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Yu F, Liu Y, Wang W, Yang S, Gao Y, Shi W, Hou H, Chen J, Guo R. Toxicity of TPhP on the gills and intestines of zebrafish from the perspectives of histopathology, oxidative stress and immune response. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 908:168212. [PMID: 37918726 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
As an organophosphate ester (OPE), triphenyl phosphate (TPhP) has been frequently detected in aquatic environments, and its environmental risk has been widely studied. The gills and intestines are the most important part of the mucosal immune barrier in fish as the first line of defense against the invasion of harmful substances. TPhP is more abundant in the gill and intestine of fish. However, knowledge of the toxic effects and potential mechanisms of TPhP on the intestine and gill is limited. Herein, the adverse effects of TPhP (0.01, 0.1 and 1 mg/L) on the gills and intestines of zebrafish after 75 days of exposure were investigated from the perspectives of histology, oxidative stress and immune level. The histological results of exposed zebrafish showed that TPhP caused significant damage to gills and intestines. TPhP significantly increased the activities of the antioxidant enzymes catalase (CAT) and glutathione s-transferase (GST), inducing oxidative damage to lipids, proteins, and DNA. Meanwhile, the immune function of the gills and intestines was significantly influenced by TPhP, as evidenced by the upregulation of the expression of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), upregulation of the content of complement 3 (C3) and complement 4 (C4), and downregulation of the activity of lysozyme (LZM) and the content of immunoglobulin M (IgM). Oxidative stress and the immune response were more severe in the gills. These findings indicate that TPhP, a typical OPE, caused tissue damage in aquatic organisms by inducing oxidative stress and immune damage and has strong environmental toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanrui Yu
- School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yanhua Liu
- School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Wuyue Wang
- School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Shunsong Yang
- School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yaqian Gao
- School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Wei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Haiyan Hou
- Qinhuai District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing 210001, China
| | - Jianqiu Chen
- School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ruixin Guo
- School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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Godbold GD, Hewitt FC, Kappell AD, Scholz MB, Agar SL, Treangen TJ, Ternus KL, Sandbrink JB, Koblentz GD. Improved understanding of biorisk for research involving microbial modification using annotated sequences of concern. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1124100. [PMID: 37180048 PMCID: PMC10167326 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1124100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulation of research on microbes that cause disease in humans has historically been focused on taxonomic lists of 'bad bugs'. However, given our increased knowledge of these pathogens through inexpensive genome sequencing, 5 decades of research in microbial pathogenesis, and the burgeoning capacity of synthetic biologists, the limitations of this approach are apparent. With heightened scientific and public attention focused on biosafety and biosecurity, and an ongoing review by US authorities of dual-use research oversight, this article proposes the incorporation of sequences of concern (SoCs) into the biorisk management regime governing genetic engineering of pathogens. SoCs enable pathogenesis in all microbes infecting hosts that are 'of concern' to human civilization. Here we review the functions of SoCs (FunSoCs) and discuss how they might bring clarity to potentially problematic research outcomes involving infectious agents. We believe that annotation of SoCs with FunSoCs has the potential to improve the likelihood that dual use research of concern is recognized by both scientists and regulators before it occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Stacy L. Agar
- Signature Science, LLC, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Todd J. Treangen
- Department of Computer Science, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States
| | | | - Jonas B. Sandbrink
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Gregory D. Koblentz
- Schar School of Policy and Government, George Mason University, Arlington, VA, United States
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Duda E. How much (evil) intelligence can be encoded by 30 kb? Biol Futur 2023:10.1007/s42977-023-00153-8. [PMID: 36752964 PMCID: PMC9907195 DOI: 10.1007/s42977-023-00153-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Genomes of most RNA viruses are rarely larger than the size of an average human gene (10-15 kb) and still code for a number of biologically active polypeptides that modify the immune system and metabolism of the host organism in an amazingly complex way. Prolonged coevolution developed tricks by which viruses can dodge many protective mechanisms of the host and lead to the formation of molecular mimicry patterns. Some viruses inhibit the interferon response, interfere with the membrane destroying effects of the activated complement cascade. They can replicate in cellular compartments formed by inner membranes of the cell hiding their characteristic features from diverse pattern recognition receptors. In many cases-and in this respect, the new coronavirus is a champion-they can exploit our own defensive mechanisms to cause serious harm, severe symptoms and frequently deadly disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernő Duda
- Department of Medical Biology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, 6720, Szeged, Hungary.
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Nonstructural Protein 1 of Variant PEDV Plays a Key Role in Escaping Replication Restriction by Complement C3. J Virol 2022; 96:e0102422. [PMID: 36037478 PMCID: PMC9517699 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01024-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Zoonotic coronaviruses represent an ongoing threat to public health. The classical porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) first appeared in the early 1970s. Since 2010, outbreaks of highly virulent PEDV variants have caused great economic losses to the swine industry worldwide. However, the strategies by which PEDV variants escape host immune responses are not fully understood. Complement component 3 (C3) is considered a central component of the three complement activation pathways and plays a crucial role in preventing viral infection. In this study, we found that C3 significantly inhibited PEDV replication in vitro, and both variant and classical PEDV strains induced high levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in Huh7 cells. However, the PEDV variant strain reduces C3 transcript and protein levels induced by IL-1β compared with the PEDV classical strain. Examination of key molecules of the C3 transcriptional signaling pathway revealed that variant PEDV reduced C3 by inhibiting CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein β (C/EBP-β) phosphorylation. Mechanistically, PEDV nonstructural protein 1 (NSP1) inhibited C/EBP-β phosphorylation via amino acid residue 50. Finally, we constructed recombinant PEDVs to verify the critical role of amino acid 50 of NSP1 in the regulation of C3 expression. In summary, we identified a novel antiviral role of C3 in inhibiting PEDV replication and the viral immune evasion strategies of PEDV variants. Our study reveals new information on PEDV-host interactions and furthers our understanding of the pathogenic mechanism of this virus. IMPORTANCE The complement system acts as a vital link between the innate and the adaptive immunity and has the ability to recognize and neutralize various pathogens. Activation of the complement system acts as a double-edged sword, as appropriate levels of activation protect against pathogenic infections, but excessive responses can provoke a dramatic inflammatory response and cause tissue damage, leading to pathological processes, which often appear in COVID-19 patients. However, how PEDV, as the most severe coronavirus causing diarrhea in piglets, regulates the complement system has not been previously reported. In this study, for the first time, we identified a novel mechanism of a PEDV variant in the suppression of C3 expression, showing that different coronaviruses and even different subtype strains differ in regulation of C3 expression. In addition, this study provides a deeper understanding of the mechanism of the PEDV variant in immune escape and enhanced virulence.
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Abstract
Gene transfer using adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors has made tremendous progress in the last decade and has achieved cures of debilitating diseases such as hemophilia A and B. Nevertheless, progress is still being hampered by immune responses against the AAV capsid antigens or the transgene products. Immunosuppression designed to blunt T cell responses has shown success in some patients but failed in others especially if they received very high AAV vectors doses. Although it was initially thought that AAV vectors induce only marginal innate responses below the threshold of systemic symptoms recent trials have shown that complement activation can results in serious adverse events. Dorsal root ganglia toxicity has also been identified as a complication of high vector doses as has severe hepatotoxicity. Most of the critical complications occur in patients who are treated with very high vector doses indicating that the use of more efficient AAV vectors to allow for dose sparing or giving smaller doses repeatedly, the latter in conjunction with antibody or B cell depleting measures, should be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hildegund C. J. Ertl
- Ertl Laboratory, Vaccine Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Ostrycharz E, Hukowska-Szematowicz B. New Insights into the Role of the Complement System in Human Viral Diseases. Biomolecules 2022; 12:226. [PMID: 35204727 PMCID: PMC8961555 DOI: 10.3390/biom12020226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The complement system (CS) is part of the human immune system, consisting of more than 30 proteins that play a vital role in the protection against various pathogens and diseases, including viral diseases. Activated via three pathways, the classical pathway (CP), the lectin pathway (LP), and the alternative pathway (AP), the complement system leads to the formation of a membrane attack complex (MAC) that disrupts the membrane of target cells, leading to cell lysis and death. Due to the increasing number of reports on its role in viral diseases, which may have implications for research on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), this review aims to highlight significant progress in understanding and defining the role of the complement system in four groups of diseases of viral etiology: (1) respiratory diseases; (2) acute liver failure (ALF); (3) disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC); and (4) vector-borne diseases (VBDs). Some of these diseases already present a serious global health problem, while others are a matter of concern and require the collaboration of relevant national services and scientists with the World Health Organization (WHO) to avoid their spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Ostrycharz
- Institute of Biology, University of Szczecin, 71-412 Szczecin, Poland;
- Doctoral School of the University of Szczecin, University of Szczecin, 71-412 Szczecin, Poland
- Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Center, University of Szczecin, 71-412 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Beata Hukowska-Szematowicz
- Institute of Biology, University of Szczecin, 71-412 Szczecin, Poland;
- Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Center, University of Szczecin, 71-412 Szczecin, Poland
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Ballarini S, Ardusso L, Ortega Martell JA, Sacco O, Feleszko W, Rossi GA. Can bacterial lysates be useful in prevention of viral respiratory infections in childhood? The results of experimental OM-85 studies. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:1051079. [PMID: 36479289 PMCID: PMC9720385 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.1051079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory tract infections (RTI) are mainly viral in origin and among the leading cause of childhood morbidity globally. Associated wheezing illness and asthma are still a clear unmet medical need. Despite the continuous progress in understanding the processes involved in their pathogenesis, preventive measures and treatments failed to demonstrate any significant disease-modifying effect. However, in the last decades it was understood that early-life exposure to microbes, may reduce the risk of infectious and allergic disorders, increasing the immune response efficacy. These results suggested that treatment with bacterial lysates (BLs) acting on gut microbiota, could promote a heterologous immunomodulation useful in the prevention of recurrent RTIs and of wheezing inception and persistence. This hypothesis has been supported by clinical and experimental studies showing the reduction of RTI frequency and severity in childhood after oral BL prophylaxis and elucidating the involved mechanisms. OM-85 is the product whose anti-viral effects have been most extensively studied in vitro, animal, and human cell studies and in translational animal infection/disease models. The results of the latter studies, describing the potential immune training-based activities of such BL, leading to the protection against respiratory viruses, will be reported. In response to human rhinovirus, influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus and severe acute respiratory coronavirus-2, OM-85 was effective in modulating the structure and the functions of a large numbers of airways epithelial and immune cells, when administered both orally and intranasally.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ledit Ardusso
- Allergy and Immunology Department, Rosario School of Medicine, National University of Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | | | - Oliviero Sacco
- Department of Pediatrics, Pulmonary and Allergy Disease Unit, G. Gaslini University Hospital, Genoa, Italy
| | - Wojciech Feleszko
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology and Allergy, The Medical University Children's Hospital, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Giovanni A Rossi
- Department of Pediatrics, Unit of Pediatrics Pulmonology and Respiratory Endoscopy, G. Gaslini Hospital, Genoa, Italy
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Akula SM, Bolin P, Cook PP. Cellular miR-150-5p may have a crucial role to play in the biology of SARS-CoV-2 infection by regulating nsp10 gene. RNA Biol 2021; 19:1-11. [PMID: 34904915 PMCID: PMC8786335 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2021.2010959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The role for circulating miRNAs as biomarkers of the COVID-19 disease remains uncertain. We analysed the circulating miRNA profile in twelve COVID-19 patients with moderate-severe disease. This analysis was conducted by performing next generation sequencing (NGS) followed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Compared with healthy controls, we detected significant changes in the circulating miRNA profile of COVID-19 patients. The miRNAs that were significantly altered in all the COVID-19 patients were miR-150-5p, miR-375, miR-122-5p, miR-494-3p, miR-3197, miR-4690-5p, miR-1915-3p, and miR-3652. Infection assays performed using miRNA mimics in HEK-293 T cells determined miR-150-5p to have a crucial role in SARS-CoV-2 infection and this was based on the following data: (i) miR-150-5p mimic lowered in vitro SARS-CoV-2 infection; (ii) miR-150-5p inhibitor reversed the effects of miR-150-5p mimic on SARS-CoV-2 infection of cells; and (iii) a novel miRNA recognition element (MRE) was identified in the coding strand of SARS-CoV-2 nsp10, the expression of which could be inhibited by miR-150-5p mimic. Our findings identified crucial miRNA footprints in COVID-19 patients with moderate-severe disease. A combination of co-transfection and Western blotting experiments also determined the ability of miR-150-5p to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 infection via directly interacting with MRE in the coding strand of nsp10. Our investigation showed that a sharp decline in the miR-150-5p plasma levels in COVID-19 patients may support enhanced SARS-CoV-2 infection. Furthermore, this study provides insight into one possible mechanism by which COVID-19-induced changes to miR-150-5p levels may promote SARS-CoV-2 infection via modulating nsp10 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaw M Akula
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology (S.m. Akula), Department of Internal Medicine (P. Bolin, P.P.Cook), Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Paul Bolin
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology (S.m. Akula), Department of Internal Medicine (P. Bolin, P.P.Cook), Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Paul P Cook
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology (S.m. Akula), Department of Internal Medicine (P. Bolin, P.P.Cook), Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
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Sajewicz-Krukowska J, Jastrzębski JP, Grzybek M, Domańska-Blicharz K, Tarasiuk K, Marzec-Kotarska B. Transcriptome Sequencing of the Spleen Reveals Antiviral Response Genes in Chickens Infected with CAstV. Viruses 2021; 13:2374. [PMID: 34960643 PMCID: PMC8708055 DOI: 10.3390/v13122374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrovirus infections pose a significant problem in the poultry industry, leading to multiple adverse effects such as a decreased egg production, breeding disorders, poor weight gain, and even increased mortality. The commonly observed chicken astrovirus (CAstV) was recently reported to be responsible for the "white chicks syndrome" associated with an increased embryo/chick mortality. CAstV-mediated pathogenesis in chickens occurs due to complex interactions between the infectious pathogen and the immune system. Many aspects of CAstV-chicken interactions remain unclear, and there is no information available regarding possible changes in gene expression in the chicken spleen in response to CAstV infection. We aim to investigate changes in gene expression triggered by CAstV infection. Ten 21-day-old SPF White Leghorn chickens were divided into two groups of five birds each. One group was inoculated with CAstV, and the other used as the negative control. At 4 days post infection, spleen samples were collected and immediately frozen at -70 °C for RNA isolation. We analyzed the isolated RNA, using RNA-seq to generate transcriptional profiles of the chickens' spleens and identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs). The RNA-seq findings were verified by quantitative reverse-transcription PCR (qRT-PCR). A total of 31,959 genes was identified in response to CAstV infection. Eventually, 45 DEGs (p-value < 0.05; log2 fold change > 1) were recognized in the spleen after CAstV infection (26 upregulated DEGs and 19 downregulated DEGs). qRT-PCR performed on four genes (IFIT5, OASL, RASD1, and DDX60) confirmed the RNA-seq results. The most differentially expressed genes encode putative IFN-induced CAstV restriction factors. Most DEGs were associated with the RIG-I-like signaling pathway or more generally with an innate antiviral response (upregulated: BLEC3, CMPK2, IFIT5, OASL, DDX60, and IFI6; downregulated: SPIK5, SELENOP, HSPA2, TMEM158, RASD1, and YWHAB). The study provides a global analysis of host transcriptional changes that occur during CAstV infection in vivo and proves that, in the spleen, CAstV infection in chickens predominantly affects the cell cycle and immune signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Sajewicz-Krukowska
- Department of Poultry Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (K.D.-B.); (K.T.)
| | - Jan Paweł Jastrzębski
- Department of Plant Physiology, Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland;
| | - Maciej Grzybek
- Department of Tropical Parasitology, Institute of Maritime and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, 81-519 Gdynia, Poland;
| | - Katarzyna Domańska-Blicharz
- Department of Poultry Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (K.D.-B.); (K.T.)
| | - Karolina Tarasiuk
- Department of Poultry Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (K.D.-B.); (K.T.)
| | - Barbara Marzec-Kotarska
- Department of Clinical Pathomorphology, The Medical University of Lublin, 20-090 Lublin, Poland;
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