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Luciani L, Pedrelli M, Parini P. Modification of lipoprotein metabolism and function driving atherogenesis in diabetes. Atherosclerosis 2024; 394:117545. [PMID: 38688749 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2024.117545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disease, characterized by raised blood glucose levels and impaired lipid metabolism resulting from insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency. In diabetes, the peculiar plasma lipoprotein phenotype, consisting in higher levels of apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins, hypertriglyceridemia, low levels of HDL cholesterol, elevated number of small, dense LDL, and increased non-HDL cholesterol, results from an increased synthesis and impaired clearance of triglyceride rich lipoproteins. This condition accelerates the development of the atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), the most common cause of death in T2DM patients. Here, we review the alteration of structure, functions, and distribution of circulating lipoproteins and the pathophysiological mechanisms that induce these modifications in T2DM. The review analyzes the influence of diabetes-associated metabolic imbalances throughout the entire process of the atherosclerotic plaque formation, from lipoprotein synthesis to potential plaque destabilization. Addressing the different pathophysiological mechanisms, we suggest improved approaches for assessing the risk of adverse cardiovascular events and clinical strategies to reduce cardiovascular risk in T2DM and cardiometabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Luciani
- Cardio Metabolic Unit, Department of Laboratory Medicine, and Department of Medicine at Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Interdisciplinary Center for Health Sciences, Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, Pisa, Italy
| | - Matteo Pedrelli
- Cardio Metabolic Unit, Department of Laboratory Medicine, and Department of Medicine at Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Medicine Unit of Endocrinology, Theme Inflammation and Ageing, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Paolo Parini
- Cardio Metabolic Unit, Department of Laboratory Medicine, and Department of Medicine at Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Medicine Unit of Endocrinology, Theme Inflammation and Ageing, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Wani MJ, Arif A, Salman KA, Mahmood R. Glycated LDL generates reactive species that damage cell components, oxidize hemoglobin and alter surface morphology in human erythrocytes. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 269:132257. [PMID: 38729492 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) transports cholesterol to various tissues via the blood. Glycation of LDL occurs during hyperglycemic condition which is characterised by persistently high blood glucose level. Circulating erythrocytes can come in direct contact with glycated LDL (G-LDL). The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of G-LDL on human erythrocytes, specifically on hemoglobin, intracellular generation of reactive species and the antioxidant defence system. Isolated erythrocytes were incubated with G-LDL (3 and 6 mg/ml) and native LDL (6 mg/ml) at 37 °C for 24 h. Native LDL and G-LDL untreated erythrocytes were similarly incubated at 37 °C and served as control. G-LDL treatment increased hemolysis compared to control and native LDL-treated erythrocytes. Incubation of erythrocytes with G-LDL led to an increase in protein oxidation and lipid peroxidation while greatly decreasing the total sulfhydryl content. It also significantly enhanced hemoglobin oxidation, heme degradation, and the release of free iron moiety. Treatment with G-LDL led to an appreciable increase in the production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. The antioxidant power and activities of major antioxidant enzymes were drastically reduced, while critical membrane-bound enzymes were inhibited. The surface morphology of G-LDL-treated erythrocytes was altered leading to the formation of echinocytes. Importantly, treatment of erythrocytes with native LDL did not significantly affect the above-mentioned parameters and values were similar to the corresponding controls. Thus, G-LDL is cytotoxic to human erythrocytes and causes oxidative damage to cell components. This can reduce the oxygen-transporting ability of blood and also result in red cell senescence and anemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Junaid Wani
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, J.N.M.C., Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, U.P., India
| | - Amin Arif
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, U.P., India
| | - Khushtar Anwar Salman
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, J.N.M.C., Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, U.P., India
| | - Riaz Mahmood
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, U.P., India.
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Poznyak AV, Yakovlev AA, Popov MА, Zhigmitova EB, Sukhorukov VN, Orekhov AN. Atherosclerosis originating from childhood: Specific features. J Biomed Res 2024; 38:233-240. [PMID: 38777340 PMCID: PMC11144930 DOI: 10.7555/jbr.37.20230198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is extremely widespread. Traditionally, it is considered a disease of older people, who most often experience problems with the heart and blood vessels. While much attention from the scientific community has been paid to studying the association between aging and atherosclerosis, as well as its consequences, there is evidence that atherosclerosis occurs at an early age. Atherosclerosis may form both during intrauterine development and in childhood. Nutrition plays an important role in childhood atherosclerosis, along with previous infectious diseases and excess weight of both the child and the mother. In the present review, we examined the development of atherosclerosis and the prerequisites in childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexey A. Yakovlev
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, Moscow 109240, Russia
| | - Mikhail А. Popov
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Moscow Regional Research and Clinical Institute, Moscow 129110, Russia
| | - Elena B. Zhigmitova
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow 125315, Russia
| | - Vasily N. Sukhorukov
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow 125315, Russia
| | - Alexander N. Orekhov
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow 125315, Russia
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Conroy LJ, McCann A, Zhang N, de Gaetano M. The role of nanosystems in the delivery of glucose-lowering drugs for the preemption and treatment of diabetes-associated atherosclerosis. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2024; 326:C1398-C1409. [PMID: 38525540 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00695.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Diabetes is one of the most prevalent diseases worldwide. In recent decades, type-2 diabetes has become increasingly common, particularly in younger individuals. Diabetes leads to many vascular complications, including atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is a cardiovascular disease characterized by lipid-rich plaques within the vasculature. Plaques develop over time, restricting blood flow, and can, therefore, be the underlying cause of major adverse cardiovascular events, including myocardial infarction and stroke. Diabetes and atherosclerosis are intrinsically linked. Diabetes is a metabolic syndrome that accelerates atherosclerosis and increases the risk of developing other comorbidities, such as diabetes-associated atherosclerosis (DAA). Gold standard antidiabetic medications focus on attenuating hyperglycemia. Though recent evidence suggests that glucose-lowering drugs may have broader applications, beyond diabetes management. This review mainly evaluates the role of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs), such as liraglutide and semaglutide in DAA. These drugs mimic gut hormones (incretins), which inhibit glucagon secretion while stimulating insulin secretion, thus improving insulin sensitivity. This facilitates delayed gastric emptying and increased patient satiety; hence, they are also indicated for the treatment of obesity. GLP-1 RAs have significant cardioprotective effects, including decreasing low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and triglycerides levels. Liraglutide and semaglutide have specifically been shown to decrease cardiovascular risk. Liraglutide has displayed a myriad of antiatherosclerotic properties, with the potential to induce plaque regression. This review aims to address how glucose-lowering medications can be applied to treat diseases other than diabetes. We specifically focus on how nanomedicines can be used for the site-specific delivery of antidiabetic medicines for the treatment of diabetes-associated atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke James Conroy
- Diabetes Complications Research Centre, Conway Institute & School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Alyssa McCann
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Nan Zhang
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Monica de Gaetano
- Diabetes Complications Research Centre, Conway Institute & School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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More SA, Deore RS, Pawar HD, Sharma C, Nakhate KT, Rathod SS, Ojha S, Goyal SN. CB2 Cannabinoid Receptor as a Potential Target in Myocardial Infarction: Exploration of Molecular Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Strategies. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1683. [PMID: 38338960 PMCID: PMC10855244 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The lipid endocannabinoid system has recently emerged as a novel therapeutic target for several inflammatory and tissue-damaging diseases, including those affecting the cardiovascular system. The primary targets of cannabinoids are cannabinoid type 1 (CB1) and 2 (CB2) receptors. The CB2 receptor is expressed in the cardiomyocytes. While the pathological changes in the myocardium upregulate the CB2 receptor, genetic deletion of the receptor aggravates the changes. The CB2 receptor plays a crucial role in attenuating the advancement of myocardial infarction (MI)-associated pathological changes in the myocardium. Activation of CB2 receptors exerts cardioprotection in MI via numerous molecular pathways. For instance, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol attenuated the progression of MI via modulation of the CB2 receptor-dependent anti-inflammatory mechanisms, including suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokines like IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β. Through similar mechanisms, natural and synthetic CB2 receptor ligands repair myocardial tissue damage. This review aims to offer an in-depth discussion on the ameliorative potential of CB2 receptors in myocardial injuries induced by a variety of pathogenic mechanisms. Further, the modulation of autophagy, TGF-β/Smad3 signaling, MPTP opening, and ROS production are discussed. The molecular correlation of CB2 receptors with cardiac injury markers, such as troponin I, LDH1, and CK-MB, is explored. Special attention has been paid to novel insights into the potential therapeutic implications of CB2 receptor activation in MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagar A. More
- Department of Pharmacology, Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal’s Institute of Pharmacy, Dhule 424001, Maharashtra, India; (S.A.M.); (R.S.D.); (H.D.P.); (K.T.N.); (S.S.R.)
| | - Rucha S. Deore
- Department of Pharmacology, Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal’s Institute of Pharmacy, Dhule 424001, Maharashtra, India; (S.A.M.); (R.S.D.); (H.D.P.); (K.T.N.); (S.S.R.)
| | - Harshal D. Pawar
- Department of Pharmacology, Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal’s Institute of Pharmacy, Dhule 424001, Maharashtra, India; (S.A.M.); (R.S.D.); (H.D.P.); (K.T.N.); (S.S.R.)
| | - Charu Sharma
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Kartik T. Nakhate
- Department of Pharmacology, Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal’s Institute of Pharmacy, Dhule 424001, Maharashtra, India; (S.A.M.); (R.S.D.); (H.D.P.); (K.T.N.); (S.S.R.)
| | - Sumit S. Rathod
- Department of Pharmacology, Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal’s Institute of Pharmacy, Dhule 424001, Maharashtra, India; (S.A.M.); (R.S.D.); (H.D.P.); (K.T.N.); (S.S.R.)
| | - Shreesh Ojha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sameer N. Goyal
- Department of Pharmacology, Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal’s Institute of Pharmacy, Dhule 424001, Maharashtra, India; (S.A.M.); (R.S.D.); (H.D.P.); (K.T.N.); (S.S.R.)
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Denimal D. Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Functions of High-Density Lipoprotein in Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 13:57. [PMID: 38247481 PMCID: PMC10812436 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13010057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) exhibit antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties that play an important role in preventing the development of atherosclerotic lesions and possibly also diabetes. In turn, both type 1 diabetes (T1D) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) are susceptible to having deleterious effects on these HDL functions. The objectives of the present review are to expound upon the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory functions of HDLs in both diabetes in the setting of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases and discuss the contributions of these HDL functions to the onset of diabetes. (2) Methods: this narrative review is based on the literature available from the PubMed database. (3) Results: several antioxidant functions of HDLs, such as paraoxonase-1 activity, are compromised in T2D, thereby facilitating the pro-atherogenic effects of oxidized low-density lipoproteins. In addition, HDLs exhibit diminished ability to inhibit pro-inflammatory pathways in the vessels of individuals with T2D. Although the literature is less extensive, recent evidence suggests defective antiatherogenic properties of HDL particles in T1D. Lastly, substantial evidence indicates that HDLs play a role in the onset of diabetes by modulating glucose metabolism. (4) Conclusions and perspectives: impaired HDL antioxidant and anti-inflammatory functions present intriguing targets for mitigating cardiovascular risk in individuals with diabetes. Further investigations are needed to clarify the influence of glycaemic control and nephropathy on HDL functionality in patients with T1D. Furthermore, exploring the effects on HDL functionality of novel antidiabetic drugs used in the management of T2D may provide intriguing insights for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Denimal
- Unit 1231, Center for Translational and Molecular Medicine, University of Burgundy, 21000 Dijon, France;
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Dijon Bourgogne University Hospital, 21079 Dijon, France
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Guo X, Wang F, Zheng M, Li L, Li L, Wang J, Miao S, Ma S, Shi X. Network pharmacology and molecular docking to study the potential molecular mechanism of Qi Fu Yin for diabetic encephalopathy. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023:1-15. [PMID: 38047625 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2289038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic encephalopathy is a chronic complication of diabetes that lacks an optimized treatment strategy. The present study sought to elucidate the potential molecular mechanism of Qi Fu Yin in improving diabetic encephalopathy through network pharmacology. The active components and target information of Qi Fu Yin were obtained from the TCMSP and Swiss target databases, while the target information of diabetic encephalopathy was sourced from Gene cards, OMIM, and Pharm Gkb databases. Enrichment analyses of KEGG and GO were conducted utilizing drug-disease common targets, while protein-protein interactions were predicted through the utilization of the STRING database platform. Subsequently, molecular docking was executed via Auto Dock Vina to authenticate the interaction between core components and core targets. The findings revealed that Qi Fu Yin exhibited 178 common targets with diabetic encephalopathy, and the enrichment analyses demonstrated that these targets were associated with lipid and atherosclerosis, AGE-RAGE signaling pathways, and other related pathways. The findings of the molecular docking indicated a favorable binding affinity between the active components of drug and the core targets, with EGF and quercetin exhibiting the most notable docking score. Additionally, the molecular dynamics simulation corroborated this high affinity. These results suggested that the active ingredients of Qi Fu Yin, including quercetin and kaempferol, may modulated the expression of genes such as IL10, TNF, EGF, and MMP2, thereby activating the AGE-RAGE signaling pathways and potentially serving as a therapeutic intervention for diabetic encephalopathy.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodi Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China
- The College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, P. R. China
| | - Feiyan Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Meiling Zheng
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Liang Li
- Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Long Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Jin Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Shan Miao
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Shanbo Ma
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Xiaopeng Shi
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China
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Bashir B, Adam S, Ho JH, Linn Z, Durrington PN, Soran H. Established and potential cardiovascular risk factors in metabolic syndrome: Effect of bariatric surgery. Curr Opin Lipidol 2023; 34:221-233. [PMID: 37560987 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0000000000000889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The aim of this review was to provide an overview of the role of novel biomarkers in metabolic syndrome, their association with cardiovascular risk and the impact of bariatric surgery on these biomarkers. RECENT FINDINGS Metabolic syndrome encompasses an intricate network of health problems, and its constituents extend beyond the components of its operational definition. Obesity-related dyslipidaemia not only leads to quantitative changes in lipoprotein concentration but also alteration in qualitative composition of various lipoprotein subfractions, including HDL particles, rendering them proatherogenic. This is compounded by the concurrent existence of obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which pave the common pathway to inflammation and oxidative stress culminating in heightened atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk. Bariatric surgery is an exceptional modality to reverse both conventional and less recognised aspects of metabolic syndrome. It reduces the burden of atherosclerosis by ameliorating the impact of obesity and its related complications (OSA, NAFLD) on quantitative and qualitative composition of lipoproteins, ultimately improving endothelial function and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. SUMMARY Several novel biomarkers, which are not traditionally considered as components of metabolic syndrome play a crucial role in determining ASCVD risk in metabolic syndrome. Due to their independent association with ASCVD, it is imperative that these are addressed. Bariatric surgery is a widely recognized intervention to improve the conventional risk factors associated with metabolic syndrome; however, it also serves as an effective treatment to optimize novel biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilal Bashir
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Peter Mount Building, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust
| | - Safwaan Adam
- The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Jan H Ho
- The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Zara Linn
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester
| | | | - Handrean Soran
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Peter Mount Building, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust
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Alyahyawi AR, Khan MY, Alouffi S, Maarfi F, Akasha R, Khan S, Rafi Z, Alharazi T, Shahab U, Ahmad S. Identification of Glycoxidative Lesion in Isolated Low-Density Lipoproteins from Diabetes Mellitus Subjects. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1986. [PMID: 37895368 PMCID: PMC10608319 DOI: 10.3390/life13101986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Methylglyoxal (MG) is a precursor for advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), which have a significant role in diabetes. The present study is designed to probe the immunological response of native and glycated low-density lipoprotein (LDL) in experimental animals. The second part of this study is to probe glycoxidative lesion detection in low-density lipoproteins (LDL) in diabetes subjects with varying disease duration. The neo-epitopes attributed to glycation-induced glycoxidative lesion of LDL in DM patients' plasma were, analyzed by binding of native and MG-modified LDL immunized animal sera antibodies using an immunochemical assay. The plasma purified human LDL glycation with MG, which instigated modification in LDL. Further, the NewZealand-White rabbits were infused with unmodified natural LDL (N-LDL) and MG-glycatedLDL to probe its immunogenicity. The glycoxidative lesion detection in LDL of DM with disease duration (D.D.) of 5-15 years and D.D. > 15 years was found to be significantly higher as compared to normal healthy subjects (NHS) LDL. The findings support the notion that prolonged duration of diabetes can cause structural alteration in LDL protein molecules, rendering them highly immunogenic in nature. The presence of LDL lesions specific to MG-associated glycoxidation would further help in assessing the progression of diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amjad R. Alyahyawi
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, College of Applied Medical Science, University of Hail, Ha’il 2440, Saudi Arabia;
- Centre for Nuclear and Radiation Physics, Department of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Mohd Yasir Khan
- Department of Biotechnology, SALS, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun 248011, India;
| | - Sultan Alouffi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Hail, Ha’il 2440, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.); (R.A.); (T.A.)
| | - Farah Maarfi
- Department of Biotechnology, SALS, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun 248011, India;
| | - Rihab Akasha
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Hail, Ha’il 2440, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.); (R.A.); (T.A.)
| | - Saif Khan
- Department of Basic Dental and Medical Sciences, College of Dentistry, Hail University, Ha’il 2440, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Zeeshan Rafi
- Department of Bioengineering, Integral University, Lucknow 226026, India;
| | - Talal Alharazi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Hail, Ha’il 2440, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.); (R.A.); (T.A.)
| | - Uzma Shahab
- Department of Biochemistry, King George Medical University, Lucknow 226026, India;
| | - Saheem Ahmad
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Hail, Ha’il 2440, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.); (R.A.); (T.A.)
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Gusev E, Sarapultsev A. Atherosclerosis and Inflammation: Insights from the Theory of General Pathological Processes. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24097910. [PMID: 37175617 PMCID: PMC10178362 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24097910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advances have greatly improved our understanding of the molecular mechanisms behind atherosclerosis pathogenesis. However, there is still a need to systematize this data from a general pathology perspective, particularly with regard to atherogenesis patterns in the context of both canonical and non-classical inflammation types. In this review, we analyze various typical phenomena and outcomes of cellular pro-inflammatory stress in atherosclerosis, as well as the role of endothelial dysfunction in local and systemic manifestations of low-grade inflammation. We also present the features of immune mechanisms in the development of productive inflammation in stable and unstable plaques, along with their similarities and differences compared to canonical inflammation. There are numerous factors that act as inducers of the inflammatory process in atherosclerosis, including vascular endothelium aging, metabolic dysfunctions, autoimmune, and in some cases, infectious damage factors. Life-critical complications of atherosclerosis, such as cardiogenic shock and severe strokes, are associated with the development of acute systemic hyperinflammation. Additionally, critical atherosclerotic ischemia of the lower extremities induces paracoagulation and the development of chronic systemic inflammation. Conversely, sepsis, other critical conditions, and severe systemic chronic diseases contribute to atherogenesis. In summary, atherosclerosis can be characterized as an independent form of inflammation, sharing similarities but also having fundamental differences from low-grade inflammation and various variants of canonical inflammation (classic vasculitis).
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgenii Gusev
- Institute of Immunology and Physiology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 620049 Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Alexey Sarapultsev
- Institute of Immunology and Physiology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 620049 Ekaterinburg, Russia
- Russian-Chinese Education and Research Center of System Pathology, South Ural State University, 454080 Chelyabinsk, Russia
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