medium was used for culturing E. histolytica in vitro. The results showed the successful stabilization of culture of E. histolytica trophozoites. If we kept the sample for longer time, e. g. 14 days, the growth rate decreases to zero. When applying 10 mT and 15 mT SMF on the sample, it is found that the cultivated E. histolytica trophozoites dies after 4 and 2 days respectively. The experiments suggested that the SMF inhibited the growth and the propagation of E. histolytica cells. In addition, it completely killed all the cells in a short time interval which depend on the SMF strength. It is concluded that the SMFs inhibits the growth of E. histolytica and change the morphology of these cells. Thus, we recommend to use SMF as treatment to mitigate the growth of E. histolytica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adnan I Al-Hindi
- Medical Laboratory Sciences Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, Islamic University of Gaza, P.O. Box 108, Gaza, Palestine.
| | - Hala J El-Khozondar
- Electrical Engineering and Smart Systems Department, Faculty of Engineering, Islamic University of Gaza, P.O. Box 108, Gaza, Palestine.
| | - Wael Tabaza
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Islamic University of Gaza, P.O. Box 108, Gaza, Palestine.
| | - Mariam Alreefi
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Israa University, Gaza, Palestine.
| | - Ahmed M Al Afifi
- Microbiology Department, Al-Naser Pediatric Hospital, Ministry of Health, Gaza, Palestine.
| | - Doha Kassem
- Graduates Students from Medical Laboratory Sciences Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, Islamic University of Gaza, P.O. Box 108, Gaza, Palestine. kassem-gaza-@hotmail.com
| | - Reham Al-Bahri
- Graduates Students from Medical Laboratory Sciences Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, Islamic University of Gaza, P.O. Box 108, Gaza, Palestine.
| | - Ghadeer Abu Haseera
- Graduates Students from Medical Laboratory Sciences Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, Islamic University of Gaza, P.O. Box 108, Gaza, Palestine.
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Furanocoumarins from Ruta chalepensis with Amebicide Activity. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26123684. [PMID: 34208750 PMCID: PMC8233766 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26123684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Entamoeba histolytica (protozoan; family Endomoebidae) is the cause of amoebiasis, a disease related to high morbidity and mortality. Nowadays, this illness is considered a significant public health issue in developing countries. In addition, parasite resistance to conventional medicinal treatment has increased in recent years. Traditional medicine around the world represents a valuable source of alternative treatment for many parasite diseases. In a previous paper, we communicated about the antiprotozoal activity in vitro of the methanolic (MeOH) extract of Ruta chalepensis (Rutaceae) against E. histolytica. The plant is extensively employed in Mexican traditional medicine. The following workup of the MeOH extract of R. chalepensis afforded the furocoumarins rutamarin (1) and chalepin (2), which showed high antiprotozoal activity on Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites employing in vitro tests (IC50 values of 6.52 and 28.95 µg/mL, respectively). Therefore, we offer a full scientific report about the bioguided isolation and the amebicide activity of chalepin and rutamarin.
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14
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Virtual Screening of FDA-Approved Drugs against Triose Phosphate Isomerase from Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia Identifies Inhibitors of Their Trophozoite Growth Phase. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115943. [PMID: 34073021 PMCID: PMC8198924 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases caused by intestinal protozoan, such as Entamoeba histolytica (E. histolytica) and Giardia lamblia (G. lamblia) are a worldwide public health issue. They affect more than 70 million people every year. They colonize intestines causing primarily diarrhea; nevertheless, these infections can lead to more serious complications. The treatment of choice, metronidazole, is in doubt due to adverse effects and resistance. Therefore, there is a need for new compounds against these parasites. In this work, a structure-based virtual screening of FDA-approved drugs was performed to identify compounds with antiprotozoal activity. The glycolytic enzyme triosephosphate isomerase, present in both E. histolytica and G. lamblia, was used as the drug target. The compounds with the best average docking score on both structures were selected for the in vitro evaluation. Three compounds, chlorhexidine, tolcapone, and imatinib, were capable of inhibit growth on G. lamblia trophozoites (0.05–4.935 μg/mL), while folic acid showed activity against E. histolytica (0.186 μg/mL) and G. lamblia (5.342 μg/mL).
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15
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Shirley DA, Sharma I, Warren CA, Moonah S. Drug Repurposing of the Alcohol Abuse Medication Disulfiram as an Anti-Parasitic Agent. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:633194. [PMID: 33777846 PMCID: PMC7991622 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.633194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Parasitic infections contribute significantly to worldwide morbidity and mortality. Antibiotic treatment is essential for managing patients infected with these parasites since control is otherwise challenging and there are no vaccines available for prevention. However, new antimicrobial therapies are urgently needed as significant problems exist with current treatments such as drug resistance, limited options, poor efficacy, as well as toxicity. This situation is made worse by the challenges of drug discovery and development which is costly especially for non-profitable infectious diseases, time-consuming, and risky with a high failure rate. Drug repurposing which involves finding new use for existing drugs may help to more rapidly identify therapeutic candidates while drastically cutting costs of drug research and development. In this perspective article, we discuss the importance of drug repurposing, review disulfiram pharmacology, and highlight emerging data that supports repurposing disulfiram as an anti-parasitic, exemplified by the major diarrhea-causing parasite Entamoeba histolytica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debbie-Ann Shirley
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Ishrya Sharma
- Division of Infectious Diseases & International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Cirle A Warren
- Division of Infectious Diseases & International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Shannon Moonah
- Division of Infectious Diseases & International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
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16
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Li J, Cui Z, Li X, Zhang L. Review of zoonotic amebiasis: Epidemiology, clinical signs, diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control. Res Vet Sci 2021; 136:174-181. [PMID: 33676155 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Amebiasis is a disease caused by the protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica, which mainly shows symptoms of acute diarrhea, dysentery, amebic colitis, and amebic liver abscesses. As the fourth leading parasitic cause of human mortality, E. histolytica mainly infect children in developing countries, transmitted by food and water contamination. In the majority of infected individuals, Entamoeba sp. asymptomatically colonizes the large intestine and self-limiting, while in others, the parasite breaches the mucosal epithelial barrier to cause amebic colitis and can disseminate to soft organs to cause abscesses. Metronidazole (MTZ) is the recommended and most widely used drug for treating the invasive amebiasis. No amebiasis vaccine has been approved for human clinical trials to date, but many recent vaccine development studies hold promise. For the prevention and control of amebiasis, improvement of water purification systems and hygiene practices could decrease disease incidence. In this review, we focus on the epidemiology, transmission, clinical signs, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control of the zoonotic amebiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junqiang Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Zhaohui Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Xiaoying Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Longxian Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
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Rodrigues JGM, Albuquerque PSV, Nascimento JR, Campos JAV, Godinho ASS, Araújo SJ, Brito JM, Jesus CM, Miranda GS, Rezende MC, Negrão-Corrêa DA, Rocha CQ, Silva LA, Guerra RNM, Nascimento FRF. The immunomodulatory activity of Chenopodium ambrosioides reduces the parasite burden and hepatic granulomatous inflammation in Schistosoma mansoni-infection. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 264:113287. [PMID: 32858197 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Folk medicine reports have described the use of Chenopodium ambrosioides as an anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and anthelmintic herb. These effects, including its activity against intestinal worms, are already scientifically observed. However, the immunological mechanisms of this species in the treatment of Schistosoma mansoni infection are unknown. AIM OF THE STUDY To evaluate the immunological and anti-Schistosoma mansoni effects of a crude Chenopodium ambrosioides hydro-alcoholic extract (HCE). MATERIALS AND METHODS For the in vitro analysis, cercariae and adult worms were exposed to different concentrations (0 to 10,000 μg/mL) of the HCE. For the in vivo evaluation, Swiss mice were infected with 50 cercariae of S. mansoni and separated into groups according to treatment as follows: a negative control (without treatment), a positive control (treated with Praziquantel®), HCE1 Group (treated with HCE during the cutaneous phase), HCE2 Group (treated with HCE during the lung phase), HCE3 Group (treated with HCE during the young worm phase), and HCE4 Group (treated with HCE during the adult worm phase). The animals treated with HCE received daily doses of 50 mg/kg, by gavage, for seven days, corresponding to the different developmental stages of S. mansoni. For comparison, a clean control group (uninfected and untreated) was also included. All animals were euthanized 60 days post-infection to allow the following assessments to be performed: a complete blood cells count, counts of eggs in the feces and liver, the quantification of cytokines and IgE levels, histopathological evaluations of the livers, and the analysis of inflammatory mediators. RESULTS HCE treatment increased the mortality of cercariae and adult worms in vitro. The HCE treatment in vivo reduced the eggs in feces and liver. The number and area of liver granulomas, independent of the phase of treatment, were also reduced. The treatment with HCE reduced the percentage of circulating eosinophils, IgE, IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-4. In contrast, the treatment with the HCE, dependent on the phase, increased IL-10 levels and the number of peritoneal and bone marrow cells, mainly of T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, and macrophages. This effect could be due to secondary compounds presents in this extract, such as kaempferol, quercetin and derivatives. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that Chenopodium ambrosioides has antiparasitic and immunomodulatory activity against the different phases of schistosomiasis, reducing the granulomatous inflammatory profile caused by the infection and, consequently, improving the disease prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Gustavo Mendes Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Centre for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão, CEP: 65.055-970, São Luís, MA, Brazil.
| | - Paula Sibelly Veras Albuquerque
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Centre for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão, CEP: 65.055-970, São Luís, MA, Brazil.
| | - Johnny R Nascimento
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Centre for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão, CEP: 65.055-970, São Luís, MA, Brazil.
| | - Jaianna Andressa Viana Campos
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Centre for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão, CEP: 65.055-970, São Luís, MA, Brazil.
| | - Andressa S S Godinho
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Centre for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão, CEP: 65.055-970, São Luís, MA, Brazil.
| | - Sulayne Janayna Araújo
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Centre for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão, CEP: 65.055-970, São Luís, MA, Brazil.
| | - Jefferson Mesquita Brito
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Centre for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão, CEP: 65.055-970, São Luís, MA, Brazil.
| | - Caroline M Jesus
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Centre for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão, CEP: 65.055-970, São Luís, MA, Brazil.
| | - Guilherme Silva Miranda
- Laboratory of Immunohelmintology, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, CEP: 31.270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Laboratory of Biology, Department of Education, Federal Institute of Education, CEP: 65.840-000, São Raimundo Das Mangabeiras, MA, Brazil.
| | - Michelle C Rezende
- Laboratory of Immunohelmintology, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, CEP: 31.270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Deborah Aparecida Negrão-Corrêa
- Laboratory of Immunohelmintology, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, CEP: 31.270-901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Cláudia Q Rocha
- Laboratory of Natural Products Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Maranhão, CEP: 65.055-970, São Luís, MA, Brazil.
| | - Lucilene Amorim Silva
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Centre for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão, CEP: 65.055-970, São Luís, MA, Brazil.
| | - Rosane N M Guerra
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Centre for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão, CEP: 65.055-970, São Luís, MA, Brazil.
| | - Flávia R F Nascimento
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Centre for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão, CEP: 65.055-970, São Luís, MA, Brazil.
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Velázquez-Domínguez JA, Hernández-Ramírez VI, Calzada F, Varela-Rodríguez L, Pichardo-Hernández DL, Bautista E, Herrera-Martínez M, Castellanos-Mijangos RD, Matus-Meza AS, Chávez-Munguía B, Talamás-Rohana P. Linearolactone and Kaempferol Disrupt the Actin Cytoskeleton in Entamoeba histolytica: Inhibition of Amoebic Liver Abscess Development. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2020; 83:3671-3680. [PMID: 33231455 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.0c00892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Linearolactone (1) and kaempferol (2) have amebicidal activity in in vitro studies. The type of cell death induced by 1 and 2 and their effects on the virulence of E. histolytica were analyzed by transmission and confocal electron microscopy, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and apoptosis, detected by flow cytometry with dichlorofluorescein 2',7'-diacetate and annexin-V binding, respectively, and confirmed by TUNEL. The interaction of 1 and 2 with actin was analyzed by docking, and the in vivo amoebicidal activity was established with the Mesocricetus auratus model; amebic liver abscess (ALA) development was evaluated by magnetic resonance (MR) and validated post mortem. In vitro, compounds 1 and 2 caused chromatin condensation, intracellular ROS, and loss of actin structures. Coupling analysis showed that they bind to the allosteric and catalytic sites of actin with binding energies of -11.30 and -8.45 kcal/mol, respectively. Treatments with 1 and 2 induced a decrease in ALA formation without toxic effects on the liver and kidney. Thus, compound 1, but not 2, was able to induce apoptosis-like effects in E. histolytica trophozoites by intracellular production of ROS that affected the actin cytoskeleton structuration. In vivo, compound 1 was more active than compound 2 to reduce the development of ALA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fernando Calzada
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Farmacología, UMAE Hospital de Especialidades, CMN-Siglo XXI, Av. Cuauhtémoc 330, Col. Doctores, 06720, CDMX, México
| | - Luis Varela-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, CINVESTAV-IPN, Av. IPN 2508, San Pedro Zacatenco, 07360, CDMX, México
| | - Diana L Pichardo-Hernández
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, CINVESTAV-IPN, Av. IPN 2508, San Pedro Zacatenco, 07360, CDMX, México
| | - Elihú Bautista
- Unidad de Ciencias Ambientales, IPICYT, Camino a la Presa San José, No. 2055, Lomas 4a. Sección, 78216, San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., México
| | - Mayra Herrera-Martínez
- Instituto de Farmacobiología, Universidad de la Cañada, Carretera Teotitlán San Antonio Nanahuatipán Km 1.7 s/n. Paraje Titlacuatitla, 68540, Teotitlán de Flores Magón, Oax., México
| | - Rodrigo D Castellanos-Mijangos
- Servicio de Imagenología Diagnóstica, Centro Médico ISSEMyM "Arturo Montiel Rojas", Av. Baja Velocidad No. 284, Carretera México-Toluca Km. 57.5, San Jerónimo Chicahualco, 52170, Metepec, Edo. Méx., México
| | - Audifas Salvador Matus-Meza
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Mexico City, CDMX, México
| | - Bibiana Chávez-Munguía
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, CINVESTAV-IPN, Av. IPN 2508, San Pedro Zacatenco, 07360, CDMX, México
| | - Patricia Talamás-Rohana
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, CINVESTAV-IPN, Av. IPN 2508, San Pedro Zacatenco, 07360, CDMX, México
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19
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Elazab ST, Soliman AF, Nishikawa Y. Effect of some plant extracts from Egyptian herbal plants against Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites in vitro. J Vet Med Sci 2020; 83:100-107. [PMID: 33268605 PMCID: PMC7870401 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.20-0458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, herbal extracts are considered to be a potential source for developing new drugs that will overcome resistance to conventional chemotherapeutic agents.
This study was aimed to explore the efficacy of several Egyptian plant extracts against Toxoplasma gondii infection in vitro for
future development of a new, safe, and effective compound for T. gondii. Methanol extracts from Matricaria chamomilla
(German chamomile), Laurus nobilis, Citrullus colocynthis, Cinnamum camphora, Boswellia
scara, and Melissa officionalis plants and oil extracts (either essential or fixed oils) of some plants such as: lemon grass
(Cymbopogon citratus), marjoram (Origanum majorana), watercress (Nasturtium officionale), wheat germ
(Triticum aestivum), sesame (Sesamum indicum), rosemary (Salvia rosmarinus), citronella (Cymbopogon
nardus), clove (Syzygum aromaticum), jojoba (Simmondsia chinesis), and basil (Ocimum basilicum) were investigated for
their anti-Toxoplasma activities. The methanol extracts from C. colocynthis and L. nobilis and the oil extracts
from lemon grass and marjoram were active against T. gondii with half maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of 22.86 µg/ml, 31.35
µg/ml, 4.6 µg/ml, and 26.24 µg/ml, respectively. Their selectivity index (SI) values were <10. Interestingly, the methanol extract from M.
chamomilla and oil from citronella had the lowest IC50 values for T. gondii (3.56 µg/ml and 2.54 µg/ml, respectively) and the
highest SI values (130.33 and 15.02, respectively). In conclusion, methanol extract from M. chamomilla and oil from citronella might be potential
sources of novel therapies for treating toxoplasmosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara T Elazab
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, El-Mansoura 35516, Egypt.,National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Amal F Soliman
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Yoshifumi Nishikawa
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
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20
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Quintanilla-Licea R, Vargas-Villarreal J, Verde-Star MJ, Rivas-Galindo VM, Torres-Hernández ÁD. Antiprotozoal Activity against Entamoeba histolytica of Flavonoids Isolated from Lippia graveolens Kunth. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25112464. [PMID: 32466359 PMCID: PMC7321152 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25112464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Amebiasis caused by Entamoeba histolytica is nowadays a serious public health problem worldwide, especially in developing countries. Annually, up to 100,000 deaths occur across the world. Due to the resistance that pathogenic protozoa exhibit against commercial antiprotozoal drugs, a growing emphasis has been placed on plants used in traditional medicine to discover new antiparasitics. Previously, we reported the in vitro antiamoebic activity of a methanolic extract of Lippia graveolens Kunth (Mexican oregano). In this study, we outline the isolation and structure elucidation of antiamoebic compounds occurring in this plant. The subsequent work-up of this methanol extract by bioguided isolation using several chromatographic techniques yielded the flavonoids pinocembrin (1), sakuranetin (2), cirsimaritin (3), and naringenin (4). Structural elucidation of the isolated compounds was achieved by spectroscopic/spectrometric analyses and comparing literature data. These compounds revealed significant antiprotozoal activity against E. histolytica trophozoites using in vitro tests, showing a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) ranging from 28 to 154 µg/mL. Amebicide activity of sakuranetin and cirsimaritin is reported for the first time in this study. These research data may help to corroborate the use of this plant in traditional Mexican medicine for the treatment of dyspepsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramiro Quintanilla-Licea
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León (UANL), Av. Universidad S/N, Cd. Universitaria, San Nicolás de los Garza, C.P. 66455 Nuevo León, Mexico; (M.J.V.-S.); (Á.D.T.-H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-81-83763668
| | - Javier Vargas-Villarreal
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Biología Celular, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas del Noreste (CIBIN), Dos de abril esquina con San Luis Potosí, C.P. 64720 Monterrey, Mexico;
| | - María Julia Verde-Star
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León (UANL), Av. Universidad S/N, Cd. Universitaria, San Nicolás de los Garza, C.P. 66455 Nuevo León, Mexico; (M.J.V.-S.); (Á.D.T.-H.)
| | - Verónica Mayela Rivas-Galindo
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León (UANL), Madero y Aguirre Pequeño, Mitras Centro, Monterrey, C.P. 64460 Nuevo León, Mexico;
| | - Ángel David Torres-Hernández
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León (UANL), Av. Universidad S/N, Cd. Universitaria, San Nicolás de los Garza, C.P. 66455 Nuevo León, Mexico; (M.J.V.-S.); (Á.D.T.-H.)
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Anwar A, Ting ELS, Anwar A, Ain NU, Faizi S, Shah MR, Khan NA, Siddiqui R. Antiamoebic activity of plant-based natural products and their conjugated silver nanoparticles against Acanthamoeba castellanii (ATCC 50492). AMB Express 2020; 10:24. [PMID: 32016777 PMCID: PMC6997323 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-020-0960-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Acanthamoeba spp. are the causative agent of Acanthamoeba keratitis and granulomatous amoebic encephalitis (GAE). The current options to treat Acanthamoeba infections have limited success. Silver nanoparticles show antimicrobial effects and enhance the efficacy of their payload at the specific biological targets. Natural folk plants have been widely used for treating diseases as the phytochemicals from several plants have been shown to exhibit amoebicidal effects. Herein, we used natural products of plant or commercial sources including quercetin (QT), kolavenic acid (PGEA) isolated from plant extracts of Polyalthia longifolia var pendula and crude plant methanolic extract of Caesalpinia pulcherrima (CPFLM) as antiacanthamoebic agents. Furthermore, these plant-based materials were conjugated with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) to determine the effects of the natural compounds and their nanoconjugates against a clinical isolate of A. castellanii from a keratitis patient (ATCC 50492) belonging to the T4 genotype. The compounds were conjugated with AgNPs and characterized by using ultraviolet visible spectrophotometry and atomic force microscopy. Quercetin coated silver nanoparticles (QT-AgNPs) showed characteristic surface plasmon resonance band at 443 nm and the average size distribution was found to be around 45 nm. The natural compounds alone and their nanoconjugates were tested for the viability of amoebae, encystation and excystation activity against A. castellanii. The natural compounds showed significant growth inhibition of A. castellanii while QT-AgNPs specifically exhibited enhanced antiamoebic effects as well as interrupted the encystation and excystation activity of the amoebae. Interestingly, these compounds and nanoconjugates did not exhibit in vitro cytotoxic effects against human cells. Plant-based compounds and extracts could be an interesting strategy in development of alternative therapeutics against Acanthamoeba infections.
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22
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Hypericum erectum alcoholic extract inhibits Toxoplasma growth and Entamoeba encystation: an exploratory study on the anti-protozoan potential. J Nat Med 2019; 74:294-305. [DOI: 10.1007/s11418-019-01369-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Prevalence and Genetic Identification of Three Entamoeba Species in Pigs in Southeastern China. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:2824017. [PMID: 31781607 PMCID: PMC6875202 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2824017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Parasitic Entamoeba spp. can infect many classes of vertebrates including humans and pigs. Entamoeba suis and zoonotic Entamoeba polecki have been identified in pigs, and swine are implicated as potential reservoirs for Entamoeba histolytica. However, the prevalence of Entamoeba spp. in pigs in southeastern China has not been reported. In this study, 668 fecal samples collected from 6 different regions in Fujian Province, southeastern China, were analyzed to identify three Entamoeba species by nested PCR and sequencing analysis. The overall prevalence of Entamoeba spp. was 55.4% (370/668; 95% CI 51.6% to 59.2%), and the infection rate of E. polecki ST1 was the highest (302/668; 45.2%, 95% CI 41.4% to 49.0%), followed by E. polecki ST3 (228/668; 34.1%, 95% CI 30.5% to 37.7%) and E. suis (87/668; 13.0%, 95% CI 10.5% to 15.6%). E. histolytica was not detected in any samples. Moreover, the coinfection rate of E. polecki ST1 and ST3 was 25.1% (168/668; 95% CI 21.9% to 28.4%), the coinfection rate of E. polecki ST1 and E. suis was 3.7% (25/668; 95% CI 2.3% to 5.2%), the coinfection rate of E. polecki ST3 and E. suis was 0.3% (2/668), and the coinfection rate of E. polecki ST1, E. polecki ST3, and E. suis was 4.0% (27/668; 95% CI 2.5% to 5.5%). A representative sequence (MK347346) was identical to the sequence of E. suis (DQ286372). Two subtype-specific sequences (MK357717 and MK347347) were almost identical to the sequences of E. polecki ST1 (FR686383) and ST3 (AJ566411), respectively. This is the first study to survey the occurrence and to conduct molecular identification of three Entamoeba species in southeastern China. This is the first report regarding mixed infections with E. suis, E. polecki ST1, and E. polecki ST3 in China. More research studies are needed to better understand the transmission and zoonotic potential of Entamoeba spp.
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24
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Miao J, Chard LS, Wang Z, Wang Y. Syrian Hamster as an Animal Model for the Study on Infectious Diseases. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2329. [PMID: 31632404 PMCID: PMC6781508 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases still remain one of the biggest challenges for human health. In order to gain a better understanding of the pathogenesis of infectious diseases and develop effective diagnostic tools, therapeutic agents, and preventive vaccines, a suitable animal model which can represent the characteristics of infectious is required. The Syrian hamster immune responses to infectious pathogens are similar to humans and as such, this model is advantageous for studying pathogenesis of infection including post-bacterial, viral and parasitic pathogens, along with assessing the efficacy and interactions of medications and vaccines for those pathogens. This review summarizes the current status of Syrian hamster models and their use for understanding the underlying mechanisms of pathogen infection, in addition to their use as a drug discovery platform and provides a strong rationale for the selection of Syrian hamster as animal models in biomedical research. The challenges of using Syrian hamster as an alternative animal model for the research of infectious diseases are also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxin Miao
- Department of Science and Technology, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China.,Sino-British Research Center for Molecular Oncology, National Center for the International Research in Cell and Gene Therapy, School of Basic Sciences, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Louisa S Chard
- Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Zhimin Wang
- Sino-British Research Center for Molecular Oncology, National Center for the International Research in Cell and Gene Therapy, School of Basic Sciences, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yaohe Wang
- Sino-British Research Center for Molecular Oncology, National Center for the International Research in Cell and Gene Therapy, School of Basic Sciences, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Centre for Molecular Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
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25
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Nagaraja S, Ankri S. Target identification and intervention strategies against amebiasis. Drug Resist Updat 2019; 44:1-14. [PMID: 31112766 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Entamoeba histolytica is the etiological agent of amebiasis, which is an endemic parasitic disease in developing countries and is the cause of approximately 70,000 deaths annually. E. histolytica trophozoites usually reside in the colon as a non-pathogenic commensal in most infected individuals (90% of infected individuals are asymptomatic). For unknown reasons, these trophozoites can become virulent and invasive, cause amebic dysentery, and migrate to the liver where they cause hepatocellular damage. Amebiasis is usually treated either by amebicides which are classified as (a) luminal and are active against the luminal forms of the parasite, (b) tissue and are effective against those parasites that have invaded tissues, and (c) mixed and are effective against the luminal forms of the parasite and those forms which invaded the host's tissues. Of the amebicides, the luminal amebicide, metronidazole (MTZ), is the most widely used drug to treat amebiasis. Although well tolerated, concerns about its adverse effects and the possible emergence of MTZ-resistant strains of E. histolytica have led to the development of new therapeutic strategies against amebiasis. These strategies include improving the potency of existing amebicides, discovering new uses for approved drugs (repurposing of existing drugs), drug rediscovery, vaccination, drug targeting of essential E. histolytica components, and the use of probiotics and bioactive natural products. This review examines each of these strategies in the light of the current knowledge on the gut microbiota of patients with amebiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Nagaraja
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Serge Ankri
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
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26
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Yan T, He B, Xu M, Wu B, Xiao F, Bi K, Jia Y. Kaempferide prevents cognitive decline via attenuation of oxidative stress and enhancement of brain‐derived neurotrophic factor/tropomyosin receptor kinase B/cAMP response element‐binding signaling pathway. Phytother Res 2019; 33:1065-1073. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tingxu Yan
- School of Functional Food and WineShenyang Pharmaceutical University Shenyang China
| | - Bosai He
- School of Functional Food and WineShenyang Pharmaceutical University Shenyang China
| | - Mengjie Xu
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia MedicaShenyang Pharmaceutical University Shenyang China
| | - Bo Wu
- School of Functional Food and WineShenyang Pharmaceutical University Shenyang China
| | - Feng Xiao
- School of Functional Food and WineShenyang Pharmaceutical University Shenyang China
| | - Kaishun Bi
- School of PharmacyShenyang Pharmaceutical University Shenyang China
| | - Ying Jia
- School of Functional Food and WineShenyang Pharmaceutical University Shenyang China
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