1
|
Cho T, Wierk A, Gertsenstein M, Rodgers CE, Uetrecht J, Henderson JT. The development and characterization of a CRISPR/Cas9-mediated PD-1 functional knockout rat as a tool to study idiosyncratic drug reactions. Toxicol Sci 2024; 198:233-245. [PMID: 38230816 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfae003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Idiosyncratic drug reactions are rare but serious adverse drug reactions unrelated to the known therapeutic properties of the drug and manifest in only a small percentage of the treated population. Animal models play an important role in advancing mechanistic studies examining idiosyncratic drug reactions. However, to be useful, they must possess similarities to those seen clinically. Although mice currently represent the dominant mammalian genetic model, rats are advantageous in many areas of pharmacologic study where their physiology can be examined in greater detail and is more akin to that seen in humans. In the area of immunology, this includes autoimmune responses and susceptibility to diabetes, in which rats more accurately mimic disease states in humans compared with mice. For example, oral nevirapine treatment can induce an immune-mediated skin rash in humans and rats, but not in mice due to the absence of the sulfotransferase required to form reactive metabolites of nevirapine within the skin. Using CRISPR-mediated gene editing, we developed a modified line of transgenic rats in which a segment of IgG-like ectodomain containing the core PD-1 interaction motif containing the native ligand and therapeutic antibody domain in exon 2 was deleted. Removal of this region critical for mediating PD-1/PD-L1 interactions resulted in animals with an increased immune response resulting in liver injury when treated with amodiaquine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Cho
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Antonia Wierk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Marina Gertsenstein
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Christopher E Rodgers
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Jack Uetrecht
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Jeffrey T Henderson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Abstract
Knockout mice are used extensively to explore the phenotypic effects of mammalian gene dysfunction. With the application of RNA-guided Cas9 nuclease technology for the production of knockout mouse lines, the time, as well as the resources needed, to progress from identification of a gene of interest to production of a knockout line is significantly reduced. Here we present our standard methodology to produce knockout mouse lines by the electroporation of Cas9 ribonucleoprotein (RNP) into mouse zygotes. Using this protocol, we have obtained an 80% success rate in the generation of founders for null alleles with a subsequent 93% germline transmission rate. These methods rely on equipment already present in the majority of transgenic facilities and should be straightforward to implement where appropriate embryo handling expertise exists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lauryl M J Nutter
- The Centre for Phenogenomics, Toronto M5T 3H7, Canada; The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto M5G 1X8, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Birling MC, Yoshiki A, Adams DJ, Ayabe S, Beaudet AL, Bottomley J, Bradley A, Brown SDM, Bürger A, Bushell W, Chiani F, Chin HJG, Christou S, Codner GF, DeMayo FJ, Dickinson ME, Doe B, Donahue LR, Fray MD, Gambadoro A, Gao X, Gertsenstein M, Gomez-Segura A, Goodwin LO, Heaney JD, Hérault Y, de Angelis MH, Jiang ST, Justice MJ, Kasparek P, King RE, Kühn R, Lee H, Lee YJ, Liu Z, Lloyd KCK, Lorenzo I, Mallon AM, McKerlie C, Meehan TF, Fuentes VM, Newman S, Nutter LMJ, Oh GT, Pavlovic G, Ramirez-Solis R, Rosen B, Ryder EJ, Santos LA, Schick J, Seavitt JR, Sedlacek R, Seisenberger C, Seong JK, Skarnes WC, Sorg T, Steel KP, Tamura M, Tocchini-Valentini GP, Wang CKL, Wardle-Jones H, Wattenhofer-Donzé M, Wells S, Wiles MV, Willis BJ, Wood JA, Wurst W, Xu Y, Teboul L, Murray SA. A resource of targeted mutant mouse lines for 5,061 genes. Nat Genet 2021; 53:416-419. [PMID: 33833456 PMCID: PMC8397259 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-021-00825-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Shinya Ayabe
- RIKEN BioResource Research Center, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Arthur L Beaudet
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Luna Genetics, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Allan Bradley
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease (CITIID), Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Antje Bürger
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Wendy Bushell
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
- IONTAS, Cambridge, UK
| | - Francesco Chiani
- Monterotondo Mouse Clinic, Italian National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Monterotondo Scalo, Italy
| | - Hsian-Jean Genie Chin
- National Laboratory Animal Center, National Applied Research Laboratories (NARLabs), Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | | | - Francesco J DeMayo
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- National Institute for Environmental Health Science Research, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Alessia Gambadoro
- Monterotondo Mouse Clinic, Italian National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Monterotondo Scalo, Italy
| | - Xiang Gao
- SKL of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Model Animal Research Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, Nanjing Biomedical Research Institute, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | | | - Alba Gomez-Segura
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Hinxton, UK
| | | | | | - Yann Hérault
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, INSERM, PHENOMIN-ICS, IGBMC, Illkirch, France
| | - Martin Hrabe de Angelis
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Experimental Genetics, Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Si-Tse Jiang
- National Laboratory Animal Center, National Applied Research Laboratories (NARLabs), Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Monica J Justice
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Centre for Phenogenomics, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Petr Kasparek
- Czech Centre for Phenogenomics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | | | - Ralf Kühn
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ho Lee
- Korea Mouse Phenotyping Center (KMPC) and Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Jae Lee
- Korea Mouse Phenotyping Center (KMPC) and Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Zhiwei Liu
- CAM-SU Genomic Resource Center, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - K C Kent Lloyd
- Mouse Biology Program, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Colin McKerlie
- Centre for Phenogenomics, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Terrence F Meehan
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Hinxton, UK
- Kymab Group, Cambridge, UK
| | - Violeta Munoz Fuentes
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Hinxton, UK
| | - Stuart Newman
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
- PetMedix, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lauryl M J Nutter
- Centre for Phenogenomics, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Goo Taeg Oh
- Immune and Vascular Cell Network Research Center, National Creative Initiatives and Department of Life Sciences, Ewha Womans Univesity, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Guillaume Pavlovic
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, INSERM, PHENOMIN-ICS, IGBMC, Illkirch, France
| | | | - Barry Rosen
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
- AstraZeneca, Discovery Sciences, Cambridge, UK
| | - Edward J Ryder
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
- LGC, Sport and Specialised Analytical Services, Fordham, UK
| | - Luis A Santos
- MRC Harwell Institute, Mammalian Genetics Unit, Didcot, UK
| | - Joel Schick
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Genetics and Cellular Engineering Group, Institute of Molecular Toxicology and Pharmacology, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | - Radislav Sedlacek
- Czech Centre for Phenogenomics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Claudia Seisenberger
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Je Kyung Seong
- Korea Mouse Phenotyping Center (KMPC) and BK21 Program for Veterinary Science, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - William C Skarnes
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Tania Sorg
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, INSERM, PHENOMIN-ICS, IGBMC, Illkirch, France
| | - Karen P Steel
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - Glauco P Tocchini-Valentini
- Monterotondo Mouse Clinic, Italian National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Monterotondo Scalo, Italy
| | - Chi-Kuang Leo Wang
- National Laboratory Animal Center, National Applied Research Laboratories (NARLabs), Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | | | - Sara Wells
- MRC Harwell Institute, Mary Lyon Centre, Didcot, UK
| | | | - Brandon J Willis
- Mouse Biology Program, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Joshua A Wood
- Mouse Biology Program, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Wolfgang Wurst
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Developmental Genetics, Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Munich, Germany
| | - Ying Xu
- CAM-SU Genomic Resource Center, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Lydia Teboul
- MRC Harwell Institute, Mary Lyon Centre, Didcot, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Gu B, Posfai E, Gertsenstein M, Rossant J. Efficient Generation of Large‐Fragment Knock‐In Mouse Models Using 2‐Cell (2C)‐Homologous Recombination (HR)‐CRISPR. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 10:e67. [DOI: 10.1002/cpmo.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Gu
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and LearningHospital for Sick Children Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Eszter Posfai
- Department of Molecular BiologyPrinceton University Princeton New Jersey
| | | | - Janet Rossant
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and LearningHospital for Sick Children Toronto Ontario Canada
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
Large fragment knock-in mouse models such as reporters and conditional mutant mice are important models for biological research. Here we describe 2-cell (2C)-homologous recombination (HR)-CRISPR, a highly efficient method to generate large fragment knock-in mouse models by CRISPR-based genome engineering. Using this method, knock-in founders can be generated routinely in a time frame of about two months with high germline transmission efficiency. 2C-HR-CRISPR will significantly promote the advancement of basic and translational research using genetic mouse models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Gu
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | | | - Eszter Posfai
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Gertsenstein M, Mianné J, Teboul L, Nutter LMJ. Targeted Mutations in the Mouse via Embryonic Stem Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2066:59-82. [PMID: 31512207 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9837-1_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Genetic modification of mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells is a powerful technology that enabled the generation of a plethora of mutant mouse lines to study gene function and mammalian biology. Here we describe ES cell culture and transfection techniques used to manipulate the ES cell genome to obtain targeted ES cell clones. We include the standard gene targeting approach as well as the application of the CRISPR/Cas9 system that can improve the efficiency of homologous recombination in ES cells by introducing a double-strand DNA break at the target site.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Joffrey Mianné
- The Mary Lyon Centre, MRC Harwell Institute, Didcot, Oxon, UK
| | - Lydia Teboul
- The Mary Lyon Centre, MRC Harwell Institute, Didcot, Oxon, UK
| | - Lauryl M J Nutter
- The Centre for Phenogenomics (TCP), Toronto, ON, Canada
- Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Behringer R, Gertsenstein M, Nagy KV, Nagy A. Observation of Fluorescent Proteins in Fixed Cells. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2019; 2019:2019/5/pdb.prot092775. [PMID: 31043554 DOI: 10.1101/pdb.prot092775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescent proteins (FPs) are popular reporters available for gene expression detection and determination of cellular identities in the mouse. This protocol can be used to detect green fluorescent protein spectral variants and proteins labeled with the fusion tag dsRed in fixed cells.
Collapse
|
8
|
Behringer R, Gertsenstein M, Nagy KV, Nagy A. Observation of Fluorescent Proteins in Living Cells. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2019; 2019:2019/5/pdb.prot092767. [PMID: 31043553 DOI: 10.1101/pdb.prot092767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Frequently, there is a need for fluorescent protein detection in mouse cell cultures, including embryonic stem cells or their differentiated derivatives, primary and transformed cells. Here, cells expressing green fluorescent protein-labeled proteins are observed using fluorescent microscopy.
Collapse
|
9
|
Behringer R, Gertsenstein M, Nagy KV, Nagy A. Preparation of Polymerase Chain Reaction Template DNA from Mouse Tail Tissue. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2019; 2019:2019/4/pdb.prot092700. [PMID: 30936381 DOI: 10.1101/pdb.prot092700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A simple cell or tissue lysate can provide a sufficient quality and amount of template DNA for polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In this protocol, a small piece from the tip of the tail is removed and processed using hot sodium hydroxide and Tris (HotSHOT).
Collapse
|
10
|
Behringer R, Gertsenstein M, Nagy KV, Nagy A. Isolation of High-Molecular-Weight DNA from Mouse Tail Tips. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2019; 2019:2019/4/pdb.prot092692. [PMID: 30936380 DOI: 10.1101/pdb.prot092692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
DNA samples are prepared from mouse tail tips by Proteinase K digestion and subsequently extracted. The resulting preparation is suitable for use in Southern blotting or polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
Collapse
|
11
|
Behringer R, Gertsenstein M, Nagy KV, Nagy A. Isolation of High-Molecular-Weight DNA from Mouse Yolk Sacs and the Like. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2019; 2019:2019/1/pdb.prot092726. [PMID: 30602554 DOI: 10.1101/pdb.prot092726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Often, genotyping of mouse embryos is required, and a small part, such as the yolk sac, can be used for this purpose. Here, DNA samples are prepared from extra-embryonic tissues by digestion with Proteinase K and subsequent extraction. The yolk sac of mid-gestation or later-stage embryos provides a sufficient amount of DNA for Southern analysis. Small tissues of a few hundred cells are used for genotyping early postimplantation- and preimplantation-stage embryos by polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
Collapse
|
12
|
Behringer R, Gertsenstein M, Nagy KV, Nagy A. In Vitro Screen to Identify Silent but Activatable (S/A) Integration Sites for a Tetracycline-Inducible Transgene in Mice. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2018; 2018:2018/12/pdb.prot092684. [PMID: 30510124 DOI: 10.1101/pdb.prot092684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
To obtain ubiquitous or simply widespread transgene expression from a single stable integrant transgene is quite challenging because the random genomic integration sites of transgenes may create expression variation or frequent silencing. The tetracycline (Tet)-inducible system requires two reliable working transgenes, one for the tetracycline transactivators (tTA or rtTA) and one for the responder transgene driven by the tet-O promoter. Therefore, the challenge of getting this system working properly is a serious prospect. In this protocol, we describe how to identify a silent but highly activatable genomic site by taking advantage of transgenic lines reliably expressing the tetracycline transactivators from the Rosa-26 locus. These lines provide optimal Tet-inducible expression: There is minimal leakiness at the "off" state and a high level of induction in the presence of the inducer, doxycycline. The procedure requires (1) an embryonic stem (ES) cell line (germline competent) expressing rtTA from the Rosa-26 locus and (2) construction of a Tet-inducible transgene. The transgene contains the tet-O promoter followed by the gene of interest linked to a βgeo gene (a fusion between lacZ and neo) through an internal ribosomal entry site (IRES) sequence, which allows the initiation of translation in a cap-independent manner.
Collapse
|
13
|
Bogutz AB, Oh-McGinnis R, Jacob KJ, Ho-Lau R, Gu T, Gertsenstein M, Nagy A, Lefebvre L. Transcription factor ASCL2 is required for development of the glycogen trophoblast cell lineage. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007587. [PMID: 30096149 PMCID: PMC6105033 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor ASCL2 plays essential roles in diploid multipotent trophoblast progenitors, intestinal stem cells, follicular T-helper cells, as well as during epidermal development and myogenesis. During early development, Ascl2 expression is regulated by genomic imprinting and only the maternally inherited allele is transcriptionally active in trophoblast. The paternal allele-specific silencing of Ascl2 requires expression of the long non-coding RNA Kcnq1ot1 in cis and the deposition of repressive histone marks. Here we show that Del7AI, a 280-kb deletion allele neighboring Ascl2, interferes with this process in cis and leads to a partial loss of silencing at Ascl2. Genetic rescue experiments show that the low level of Ascl2 expression from the paternal Del7AI allele can rescue the embryonic lethality associated with maternally inherited Ascl2 mutations, in a level-dependent manner. Despite their ability to support development to term, the rescued placentae have a pronounced phenotype characterized by severe hypoplasia of the junctional zone, expansion of the parietal trophoblast giant cell layer, and complete absence of invasive glycogen trophoblast cells. Transcriptome analysis of ectoplacental cones at E7.5 and differentiation assays of Ascl2 mutant trophoblast stem cells show that ASCL2 is required for the emergence or early maintenance of glycogen trophoblast cells during development. Our work identifies a new cis-acting mutation interfering with Kcnq1ot1 silencing function and establishes a novel critical developmental role for the transcription factor ASCL2. By controlling precise networks of target genes, transcription factors play important roles in cell fate determination during development. The Ascl2 gene codes for a transcription factor essential for the maintenance of progenitor cell populations able to differentiate into specialized cell types in the intestine and in the extra-embryonic trophoblast lineage. The trophoblast is an essential component of the placenta, an organ required for development of the embryo in placental mammals. Ascl2 belongs to a group of unusual genes, called imprinted genes, which are expressed from only a single parental copy. Ascl2 is only expressed from the maternally inherited copy in the trophoblast, the paternal copy being kept silent. Here, we describe an engineered deletion neighboring Ascl2 that interferes with the complete silencing of the paternal copy of the gene. We show that the low amount of ASCL2 produced from this deletion can rescue the embryonic lethality associated with non-functional maternal copies of Ascl2. Although the rescued embryos can often survive to term, their placenta is highly disorganized and lacks members of a specific cell lineage, the trophoblast glycogen cells. By analyzing the transcriptional profile of mutant trophoblast progenitors in vivo and of differentiated trophoblast stem cells, we show that ASCL2 plays a very early role in the formation of this cell lineage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron B. Bogutz
- Department of Medical Genetics, Molecular Epigenetics Group, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Rosemary Oh-McGinnis
- Department of Medical Genetics, Molecular Epigenetics Group, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Karen J. Jacob
- Department of Medical Genetics, Molecular Epigenetics Group, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Rita Ho-Lau
- Department of Medical Genetics, Molecular Epigenetics Group, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ting Gu
- Department of Medical Genetics, Molecular Epigenetics Group, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Marina Gertsenstein
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Andras Nagy
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Louis Lefebvre
- Department of Medical Genetics, Molecular Epigenetics Group, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Behringer R, Gertsenstein M, Nagy KV, Nagy A. Visualization of Fluorescent Protein Expression in Whole-Mount Postimplantation-Stage Mouse Embryos. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2018; 2018:2018/3/pdb.prot092759. [PMID: 29496814 DOI: 10.1101/pdb.prot092759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescent protein (FP)-expressing transgenic mice are powerful genetic resources for marking both live and fixed cells and tissues. Expression in live embryos requires only dissection and visualization using an appropriate microscope. Fixation can compromise FP activity. A simple tissue-clearing agent called Scale preserves FP activity while rendering the embryo or organ optically transparent.
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
Mice carrying patient-associated point mutations are powerful tools to define the causality of single-nucleotide variants to disease states. Epitope tags enable immuno-based studies of genes for which no antibodies are available. These alleles enable detailed and precise developmental, mechanistic, and translational research. The first step in generating these alleles is to identify within the target sequence-the orthologous sequence for point mutations or the N or C terminus for epitope tags-appropriate Cas9 protospacer sequences. Subsequent steps include design and acquisition of a single-stranded oligonucleotide repair template, synthesis of a single guide RNA (sgRNA), collection of zygotes, and microinjection or electroporation of zygotes with Cas9 mRNA or protein, sgRNA, and repair template followed by screening of born mice for the presence of the desired sequence change. Quality control of mouse lines includes screening for random or multicopy insertions of the repair template and, depending on sgRNA sequence, off-target mutations introduced by Cas9. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lauryl M J Nutter
- The Centre for Phenogenomics, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Translational Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Behringer R, Gertsenstein M, Nagy KV, Nagy A. Administration of Gonadotropins for Superovulation in Mice. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2018; 2018:2018/1/pdb.prot092403. [PMID: 29295897 DOI: 10.1101/pdb.prot092403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
For experiments that require large numbers of preimplantation mouse embryos, such as microinjection of zygotes, gonadotropins are administered to females before mating to increase the number of oocytes that are ovulated (i.e., to induce superovulation). Pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG) is used to mimic the oocyte maturation effect of the endogenous follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is used to mimic the ovulation induction effect of luteinizing hormone (LH).
Collapse
|
17
|
Behringer R, Gertsenstein M, Nagy KV, Nagy A. Preparation of DNA from Embryonic Stem Cells or Other Cultured Cells. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2017; 2017:pdb.prot092718. [PMID: 29196598 DOI: 10.1101/pdb.prot092718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Characterization of embryonic stem (ES) cell-mediated genome alterations, including random insertional transgenesis, gene trapping, gene targeting, and site-specific recombinase-mediated changes, is performed mostly at the ES cell level, before the introduction of these alterations into a mouse. A detailed characterization requires a larger amount of DNA than is required for the initial detection of the candidates for the desired alteration. This protocol describes the preparation of DNA from a 10-cm tissue culture plate. The cells are trypsinized and lysed, and DNA is recovered from the lysate by organic extraction followed by ethanol precipitation.
Collapse
|
18
|
Behringer R, Gertsenstein M, Nagy KV, Nagy A. Testing Serum Batches for Mouse Embryonic Stem Cell Culture. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2017; 2017:pdb.prot092411. [PMID: 29196597 DOI: 10.1101/pdb.prot092411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The variability in embryonic stem (ES) cell culture is due primarily to serum. Serum is typically produced in large batches from many animals. However, samples may differ depending on the age and diet of the animals, the country of origin, and other factors creating lot-to-lot variations. Some vendors test FBS lots for compatibility with ES cell culture. Many laboratories prefer to test serum batches themselves to identify the lot giving optimal growth. In this protocol, small quantities of specific serum batches are obtained from different suppliers and tested for their ability to support ES cells in an undifferentiated state. A complete test includes the serum batches' influence on plating efficiency, cell morphology, toxicity, and, if possible, their ability to support generation of chimeras.
Collapse
|
19
|
Behringer R, Gertsenstein M, Nagy KV, Nagy A. Integrating piggyBac Transposon Transgenes into Mouse Fibroblasts by Electroporation. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2017; 2017:pdb.prot092601. [PMID: 28974651 DOI: 10.1101/pdb.prot092601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Mouse embryonic fibroblasts can be reprogrammed to embryonic stem (ES) cell-like pluripotent stem cells by the forced expression of four transcription factors-OCT4, SOX2, KLF4, and c-MYC. The piggyBac transposon system has proven effective as a vehicle for the delivery of transgenes into fibroblasts and for successful reprogramming to induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. This protocol is designed for use with the Neon electroporation system. It can be adapted to other types of electroporation systems.
Collapse
|
20
|
Behringer R, Gertsenstein M, Nagy KV, Nagy A. Reprogramming Mouse Fibroblasts with piggyBac Transposons. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2017; 2017:pdb.prot092627. [PMID: 28974653 DOI: 10.1101/pdb.prot092627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In 2006, Shinya Yamanaka and his student Kazutoshi Takahashi showed that the expression of only four specific genes is sufficient to reprogram fully differentiated somatic cells into pluripotent stem cells. These cells, termed induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, share many of their characteristics with embryonic stem (ES) cells. In this protocol, we describe one of the simplest ways of generating iPS cells from mouse fibroblasts. It combines an efficient transposon-mediated transfection and the tetracycline-inducible system to control the expression of the Yamanaka reprogramming factors.
Collapse
|
21
|
Behringer R, Gertsenstein M, Nagy KV, Nagy A. Integrating piggyBac Transposon Transgenes into Mouse Fibroblasts Using Chemical Methods. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2017; 2017:pdb.prot092619. [PMID: 28974652 DOI: 10.1101/pdb.prot092619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Mouse embryonic fibroblasts can be reprogrammed to ES cell-like pluripotent stem cells by the forced expression of four transcription factors-OCT4, SOX2, KLF4, and c-MYC. The piggyBac transposon system has proven effective as a vehicle for the delivery of transgenes into fibroblasts and for successful reprogramming to induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. We found that FuGENE HD transfection reagent can be effective for mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) to generate induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) with the piggyBac transposon transgenes. There are multitudes of cell transfection methods commercially available. Their efficiency, and thus their success, in inducing pluripotent cell types are cell-type-dependent.
Collapse
|
22
|
Behringer R, Gertsenstein M, Nagy KV, Nagy A. Shipment of Live Preimplantation-Stage Mouse Embryos. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2017; 2017:2017/5/pdb.prot092742. [PMID: 28461656 DOI: 10.1101/pdb.prot092742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Sharing genetically modified mouse models is a very important part of collaboration between researchers. Shipping live animals around the world is inconvenient, expensive, and cumbersome because of the variety of international regulations and paperwork. The issue of health status differences between animal facilities is of great importance; traditionally, imported animals are quarantined to determine their health status and avoid the introduction of undesirable pathogens. The shipment of preimplantation-stage embryos for immediate transfer into pseudopregnant recipients upon arrival is a commonly used method for transportation. Time coordination on both sides is critical in this case, but the shipment can be done by any courier and the container does not need to be returned. This protocol has been used since the early 1990s to rederive dozens of mouse strains.
Collapse
|
23
|
Behringer R, Gertsenstein M, Nagy KV, Nagy A. Differentiating Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells into Embryoid Bodies by Hanging-Drop Cultures. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2016; 2016:2016/12/pdb.prot092429. [PMID: 27934689 DOI: 10.1101/pdb.prot092429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic stem (ES) cells can develop into many types of differentiated tissues if they are placed into a differentiating environment. This can occur in vivo when the ES cells are injected into or aggregated with an embryo, or in vitro if their culture conditions are modified to induce differentiation. There are an increasing number of differentiating culture conditions that can bias the differentiation of ES cells into desired cell types. Determining the mechanisms that control ES cell differentiation into therapeutically important cell types is a quickly growing area of research. Knowledge gained from these studies may eventually lead to the use of stem cells to repair specific damaged tissues. Many times ES cell differentiation proceeds through an intermediate stage called the embryoid body (EB). EBs are round structures composed of ES cells that have undergone some of the initial stages of differentiation. EBs can then be manipulated further to generate more specific cell types. This protocol describes a method to differentiate ES cells into EBs. It produces EBs of comparable size. This aspect is important because the differentiation processes taking place inside an EB are influenced by its size.
Collapse
|
24
|
Bulut-Karslioglu A, Biechele S, Jin H, Macrae TA, Hejna M, Gertsenstein M, Song JS, Ramalho-Santos M. Inhibition of mTOR induces a paused pluripotent state. Nature 2016; 540:119-123. [PMID: 27880763 PMCID: PMC5143278 DOI: 10.1038/nature20578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Cultured pluripotent stem cells are a cornerstone of regenerative medicine owing to their ability to give rise to all cell types of the body. Although pluripotent stem cells can be propagated indefinitely in vitro, pluripotency is paradoxically a transient state in vivo, lasting 2-3 days around the time of blastocyst implantation. The exception to this rule is embryonic diapause, a reversible state of suspended development triggered by unfavourable conditions. Diapause is a physiological reproductive strategy widely employed across the animal kingdom, including in mammals, but its regulation remains poorly understood. Here we report that the partial inhibition of mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), a major nutrient sensor and promoter of growth, induces reversible pausing of mouse blastocyst development and allows their prolonged culture ex vivo. Paused blastocysts remain pluripotent and competent-able to give rise to embryonic stem (ES) cells and live, fertile mice. We show that both naturally diapaused blastocysts in vivo and paused blastocysts ex vivo display pronounced reductions in mTOR activity, translation, histone modifications associated with gene activity and transcription. Pausing can be induced directly in cultured ES cells and sustained for weeks without appreciable cell death or deviations from cell cycle distributions. We show that paused ES cells display a remarkable global suppression of transcription, maintain a gene expression signature of diapaused blastocysts and remain pluripotent. These results uncover a new pluripotent stem cell state corresponding to the epiblast of the diapaused blastocyst and indicate that mTOR regulates developmental timing at the peri-implantation stage. Our findings have implications in the fields of assisted reproduction, regenerative medicine, cancer, metabolic disorders and ageing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aydan Bulut-Karslioglu
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Center for Reproductive Sciences and Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Steffen Biechele
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Center for Reproductive Sciences and Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Hu Jin
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.,Departments of Bioengineering and Physics, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Trisha A Macrae
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Center for Reproductive Sciences and Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Miroslav Hejna
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.,Departments of Bioengineering and Physics, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | | | - Jun S Song
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.,Departments of Bioengineering and Physics, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Miguel Ramalho-Santos
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Center for Reproductive Sciences and Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Behringer R, Gertsenstein M, Nagy KV, Nagy A. Selecting Female Mice in Estrus and Checking Plugs. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2016; 2016:2016/8/pdb.prot092387. [PMID: 27480722 DOI: 10.1101/pdb.prot092387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The female mouse estrous cycle is divided into four phases: proestrus (development of ovarian follicles), estrus (ovulation), metestrus (formation of corpora lutea), and diestrus (beginning of follicle development for next ovulation and elimination of previous oocytes). The appearance of the epithelium of the external genitalia is used to identify the stage of the estrous cycle of a female mouse. This is usually easier to see in strains with either no or only light skin pigmentation. By examining the color, moistness, and degree of swelling of the vagina, females in estrus can readily be identified. To set up the matings, females are examined in the afternoon, and those in estrus are placed into the cages with males (one or two females in each cage with one male). Usually, 50% or more of the selected females will mate. The presence of a vaginal copulation plug next morning indicates that mating has occurred, but it does not mean that a pregnancy will result even if proven breeder fertile males were used. It is important to check vaginal plugs early in the morning because they fall out or are no longer detectable ~12 h after mating or sometimes earlier.
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
Production of the germline-competent chimeras using genetically modified ES cell lines is an essential step in the establishment of novel mouse models. In addition chimeras provide a powerful tool to study the cell lineage and to analyze complex phenotypes of mutant mice. Mouse chimeras with tetraploid embryos are used to rescue extraembryonic defects, to analyze an impact of gene function on specific lineage, to study the interaction between embryonic and extraembryonic tissues, and to produce mutant embryos and mice for the phenotype analysis. Tetraploid embryos are generated by the fusion of two blastomeres of the mouse embryo. The applications of tetraploid complementation assay and the protocol are described below.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Gertsenstein
- Toronto Centre for Phenogenomics (TCP), Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, 25 Orde, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5T 3H7,
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Liu X, Fernandes R, Gertsenstein M, Perumalsamy A, Lai I, Chi M, Moley KH, Greenblatt E, Jurisica I, Casper RF, Sun Y, Jurisicova A. Automated microinjection of recombinant BCL-X into mouse zygotes enhances embryo development. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21687. [PMID: 21799744 PMCID: PMC3140481 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2011] [Accepted: 06/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Progression of fertilized mammalian oocytes through cleavage, blastocyst formation and implantation depends on successful implementation of the developmental program, which becomes established during oogenesis. The identification of ooplasmic factors, which are responsible for successful embryo development, is thus crucial in designing possible molecular therapies for infertility intervention. However, systematic evaluation of molecular targets has been hampered by the lack of techniques for efficient delivery of molecules into embryos. We have developed an automated robotic microinjection system for delivering cell impermeable compounds into preimplantation embryos with a high post-injection survival rate. In this paper, we report the performance of the system on microinjection of mouse embryos. Furthermore, using this system we provide the first evidence that recombinant BCL-XL (recBCL-XL) protein is effective in preventing early embryo arrest imposed by suboptimal culture environment. We demonstrate that microinjection of recBCL-XL protein into early-stage embryos repairs mitochondrial bioenergetics, prevents reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, and enhances preimplantation embryo development. This approach may lead to a possible treatment option for patients with repeated in vitro fertilization (IVF) failure due to poor embryo quality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Liu
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering and Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Nagy A, Gertsenstein M, Vintersten K, Behringer R. In vitro screen to obtain widespread, transgenic expression in the mouse. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2010; 2010:pdb.prot4408. [PMID: 20679370 DOI: 10.1101/pdb.prot4408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
29
|
Nagy A, Gertsenstein M, Vintersten K, Behringer R. Thawing embryonic stem (ES) cells from a 96-well plate. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2010; 2010:pdb.prot4412. [PMID: 20647350 DOI: 10.1101/pdb.prot4412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The most widely used method to alter the genome of embryonic stem (ES) cells is to introduce a specifically designed DNA fragment using electroporation. The DNA will then integrate into the genome of ES cells. Colonies of cells containing the exogenous DNA are then picked, expanded, replica-plated, frozen in 96-well plates, and used as a source for genomic DNA preparation for genotyping. After ES candidate clones are identified by genomic Southern blot or polymerase chain reaction (PCR), the method of rescue of the cells from the frozen 96-well plates is very important. This protocol describes a method for thawing such cells.
Collapse
|
30
|
Gertsenstein M, Nutter LMJ, Reid T, Pereira M, Stanford WL, Rossant J, Nagy A. Efficient generation of germ line transmitting chimeras from C57BL/6N ES cells by aggregation with outbred host embryos. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11260. [PMID: 20582321 PMCID: PMC2889837 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2010] [Accepted: 05/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetically modified mouse strains derived from embryonic stem (ES) cells have become essential tools for functional genomics and biomedical research. Large scale mutagenesis projects are producing libraries of mutant C57BL/6 (B6) ES cells to enable the functional annotation of every gene of the mouse genome. To realize the utility of these resources, efficient and accessible methods of generating mutant mice from these ES cells are necessary. Here, we describe a combination of ICR morula aggregation and a chemically-defined culture medium with widely available and accessible components for the high efficiency generation of germline transmitting chimeras from C57BL/6N ES cells. Together these methods will ease the access of the broader biomedical research community to the publicly available B6 ES cell resources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Gertsenstein
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The Toronto Centre for Phenogenomics, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Tammy Reid
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Monica Pereira
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The Toronto Centre for Phenogenomics, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - William L. Stanford
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Janet Rossant
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andras Nagy
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Cox BJ, Vollmer M, Tamplin O, Lu M, Biechele S, Gertsenstein M, van Campenhout C, Floss T, Kühn R, Wurst W, Lickert H, Rossant J. Phenotypic annotation of the mouse X chromosome. Genome Res 2010; 20:1154-64. [PMID: 20548051 DOI: 10.1101/gr.105106.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Mutational screens are an effective means used in the functional annotation of a genome. We present a method for a mutational screen of the mouse X chromosome using gene trap technologies. This method has the potential to screen all of the genes on the X chromosome without establishing mutant animals, as all gene-trapped embryonic stem (ES) cell lines are hemizygous null for mutations on the X chromosome. Based on this method, embryonic morphological phenotypes and expression patterns for 58 genes were assessed, approximately 10% of all human and mouse syntenic genes on the X chromosome. Of these, 17 are novel embryonic lethal mutations and nine are mutant mouse models of genes associated with genetic disease in humans, including BCOR and PORCN. The rate of lethal mutations is similar to previous mutagenic screens of the autosomes. Interestingly, some genes associated with X-linked mental retardation (XLMR) in humans show lethal phenotypes in mice, suggesting that null mutations cannot be responsible for all cases of XLMR. The entire data set is available via the publicly accessible website (http://xlinkedgenes.ibme.utoronto.ca/).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Cox
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Tardif S, Wilson MD, Wagner R, Hunt P, Gertsenstein M, Nagy A, Lobe C, Koop BF, Hardy DM. Zonadhesin is essential for species specificity of sperm adhesion to the egg zona pellucida. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:24863-70. [PMID: 20529856 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.123125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Interaction of rapidly evolving molecules imparts species specificity to sperm-egg recognition in marine invertebrates, but it is unclear whether comparable interactions occur during fertilization in any vertebrate species. In mammals, the sperm acrosomal protein zonadhesin is a rapidly evolving molecule with species-specific binding activity for the egg zona pellucida (ZP). Here we show using null mice produced by targeted disruption of Zan that zonadhesin confers species specificity to sperm-ZP adhesion. Sperm capacitation selectively exposed a partial von Willebrand D domain of mouse zonadhesin on the surface of living, motile cells. Antibodies to the exposed domain inhibited adhesion of wild-type spermatozoa to the mouse ZP but did not inhibit adhesion of spermatozoa lacking zonadhesin. Zan(-/-) males were fertile, and their spermatozoa readily fertilized mouse eggs in vitro. Remarkably, however, loss of zonadhesin increased adhesion of mouse spermatozoa to pig, cow, and rabbit ZP but not mouse ZP. We conclude that zonadhesin mediates species-specific ZP adhesion, and Zan(-/-) males are fertile because their spermatozoa retain adhesion capability that is not species-specific. Mammalian sperm-ZP adhesion is therefore molecularly robust, and species-specific egg recognition by a protein in the sperm acrosome is conserved between invertebrates and vertebrates, even though the adhesion molecules themselves are unrelated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steve Tardif
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas 79430-6540, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Nagy A, Gertsenstein M, Vintersten K, Behringer R. Alcian blue staining of the mouse fetal cartilaginous skeleton. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2010; 2009:pdb.prot5169. [PMID: 20147104 DOI: 10.1101/pdb.prot5169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
34
|
Nagy A, Gertsenstein M, Vintersten K, Behringer R. Alizarin red staining of post-natal bone in mouse. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2010; 2009:pdb.prot5171. [PMID: 20147106 DOI: 10.1101/pdb.prot5171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
35
|
Nagy A, Gertsenstein M, Vintersten K, Behringer R. Counting chromosomes in embryonic stem (ES) cells. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2010; 2009:pdb.prot4404. [PMID: 20147178 DOI: 10.1101/pdb.prot4404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
36
|
Yamanaka N, Wong CJ, Gertsenstein M, Casper RF, Nagy A, Rogers IM. Bone marrow transplantation results in human donor blood cells acquiring and displaying mouse recipient class I MHC and CD45 antigens on their surface. PLoS One 2009; 4:e8489. [PMID: 20046883 PMCID: PMC2796175 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2009] [Accepted: 11/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mouse models of human disease are invaluable for determining the differentiation ability and functional capacity of stem cells. The best example is bone marrow transplants for studies of hematopoietic stem cells. For organ studies, the interpretation of the data can be difficult as transdifferentiation, cell fusion or surface antigen transfer (trogocytosis) can be misinterpreted as differentiation. These events have not been investigated in hematopoietic stem cell transplant models. Methodology/Principal Findings In this study we investigated fusion and trogocytosis involving blood cells during bone marrow transplantation using a xenograft model. We report that using a standard SCID repopulating assay almost 100% of the human donor cells appear as hybrid blood cells containing both mouse and human surface antigens. Conclusion/Significance Hybrid cells are not the result of cell-cell fusion events but appear to be due to efficient surface antigen transfer, a process referred to as trogocytosis. Antigen transfer appears to be non-random and includes all donor cells regardless of sub-type. We also demonstrate that irradiation preconditioning enhances the frequency of hybrid cells and that trogocytosis is evident in non-blood cells in chimera mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nobuko Yamanaka
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christine J. Wong
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marina Gertsenstein
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert F. Casper
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Andras Nagy
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ian M. Rogers
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Lefebvre L, Mar L, Bogutz A, Oh-McGinnis R, Mandegar MA, Paderova J, Gertsenstein M, Squire JA, Nagy A. The interval between Ins2 and Ascl2 is dispensable for imprinting centre function in the murine Beckwith-Wiedemann region. Hum Mol Genet 2009; 18:4255-67. [PMID: 19684026 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddp379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Imprinted genes are commonly clustered in domains across the mammalian genome, suggesting a degree of coregulation via long-range coordination of their monoallelic transcription. The distal end of mouse chromosome 7 (Chr 7) contains two clusters of imprinted genes within a approximately 1 Mb domain. This region is conserved on human 11p15.5 where it is implicated in the Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome. In both species, imprinted regulation requires two critical cis-acting imprinting centres, carrying different germline epigenetic marks and mediating imprinted expression in the proximal and distal sub-domains. The clusters are separated by a region containing the gene for tyrosine hydroxylase (Th) as well as a high density of short repeats and retrotransposons in the mouse. We have used the Cre-loxP recombination system in vivo to engineer an interstitial deletion of this approximately 280-kb intervening region previously proposed to participate in the imprinting mechanism or to act as a boundary between the two sub-domains. The deletion allele, Del(7AI), is silent with respect to epigenetic marking at the two flanking imprinting centres. Reciprocal inheritance of Del(7AI) demonstrates that the deleted region, which represents more than a quarter of the previously defined imprinted domain, is associated with intrauterine growth restriction in maternal heterozygotes. In homozygotes, the deficiency behaves as a Th null allele and can be rescued pharmacologically by bypassing the metabolic requirement for TH in utero. Our results show that the deleted interval is not required for normal imprinting on distal Chr 7 and uncover a new imprinted growth phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Louis Lefebvre
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Epigenetics Group, Life Sciences Institute, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Woltjen K, Michael IP, Mohseni P, Desai R, Mileikovsky M, Hämäläinen R, Cowling R, Wang W, Liu P, Gertsenstein M, Kaji K, Sung HK, Nagy A. piggyBac transposition reprograms fibroblasts to induced pluripotent stem cells. Nature 2009; 458:766-70. [PMID: 19252478 PMCID: PMC3758996 DOI: 10.1038/nature07863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1231] [Impact Index Per Article: 82.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2008] [Accepted: 02/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Transgenic expression of just four defined transcription factors (c-Myc, Klf4, Oct4 and Sox2) is sufficient to reprogram somatic cells to a pluripotent state. The resulting induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells resemble embryonic stem cells in their properties and potential to differentiate into a spectrum of adult cell types. Current reprogramming strategies involve retroviral, lentiviral, adenoviral and plasmid transfection to deliver reprogramming factor transgenes. Although the latter two methods are transient and minimize the potential for insertion mutagenesis, they are currently limited by diminished reprogramming efficiencies. piggyBac (PB) transposition is host-factor independent, and has recently been demonstrated to be functional in various human and mouse cell lines. The PB transposon/transposase system requires only the inverted terminal repeats flanking a transgene and transient expression of the transposase enzyme to catalyse insertion or excision events. Here we demonstrate successful and efficient reprogramming of murine and human embryonic fibroblasts using doxycycline-inducible transcription factors delivered by PB transposition. Stable iPS cells thus generated express characteristic pluripotency markers and succeed in a series of rigorous differentiation assays. By taking advantage of the natural propensity of the PB system for seamless excision, we show that the individual PB insertions can be removed from established iPS cell lines, providing an invaluable tool for discovery. In addition, we have demonstrated the traceless removal of reprogramming factors joined with viral 2A sequences delivered by a single transposon from murine iPS lines. We anticipate that the unique properties of this virus-independent simplification of iPS cell production will accelerate this field further towards full exploration of the reprogramming process and future cell-based therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Knut Woltjen
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Iacovos P. Michael
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X5, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Paria Mohseni
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X5, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ridham Desai
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X5, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Maria Mileikovsky
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Riikka Hämäläinen
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Rebecca Cowling
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Wei Wang
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Pentao Liu
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Marina Gertsenstein
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Keisuke Kaji
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JQ Scotland UK
| | - Hoon-Ki Sung
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Andras Nagy
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X5, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Nagy A, Gertsenstein M, Vintersten K, Behringer R. Analyzing glucose phosphate isomerase isozymes in chimeric mouse tissues by electrophoresis. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2008; 2008:pdb.prot4813. [PMID: 21356904 DOI: 10.1101/pdb.prot4813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTIONMouse strains carry different alleles at the ubiquitously expressed Gpi1 (glucose phosphate isomerase) locus (Gpi1(a), Gpi1(b), Gpi1(c)), and this is the basis for a widely used method for determining the genotypic composition of different tissues in mouse chimeras. To determine chimerism by this method, it is necessary to separate the differently charged isozymes from tissue homogenates electrophoretically and to visualize them using a color reaction. Because GPI is a dimer, tissues that normally form by cell fusion (e.g., skeletal muscle) have a heterodimeric form of GPI in a chimera.
Collapse
|
40
|
Abstract
INTRODUCTIONThe majority of mouse chromosome preparations for banding are now made by air-drying and, in essence, require the production of a cell suspension as a starting point. Some samples such as blood cultures, ascitic fluids, or cells growing in suspension will already be in suspension; others, such as bone marrow, solid tumors, or cells growing as attached layers in culture must be converted to suspensions. The basic steps in karyotyping and banding embryonal carcinoma cells are outlined below.
Collapse
|
41
|
Nagy A, Gertsenstein M, Vintersten K, Behringer R. Immunohistochemistry of embryo sections. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2008; 2008:pdb.prot4819. [PMID: 21356664 DOI: 10.1101/pdb.prot4819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTIONThis protocol describes how to localize an antigen in cells and tissues using embryo sections attached to glass slides. The method outlined here uses alkaline-phosphatase-coupled secondary antibody; horseradish-peroxidase-coupled secondary antibody can be used as an alternative.
Collapse
|
42
|
Nagy A, Gertsenstein M, Vintersten K, Behringer R. Preparing glass slides and coverslips for in situ hybridization. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2007; 2007:pdb.prot4817. [PMID: 21356972 DOI: 10.1101/pdb.prot4817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTIONPrecleaned glass slides are of high enough quality for both in situ and immunohistochemical techniques. However, for in situ hybridization, the slides need to be treated with diethyl pyrocarbonate (DEPC) so that any RNase attached to them is destroyed. The slides also need to be coated with 3-triethoxysilylpropylamine (TESPA) or poly-L-lysine so that the sections adhere tightly and do not detach during subsequent extensive washing procedures. This protocol describes techniques for coating slides with TESPA and poly-L-lysine. There are advantages and disadvantages to each coating method. TESPA-treated slides can be stored for a long time, but the sections do not adhere tightly until after drying. Poly-L-lysine-coated slides need to be made fresh, but the sections adhere immediately on contact with the surface. This protocol also describes how to prepare coverslips for in situ hybrization by coating them in a siliconizing solution.
Collapse
|
43
|
Nagy A, Gertsenstein M, Vintersten K, Behringer R. Dewaxing and Rehydrating Sections prior to In Situ Hybridization. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2007; 2007:pdb.prot4818. [PMID: 21356973 DOI: 10.1101/pdb.prot4818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTIONThis protocol describes how to remove wax from embryo or tissue sections that have been affixed to glass slides. Traditionally, xylene has been used for this purpose, but less toxic solutions can also be employed. The embryo or tissue sections are then progressively rehydrated for compatibility with subsequent alcohol stains, aqueous stains, immunohistochemistry, or in situ hybridization.
Collapse
|
44
|
Nagy A, Gertsenstein M, Vintersten K, Behringer R. In situ hybridization of mouse embryo and tissue sections with radiolabeled RNA probes. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2007; 2007:pdb.prot4821. [PMID: 21356974 DOI: 10.1101/pdb.prot4821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTIONThis protocol describes in situ hybridization of embryo and tissue sections with (35)S-labeled, single-stranded, antisense RNA probes (riboprobes). Protocols have also been developed for in situ hybridization to tissue sections using nonradiolabeled RNA probes that can be detected with antibodies coupled to alkaline phosphatase and a chromogenic substrate. Nonradioactive methods have the advantage that the results can be obtained relatively quickly, but the sensitivity is probably lower than with radioactive probes. In addition, care must be taken to optimize the amount of each probe used in the hybridization reaction.
Collapse
|
45
|
Nagy A, Gertsenstein M, Vintersten K, Behringer R. Handling mouse blastocysts for fixation. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2007; 2007:pdb.prot4814. [PMID: 21356970 DOI: 10.1101/pdb.prot4814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTIONWhole blastocysts or sections of blastocysts can be fixed and used for histological studies, including in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. As described in this protocol, different handling techniques are required for whole versus sectioned embryos. For sectioning, it is more convenient to transfer blastocysts into the ampulla of an oviduct prior to fixation. The oviduct serves as a carrier that is easy to handle during subsequent processing for histology.
Collapse
|
46
|
Abstract
INTRODUCTIONThis protocol describes how to embed mouse tissues and embryos (large and small) in wax. The specimens must be dehydrated prior to embedding. Embedded samples are subsequently sectioned and used for in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry experiments.
Collapse
|
47
|
Nagy A, Gertsenstein M, Vintersten K, Behringer R. General Procedures for Avoiding Contamination with RNase. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2007; 2007:pdb.ip43. [PMID: 21357157 DOI: 10.1101/pdb.ip43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
|
48
|
Nagy A, Gertsenstein M, Vintersten K, Behringer R. Isolating total RNA from mouse embryos or fetal tissues. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2007; 2007:pdb.prot4773. [PMID: 21357161 DOI: 10.1101/pdb.prot4773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTIONThis RNA isolation procedure is suitable for tissue of almost any size, and is particularly useful for fetal organs or whole embryos from mice, as it can be performed in volumes as small as 0.5 mL. The minimum amount of tissue used should be ten 7.5-dpc (days post-coitum) embryos, one or two 8.5-dpc embryos, or approximately one-tenth of a 12.5-dpc embryo. If smaller amounts of tissue are homogenized in a 0.5-mL volume, the recovery of RNA may be less efficient.
Collapse
|
49
|
Gertsenstein M, Vintersten K. The 7th Transgenic Technology meeting: debut for “down under” (http://www.tasq.uq.edu.au/TT2007). Transgenic Res 2007; 16:671-3. [PMID: 17447152 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-007-9097-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2007] [Accepted: 03/23/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The 7th Transgenic Technology meeting was held in Brisbane, Australia on February 12-14, 2007. Not only did this gathering mark a milestone as it was hosted outside the European continent for the first time, but also because it was the initial meeting to be held on behalf of the new International Society for Transgenic Technologies (ISTT, http://www.transtechsociety.org/ ). As in previous years, the topics were aimed towards both a scientific as well as a technical audience. The subjects covered a wide range of cutting edge applications in the field of genetic modifications in animal models, with the focus on (but by no means limited to) mice. True to the meetings tradition, a large emphasis was also laid on discussions about the management of transgenic production units. With the beautiful Australian sun shining over the venue, and a large number of exceptional speakers, this was a most pleasant and informative conference.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Gertsenstein
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Adewumi O, Aflatoonian B, Ahrlund-Richter L, Amit M, Andrews PW, Beighton G, Bello PA, Benvenisty N, Berry LS, Bevan S, Blum B, Brooking J, Chen KG, Choo ABH, Churchill GA, Corbel M, Damjanov I, Draper JS, Dvorak P, Emanuelsson K, Fleck RA, Ford A, Gertow K, Gertsenstein M, Gokhale PJ, Hamilton RS, Hampl A, Healy LE, Hovatta O, Hyllner J, Imreh MP, Itskovitz-Eldor J, Jackson J, Johnson JL, Jones M, Kee K, King BL, Knowles BB, Lako M, Lebrin F, Mallon BS, Manning D, Mayshar Y, McKay RDG, Michalska AE, Mikkola M, Mileikovsky M, Minger SL, Moore HD, Mummery CL, Nagy A, Nakatsuji N, O'Brien CM, Oh SKW, Olsson C, Otonkoski T, Park KY, Passier R, Patel H, Patel M, Pedersen R, Pera MF, Piekarczyk MS, Pera RAR, Reubinoff BE, Robins AJ, Rossant J, Rugg-Gunn P, Schulz TC, Semb H, Sherrer ES, Siemen H, Stacey GN, Stojkovic M, Suemori H, Szatkiewicz J, Turetsky T, Tuuri T, van den Brink S, Vintersten K, Vuoristo S, Ward D, Weaver TA, Young LA, Zhang W. Characterization of human embryonic stem cell lines by the International Stem Cell Initiative. Nat Biotechnol 2007; 25:803-16. [PMID: 17572666 DOI: 10.1038/nbt1318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 765] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2007] [Accepted: 05/31/2007] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The International Stem Cell Initiative characterized 59 human embryonic stem cell lines from 17 laboratories worldwide. Despite diverse genotypes and different techniques used for derivation and maintenance, all lines exhibited similar expression patterns for several markers of human embryonic stem cells. They expressed the glycolipid antigens SSEA3 and SSEA4, the keratan sulfate antigens TRA-1-60, TRA-1-81, GCTM2 and GCT343, and the protein antigens CD9, Thy1 (also known as CD90), tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase and class 1 HLA, as well as the strongly developmentally regulated genes NANOG, POU5F1 (formerly known as OCT4), TDGF1, DNMT3B, GABRB3 and GDF3. Nevertheless, the lines were not identical: differences in expression of several lineage markers were evident, and several imprinted genes showed generally similar allele-specific expression patterns, but some gene-dependent variation was observed. Also, some female lines expressed readily detectable levels of XIST whereas others did not. No significant contamination of the lines with mycoplasma, bacteria or cytopathic viruses was detected.
Collapse
|