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Cho T, Wierk A, Gertsenstein M, Rodgers CE, Uetrecht J, Henderson JT. The development and characterization of a CRISPR/Cas9-mediated PD-1 functional knockout rat as a tool to study idiosyncratic drug reactions. Toxicol Sci 2024; 198:233-245. [PMID: 38230816 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfae003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Idiosyncratic drug reactions are rare but serious adverse drug reactions unrelated to the known therapeutic properties of the drug and manifest in only a small percentage of the treated population. Animal models play an important role in advancing mechanistic studies examining idiosyncratic drug reactions. However, to be useful, they must possess similarities to those seen clinically. Although mice currently represent the dominant mammalian genetic model, rats are advantageous in many areas of pharmacologic study where their physiology can be examined in greater detail and is more akin to that seen in humans. In the area of immunology, this includes autoimmune responses and susceptibility to diabetes, in which rats more accurately mimic disease states in humans compared with mice. For example, oral nevirapine treatment can induce an immune-mediated skin rash in humans and rats, but not in mice due to the absence of the sulfotransferase required to form reactive metabolites of nevirapine within the skin. Using CRISPR-mediated gene editing, we developed a modified line of transgenic rats in which a segment of IgG-like ectodomain containing the core PD-1 interaction motif containing the native ligand and therapeutic antibody domain in exon 2 was deleted. Removal of this region critical for mediating PD-1/PD-L1 interactions resulted in animals with an increased immune response resulting in liver injury when treated with amodiaquine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Cho
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Antonia Wierk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Marina Gertsenstein
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Christopher E Rodgers
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Jack Uetrecht
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Jeffrey T Henderson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada
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Zmrhal V, Svoradova A, Venusova E, Slama P. The Influence of Heat Stress on Chicken Immune System and Mitigation of Negative Impacts by Baicalin and Baicalein. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2564. [PMID: 37627355 PMCID: PMC10451628 DOI: 10.3390/ani13162564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Heat stress (HS) in poultry husbandry is an important stressor and with increasing global temperatures its importance will increase. The negative effects of stress on the quality and quantity of poultry production are described in a range of research studies. However, a lack of attention is devoted to the impacts of HS on individual chicken immune cells and whole lymphoid tissue in birds. Oxidative stress and increased inflammation are accompanying processes of HS, but with deleterious effects on the whole organism. They play a key role in the inflammation and oxidative stress of the chicken immune system. There are a range of strategies that can help mitigate the adverse effects of HS in poultry. Phytochemicals are well studied and some of them report promising results to mitigate oxidative stress and inflammation, a major consequence of HS. Current studies revealed that mitigating these two main impacts of HS will be a key factor in solving the problem of increasing temperatures in poultry production. Improved function of the chicken immune system is another benefit of using phytochemicals in poultry due to the importance of poultry health management in today's post pandemic world. Based on the current literature, baicalin and baicalein have proven to have strong anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects in mammalian and avian models. Taken together, this review is dedicated to collecting the literature about the known effects of HS on chicken immune cells and lymphoid tissue. The second part of the review is dedicated to the potential use of baicalin and baicalein in poultry to mitigate the negative impacts of HS on poultry production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Zmrhal
- Laboratory of Animal Immunology and Biotechnology, Department of Animal Morphology, Physiology and Genetics, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (V.Z.); (A.S.); (E.V.)
| | - Andrea Svoradova
- Laboratory of Animal Immunology and Biotechnology, Department of Animal Morphology, Physiology and Genetics, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (V.Z.); (A.S.); (E.V.)
- NPPC, Research Institute for Animal Production in Nitra, 951 41 Luzianky, Slovakia
| | - Eva Venusova
- Laboratory of Animal Immunology and Biotechnology, Department of Animal Morphology, Physiology and Genetics, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (V.Z.); (A.S.); (E.V.)
| | - Petr Slama
- Laboratory of Animal Immunology and Biotechnology, Department of Animal Morphology, Physiology and Genetics, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (V.Z.); (A.S.); (E.V.)
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Kamble N, Gurung A, Kaufer BB, Pathan AA, Behboudi S. Marek's Disease Virus Modulates T Cell Proliferation via Activation of Cyclooxygenase 2-Dependent Prostaglandin E2. Front Immunol 2022; 12:801781. [PMID: 35003129 PMCID: PMC8727754 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.801781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Marek’s disease virus (MDV), an avian alphaherpesvirus, infects chickens, transforms CD4+ T cells, and induces immunosuppression early during infection. However, the exact mechanisms involved in MDV-induced immunosuppression are yet to be identified. Here, our results demonstrate that MDV infection in vitro and in vivo induces activation of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). This exerts its inhibitory effects on T cell proliferation at day 21 post infection via PGE2 receptor 2 (EP2) and receptor 4 (EP4). Impairment of the MDV-induced T cell proliferation was associated with downregulation of IL-2 and transferrin uptake in a COX-2/PGE2 dependent manner in vitro. Interestingly, oral administration of a COX-2 inhibitor, meloxicam, during MDV infection inhibited COX-2 activation and rescued T cell proliferation at day 21 post infection. Taken together, our results reveal a novel mechanism that contributes to immunosuppression in the MDV-infected chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Angila Gurung
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom.,Department of Life Sciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ansar Ahmed Pathan
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Shahriar Behboudi
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom.,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
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Garcia P, Wang Y, Viallet J, Macek Jilkova Z. The Chicken Embryo Model: A Novel and Relevant Model for Immune-Based Studies. Front Immunol 2021; 12:791081. [PMID: 34868080 PMCID: PMC8640176 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.791081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of the immune system is associated with many pathologies, including cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and cancer. To date, the most commonly used models in biomedical research are rodents, and despite the various advantages they offer, their use also raises numerous drawbacks. Recently, another in vivo model, the chicken embryo and its chorioallantoic membrane, has re-emerged for various applications. This model has many benefits compared to other classical models, as it is cost-effective, time-efficient, and easier to use. In this review, we explain how the chicken embryo can be used as a model for immune-based studies, as it gradually develops an embryonic immune system, yet which is functionally similar to humans'. We mainly aim to describe the avian immune system, highlighting the differences and similarities with the human immune system, including the repertoire of lymphoid tissues, immune cells, and other key features. We also describe the general in ovo immune ontogeny. In conclusion, we expect that this review will help future studies better tailor their use of the chicken embryo model for testing specific experimental hypotheses or performing preclinical testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Garcia
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
- R&D Department, Inovotion, La Tronche, France
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Research Center Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)/Inserm U 1209/CNRS 5309, La Tronche, France
| | - Yan Wang
- R&D Department, Inovotion, La Tronche, France
| | | | - Zuzana Macek Jilkova
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Research Center Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)/Inserm U 1209/CNRS 5309, La Tronche, France
- Service d’Hépato-Gastroentérologie, Pôle Digidune, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire (USA) Grenoble Alpes, La Tronche, France
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Bailly C, Thuru X, Quesnel B. Soluble Programmed Death Ligand-1 (sPD-L1): A Pool of Circulating Proteins Implicated in Health and Diseases. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:3034. [PMID: 34204509 PMCID: PMC8233757 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13123034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon T-cell receptor stimulation, the Programmed cell Death-1 receptor (PD-1) expressed on T-cells can interact with its ligand PD-L1 expressed at the surface of cancer cells or antigen-presenting cells. Monoclonal antibodies targeting PD-1 or PD-L1 are routinely used for the treatment of cancers, but their clinical efficacy varies largely across the variety of tumor types. A part of the variability is linked to the existence of several forms of PD-L1, either expressed on the plasma membrane (mPD-L1), at the surface of secreted cellular exosomes (exoPD-L1), in cell nuclei (nPD-L1), or as a circulating, soluble protein (sPD-L1). Here, we have reviewed the different origins and roles of sPD-L1 in humans to highlight the biochemical and functional heterogeneity of the soluble protein. sPD-L1 isoforms can be generated essentially by two non-exclusive processes: (i) proteolysis of m/exoPD-L1 by metalloproteases, such as metalloproteinases (MMP) and A disintegrin and metalloproteases (ADAM), which are capable of shedding membrane PD-L1 to release an active soluble form, and (ii) the alternative splicing of PD-L1 pre-mRNA, leading in some cases to the release of sPD-L1 protein isoforms lacking the transmembrane domain. The expression and secretion of sPD-L1 have been observed in a large variety of pathologies, well beyond cancer, notably in different pulmonary diseases, chronic inflammatory and autoimmune disorders, and viral diseases. The expression and role of sPD-L1 during pregnancy are also evoked. The structural heterogeneity of sPD-L1 proteins, and associated functional/cellular plurality, should be kept in mind when considering sPD-L1 as a biomarker or as a drug target. The membrane, exosomal and soluble forms of PD-L1 are all integral parts of the highly dynamic PD-1/PD-L1 signaling pathway, essential for immune-tolerance or immune-escape.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xavier Thuru
- Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, UMR9020-UMR1277-Canther-Cancer Heterogeneity, CHU Lille, Inserm, CNRS, University of Lille, 59000 Lille, France; (X.T.); (B.Q.)
| | - Bruno Quesnel
- Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, UMR9020-UMR1277-Canther-Cancer Heterogeneity, CHU Lille, Inserm, CNRS, University of Lille, 59000 Lille, France; (X.T.); (B.Q.)
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Shi MY, Li M, Wang WW, Deng QM, Li QH, Gao YL, Wang PK, Huang T, Wei P. The Emergence of a vv + MDV Can Break through the Protections Provided by the Current Vaccines. Viruses 2020; 12:v12091048. [PMID: 32962247 PMCID: PMC7551601 DOI: 10.3390/v12091048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Marek’s disease (MD) is an infectious malignant T-cell lymphoma proliferative disease caused by Marek’s disease virus (MDV). In recent years, the emergence of very virulent (vv) and/or very virulent plus (vv +) strains of MDV in the field has been suggested as one of the causes of vaccination failure. The pathogenicity of the MDV strain GX18NNM4, isolated from a clinical outbreak in a broiler breeder flock that was vaccinated with CVI988/Rispens, was investigated. In the vaccination-challenge test, GX18NNM4 was able to break through the protections provided by the vaccines CVI988 and 814. It also significantly reduced body weight gain and caused marked gross lesions and a large area of infiltration of neoplastic lymphocyte cells in the heart, liver, pancreas, etc. of the infected birds. In addition, the expressions of programmed death 1 (PD-1) and its ligand, programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1), in the spleens and cecal tonsils (CTs) of the unvaccinated challenged birds were significantly increased compared to those in the vaccinated challenged birds, indicating that the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway is related to immune evasion mechanisms. The results showed that the GX18NNM4 strain could cause severe immunosuppression and significantly decrease the protections provided by the current commercial vaccines, thus showing GX18NNM4 to be a vv + MDV strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-ya Shi
- Institute for Poultry Science and Health, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (M.-y.S.); (M.L.); (W.-w.W.); (Q.-m.D.); (Q.-h.L.); (Y.-l.G.); (T.H.)
| | - Min Li
- Institute for Poultry Science and Health, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (M.-y.S.); (M.L.); (W.-w.W.); (Q.-m.D.); (Q.-h.L.); (Y.-l.G.); (T.H.)
| | - Wei-wei Wang
- Institute for Poultry Science and Health, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (M.-y.S.); (M.L.); (W.-w.W.); (Q.-m.D.); (Q.-h.L.); (Y.-l.G.); (T.H.)
| | - Qiao-mu Deng
- Institute for Poultry Science and Health, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (M.-y.S.); (M.L.); (W.-w.W.); (Q.-m.D.); (Q.-h.L.); (Y.-l.G.); (T.H.)
| | - Qiu-hong Li
- Institute for Poultry Science and Health, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (M.-y.S.); (M.L.); (W.-w.W.); (Q.-m.D.); (Q.-h.L.); (Y.-l.G.); (T.H.)
| | - Yan-li Gao
- Institute for Poultry Science and Health, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (M.-y.S.); (M.L.); (W.-w.W.); (Q.-m.D.); (Q.-h.L.); (Y.-l.G.); (T.H.)
| | - Pei-kun Wang
- Institute of Microbe and Host Health, Linyi University, Linyi 276005, China;
| | - Teng Huang
- Institute for Poultry Science and Health, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (M.-y.S.); (M.L.); (W.-w.W.); (Q.-m.D.); (Q.-h.L.); (Y.-l.G.); (T.H.)
| | - Ping Wei
- Institute for Poultry Science and Health, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; (M.-y.S.); (M.L.); (W.-w.W.); (Q.-m.D.); (Q.-h.L.); (Y.-l.G.); (T.H.)
- Correspondence:
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