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Lee J, Boas FE, Duran-Struuck R, Gaba RC, Schachtschneider KM, Comin-Anduix B, Galic Z, Haile S, Bassir A, Chiang J. Pigs as Clinically Relevant Models for Synergizing Interventional Oncology and Immunotherapy. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2024; 35:809-817.e1. [PMID: 38219903 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2024.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Traditionally, rodent cancer models have driven preclinical oncology research. However, they do not fully recapitulate characteristics of human cancers, and their size poses challenges when evaluating tools in the interventional oncologists' armamentarium. Pig models, however, have been the gold standard for validating surgical procedures. Their size enables the study of image-guided interventions using human ultrasound (US), computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging platforms. Furthermore, pigs have immunologic features that are similar to those of humans, which can potentially be leveraged for studying immunotherapy. Novel pig models of cancer are being developed, but additional research is required to better understand both the pig immune system and malignancy to enhance the potential for pig models in interventional oncology research. This review aims to address the main advantages and disadvantages of using a pig model for interventional oncology and outline the specific characteristics of pig models that make them more suitable for investigation of locoregional therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Lee
- Department of Radiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - F Edward Boas
- Department of Radiology, City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - Raimon Duran-Struuck
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ron C Gaba
- Department of Radiology, University of Illinois Health, Chicago, Illinois
| | | | - Begonya Comin-Anduix
- Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Zoran Galic
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Salem Haile
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Ali Bassir
- Department of Radiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jason Chiang
- Department of Radiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California.
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Wen M, Chen S, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Tang C, Zhang J, Sun J, Li X, Ding Y, Lu L, Long K, Nie Y, Li X, Li M, Ge L, Ma J. Diversity and host interaction of the gut microbiota in specific pathogen-free pigs. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1402807. [PMID: 38800748 PMCID: PMC11122924 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1402807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Pigs are widely used as animal models in various studies related to humans. The interaction between the gut microbiota and the host has significant effects on the host's health and disease status. However, although there have been many studies investigating the pig gut microbiota, the findings have been inconsistent due to variations in rearing conditions. Interactions between the gut microbiota and host have not been fully explored in pigs. Specific pathogen-free (SPF) pigs are ideal non-primate large animals to study the interactions between the gut microbiota and the host. In this study, we performed high-throughput sequencing analysis of the gut microbiota and the gut tissue transcriptome of six SPF pigs to provide a systematic understanding of the composition, function, and spatial distribution of gut microbiota in SPF pigs. We identified significant differences in microbial diversity and functionality among different gastrointestinal tract sites. Metagenomics data analysis revealed significant differences in alpha diversity and beta diversity of microbiota in different gastrointestinal sites of SPF pigs. Additionally, transcriptomic data indicated significant differences in gene expression as well as KEGG and GO functional enrichment between the small intestine and large intestine. Furthermore, by combining microbial metagenomics and host transcriptomics analyses, specific correlations were found between gut microbiota and host genes. These included a negative correlation between the TCN1 gene and Prevotella dentalis, possibly related to bacterial metabolic pathways involving vitamin B12, and a positive correlation between the BDH1 gene and Roseburia hominis, possibly because both are involved in fatty acid metabolism. These findings lay the groundwork for further exploration of the co-evolution between the microbiota and the host, specifically in relation to nutrition, metabolism, and immunity. In conclusion, we have elucidated the diversity of the gut microbiota in SPF pigs and conducted a detailed investigation into the interactions between the gut microbiota and host gene expression. These results contribute to our understanding of the intricate dynamics between the gut microbiota and the host, offering important references for advancements in life science research, bioproduct production, and sustainable development in animal husbandry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxing Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shuangshuang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yali Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chuang Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinwei Zhang
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing, China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Pigs, Chongqing, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pig Sciences, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pig Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Sun
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing, China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Pigs, Chongqing, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pig Sciences, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pig Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaokai Li
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Pigs, Chongqing, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pig Sciences, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pig Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuchun Ding
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing, China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Pigs, Chongqing, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pig Sciences, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pig Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Lu Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Keren Long
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yong Nie
- College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xuewei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mingzhou Li
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Liangpeng Ge
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing, China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Pigs, Chongqing, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pig Sciences, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pig Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Jideng Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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Chang J, Pan X, Gao J, Zhuo Y, Jiang X, Che L, Lin Y, Fang Z, Feng B, Li J, Hua L, Zhao X, Zhang R, Wu D, Xu S. Revealing the mechanism of fiber promoting sow embryo implantation by altering the abundance of uterine fluid proteins: A proteomic perspective. J Proteomics 2024; 297:105123. [PMID: 38364904 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2024.105123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Many studies have shown that fiber in the diet plays an important role in improving the reproductive performance of sows, but there is rarely research on the impact of fiber on early embryo implantation. This study used 4D-Label free technology to identify and analyze the effect of the fiber composition in the diet on the protein in the early pregnancy uterine fluid (UF) of sows. The results indicate that ratio of insoluble fibers to soluble fibers (ISF/SF) 4.89 can increase the concentration of progesterone (PROG) and reduce tumor necrosis factorα (TNF-α) concentration in sow UF. In addition, through 4D-Label free, we identified a total of 4248 proteins, 38 proteins abundance upregulated and 283 proteins abundance downregulated in UF. Through enrichment analysis of these differential abundance proteins (DAPs), it was found that these differential proteins are mainly related to the docking of extracellular vesicles, vesicular transport, inflammatory response, and insulin resistance. Therefore, the results of this study reveal the possible mechanism by which fiber improves the reproductive performance of sows, laying a theoretical foundation for future research on the effects of diet on reproduction. SIGNIFICANCE: This study demonstrates the importance of dietary fiber for early embryo implantation in sows. The effect of dietary ISF/SF on early embryo implantation in sows was elucidated from a proteomic perspective through 4D-Label free technology. This study not only has significant implications for improving sow reproductive efficiency, but also provides important theoretical references for studying early miscarriage and reproductive nutrition in human pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junlei Chang
- Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, PR China.
| | - Xujing Pan
- Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, PR China.
| | - Junjie Gao
- Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, PR China.
| | - Yong Zhuo
- Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, PR China.
| | - Xuemei Jiang
- Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, PR China.
| | - Lianqiang Che
- Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Yan Lin
- Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, PR China.
| | - Zhengfeng Fang
- Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Bin Feng
- Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Jian Li
- Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Lun Hua
- Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, PR China.
| | - Xilun Zhao
- Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, PR China.
| | - Ruinan Zhang
- Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, PR China.
| | - De Wu
- Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, PR China.
| | - Shengyu Xu
- Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, PR China.
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McCall MA. Pig Models in Retinal Research and Retinal Disease. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2024; 14:a041296. [PMID: 37553210 PMCID: PMC10982707 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a041296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
The pig has been used as a large animal model in biomedical research for many years and its use continues to increase because induced mutations phenocopy several inherited human diseases. In addition, they are continuous breeders, can be propagated by artificial insemination, have large litter sizes (on the order of mice), and can be genetically manipulated using all of the techniques that are currently available in mice. The pioneering work of Petters and colleagues set the stage for the use of the pig as a model of inherited retinal disease. In the last 10 years, the pig has become a model of choice where specific disease-causing mutations that are not phenocopied in rodents need to be studied and therapeutic approaches explored. The pig is not only used for retinal eye disease but also for the study of the cornea and lens. This review attempts to show how broad the use of the pig has become and how it has contributed to the assessment of treatments for eye disease. In the last 10 years, there have been several reviews that included the use of the pig in biomedical research (see body of the review) that included information about retinal disease. None directly discuss the use of the pig as an animal model for retinal diseases, including inherited diseases, where a single genetic mutation has been identified or for multifactorial diseases such as glaucoma and diabetic retinopathy. Although the pig is used to explore diseases of the cornea and lens, this review focuses on how and why the pig, as a large animal model, is useful for research in neural retinal disease and its treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen A McCall
- Departments of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences and Anatomical Sciences & Neurobiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA
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5
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Koopmans SJ, Binnendijk G, Ledoux A, Choi YH, Mes JJ, Guan X, Molist F, Thị Minh TP, van der Wielen N. Momordica charantia fruit reduces plasma fructosamine whereas stems and leaves increase plasma insulin in adult mildly diabetic obese Göttingen Minipigs. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0298163. [PMID: 38498469 PMCID: PMC10947704 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0298163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traditionally Momordica charantia (Bitter gourd) is known for its blood glucose lowering potential. This has been validated by many previous studies based on rodent models but human trials are less convincing and the physiological mechanisms underlying the bioactivity of Bitter gourd are still unclear. The present study compared the effects of whole fruit or stems-leaves from five different Bitter gourd cultivars on metabolic control in adult diabetic obese Göttingen Minipigs. METHODS Twenty streptozotocin-induced diabetic (D) obese Minipigs (body weight ~85 kg) were subdivided in mildly and overtly D pigs and fed 500 g of obesogenic diet per day for a period of three weeks, supplemented with 20 g dried powdered Bitter gourd or 20 g dried powdered grass as isoenergetic control in a cross-over, within-subject design. RESULTS Bitter gourd fruit from the cultivars "Palee" and "Good healthy" reduced plasma fructosamine concentrations in all pigs combined (from 450±48 to 423±53 and 490±50 to 404±48 μmol/L, both p<0.03, respectively) indicating improved glycemic control by 6% and 17%. These effects were statistically confirmed in mildly D pigs but not in overtly D pigs. In mildly D pigs, the other three cultivars of fruit showed consistent numerical but no significant improvements in glycemic control. The composition of Bitter gourd fruit was studied by metabolomics profiling and analysis identified three metabolites from the class of triterpenoids (Xuedanoside H, Acutoside A, Karaviloside IX) that were increased in the cultivars "Palee" (>3.9-fold) and "Good healthy" (>8.9-fold) compared to the mean of the other three cultivars. Bitter gourd stems and leaves from the cultivar "Bilai" increased plasma insulin concentrations in all pigs combined by 28% (from 53±6 to 67±9 pmol/L, p<0.03). The other two cultivars of stems and leaves showed consistent numerical but no significant increases in plasma insulin concentrations. The effects on plasma insulin concentrations were confirmed in mildly D pigs but not in overtly D pigs. CONCLUSIONS Fruits of Bitter gourd improve glycemic control and stems-leaves of Bitter gourd increase plasma insulin concentrations in an obese pig model for mild diabetes. The effects of Bitter gourd fruit on glycemic control seem consistent but relatively small and cultivar specific which may explain the varying results of human trials reported in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sietse Jan Koopmans
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gisabeth Binnendijk
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Allison Ledoux
- Natural Products Laboratory, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Young Hae Choi
- Natural Products Laboratory, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
- College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jurriaan J. Mes
- Wageningen Food & Biobased Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Xiaonan Guan
- Schothorst Feed Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | | | - Tâm Phạm Thị Minh
- Department of Food crops and Horticulture, Nong Lam University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Nikkie van der Wielen
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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6
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Lee S, Lee SC, Jeon Y. Analysis of blood composition by porcine breeding cycle. Vet Med Sci 2024; 10:e31376. [PMID: 38358072 PMCID: PMC10868141 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pigs for biomedical research are administered commercial fluids made for human consumption when they receive intravenous (IV) fluid therapy. Although pigs and humans have slightly different bodily fluid compositions, the composition shift happens at the same rate as their rapid growth. OBJECTIVE The study aimed to analyse the composition of porcine blood according to breeding cycle using a portable blood analyser and provides data for developing customized IV fluids for pigs. METHODS Pigs were sorted 25, 50, 100 and 120 days after birth, and sows were classified into candidate, pregnant and farrowing groups. A blood sample was collected from the external jugular vein and analysed using the EPOC blood analysis system using haematological, biochemical and gas parameters. RESULTS There was no difference among pig groups by age, but hematocrit and haemoglobin amounts decreased in sows after farrowing, but their concentrations were higher as compared to pigs. Glucose gradually reduced as age increased in pigs and during pregnancy in sows. CONCLUSION This study provided a comprehensive analysis of porcine blood composition by breeding cycle and highlighted the importance of glucose supplementation for IV fluid therapy in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongju Lee
- Department of Theriogenology and Reproductive BiotechnologyCollege of Veterinary Medicine and Bio‐Safety Research InstituteJeonbuk National UniversityIksanRepublic of Korea
| | | | - Yubyeol Jeon
- Department of Theriogenology and Reproductive BiotechnologyCollege of Veterinary Medicine and Bio‐Safety Research InstituteJeonbuk National UniversityIksanRepublic of Korea
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7
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Hammer SE, Duckova T, Gociman M, Groiss S, Pernold CPS, Hacker K, Kasper L, Sprung J, Stadler M, Jensen AE, Saalmüller A, Wenzel N, Figueiredo C. Comparative analysis of swine leukocyte antigen gene diversity in Göttingen Minipigs. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1360022. [PMID: 38469309 PMCID: PMC10925748 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1360022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Worldwide, pigs represent economically important farm animals, also representing a preferred preclinical large animal model for biomedical studies. The need for swine leukocyte antigen (SLA) typing is increasing with the expanded use of pigs in translational research, infection studies, and for veterinary vaccine design. Göttingen Minipigs (GMP) attract increasing attention as valuable model for pharmacological studies and transplantation research. This study represents a first-time assessment of the SLA gene diversity in Göttingen Minipigs in combination with a comparative metadata analysis with commercial pig lines. As Göttingen Minipigs could harbor private as well as potential novel SLA allele combinations, future research projects would benefit from the characterization of their SLA background. In 209 Göttingen Minipigs, SLA class I (SLA-1, SLA-2, SLA-3) and class II (DRB1, DQB1, DQA) genes were characterized by PCR-based low-resolution (Lr) haplotyping. Criteria and nomenclature used for SLA haplotyping were proposed by the ISAG/IUIS-VIC SLA Nomenclature Committee. Haplotypes were assigned based on the comparison with already known breed or farm-specific allele group combinations. In total, 14 SLA class I and five SLA class II haplotypes were identified in the studied cohort, to manifest in 26 SLA class I but only seven SLA class II genotypes. The most common SLA class I haplotypes Lr-24.0 (SLA-1*15XX or Blank-SLA-3*04:04-SLA-2*06:01~02) and Lr-GMP-3.0 (SLA-1*16:02-SLA-3*03:04-SLA-2*17:01) occurred at frequencies of 23.44 and 18.66%, respectively. For SLA class II, the most prevalent haplotypes Lr-0.21 (DRB1*01XX-DQB1*05XX-DQA*04XX) and Lr-0.03 (DRB1*03:02-DQB1*03:01-DQA*01XX) occurred at frequencies of 38.28 and 30.38%. The comparative metadata analysis revealed that Göttingen Minipigs only share six SLA class I and two SLA class II haplotypes with commercial pig lines. More importantly, despite the limited number of SLA class I haplotypes, the high genotype diversity being observed necessitates pre-experimental SLA background assessment of Göttingen Minipigs in regenerative medicine, allo-transplantation, and xenograft research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine E. Hammer
- Department of Pathobiology, Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tereza Duckova
- Department of Pathobiology, Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Monica Gociman
- Department of Pathobiology, Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sandra Groiss
- Department of Pathobiology, Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Clara P. S. Pernold
- Department of Pathobiology, Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Karolin Hacker
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Engineering, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Julia Sprung
- Department of Pathobiology, Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria Stadler
- Department of Pathobiology, Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Armin Saalmüller
- Department of Pathobiology, Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nadine Wenzel
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Engineering, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Constanca Figueiredo
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Engineering, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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Baldassarre H, Gutierrez K, Glanzner WG, de Macedo MP, Currin L, Guay V, Herrera MEC, Da Silva Z, Fortin F, Bordignon V. Laparoscopic ovum-pick up and in vitro embryo production in gonadotropin-stimulated gilts: Preliminary results and envisioned applications. Theriogenology 2024; 214:141-147. [PMID: 37871373 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2023.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
The present study was conducted to establish if laparoscopic ovum pick-up (LOPU) could be adapted to the swine species, and if the developmental competence of LOPU-sourced oocytes from peripubertal gilts could be improved by gonadotropin stimulation, by comparing with oocytes sourced from slaughtered gilts lacking hormonal stimulation. Estrus was synchronized in 34 gilts of ∼6-8 months of age by daily oral administration of 17.6 mg altrenogest for 13 days and 10 mg dinoprost IM on the last day of altrenogest. Follicular development was stimulated in all gilts with a single injection of 1250 IU eCG given 3 days before LOPU (together with the 12th dose of altrenogest). In about half of the gilts (Group eCG-hCG), 500 IU hCG were injected IM ∼72 h after eCG injection, or ∼16-18 h prior to LOPU, to initiate oocyte maturation in vivo, while the remaining animals only received eCG (Group eCG). Most gilts underwent LOPU twice alternating the gonadotropin protocol, thereby decreasing the impact of individual variation on results. Abattoir-sourced oocytes from prepubertal gilts served as Control. Following LOPU, oocytes were in vitro matured, fertilized, and cultured to the blastocyst stage following standard procedures, while oocytes collected from Group eCG-hCG gilts were considered partly matured in vivo and were matured for ∼24 h instead of ∼44 h. Embryos reaching the blastocyst stage were fixed and stained to assess quality through cell numbers. There were no significant differences in the number of follicles aspirated and cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) recovered between Groups eCG-hCG and eCG (22.4 and 16.9 vs. 22.6 and 17.6, P > 0.05), as well as the recovery rate (76.6 vs. 78.1, P > 0.05). Cleavage rate was not different between Group eCG-hCG, Group eCG and Control (61.1 vs. 64.4 vs. 53.4 %, P > 0.05). However, the blastocyst rate over total oocytes (32.2 vs. 36.9 vs. 11.1 %, P < 0.05), blastocyst rate over cleaved oocytes (51.8 vs. 55.1 vs. 21.2 %, P < 0.01) and the average number of cells/blastocyst (89.6 vs. 87.5 vs. 62.2, P < 0.01) were unaffected by hCG treatment in LOPU-sourced oocytes, but both LOPU groups were significantly higher than abattoir-sourced oocytes, respectively. Our results suggest LOPU may become a powerful tool for sourcing swine oocytes with higher developmental competence than abattoir-sourced oocytes and known disease status for creating swine models for human biomedical applications, as well as for accelerated genetic gain in swine breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hernan Baldassarre
- Department of Animal Science, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
| | - Karina Gutierrez
- Department of Animal Science, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
| | - Werner Giehl Glanzner
- Department of Animal Science, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Luke Currin
- Department of Animal Science, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
| | - Vanessa Guay
- Department of Animal Science, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Zigomar Da Silva
- Department of Animal Science, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
| | - Frederic Fortin
- Centre de Development du Porc du Quebec, Lévis, Quebec, Canada
| | - Vilceu Bordignon
- Department of Animal Science, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada.
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Meyerholz DK, Burrough ER, Kirchhof N, Anderson DJ, Helke KL. Swine models in translational research and medicine. Vet Pathol 2024:3009858231222235. [PMID: 38197394 DOI: 10.1177/03009858231222235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Swine are increasingly studied as animal models of human disease. The anatomy, size, longevity, physiology, immune system, and metabolism of swine are more like humans than traditional rodent models. In addition, the size of swine is preferred for surgical placement and testing of medical devices destined for humans. These features make swine useful for biomedical, pharmacological, and toxicological research. With recent advances in gene-editing technologies, genetic modifications can readily and efficiently be made in swine to study genetic disorders. In addition, gene-edited swine tissues are necessary for studies testing and validating xenotransplantation into humans to meet the critical shortfall of viable organs versus need. Underlying all of these biomedical applications, the knowledge of husbandry, background diseases and lesions, and biosecurity needs are important for productive, efficient, and reproducible research when using swine as a human disease model for basic research, preclinical testing, and translational studies.
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10
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Conrad JV, Meyer S, Ramesh PS, Neira JA, Rusteika M, Mamott D, Duffin B, Bautista M, Zhang J, Hiles E, Higgins EM, Steill J, Freeman J, Ni Z, Liu S, Ungrin M, Rancourt D, Clegg DO, Stewart R, Thomson JA, Chu LF. Efficient derivation of transgene-free porcine induced pluripotent stem cells enables in vitro modeling of species-specific developmental timing. Stem Cell Reports 2023; 18:2328-2343. [PMID: 37949072 PMCID: PMC10724057 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2023.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Sus scrofa domesticus (pig) has served as a superb large mammalian model for biomedical studies because of its comparable physiology and organ size to humans. The derivation of transgene-free porcine induced pluripotent stem cells (PiPSCs) will, therefore, benefit the development of porcine-specific models for regenerative biology and its medical applications. In the past, this effort has been hampered by a lack of understanding of the signaling milieu that stabilizes the porcine pluripotent state in vitro. Here, we report that transgene-free PiPSCs can be efficiently derived from porcine fibroblasts by episomal vectors along with microRNA-302/367 using optimized protocols tailored for this species. PiPSCs can be differentiated into derivatives representing the primary germ layers in vitro and can form teratomas in immunocompromised mice. Furthermore, the transgene-free PiPSCs preserve intrinsic species-specific developmental timing in culture, known as developmental allochrony. This is demonstrated by establishing a porcine in vitro segmentation clock model that, for the first time, displays a specific periodicity at ∼3.7 h, a timescale recapitulating in vivo porcine somitogenesis. We conclude that the transgene-free PiPSCs can serve as a powerful tool for modeling development and disease and developing transplantation strategies. We also anticipate that they will provide insights into conserved and unique features on the regulations of mammalian pluripotency and developmental timing mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Vanessa Conrad
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Reproductive Biology and Regenerative Medicine Research Group, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Susanne Meyer
- Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Pranav S Ramesh
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Reproductive Biology and Regenerative Medicine Research Group, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Jaime A Neira
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Reproductive Biology and Regenerative Medicine Research Group, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Margaret Rusteika
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Reproductive Biology and Regenerative Medicine Research Group, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Daniel Mamott
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - Bret Duffin
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - Monica Bautista
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Reproductive Biology and Regenerative Medicine Research Group, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Jue Zhang
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - Emily Hiles
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Reproductive Biology and Regenerative Medicine Research Group, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Eve M Higgins
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Reproductive Biology and Regenerative Medicine Research Group, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - John Steill
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - Jack Freeman
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - Zijian Ni
- Department of Statistics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Shiying Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Mark Ungrin
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Reproductive Biology and Regenerative Medicine Research Group, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Derrick Rancourt
- Reproductive Biology and Regenerative Medicine Research Group, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Dennis O Clegg
- Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA; Department of Molecular, Cellular, & Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Ron Stewart
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - James A Thomson
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53715, USA; Department of Molecular, Cellular, & Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Li-Fang Chu
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Reproductive Biology and Regenerative Medicine Research Group, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.
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11
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Park EY, Park JH, Mai NTQ, Moon BS, Choi JK. Control of the growth and development of murine preantral follicles in a biomimetic ovary using a decellularized porcine scaffold. Mater Today Bio 2023; 23:100824. [PMID: 37868950 PMCID: PMC10587716 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to derive mature oocytes from murine preantral follicles cultured in a biomimetic ovary with a porcine scaffold using decellularization technology. We evaluated the DNA content and the presence of cell and extracellular matrix (ECM) components, including collagen, elastin, and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), in decellularized (decell) porcine ovaries. The DNA content inthe decell ovarian tissues was approximately 94 % less than that in native tissues (66 ± 9.8 ng/mg vs. 1139 ± 269 ng/mg). Furthermore, the ECM component integrity was maintained in the decell ovarian tissue. The soluble collagen concentration of native ovarian tissue (native) was 195.34 ± 15.13 μg/mg (dry wt.), which was less than 878.6 ± 8.24 μg/mg for the decell ovarian tissue due to the loss of cellular mass. Hydrogels derived from decell porcine ovaries were prepared to develop an in vitro biomimetic ovary with appropriate ECM concentration (2-6 mg/mL). Scanning electron microscope (SEM) imagining revealed that the complex fiber network and porous structure were maintained in all groups treated with varying ECM concentration (2-6 mg/mL). Furthermore, rheometer analysis indicated that mechanical strength increased with ECM concentration in a dose-dependently. The preantral follicles cultured with 4 mg/mL ECM showed high rates of antral follicle (66 %) and mature oocyte (metaphase II) development (47 %). The preantral follicles cultured in a biomimetic ovary with a decell porcine scaffold showed a higher rate of antral follicle and mature oocytes than those cultured in other biomaterials such as collagen and Matrigel. In mature oocytes derived from antral follicles, meiotic spindles and nuclei were stained using a tubulin antibody and Hoechst, respectively. Two-cell embryos were developed from MII oocytes following parthenogenetic activation. Preantral follicles were cultured in a biomimetic ovary derived from the ECM of a decell porcine ovary, and embryos were generated from MII oocytes. This biomimetic ovary could contribute to restoring fertility in infertile women with reduced ovarian function, benefit mating efforts for endangered species, and maintain animals with valuable genetic traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun young Park
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life and Applied Sciences, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, South Korea
| | - Jin hee Park
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life and Applied Sciences, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, South Korea
| | - Nhu Thi Quynh Mai
- Department of Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, 59626, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung-San Moon
- Department of Biotechnology, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, 59626, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Kyu Choi
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life and Applied Sciences, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, South Korea
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12
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Qi Y, Zhang Y, Tian S, Zong R, Yan X, Wang Y, Wang Y, Zhao J. An optimized prime editing system for efficient modification of the pig genome. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2023; 66:2851-2861. [PMID: 37505431 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-022-2334-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Prime editing (PE) is a recent gene editing technology that can mediate insertions or deletions and all twelve types of base-to-base conversions. However, its low efficiency hampers the application in creating novel breeds and biomedical models, especially in pigs and other important farm animals. Here, we demonstrate that the pig genome is editable using the PE system, but the editing efficiency was quite low as expected. Therefore, we aimed to enhance PE efficiency by modulating both exogenous PE tools and endogenous pathways in porcine embryonic fibroblasts (PEFs). First, we modified the pegRNA by extending the duplex length and mutating the fourth thymine in a continuous sequence of thymine bases to cytosine, which significantly enhanced PE efficiency by improving the expression of pegRNA and targeted cleavage. Then, we targeted SAMHD1, a deoxynucleoside triphosphate triphosphohydrolase (dNTPase) that impedes the reverse transcription process in retroviruses, and found that treatment with its inhibitor, cephalosporin C zinc salt (CPC), increased PE efficiency up to 29-fold (4-fold on average), presumably by improving the reverse transcription process of Moloney murine leukemia virus reverse transcriptase (M-MLV RT) in the PE system. Moreover, PE efficiency was obviously improved by treatment with a panel of histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACis). Among the four HDACis tested, panobinostat was the most efficient, with an efficiency up to 122-fold (7-fold on average), partly due to the considerable HDACi-mediated increase in transgene expression. In addition, the synergistic use of the three strategies further enhanced PE efficiency in PEFs. Our study provides novel approaches for optimization of the PE system and broadens the application scope of PE in agriculture and biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Shuangjie Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Ruojun Zong
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Xinghui Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yanfang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Jianguo Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, 100101, China.
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13
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Christoffersen BØ, Bundgaard CJ, Hjøllund KR, Fels JJ, Boll KK, Lyhne MK, Olsen LH. Influence of general anaesthesia on circulating biomarkers of glucose metabolism in pigs. Lab Anim 2023; 57:650-663. [PMID: 37647768 DOI: 10.1177/00236772231187179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Pigs are widely used in metabolic research with procedures often requiring general anaesthesia. The aim was to investigate the effect of four different anaesthetic protocols: 1) isoflurane inhalation, 2) propofol infusion, 3) a mixture of tiletamine, zolazepam, medetomidine, ketamine and butorphanol (TZMKB)) and 4) ketamine combined with midazolam and xylazine (KMX)) on selected biomarkers during basal and glucose stimulated conditions. Eight domestic pigs were included in a cross-over design. Plasma concentrations of glucose, insulin, C-peptide, glucagon, cortisol, triglycerides, total cholesterol, aspartate amino transferase and alanine amino transferase, creatinine, urea, fructosamine, albumin, free fatty acids (FFAs) and glycerol were measured at baseline, during 2 h of anaesthesia and during 1 h of recovery. Intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT, 0.5 g glucose/kg) was performed after 1 h of anaesthesia. Glucose disappearance rate and areas under the insulin, C-peptide and glucagon curves from the IVGTT were calculated. All four anaesthetic protocols affected glucose metabolism parameters significantly compared with un-anaesthetised pigs, which was particularly evident during IVGTT and for TZMKB and KMX anaesthesia. Propofol additionally influenced the plasma concentrations of triglycerides, FFAs and glycerol significantly. The remaining circulating biomarkers were largely unaffected by anaesthesia. These data underline the importance of considering the anaesthetic protocol in porcine studies of circulating metabolic biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Kirstine K Boll
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mille K Lyhne
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Maaloev, Denmark
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lisbeth H Olsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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14
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Wenzel C, Spassov SG, Haberstroh J, Spaeth J, Schumann S, Schmidt J. Establishment and validation of intravenous anesthesia with dexmedetomidine for pigs under assisted spontaneous breathing: A preclinical model of intensive care conditions. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0293215. [PMID: 37851695 PMCID: PMC10584169 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0293215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Large animal models are frequently used to investigate new medical approaches. In most cases, animals are kept under general anesthesia and mandatory mechanical ventilation during the experiments. However, in some situations assisted spontaneous breathing is essential, e.g. when simulating conditions in a modern intensive care unit. Therefore, we established an anesthesia regime with dexmedetomidine and midazolam/ketamine in porcine models of assisted spontaneous breathing. The total intravenous anesthesia was used in lung healthy pigs, in pigs with oleic acid induced acute respiratory distress syndrome and in pigs with methacholine induced bronchopulmonary obstruction. We were able to maintain stable conditions of assisted spontaneous breathing without impairment of hemodynamic, respiratory or blood gas variables in lung healthy pigs and pigs with induced acute respiratory distress syndrome for a period of five hours and in pigs with induced bronchopulmonary obstruction for three hours. Total intravenous anesthesia containing dexmedetomidine enables stable conditions of assisted spontaneous breathing in healthy pigs, in pigs with induced acute respiratory distress syndrome and in pigs induced bronchopulmonary obstruction as models of intensive care unit conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christin Wenzel
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sashko G. Spassov
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jörg Haberstroh
- Experimental Surgery, Center for Experimental Models and Transgenic Service, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Spaeth
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Schumann
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Schmidt
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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15
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Allen LM, Murphy DA, Roldan V, Moussa MN, Draper A, Delgado A, Aguiar M, Capote MA, Jarome TJJ, Lee K, Mattfeld AT, Prather R, Allen TA. Testing spatial working memory in pigs using an automated T-maze. OXFORD OPEN NEUROSCIENCE 2023; 2:kvad010. [PMID: 38596242 PMCID: PMC10913826 DOI: 10.1093/oons/kvad010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Pigs are an important large animal model for translational clinical research but underutilized in behavioral neuroscience. This is due, in part, to a lack of rigorous neurocognitive assessments for pigs. Here, we developed a new automated T-maze for pigs that takes advantage of their natural tendency to alternate. The T-maze has obvious cross-species value having served as a foundation for cognitive theories across species. The maze (17' × 13') was constructed typically and automated with flanking corridors, guillotine doors, cameras, and reward dispensers. We ran nine pigs in (1) a simple alternation task and (2) a delayed spatial alternation task. Our assessment focused on the delayed spatial alternation task which forced pigs to wait for random delays (5, 60, 120, and 240 s) and burdened spatial working memory. We also looked at self-paced trial latencies, error types, and coordinate-based video tracking. We found pigs naturally alternated but performance declined steeply across delays (R2 = 0.84). Self-paced delays had no effect on performance suggestive of an active interference model of working memory. Positional and head direction data could differentiate subsequent turns on short but not long delays. Performance levels were stable over weeks in diverse strains and sexes, and thus provide a benchmark for future neurocognitive assessments in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Allen
- Cognitive Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - D A Murphy
- Cognitive Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - V Roldan
- Cognitive Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - M N Moussa
- Cognitive Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - A Draper
- Cognitive Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - A Delgado
- Cognitive Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - M Aguiar
- Cognitive Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - M A Capote
- Cognitive Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - T J J Jarome
- School of Neuroscience, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
- School of Animal Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - K Lee
- Division of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- National Swine Resource and Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - A T Mattfeld
- Cognitive Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - R Prather
- Division of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- National Swine Resource and Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - T A Allen
- Cognitive Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Robert Stempel College of Public Health, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
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16
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Meene A, Gierse L, Schwaiger T, Karte C, Schröder C, Höper D, Wang H, Groß V, Wünsche C, Mücke P, Kreikemeyer B, Beer M, Becher D, Mettenleiter TC, Riedel K, Urich T. Archaeome structure and function of the intestinal tract in healthy and H1N1 infected swine. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1250140. [PMID: 37779690 PMCID: PMC10534045 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1250140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Methanogenic archaea represent a less investigated and likely underestimated part of the intestinal tract microbiome in swine. Aims/Methods This study aims to elucidate the archaeome structure and function in the porcine intestinal tract of healthy and H1N1 infected swine. We performed multi-omics analysis consisting of 16S rRNA gene profiling, metatranscriptomics and metaproteomics. Results and discussion We observed a significant increase from 0.48 to 4.50% of archaea in the intestinal tract microbiome along the ileum and colon, dominated by genera Methanobrevibacter and Methanosphaera. Furthermore, in feces of naïve and H1N1 infected swine, we observed significant but minor differences in the occurrence of archaeal phylotypes over the course of an infection experiment. Metatranscriptomic analysis of archaeal mRNAs revealed the major methanogenesis pathways of Methanobrevibacter and Methanosphaera to be hydrogenotrophic and methyl-reducing, respectively. Metaproteomics of archaeal peptides indicated some effects of the H1N1 infection on central metabolism of the gut archaea. Conclusions/Take home message Finally, this study provides the first multi-omics analysis and high-resolution insights into the structure and function of the porcine intestinal tract archaeome during a non-lethal Influenza A virus infection of the respiratory tract, demonstrating significant alterations in archaeal community composition and central metabolic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Meene
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Laurin Gierse
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Dirk Höper
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Haitao Wang
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Verena Groß
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Christine Wünsche
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Pierre Mücke
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Bernd Kreikemeyer
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, Rostock University Medical Centre, Rostock, Germany
| | - Martin Beer
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Dörte Becher
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | | | - Katharina Riedel
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Tim Urich
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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17
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Alexander P L, Jonathan R, Gunnar K, Johan P E J. Amino acid buffered hypochlorite facilitates debridement of porcine infected burn wounds. Burns 2023; 49:1363-1371. [PMID: 36543728 DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2022.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Removal of necrotic tissue is a vital step in the treatment of full-thickness burn wounds, with surgical debridement being the most effective method. Since minor burn wounds are typically treated on an outpatient basis where surgical capabilities can be limited there is a need for alternative treatment options. In this study we aim to evaluate the use of amino acid buffered hypochlorite (AABH) as a chemical enhancement for wound debridement in a porcine infected burn wound model. METHOD A total of 60 full-thickness burn wounds, 3 cm in diameter, were created on four pigs using a standardized burn device. The wounds were inoculated with 107 colony-forming units (CFU) of S. aureus. The experimental groups included wounds debrided with a plastic curette, wounds debrided after pretreatment with AABH, and control wounds wiped with gauze. Wounds were treated twice per week for three weeks. Debridement, healing, and infection parameters were evaluated over time. RESULTS After one week, but not after two and three weeks, the curette and AABH groups had higher debrided weights compared to control (p < 0.05). Percentage of wound area adequately cleared from necrotic tissue was higher in the AABH-group compared to the curette-group and control, after one week. The earliest healing was measured in the AABH group after two weeks (5 % of wounds), which also had the most healed wounds after three weeks (55 %). In both the AABH and the curette groups, bacterial load had fallen below 105 CFU/g after two weeks. No CFU were detectable in the AABH group after three weeks. The AABH-group was also the easiest to debride. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that AABH facilitates wound debridement and could be a helpful addition to an effective treatment modality for removal of necrotic tissue in full-thickness burns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larsson Alexander P
- Laboratory for Experimental Plastic Surgery, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, SE-581 85, Linköping, Sweden; Department of Hand Surgery, Plastic Surgery, and Burns, Linköping University Hospital, SE-581 85, Linköping, Sweden; Department of Reconstructive Plastic Surgery, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Rakar Jonathan
- Laboratory for Experimental Plastic Surgery, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, SE-581 85, Linköping, Sweden; Center for Disaster Medicine and Traumatology, and Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, SE-583 30, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Kratz Gunnar
- Laboratory for Experimental Plastic Surgery, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, SE-581 85, Linköping, Sweden; Department of Hand Surgery, Plastic Surgery, and Burns, Linköping University Hospital, SE-581 85, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Junker Johan P E
- Laboratory for Experimental Plastic Surgery, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, SE-581 85, Linköping, Sweden; Center for Disaster Medicine and Traumatology, and Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, SE-583 30, Linköping, Sweden
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18
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Wathen CA, Ghenbot YG, Ozturk AK, Cullen DK, O’Donnell JC, Petrov D. Porcine Models of Spinal Cord Injury. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2202. [PMID: 37626699 PMCID: PMC10452184 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11082202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Large animal models of spinal cord injury may be useful tools in facilitating the development of translational therapies for spinal cord injury (SCI). Porcine models of SCI are of particular interest due to significant anatomic and physiologic similarities to humans. The similar size and functional organization of the porcine spinal cord, for instance, may facilitate more accurate evaluation of axonal regeneration across long distances that more closely resemble the realities of clinical SCI. Furthermore, the porcine cardiovascular system closely resembles that of humans, including at the level of the spinal cord vascular supply. These anatomic and physiologic similarities to humans not only enable more representative SCI models with the ability to accurately evaluate the translational potential of novel therapies, especially biologics, they also facilitate the collection of physiologic data to assess response to therapy in a setting similar to those used in the clinical management of SCI. This review summarizes the current landscape of porcine spinal cord injury research, including the available models, outcome measures, and the strengths, limitations, and alternatives to porcine models. As the number of investigational SCI therapies grow, porcine SCI models provide an attractive platform for the evaluation of promising treatments prior to clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor A. Wathen
- Center for Brain Injury & Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (C.A.W.); (Y.G.G.); (A.K.O.); (D.K.C.); (J.C.O.)
- Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration & Restoration, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Yohannes G. Ghenbot
- Center for Brain Injury & Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (C.A.W.); (Y.G.G.); (A.K.O.); (D.K.C.); (J.C.O.)
- Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration & Restoration, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ali K. Ozturk
- Center for Brain Injury & Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (C.A.W.); (Y.G.G.); (A.K.O.); (D.K.C.); (J.C.O.)
| | - D. Kacy Cullen
- Center for Brain Injury & Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (C.A.W.); (Y.G.G.); (A.K.O.); (D.K.C.); (J.C.O.)
- Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration & Restoration, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - John C. O’Donnell
- Center for Brain Injury & Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (C.A.W.); (Y.G.G.); (A.K.O.); (D.K.C.); (J.C.O.)
- Center for Neurotrauma, Neurodegeneration & Restoration, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Dmitriy Petrov
- Center for Brain Injury & Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; (C.A.W.); (Y.G.G.); (A.K.O.); (D.K.C.); (J.C.O.)
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19
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Swier VJ, White KA, Johnson TB, Wang X, Han J, Pearce DA, Singh R, Drack AV, Pfeifer W, Rogers CS, Brudvig JJ, Weimer JM. A novel porcine model of CLN3 Batten disease recapitulates clinical phenotypes. Dis Model Mech 2023; 16:dmm050038. [PMID: 37305926 PMCID: PMC10434985 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.050038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Mouse models of CLN3 Batten disease, a rare lysosomal storage disorder with no cure, have improved our understanding of CLN3 biology and therapeutics through their ease of use and a consistent display of cellular pathology. However, the translatability of murine models is limited by disparities in anatomy, body size, life span and inconsistent subtle behavior deficits that can be difficult to detect in CLN3 mutant mouse models, thereby limiting their use in preclinical studies. Here, we present a longitudinal characterization of a novel miniswine model of CLN3 disease that recapitulates the most common human pathogenic variant, an exon 7-8 deletion (CLN3Δex7/8). Progressive pathology and neuron loss is observed in various regions of the CLN3Δex7/8 miniswine brain and retina. Additionally, mutant miniswine present with retinal degeneration and motor abnormalities, similar to deficits seen in humans diagnosed with the disease. Taken together, the CLN3Δex7/8 miniswine model shows consistent and progressive Batten disease pathology, and behavioral impairment mirroring clinical presentation, demonstrating its value in studying the role of CLN3 and safety/efficacy of novel disease-modifying therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicki J. Swier
- Pediatrics and Rare Diseases Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA
| | - Katherine A. White
- Pediatrics and Rare Diseases Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA
| | - Tyler B. Johnson
- Pediatrics and Rare Diseases Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA
| | | | - Jimin Han
- Department of Ophthalmology, Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - David A. Pearce
- Pediatrics and Rare Diseases Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA
| | - Ruchira Singh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Arlene V. Drack
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- University of Iowa Institute for Vision Research, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Wanda Pfeifer
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | | | - Jon J. Brudvig
- Pediatrics and Rare Diseases Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD 57105, USA
| | - Jill M. Weimer
- Pediatrics and Rare Diseases Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD 57105, USA
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20
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Liu WX, Li CX, Xie XX, Ge W, Qiao T, Sun XF, Shen W, Cheng SF. Transcriptomic landscape reveals germline potential of porcine skin-derived multipotent dermal fibroblast progenitors. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:224. [PMID: 37480481 PMCID: PMC11072884 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04869-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
According to estimations, approximately about 15% of couples worldwide suffer from infertility, in which individuals with azoospermia or oocyte abnormalities cannot be treated with assisted reproductive technology. The skin-derived stem cells (SDSCs) differentiation into primordial germ cell-like cells (PGCLCs) is one of the major breakthroughs in the field of stem cells intervention for infertility treatment in recent years. However, the cellular origin of SDSCs and their dynamic changes in transcription profile during differentiation into PGCLCs in vitro remain largely undissected. Here, the results of single-cell RNA sequencing indicated that porcine SDSCs are mainly derived from multipotent dermal fibroblast progenitors (MDFPs), which are regulated by growth factors (EGF/bFGF). Importantly, porcine SDSCs exhibit pluripotency for differentiating into three germ layers and can effectively differentiate into PGCLCs through complex transcriptional regulation involving histone modification. Moreover, this study also highlights that porcine SDSC-derived PGCLCs specification exhibit conservation with the human primordial germ cells lineage and that its proliferation is mediated by the MAPK signaling pathway. Our findings provide substantial novel insights into the field of regenerative medicine in which stem cells differentiate into germ cells in vitro, as well as potential therapeutic effects in individuals with azoospermia and/or defective oocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Xiang Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology in Universities of Shandong, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, China
| | - Chun-Xiao Li
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology in Universities of Shandong, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Xin-Xiang Xie
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology in Universities of Shandong, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Wei Ge
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology in Universities of Shandong, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Tian Qiao
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology in Universities of Shandong, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Sun
- Anqiu Women and Children's Hospital, Weifang, 262100, China
| | - Wei Shen
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology in Universities of Shandong, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.
| | - Shun-Feng Cheng
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology in Universities of Shandong, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.
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21
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Digranes N, Haga HA, Nordgreen J. High and Hyper: Fentanyl Induces Psychomotor Side-Effects in Healthy Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13101671. [PMID: 37238100 DOI: 10.3390/ani13101671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Analgesic effects of fentanyl have been investigated using behavior. The behavioral effects of fentanyl and possible serotonergic influence are largely unknown. We therefore investigated behavioral effects of fentanyl, with or without the serotonin antagonist ketanserin, in pigs. Fourteen mixed-breed pigs, weighing 17-25 kg were included in a randomised blinded prospective, balanced three-group study. Ten pigs received first 5 and then 10 µg/kg of fentanyl intravenously. Ketanserin at 1 mg/kg or saline was given intravenously as a third injection. Four control pigs received three injections of saline. Behavior was video-recorded. The distance moved was automatically measured by commercially available software, and behaviors manually scored in retrospect. Fentanyl inhibited resting and playing, and induced different repetitive behaviors. The mean (SD) distance moved in the control group and fentanyl group was 21.3 (13.0) and 57.8 (20.8) metres respectively (p < 0.05 for pairwise comparison). A stiff gait pattern was seen after fentanyl injection for median (range) 4.2 (2.8-5.1) minutes per 10 min, which was reduced to 0 (0-4) s after ketanserin administration. Conclusion: fentanyl-induced motor and behavioral effects, and serotonergic transmission may be involved in some of them. The psychomotor side effects of fentanyl could potentially interfere with post-operative pain evaluation in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Digranes
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1430 Ås, Norway
| | - Henning Andreas Haga
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1430 Ås, Norway
| | - Janicke Nordgreen
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1430 Ås, Norway
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22
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Ogun OJ, Thaller G, Becker D. Molecular Structural Analysis of Porcine CMAH-Native Ligand Complex and High Throughput Virtual Screening to Identify Novel Inhibitors. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12050684. [PMID: 37242354 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12050684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine meat is the most consumed red meat worldwide. Pigs are also vital tools in biological and medical research. However, xenoreactivity between porcine's N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) and human anti-Neu5Gc antibodies poses a significant challenge. On the one hand, dietary Neu5Gc intake has been connected to particular human disorders. On the other hand, some pathogens connected to pig diseases have a preference for Neu5Gc. The Cytidine monophospho-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase (CMAH) catalyses the conversion of N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) to Neu5Gc. In this study, we predicted the tertiary structure of CMAH, performed molecular docking, and analysed the protein-native ligand complex. We performed a virtual screening from a drug library of 5M compounds and selected the two top inhibitors with Vina scores of -9.9 kcal/mol for inhibitor 1 and -9.4 kcal/mol for inhibitor 2. We further analysed their pharmacokinetic and pharmacophoric properties. We conducted stability analyses of the complexes with molecular dynamic simulations of 200 ns and binding free energy calculations. The overall analyses revealed the inhibitors' stable binding, which was further validated by the MMGBSA studies. In conclusion, this result may pave the way for future studies to determine how to inhibit CMAH activities. Further in vitro studies can provide in-depth insight into these compounds' therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwamayowa Joshua Ogun
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Husbandry, University of Kiel, Olshausenstraße 40, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Georg Thaller
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Husbandry, University of Kiel, Olshausenstraße 40, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Doreen Becker
- Institute of Genome Biology, Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
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23
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Yang L, Arbona RJR, Smith CS, Banks KM, Thomas VK, Palmer L, Evans T, Hurtado R. An evolutionarily conserved pacemaker role for HCN ion channels in smooth muscle. J Physiol 2023; 601:1225-1246. [PMID: 36930567 PMCID: PMC10065941 DOI: 10.1113/jp283701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Although hyperpolarization-activated cation (HCN) ion channels are well established to underlie cardiac pacemaker activity, their role in smooth muscle organs remains controversial. HCN-expressing cells are localized to renal pelvic smooth muscle (RPSM) pacemaker tissues of the murine upper urinary tract and HCN channel conductance is required for peristalsis. To date, however, the Ih pacemaker current conducted by HCN channels has never been detected in these cells, raising questions on the identity of RPSM pacemakers. Indeed, the RPSM pacemaker mechanisms of the unique multicalyceal upper urinary tract exhibited by humans remains unknown. Here, we developed immunopanning purification protocols and demonstrate that 96% of isolated HCN+ cells exhibit Ih . Single-molecule STORM to whole-tissue imaging showed HCN+ cells express single HCN channels on their plasma membrane and integrate into the muscular syncytium. By contrast, PDGFR-α+ cells exhibiting the morphology of ICC gut pacemakers were shown to be vascular mural cells. Translational studies in the homologous human and porcine multicalyceal upper urinary tracts showed that contractions and pacemaker depolarizations originate in proximal calyceal RPSM. Critically, HCN+ cells were shown to integrate into calyceal RPSM pacemaker tissues, and HCN channel block abolished electrical pacemaker activity and peristalsis of the multicalyceal upper urinary tract. Cumulatively, these studies demonstrate that HCN ion channels play a broad, evolutionarily conserved pacemaker role in both cardiac and smooth muscle organs and have implications for channelopathies as putative aetiologies of smooth muscle disorders. KEY POINTS: Pacemakers trigger contractions of involuntary muscles. Hyperpolarization-activated cation (HCN) ion channels underpin cardiac pacemaker activity, but their role in smooth muscle organs remains controversial. Renal pelvic smooth muscle (RPSM) pacemakers trigger contractions that propel waste away from the kidney. HCN+ cells localize to murine RPSM pacemaker tissue and HCN channel conductance is required for peristalsis. The HCN (Ih ) current has never been detected in RPSM cells, raising doubt whether HCN+ cells are bona fide pacemakers. Moreover, the pacemaker mechanisms of the unique multicalyceal RPSM of higher order mammals remains unknown. In total, 97% of purified HCN+ RPSM cells exhibit Ih . HCN+ cells integrate into the RPSM musculature, and pacemaker tissue peristalsis is dependent on HCN channels. Translational studies in human and swine demonstrate HCN channels are conserved in the multicalyceal RPSM and that HCN channels underlie pacemaker activity that drives peristalsis. These studies provide insight into putative channelopathies that can underlie smooth muscle dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yang
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rodolfo J. Ricart Arbona
- Center of Comparative Medicine and Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Carl S. Smith
- Department of Urologic Surgery, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Kelly M. Banks
- Department of Surgery, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - V. Kaye Thomas
- Bio-Imaging Resource Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lawrence Palmer
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Todd Evans
- Department of Surgery, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Romulo Hurtado
- Department of Surgery, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
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24
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A porcine model of early-onset scoliosis combined with thoracic insufficiency syndrome: Construction and transcriptome analysis. Gene 2023; 858:147202. [PMID: 36646188 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early-onset scoliosis (EOS) is a scoliosis deformity caused by various reasons before the age of 10 years and is often combined with thoracic insufficiency syndrome (TIS) causing patients with difficulty in securing lung growth in the thoracic cage. Currently, there is a shortage of effective large animal models for evaluating EOS + TIS in therapeutic studies. Consequently, we propose to construct a porcine EOS + TIS model and evaluate its transcriptome changes by RNA sequencing. METHODS Piglets were constructed using unilateral posterior spine-tethering and ipsilateral rib-tethering in the EOS + TIS model, and X-ray and computed tomography (CT) were performed to assess growth changes in the spine, thoracic cage and lungs. The H&E and Masson staining was performed for pathological analysis of lung tissue. After RNA sequencing of lung tissues, data were analyzed for differential expression of mRNA, functional enrichment analysis (GO, KEGG and GSEA) and protein-protein interaction (PPI) network construction, and differential expression of hub gene was verified by RT-qPCR. RESULTS In the model group, growth (body weight and length) of piglets was significantly delayed; fusion of ribs occurred and cobb angle changes in the coronal and sagittal planes were significantly enlarged; total lung volume (TLV) was significantly reduced, especially at the T7-T10 level. Pathological analysis revealed that, in the model lung tissue, the alveolar wall of was poorly perfused, the alveolar space was enlarged, the number and size of alveoli were significantly reduced, and it was accompanied by collagen fiber deposition. Moreover, a total of 432 differentially expressed mRNAs (DE-mRNAs) were identified in model lung tissues, which contained 262 down-regulated and 170 up-regulated DE-mRNAs, and they were mainly involved in the regulation of immunity, inflammation, cell cycle and extracellular matrix. A PPI network containing 71 nodes and 158 edges was constructed based on all DE-mRNAs, and JUN, CCL2, EGR1, ATF3, BTG2, DUSP1 and THBS1 etc. were hub gene. CONCLUSIONS Overall, we constructed a porcine model that was capable of replicating the common clinical features of EOS + TIS such as rib fusion, asymmetric thoracic cage, increased cobb angle, decreased TLV, and pulmonary hypoplasia. Also, we revealed transcriptomic changes in the EOS + TIS model that may cause pulmonary hypoplasia.
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25
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Veliz DS, Lin KL, Sahlgren C. Organ-on-a-chip technologies for biomedical research and drug development: A focus on the vasculature. SMART MEDICINE 2023; 2:e20220030. [PMID: 37089706 PMCID: PMC7614466 DOI: 10.1002/smmd.20220030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Current biomedical models fail to replicate the complexity of human biology. Consequently, almost 90% of drug candidates fail during clinical trials after decades of research and billions of investments in drug development. Despite their physiological similarities, animal models often misrepresent human responses, and instead, trigger ethical and societal debates regarding their use. The overall aim across regulatory entities worldwide is to replace, reduce, and refine the use of animal experimentation, a concept known as the Three Rs principle. In response, researchers develop experimental alternatives to improve the biological relevance of in vitro models through interdisciplinary approaches. This article highlights the emerging organ-on-a-chip technologies, also known as microphysiological systems, with a focus on models of the vasculature. The cardiovascular system transports all necessary substances, including drugs, throughout the body while in charge of thermal regulation and communication between other organ systems. In addition, we discuss the benefits, limitations, and challenges in the widespread use of new biomedical models. Coupled with patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells, organ-on-a-chip technologies are the future of drug discovery, development, and personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diosangeles Soto Veliz
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Cell Biology, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
- InFLAMES Research Flagship Center, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
- Turku Bioscience Center, Åbo Akademi University and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Kai-Lan Lin
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Cell Biology, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
- InFLAMES Research Flagship Center, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
- Turku Bioscience Center, Åbo Akademi University and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Cecilia Sahlgren
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Cell Biology, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
- InFLAMES Research Flagship Center, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
- Turku Bioscience Center, Åbo Akademi University and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
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26
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Cas9-mediated replacement of expanded CAG repeats in a pig model of Huntington's disease. Nat Biomed Eng 2023; 7:629-646. [PMID: 36797418 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-023-01007-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
The monogenic nature of Huntington's disease (HD) and other neurodegenerative diseases caused by the expansion of glutamine-encoding CAG repeats makes them particularly amenable to gene therapy. Here we show the feasibility of replacing expanded CAG repeats in the mutant HTT allele with a normal CAG repeat in genetically engineered pigs mimicking the selective neurodegeneration seen in patients with HD. A single intracranial or intravenous injection of adeno-associated virus encoding for Cas9, a single-guide RNA targeting the HTT gene, and donor DNA containing the normal CAG repeat led to the depletion of mutant HTT in the animals and to substantial reductions in the dysregulated expression and neurotoxicity of mutant HTT and in neurological symptoms. Our findings support the further translational development of virally delivered Cas9-based gene therapies for the treatment of genetic neurodegenerative diseases.
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27
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Skin-Based Vaccination: A Systematic Mapping Review of the Types of Vaccines and Methods Used and Immunity and Protection Elicited in Pigs. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11020450. [PMID: 36851328 PMCID: PMC9962282 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11020450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The advantages of skin-based vaccination include induction of strong immunity, dose-sparing, and ease of administration. Several technologies for skin-based immunisation in humans are being developed to maximise these key advantages. This route is more conventionally used in veterinary medicine. Skin-based vaccination of pigs is of high relevance due to their anatomical, physiological, and immunological similarities to humans, as well as being a source of zoonotic diseases and their livestock value. We conducted a systematic mapping review, focusing on vaccine-induced immunity and safety after the skin immunisation of pigs. Veterinary vaccines, specifically anti-viral vaccines, predominated in the literature. The safe and potent skin administration to pigs of adjuvanted vaccines, particularly emulsions, are frequently documented. Multiple methods of skin immunisation exist; however, there is a lack of consistent terminology and accurate descriptions of the route and device. Antibody responses, compared to other immune correlates, are most frequently reported. There is a lack of research on the underlying mechanisms of action and breadth of responses. Nevertheless, encouraging results, both in safety and immunogenicity, were observed after skin vaccination that were often comparable to or superior the intramuscular route. Further research in this area will underlie the development of enhanced skin vaccine strategies for pigs, other animals and humans.
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28
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Porcine Model of the Growing Spinal Cord-Changes in Diffusion Tensor Imaging Parameters. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13040565. [PMID: 36830353 PMCID: PMC9951717 DOI: 10.3390/ani13040565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is an advanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technique that has promising applications for the objective assessment of the microstructure of the spinal cord. This study aimed to verify the parameters obtained using DTI change during the growth process. We also wanted to identify if the DTI values change on the course of the spinal cord. The model organism was a healthy growing porcine spinal cord (19 pigs, Polish White, weight 24-120 kg, mean 48 kg, median 48 kg, age 2.5-11 months, mean 5 months, median 5.5 months). DTI parameters were measured in three weight groups: up to 29 kg (five pigs), 30-59 kg (six pigs), and from 60 kg up (eight pigs). DTI was performed with a 1.5 Tesla magnetic resonance scanner (Philips, Ingenia). Image post-processing was done using the Fiber Track package (Philips Ingenia workstation) by manually drawing the regions of interest (nine ROIs). The measurements were recorded for three sections: the cervical, thoracolumbar and lumbar segments of the spinal cord at the C4/C5, Th13/L1, and L4/L5 vertebrae levels. In each case, one segment was measured cranially and one caudally from the above-mentioned places. The values of fractional anisotropy (FA) and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) were obtained for each ROIs and compared. It is shown that there is a correlation between age, weight gain, and change in FA and ADC parameters. Moreover, it is noted that, with increasing weight and age, the FA parameter increases and ADC decreases, whereas the FA and ADC measurement values did not significantly change between the three sections of the spinal cord. These findings could be useful in determining the reference values for the undamaged spinal cords of animals and growing humans.
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Wijesinghe P, Sastry A, Hui E, Cogan TA, Zheng B, Ho G, Kakal J, Nunez DA. Adult porcine (Sus scrofa) derived inner ear cells: Characteristics in in-vitro cultures. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2023. [PMID: 36598271 DOI: 10.1002/ar.25149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
There is a need for an animal model that closely parallels human cochlea gestational development. This study aims to document porcine inner ear anatomy, and in vitro porcine derived inner ear cell culture characteristics. Twenty-four temporal bone were harvested from 12 adult pigs (Sus scrofa). Six were formalin fixed and their maximal diameters were measured. The cochlea duct length was determined by the insertion length of a Nucleus 22 cochlear implant in two bones. Four formalin fixed bones were sectioned for histology. Cochlear and vestibular tissues were harvested from non-fixed bones, cultured and characterized at different passages (P). Gene and protein expression of multipotent stem/progenitor (Nestin and Sox2), inner ear hair (Myosin VIIa, Prestin) and supporting (Cytokeratin 18 and Vimentin) cell markers were determined. The porcine cochlea was a 3.5 turn spiral. There was a separate vestibular compartment. The cochlear mean maximal diameter and height was 7.99 and 3.77 mm, respectively. Sphere forming cells were identified on phase-contrast microscopy. The relative mRNA expression levels of KRT18, MYO7A and SLC26A5 were significantly positively correlated in cochlear cultures; and MYO7A and SLC26A5; SOX2 and KRT18; NES and SLC26A5 genes were positively correlated in vestibular cultures (p = .037, Spearman correlation [τ] = .900). Inner ear sensory and stem cell characteristics persist in passaged porcine inner ear cells. Further work is required to establish the usefulness of porcine inner ear cell cultures to the study of human inner ear disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Printha Wijesinghe
- Division of Otolaryngology, Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Anand Sastry
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Elizabeth Hui
- Division of Otolaryngology, Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Tristan A Cogan
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Boyuan Zheng
- Division of Otolaryngology, Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Germain Ho
- Division of Otolaryngology, Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Juzer Kakal
- Division of Otolaryngology, Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Desmond A Nunez
- Division of Otolaryngology, Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Glanzner WG, Rissi VB, Bordignon V. Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer in Pigs. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2647:197-210. [PMID: 37041336 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3064-8_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) has been successfully applied to clone animals of several species. Pigs are one of the main livestock species for food production and are also important for biomedical research due to their physiopathological similarities with humans. In the past 20 years, clones of several swine breeds have been produced for a variety of purposes, including biomedical and agricultural applications. In this chapter, we describe a protocol to produce cloned pigs by SCNT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner G Glanzner
- Department of Animal Science, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada
| | - Vitor B Rissi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Santa Catarina, UFSC, Curitibanos, SC, Brazil
| | - Vilceu Bordignon
- Department of Animal Science, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada.
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Real CC, Binda KH, Thomsen MB, Lillethorup TP, Brooks DJ, Landau AM. Selecting the Best Animal Model of Parkinson's Disease for Your Research Purpose: Insight from in vivo PET Imaging Studies. Curr Neuropharmacol 2023; 21:1241-1272. [PMID: 36797611 PMCID: PMC10286593 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x21666230216101659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a debilitating neurodegenerative multisystem disorder leading to motor and non-motor symptoms in millions of individuals. Despite intense research, there is still no cure, and early disease biomarkers are lacking. Animal models of PD have been inspired by basic elements of its pathogenesis, such as dopamine dysfunction, alpha-synuclein accumulation, neuroinflammation and disruption of protein degradation, and these have been crucial for a deeper understanding of the mechanisms of pathology, the identification of biomarkers, and evaluation of novel therapies. Imaging biomarkers are non-invasive tools to assess disease progression and response to therapies; their discovery and validation have been an active field of translational research. Here, we highlight different considerations of animal models of PD that can be applied to future research, in terms of their suitability to answer different research questions. We provide the reader with important considerations of the best choice of model to use based on the disease features of each model, including issues related to different species. In addition, positron emission tomography studies conducted in PD animal models in the last 5 years are presented. With a variety of different species, interventions and genetic information, the choice of the most appropriate model to answer research questions can be daunting, especially since no single model recapitulates all aspects of this complex disorder. Appropriate animal models in conjunction with in vivo molecular imaging tools, if selected properly, can be a powerful combination for the assessment of novel therapies and developing tools for early diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Cristiano Real
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Karina Henrique Binda
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Majken Borup Thomsen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Thea Pinholt Lillethorup
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - David James Brooks
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Institute of Translational and Clinical Research, University of Newcastle, Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Anne Marlene Landau
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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Choe YH, Sorensen J, Garry DJ, Garry MG. Blastocyst complementation and interspecies chimeras in gene edited pigs. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1065536. [PMID: 36568986 PMCID: PMC9773398 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1065536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The only curative therapy for many endstage diseases is allograft organ transplantation. Due to the limited supply of donor organs, relatively few patients are recipients of a transplanted organ. Therefore, new strategies are warranted to address this unmet need. Using gene editing technologies, somatic cell nuclear transfer and human induced pluripotent stem cell technologies, interspecies chimeric organs have been pursued with promising results. In this review, we highlight the overall technical strategy, the successful early results and the hurdles that need to be addressed in order for these approaches to produce a successful organ that could be transplanted in patients with endstage diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-ho Choe
- Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Jacob Sorensen
- Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Daniel J. Garry
- Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
- Paul and Sheila Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Mary G. Garry
- Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
- Paul and Sheila Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
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Optimizing swine in vitro embryo production with growth factor and antioxidant supplementation during oocyte maturation. Theriogenology 2022; 194:133-143. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2022.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Berndt M, Buttenberg M, Graw JA. Large Animal Models for Simulating Physiology of Transfusion of Red Cell Concentrates-A Scoping Review of The Literature. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2022; 58:medicina58121735. [PMID: 36556937 PMCID: PMC9787038 DOI: 10.3390/medicina58121735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Transfusion of red cell concentrates is a key component of medical therapy. To investigate the complex transfusion-associated biochemical and physiological processes as well as potential risks for human recipients, animal models are of particular importance. This scoping review summarizes existing large animal transfusion models for their ability to model the physiology associated with the storage of erythrocyte concentrates. Materials and Methods: The electronic databases PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science were systematically searched for original studies providing information on the intravenous application of erythrocyte concentrates in porcine, ovine, and canine animal models. Results: A total of 36 studies were included in the analysis. The majority of porcine studies evaluated hemorrhagic shock conditions. Pig models showed high physiological similarities with regard to red cell physiology during early storage. Ovine and canine studies were found to model typical aspects of human red cell storage at 42 days. Only four studies provided data on 24 h in vivo survival of red cells. Conclusions: While ovine and canine models can mimic typical human erythrocyte storage for up to 42 days, porcine models stand out for reliably simulating double-hit pathologies such as hemorrhagic shock. Large animal models remain an important area of translational research since they have an impact on testing new pharmacological or biophysical interventions to attenuate storage-related adverse effects and allow, in a controlled environment, to study background and interventions in dynamic and severe disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Berndt
- Department of Anesthesiology and Operative Intensive Care Medicine (CCM, CVK), Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Maximilian Buttenberg
- Department of Anesthesiology and Operative Intensive Care Medicine (CCM, CVK), Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Jan A. Graw
- Department of Anesthesiology and Operative Intensive Care Medicine (CCM, CVK), Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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Simultaneous Inhibition of Histone Deacetylases and RNA Synthesis Enables Totipotency Reprogramming in Pig SCNT Embryos. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214142. [PMID: 36430635 PMCID: PMC9697165 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Combining somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) with genome editing technologies has emerged as a powerful platform for the creation of unique swine lineages for agricultural and biomedical applications. However, successful application of this research platform is still hampered by the low efficiency of these technologies, particularly in attaining complete cell reprogramming for the production of cloned pigs. Treating SCNT embryos with histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACis), such as Scriptaid, has been routinely used to facilitate chromatin reprogramming after nuclear transfer. While increasing histone acetylation leads to a more relaxed chromatin configuration that facilitates the access of reprogramming factors and DNA repair machinery, it may also promote the expression of genes that are unnecessary or detrimental for normal embryo development. In this study, we evaluated the impact of inhibiting both histone deacetylases and RNA synthesis on pre- and post-implantation development of pig SCNT embryos. Our findings revealed that transcription can be inhibited for up to 40 h of development in porcine embryos, produced either by activation, fertilization or SCNT, without detrimentally affecting their capacity to form a blastocyst and their average number of cells at this developmental stage. Importantly, inhibiting RNA synthesis during HDACi treatment resulted in SCNT blastocysts with a greater number of cells and more abundant transcripts for genes related to embryo genome activation on days 2, 3 and 4 of development, compared to SCNT embryos that were treated with HDACi only. In addition, concomitant inhibition of histone deacetylases and RNA synthesis promoted the full reprograming of somatic cells, as evidenced by the normal fetal and full-term development of SCNT embryos. This combined treatment may improve the efficiency of the genome-editing + SCNT platform in swine, which should be further tested by transferring more SCNT embryos and evaluating the health and growth performance of the cloned pigs.
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Construction and Comprehensive Analysis of miRNAs and Target mRNAs in Longissimus dorsi Muscle of Queshan Black and Large White Pigs. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12111814. [DOI: 10.3390/life12111814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A miRNA-mRNA combination analysis was performed on the longissimus dorsi muscle of adult Queshan Black and Large White pigs by RNA-seq technology to reveal the molecular mechanism affecting pork quality traits. The sequencing results showed that 39 miRNAs were differentially expressed between Queshan Black and Large White pigs, which targeted 5234 mRNAs, and 15 differentially expressed miRNAs targeted 86 differentially expressed mRNAs. The qRT-PCR results showed that miRNAs showed similar expression patterns to RNA-seq. The GO analysis indicated that differentially expressed miRNAs with differential target mRNAs were primarily involved in biological processes such as phospholipase activity, MAP-kinase scaffold activity, lipase activity, and regulation of the extent of cell growth. The KEGG analysis also revealed that such mRNAs were significantly enriched in the ECM-receptor interaction, sphingolipid metabolism, apoptosis, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, and AMPK signaling pathway. In addition, software predictions showed that 17 (13 of which were upregulated and four were downregulated) of 39 differentially expressed miRNAs targeted 118 negatively correlated expression mRNAs. The upregulated miRNAs contained 103 negatively correlated target mRNAs, whereas the downregulated miRNAs contained 15 negatively correlated target mRNAs. The GO analysis showed that such mRNAs were primarily involved in MAP-kinase scaffold activity, myoblast development, and peptidyl-lysine methylation, and the KEGG analysis showed significant enrichment in ECM-receptor interaction and focal adhesion. The functional enrichment analysis of miRNA target genes revealed that miR-328 was screened out as a key miRNA, and preliminary functional validation was performed. Moreover, the overexpressed miR-328 could affect the expression of proliferation-related genes, such as CDK2, CDK4, CCNB1, CCND1, CCNE1, and PCNA. These results indicated that miR-328 may regulate fat deposition and affect meat quality by influencing related pathways. This study revealed that the miRNA−mRNA regulatory axis affects fat deposition and skeletal muscle development, which provides a theoretical basis for further study on the molecular mechanism of meat quality.
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O'Malley CI, Hubley R, Tambadou H, Turner PV. Refining restraint techniques for research pigs through habituation. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1016414. [PMID: 36213394 PMCID: PMC9541109 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1016414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pigs are common research models and are strong animals that can be difficult to restrain. Improper restraint can put pigs and research personnel at risk for injury and induce stress, which can affect research outcomes. This study aimed to refine restraint techniques for research pigs using habituation and operant conditioning. Forty-four (22 males, 22 females; 4 months old, ~8.1 kg) Göttingen minipigs were randomly assigned to a control (C: no interventions) or a treatment group (T). Pigs in the T group received 3 min training sessions 3 days/week for the first 14 d after arrival. Training sessions included human socialization and habituation to a hammock sling for blood collection. Blood collection occurred on day 13 for all pigs by novel technicians. Pigs were placed in the sling, blood was collected from the radial vein, and serum cortisol levels were determined (ug/dL). Pig behavior was recorded and scored for duration of time spent struggling (s) and vocalizing (s). Novel human approach tests occurred on day 12, before blood collection, and day 14, after blood collection. Pigs were scored on latency to touch the human (s) and duration of time spent in contact with the human (s). Pig weight was taken upon arrival and on day 15. Separate linear models were fitted for response variables struggle duration in sling, serum cortisol, latency to touch human, time spent in contact with human, and body weight. Fixed effects were treatment and sex. Prior to blood collection, there was no difference in response to a novel human (P > 0.05) but after blood collection, T pigs were quicker to approach (estimate: −5.352, SE: 1.72, P = 0.003) and spent more time in contact with the novel human (estimate: 3.091, SE: 1.448, P = 0.039). T pigs also had lower cortisol levels during blood collection (estimate: −2.36, SE: 0.657, P = 0.001). There was no difference in behavior while in the sling (P > 0.05). The results of the study suggest that even small investments in habituation and training pigs to study procedures is beneficial in reducing stress and improving human-animal relationships, but more time would be beneficial to promote calmer behavior in the sling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carly I. O'Malley
- Global Animal Welfare and Training, Charles River Laboratories, Wilmington, MA, United States
| | - Raina Hubley
- Global Animal Welfare and Training, Charles River Laboratories, Wilmington, MA, United States
| | - Halimatou Tambadou
- Global Animal Welfare and Training, Charles River Laboratories, Wilmington, MA, United States
| | - Patricia V. Turner
- Global Animal Welfare and Training, Charles River Laboratories, Wilmington, MA, United States
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
- *Correspondence: Patricia V. Turner
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Kawicka M, Lewicki M, Frydrychowski P, Michałek M, Noszczyk-Nowak A. Comparative analysis of ECG records depending on body position in domestic swine (Sus scrofa domestica). Porcine Health Manag 2022; 8:39. [PMID: 36123754 PMCID: PMC9484185 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-022-00282-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Electrocardiography is a method widely applied in diagnosing abnormalities in the functioning of the heart muscle in veterinary medicine. It is a non-invasive and easy to perform test helpful in the general examination and a widely used patient monitoring method during anesthesia. Since the 1980s, pigs have become more and more popular companion animals. Moreover, the pig is a widely used model animal in biomedical research. Therefore, there is need to provide them with higher-quality veterinary services, also in emergency situations. It creates new challenges for veterinarians and the need to expand their knowledge of pigs’ treatment as pets. The aim of the planned experiment was to compare the ECG recordings made with two different body positions and determine if any differences occurred. Standard ECG in swine is performed under general anesthesia in the lying position on the left side, for this position of the body have been developed and reported standards in the literature. However, some procedures performed on swine require a different body position, for which there is less data in the literature.
Methods The study was carried out on 29 Polish landrace pigs weighing in the range of 33–44 kg. The tests were performed under general anesthesia with the same protocol for each animal, placing the animals first lying down on their right side, and then on their backs. The anesthesia protocol included medetomidine, midazolam, ketamine, and propofol. During the examination, ECG records were performed and analyzed in a 12-lead system with software support. Results The results show significant differences in electrocardiogram recordings depending on the animal's body position. Those differences mainly concern the amplitude of the P wave and R wave in the recordings and are even more visible comparing the electrocardiograms of the same specimen. There are also some significant differences in the duration of intervals. Based on the obtained results, reference ranges for the right lateral and dorsal positions were developed. Conclusion In conclusion, the body position has a significant impact on the ECG recording in swine, therefore performing this examination, chosen normative value tables should be compatible with the position of the examined animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Kawicka
- The Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 31 Norwida St., 50-357, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Maksymilian Lewicki
- The Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 31 Norwida St., 50-357, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Piotr Frydrychowski
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinic of Diseases of Horses, Dogs and Cats, The Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 47 Grunwaldzki Square, 50-366, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marcin Michałek
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinic of Diseases of Horses, Dogs and Cats, The Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 47 Grunwaldzki Square, 50-366, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Noszczyk-Nowak
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinic of Diseases of Horses, Dogs and Cats, The Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 47 Grunwaldzki Square, 50-366, Wrocław, Poland.
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Immunosuppressive regimens in porcine transplantation models. Transplant Rev (Orlando) 2022; 36:100725. [PMID: 36054957 DOI: 10.1016/j.trre.2022.100725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Pigs, or Sus scrofa domestica, are commonly used animal models in translational transplantation research due to their anatomical, physiological, and immunological similarities to humans. In solid organ transplantation studies, immunosuppressive medications may be administered to pigs to prevent rejection. We provide an overview of the immunosuppressive regimens used in allogeneic solid organ transplantation in pigs, including heart, lung, kidney, bowel and cotransplanted organs and focus on the use of tacrolimus, mycophenolate mofetil, and corticosteroids.
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Song J, Cho J, Park J, Hwang JH. Identification and validation of stable reference genes for quantitative real time PCR in different minipig tissues at developmental stages. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:585. [PMID: 35962323 PMCID: PMC9374586 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08830-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Quantitative real time PCR (qPCR) is a powerful tool to evaluate mRNA expression level. However, reliable qPCR results require normalization with validated reference gene(s). In this study, we investigated stable reference genes in seven tissues according to four developmental stages in minipigs. Six candidate reference genes and one target gene (ACE2) were selected and qPCR was performed. BestKeeper, geNorm, NormFinder, and delta Ct method through the RefFinder web-based tool were used to evaluate the stability of candidate reference genes. To verify the selected stable genes, relative expression of ACE2 was calculated and compared with each other. Results As a result, HPRT1 and 18S genes had lower SD value, while HMBS and GAPDH genes had higher SD value in all samples. Using statistical algorithms, HPRT1 was the most stable gene, followed by 18S, β-actin, B2M, GAPDH, and HMBS. In intestine, all candidate reference genes exhibited similar patterns of ACE2 gene expression over time, whereas in liver, lung, and kidney, gene expression pattern normalized with stable reference genes differed from those normalized with less stable genes. When normalized with the most stable genes, the expression levels of ACE2 in minipigs highly increased in intestine and kidney at PND28, which is consistent with the ACE2 expression pattern in humans. Conclusions We suggest that HPRT1 and 18S are good choices for analyzing all these samples across the seven tissues and four developmental stages. However, this study can be a reference literature for gene expression experiments using minipig because reference gene should be validated and chosen according to experimental conditions. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-022-08830-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongah Song
- Animal Model Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeongeup, 56212, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jeonghee Cho
- Animal Model Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeongeup, 56212, Republic of Korea.,Department of Bio-Non-Clinical Science, Graduate School of Konyang University of Bioconvergence, 158, Gwanjeodong-ro, Seo-gu, Daejeon, 35365, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongsik Park
- Animal Model Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeongeup, 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Ho Hwang
- Animal Model Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeongeup, 56212, Republic of Korea.
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Glanzner WG, de Macedo MP, Gutierrez K, Bordignon V. Enhancement of Chromatin and Epigenetic Reprogramming in Porcine SCNT Embryos—Progresses and Perspectives. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:940197. [PMID: 35898400 PMCID: PMC9309298 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.940197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last 25 years, cloned animals have been produced by transferring somatic cell nuclei into enucleated oocytes (SCNT) in more than 20 mammalian species. Among domestic animals, pigs are likely the leading species in the number of clones produced by SCNT. The greater interest in pig cloning has two main reasons, its relevance for food production and as its use as a suitable model in biomedical applications. Recognized progress in animal cloning has been attained over time, but the overall efficiency of SCNT in pigs remains very low, based on the rate of healthy, live born piglets following embryo transfer. Accumulating evidence from studies in mice and other species indicate that new strategies for promoting chromatin and epigenetic reprogramming may represent the beginning of a new era for pig cloning.
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Ogun OJ, Thaller G, Becker D. An Overview of the Importance and Value of Porcine Species in Sialic Acid Research. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11060903. [PMID: 35741423 PMCID: PMC9219854 DOI: 10.3390/biology11060903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Humans frequently interact with pigs and porcine meat is the most consumed red meat in the world. In addition, due to the many physiological and anatomical similarities shared between pigs and humans, in contrast to most mammalian species, pigs are a suitable model organism and pig organs can be used for xenotransplantation. However, one major challenge of porcine meat consumption and xenotransplantation is the xenoreactivity between red meat Neu5Gc sialic acid and human anti-Neu5Gc antibodies, which are associated with certain diseases and disorders. Furthermore, pigs express both α2-3 and α2-6 Sia linkages that could serve as viable receptors for viral infections, reassortments, and cross-species transmission of viruses. Therefore, pigs play a significant role in sialic acid research and, in general, in human health. Abstract Humans frequently interact with pigs, whose meat is also one of the primary sources of animal protein. They are one of the main species at the center of sialic acid (Sia) research. Sias are sugars at terminals of glycoconjugates, are expressed at the cell surfaces of mammals, and are important in cellular interactions. N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) and N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) are notable Sias in mammals. Cytidine monophospho-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase (CMAH) encodes the CMAH enzyme that biosynthesizes Neu5Gc. Although humans cannot endogenously synthesize Neu5Gc due to the inactivation of this gene by a mutation, Neu5Gc can be metabolically incorporated into human tissues from red meat consumption. Interactions between Neu5Gc and human anti-Neu5Gc antibodies have been associated with certain diseases and disorders. In this review, we summarized the sialic acid metabolic pathway, its regulation and link to viral infections, as well as the importance of the pig as a model organism in Sia research, making it a possible source of Neu5Gc antigens affecting human health. Future research in solving the structures of crucial enzymes involved in Sia metabolism, as well as their regulation and interactions with other enzymes, especially CMAH, could help to understand their function and reduce the amount of Neu5Gc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwamayowa Joshua Ogun
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Husbandry, University of Kiel, Olshausenstraße 40, 24098 Kiel, Germany;
- Correspondence: (O.J.O.); (D.B.)
| | - Georg Thaller
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Husbandry, University of Kiel, Olshausenstraße 40, 24098 Kiel, Germany;
| | - Doreen Becker
- Institute of Genome Biology, Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
- Correspondence: (O.J.O.); (D.B.)
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Himeda CL, Jones PL. FSHD Therapeutic Strategies: What Will It Take to Get to Clinic? J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12060865. [PMID: 35743650 PMCID: PMC9225474 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12060865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) is arguably one of the most challenging genetic diseases to understand and treat. The disease is caused by epigenetic dysregulation of a macrosatellite repeat, either by contraction of the repeat or by mutations in silencing proteins. Both cases lead to chromatin relaxation and, in the context of a permissive allele, pathogenic misexpression of DUX4 in skeletal muscle. The complex nature of the locus and the fact that FSHD is a toxic, gain-of-function disease present unique challenges for the design of therapeutic strategies. There are three major DUX4-targeting avenues of therapy for FSHD: small molecules, oligonucleotide therapeutics, and CRISPR-based approaches. Here, we evaluate the preclinical progress of each avenue, and discuss efforts being made to overcome major hurdles to translation.
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Rosa F, Yelvington B, Terry N, Tripp P, Pittman HE, Fay BL, Ross TJ, Sikes JD, Flowers JB, Bar-Yoseph F, Yeruva L. Evaluation of the Safety of a Plant-Based Infant Formula Containing Almonds and Buckwheat in a Neonatal Piglet Model. Nutrients 2022; 14:1499. [PMID: 35406111 PMCID: PMC9002815 DOI: 10.3390/nu14071499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
A randomized neonatal piglet trial was conducted to evaluate the safety and the effects of a plant-based formula containing almonds and buckwheat as the main ingredients on growth and plasma parameters. From postnatal day (PND) 2 to 21, the piglets were fed a dairy-based milk formula (Similac Advance) or a plant-based formula (Else Nutrition) and all piglets were euthanized at day 21. No diarrhea was observed after PND 8 and all the piglets completed the trial. Body growth, kcal intake, the complete plasma count parameters and hematological parameters were within the reference range in both groups. Organ growth and development was similar between the two groups. Plasma glucose was higher in the dairy-based-fed piglets relative to the plant-based at 2 weeks of age. Liver function biomarkers levels were greater in the plasma of the plant-based compared to the dairy-based fed group. In addition, calcium levels were higher in the plant-based fed piglets at 1 week of age. Thus, the plant-based formula tested in this study was well tolerated by the piglets and supported similar growth compared to dairy-based milk formula. Therefore, the results support the safety of the tested plant-based infant formula during the neonatal period in comparison to the dairy-based formula fed group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Rosa
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agriculture Resaarch Service, Arkansas Children’s Nutrition Center, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA; (F.R.); (B.Y.); (N.T.); (P.T.); (H.E.P.III); (B.L.F.); (T.J.R.); (J.D.S.)
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Texas Tech University, Amarillo, TX 79415, USA
| | - Brooke Yelvington
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agriculture Resaarch Service, Arkansas Children’s Nutrition Center, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA; (F.R.); (B.Y.); (N.T.); (P.T.); (H.E.P.III); (B.L.F.); (T.J.R.); (J.D.S.)
| | - Nathan Terry
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agriculture Resaarch Service, Arkansas Children’s Nutrition Center, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA; (F.R.); (B.Y.); (N.T.); (P.T.); (H.E.P.III); (B.L.F.); (T.J.R.); (J.D.S.)
| | - Patricia Tripp
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agriculture Resaarch Service, Arkansas Children’s Nutrition Center, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA; (F.R.); (B.Y.); (N.T.); (P.T.); (H.E.P.III); (B.L.F.); (T.J.R.); (J.D.S.)
| | - Hoy E. Pittman
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agriculture Resaarch Service, Arkansas Children’s Nutrition Center, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA; (F.R.); (B.Y.); (N.T.); (P.T.); (H.E.P.III); (B.L.F.); (T.J.R.); (J.D.S.)
| | - Bobby L. Fay
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agriculture Resaarch Service, Arkansas Children’s Nutrition Center, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA; (F.R.); (B.Y.); (N.T.); (P.T.); (H.E.P.III); (B.L.F.); (T.J.R.); (J.D.S.)
| | - Taylor J. Ross
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agriculture Resaarch Service, Arkansas Children’s Nutrition Center, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA; (F.R.); (B.Y.); (N.T.); (P.T.); (H.E.P.III); (B.L.F.); (T.J.R.); (J.D.S.)
| | - James D. Sikes
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agriculture Resaarch Service, Arkansas Children’s Nutrition Center, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA; (F.R.); (B.Y.); (N.T.); (P.T.); (H.E.P.III); (B.L.F.); (T.J.R.); (J.D.S.)
| | | | | | - Laxmi Yeruva
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agriculture Resaarch Service, Arkansas Children’s Nutrition Center, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA; (F.R.); (B.Y.); (N.T.); (P.T.); (H.E.P.III); (B.L.F.); (T.J.R.); (J.D.S.)
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Salinas EY, Donahue RP, Herrera JM, Hu JC, Athanasiou KA. The functionality and translatability of neocartilage constructs are improved with the combination of fluid-induced shear stress and bioactive factors. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22225. [PMID: 35224777 PMCID: PMC9045489 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202101699r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Neocartilage tissue engineering aims to address the shortcomings of current clinical treatments for articular cartilage indications. However, advancement is required toward neocartilage functionality (mechanical and biochemical properties) and translatability (construct size, gross morphology, passage number, cell source, and cell type). Using fluid-induced shear (FIS) stress, a potent mechanical stimulus, over four phases, this work investigates FIS stress' efficacy toward creating large neocartilage derived from highly passaged minipig costal chondrocytes, a species relevant to the preclinical regulatory process. In Phase I, FIS stress application timing was investigated in bovine articular chondrocytes and found to improve the aggregate modulus of neocartilage by 151% over unstimulated controls when stimulated during the maturation stage. In Phase II, FIS stress stimulation was translated from bovine articular chondrocytes to expanded minipig costal chondrocytes, yielding a 46% improvement in aggregate modulus over nonstimulated controls. In Phase III, bioactive factors were combined with FIS stress to improve the shear modulus by 115% over bioactive factor-only controls. The translatability of neocartilage was improved in Phase IV by utilizing highly passaged cells to form constructs more than 9-times larger in the area (11 × 17 mm), yielding an improved aggregate modulus by 134% and a flat morphology compared to free-floating, bioactive factor-only controls. Overall, this study represents a significant step toward generating mechanically robust, large constructs necessary for animal studies, and eventually, human clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelia Y Salinas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Ryan P Donahue
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Jessica M Herrera
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jerry C Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Kyriacos A Athanasiou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
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Satyamitra MM, Perez-Horta Z, DiCarlo AL, Cassatt DR, Rios CI, Price PW, Taliaferro LP. NIH Policies and Regulatory Pathways to U.S. FDA licensure: Strategies to Inform Advancement of Radiation Medical Countermeasures and Biodosimetry Devices. Radiat Res 2022; 197:533-553. [PMID: 35113982 DOI: 10.1667/rade-21-00198.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The Radiation and Nuclear Countermeasures Program within the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), is tasked with the mandate of identifying biodosimetry tests to assess exposure and medical countermeasures (MCMs) to mitigate/treat injuries to individuals exposed to significant doses of ionizing radiation from a radiological/nuclear incident, hosted. To fulfill this mandate, the Radiation and Nuclear Countermeasures Program (RNCP), hosted a workshop in 2018 workshop entitled "Policies and Regulatory Pathways to U.S. FDA licensure: Radiation Countermeasures and Biodosimetry Devices." The purpose of the meeting was to facilitate the advancement of MCMs and biodosimetry devices by assessing the research devices and animal models used in preclinical studies; government policies on reproducibility, rigor and robustness; regulatory considerations for MCMs and biodosimetry devices; and lessons learned from sponsors of early stage MCM or biodosimetry devices. Meeting presentations were followed by a NIAID-led, open discussion among academic investigators, industry researchers and U.S. government representatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merriline M Satyamitra
- Radiation and Nuclear Countermeasures Program (RNCP), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Rockville, Maryland 20892-9828
| | - Zulmarie Perez-Horta
- Radiation and Nuclear Countermeasures Program (RNCP), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Rockville, Maryland 20892-9828
| | - Andrea L DiCarlo
- Radiation and Nuclear Countermeasures Program (RNCP), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Rockville, Maryland 20892-9828
| | - David R Cassatt
- Radiation and Nuclear Countermeasures Program (RNCP), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Rockville, Maryland 20892-9828
| | - Carmen I Rios
- Radiation and Nuclear Countermeasures Program (RNCP), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Rockville, Maryland 20892-9828
| | - Paul W Price
- Office of Regulatory Affairs, Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Transplantation (DAIT), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Rockville, Maryland 20892-9828
| | - Lanyn P Taliaferro
- Radiation and Nuclear Countermeasures Program (RNCP), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Rockville, Maryland 20892-9828
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Gutierrez K, Glanzner WG, de Macedo MP, Rissi VB, Dicks N, Bohrer RC, Baldassarre H, Agellon LB, Bordignon V. Cell Cycle Stage and DNA Repair Pathway Influence CRISPR/Cas9 Gene Editing Efficiency in Porcine Embryos. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12020171. [PMID: 35207459 PMCID: PMC8876063 DOI: 10.3390/life12020171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
CRISPR/Cas9 technology is a powerful tool used for genome manipulation in different cell types and species. However, as with all new technologies, it still requires improvements. Different factors can affect CRISPR/Cas efficiency in zygotes, which influence the total cost and complexity for creating large-animal models for research. This study evaluated the importance of zygote cell cycle stage between early-injection (within 6 h post activation/fertilization) versus late-injection (14–16 h post activation/fertilization) when the CRISPR/Cas9 components were injected and the inhibition of the homologous recombination (HR) pathway of DNA repair on gene editing, embryo survival and development on embryos produced by fertilization, sperm injection, somatic cell nuclear transfer, and parthenogenetic activation technologies. Injections at the late cell cycle stage decreased embryo survival (measured as the proportion of unlysed embryos) and blastocyst formation (68.2%; 19.3%) compared to early-stage injection (86.3%; 28.8%). However, gene editing was higher in blastocysts from late-(73.8%) vs. early-(63.8%) injected zygotes. Inhibition of the HR repair pathway increased gene editing efficiency by 15.6% in blastocysts from early-injected zygotes without compromising embryo development. Our finding shows that injection at the early cell cycle stage along with HR inhibition improves both zygote viability and gene editing rate in pig blastocysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Gutierrez
- Department of Animal Science, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada; (K.G.); (W.G.G.); (M.P.d.M.); (N.D.); (R.C.B.); (H.B.)
| | - Werner G. Glanzner
- Department of Animal Science, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada; (K.G.); (W.G.G.); (M.P.d.M.); (N.D.); (R.C.B.); (H.B.)
| | - Mariana P. de Macedo
- Department of Animal Science, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada; (K.G.); (W.G.G.); (M.P.d.M.); (N.D.); (R.C.B.); (H.B.)
| | - Vitor B. Rissi
- Department of Agriculture, Biodiversity and Forests, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Curitibanos 89520-000, Brazil;
| | - Naomi Dicks
- Department of Animal Science, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada; (K.G.); (W.G.G.); (M.P.d.M.); (N.D.); (R.C.B.); (H.B.)
| | - Rodrigo C. Bohrer
- Department of Animal Science, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada; (K.G.); (W.G.G.); (M.P.d.M.); (N.D.); (R.C.B.); (H.B.)
| | - Hernan Baldassarre
- Department of Animal Science, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada; (K.G.); (W.G.G.); (M.P.d.M.); (N.D.); (R.C.B.); (H.B.)
| | - Luis B. Agellon
- School of Human Nutrition, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada
- Correspondence: (L.B.A.); (V.B.)
| | - Vilceu Bordignon
- Department of Animal Science, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada; (K.G.); (W.G.G.); (M.P.d.M.); (N.D.); (R.C.B.); (H.B.)
- Correspondence: (L.B.A.); (V.B.)
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Hemosiderin Accumulation in Liver Decreases Iron Availability in Tachycardia-Induced Porcine Congestive Heart Failure Model. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031026. [PMID: 35162949 PMCID: PMC8834801 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in the management of iron deficiency in heart failure (HF), the mechanisms underlying the effects of treatment remain to be established. Iron distribution and metabolism in HF pathogenesis need to be clarified. We used a porcine tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy model to find out how HF development influences hepatic and myocardial iron storing, focusing on ferritin, the main iron storage protein. We found that cumulative liver congestion (due to the decrease of heart function) overwhelms its capacity to recycle iron from erythrocytes. As a consequence, iron is trapped in the liver as poorly mobilized hemosiderin. What is more, the ferritin-bound Fe3+ (reflecting bioavailable iron stores), and assembled ferritin (reflecting ability to store iron) are decreased in HF progression in the liver. We demonstrate that while HF pigs show iron deficiency indices, erythropoiesis is enhanced. Renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system activation and hepatic hepcidin suppression might indicate stress erythropoiesisinduced in HF. Furthermore, assembled ferritin increases but ferritin-bound Fe3+ is reduced in myocardium, indicating that a failing heart increases the iron storage reserve but iron deficiency leads to a drop in myocardial iron stores. Together, HF in pigs leads to down-regulated iron bioavailability and reduced hepatic iron storage making iron unavailable for systemic/cardiac needs.
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Ienello L, Kennedy M, Wendt-Hornickle E, Baldo C, Moshnikova V, Guedes A. Ultrasound-guided rectus sheath block injections in miniature swine cadavers: technique description and distribution of two injectate volumes. Vet Anaesth Analg 2022; 49:210-218. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2022.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Donahue RP, Link JM, Meli VS, Hu JC, Liu WF, Athanasiou KA. Stiffness- and Bioactive Factor-Mediated Protection of Self-Assembled Cartilage against Macrophage Challenge in a Novel Co-Culture System. Cartilage 2022; 13:19476035221081466. [PMID: 35313741 PMCID: PMC9137312 DOI: 10.1177/19476035221081466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Tissue-engineered cartilage implants must withstand the potential inflammatory and joint loading environment for successful long-term repair of defects. The work's objectives were to develop a novel, direct cartilage-macrophage co-culture system and to characterize interactions between self-assembled neocartilage and differentially stimulated macrophages. DESIGN In study 1, it was hypothesized that the proinflammatory response of macrophages would intensify with increasing construct stiffness; it was expected that the neocartilage would display a decrease in mechanical properties after co-culture. In study 2, it was hypothesized that bioactive factors would protect neocartilage properties during macrophage co-culture. Also, it was hypothesized that interleukin 10 (IL-10)-stimulated macrophages would improve neocartilage mechanical properties compared to lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophages. RESULTS As hypothesized, stiffer neocartilage elicited a heightened proinflammatory macrophage response, increasing tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) secretion by 5.47 times when LPS-stimulated compared to construct-only controls. Interestingly, this response did not adversely affect construct properties for the stiffest neocartilage but did correspond to a significant decrease in aggregate modulus for soft and medium stiffness constructs. In addition, bioactive factor-treated constructs were protected from macrophage challenge compared to chondrogenic medium-treated constructs, but IL-10 did not improve neocartilage properties, although stiff constructs appeared to bolster the anti-inflammatory nature of IL-10-stimulated macrophages. However, co-culture of bioactive factor-treated constructs with LPS-treated macrophages reduced TNF-α secretion by over 4 times compared to macrophage-only controls. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, neocartilage stiffness can mediate macrophage behavior, but stiffness and bioactive factors prevent macrophage-induced degradation. Ultimately, this co-culture system could be utilized for additional studies to develop the burgeoning field of cartilage mechano-immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan P. Donahue
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Jarrett M. Link
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Vijaykumar S. Meli
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- The Edwards Lifesciences Center for Advanced Cardiovascular Technology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Jerry C. Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Wendy F. Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- The Edwards Lifesciences Center for Advanced Cardiovascular Technology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
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