Advances in mechanism and regulation of PANoptosis: Prospects in disease treatment

Arginase 1 drives mitochondrial cristae remodeling and PANoptosis in ischemia/hypoxia-induced vascular dysfunction

Ischemic/hypoxic injury significantly damages vascular function, detrimentally impacting patient outcomes. Changes in mitochondrial structure and function are closely associated with ischemia/hypoxia-induced vascular dysfunction. The mechanism of this process remains elusive. Using rat models of ischemia and hypoxic vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), we combined transmission electron microscopy, super-resolution microscopy, and metabolic analysis to analyze the structure and function change of mitochondrial cristae. Multi-omics approaches revealed arginase 1 (Arg1) upregulation in ischemic VSMCs, confirmed by in vivo and in vitro knockout models showing Arg1's protective effects on mitochondrial cristae, mitochondrial and vascular function, and limited the release of mtDNA. Mechanistically, Arg1 interacting with Mic10 led to mitochondrial cristae remodeling, together with hypoxia-induced VDAC1 lactylation resulting in the opening of MPTP and release of mtDNA of VSMCs. The released mtDNA led to PANoptosis of VSMCs via activation of the cGAS-STING pathway. ChIP-qPCR results demonstrated that lactate-mediated Arg1 up-regulation was due to H3K18la upregulation. VSMCs targeted nano-material PLGA-PEI-siRNA@PM-α-SMA (NP-siArg1) significantly improved vascular dysfunction. This study uncovers a new mechanism of vascular dysfunction following ischemic/hypoxic injury: a damaging positive feedback loop mediated by lactate-regulated Arg1 expression between the nucleus and mitochondria, leading to mitochondria cristae disorder and mtDNA release, culminating in VSMCs PANoptosis. Targeting VSMCs Arg1 inhibition offers a potential therapeutic strategy to alleviate ischemia/hypoxia-induced vascular impairments.

PANoptosis as a Two-Edged Sword in Colorectal Cancer: A Pathogenic Mechanism and Therapeutic Opportunity

The examination of PANoptosis in colorectal cancer is particularly important, as many tumor cells can evade apoptotic cell death while continuing to proliferate through inflammatory mediators and creating an immunosuppressive environment. The PANoptosome functions as a regulatory complex that unites proteins governing pyroptotic, apoptotic, and necroptotic pathways, rather than allowing distinct death pathways to compete. The expression and functional status of key molecules within the PANoptosome, such as ZBP1, RIPK1, RIPK3, CASP8, and ASC, may influence tumor viability and immune detection. The tumorigenic impact of PANoptosis is complex and predominantly manifests through chronic inflammation, immune response modulation, and changes in the tumor microenvironment. PANoptosis also aids in the defense against colon cancer by directly eradicating tumor cells and modifying the cellular environment. The expression profile of PANoptosis components may possess prognostic and predictive significance. The therapeutic ramifications of PANoptosis in colorectal cancer are now being investigated through many avenues. It provides an opportunity to develop targeted therapeutic techniques. In contrast, it may also be pertinent in conjunction with immunotherapy, as PANoptosis signifies an immunogenic type of cell death and may consequently enhance the anti-tumor immune response. A thorough comprehension of how these parameters influence PANoptosis is crucial for practical implementation.

PANoptosis in Sepsis: A Central Role and Emerging Therapeutic Target

The pathogenesis of sepsis is intricately linked to regulated cell death. As a novel form of regulated cell death, PANoptosis plays a critical role in driving the inflammatory response, impairing immune cell function, and contributing to multi-organ dysfunction in sepsis. This review explores the molecular mechanisms underlying PANoptosis and its involvement in sepsis. By activating multiple pathways, PANoptosis promotes the release of inflammatory cytokines, triggering a cytokine storm that disrupts immune cell homeostasis and exacerbates organ damage. Emerging therapeutic strategies targeting PANoptosis, including chemotherapeutic agents and herbal remedies, are showing potential for clinical application. The concept of targeting PANoptosis offers a promising avenue for developing innovative treatments for sepsis.

Revealing roles of PANoptosis-related genes in prognosis and molecular subtypes in lung squamous cell carcinoma by integrated bioinformatic analyses and experiments

The purpose of current study was to reveal the role of PANoptosis-associated genes in lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC) and their potential as prognostic biomarkers. We analyzed RNA-seq data from TCGA-LUSC and GEO datasets to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between LUSC and normal samples, followed by VENN analysis to reveal PANoptosis-related DEGs. Functional enrichment analyses were performed by clusterProfiler package. Distinct LUSC subtypes were identified by consensus clustering based on PANoptosis-related DEGs. Univariate Cox and LASSO regression were utilized to identify key prognostic genes, and a prognostic model was developed based on selected genes. Immune infiltration status was evaluated by CIBERSORT and ESTIMATE algorithms. Expression of key prognostic genes was tested in three LUSC cell lines by RT-qPCR and Western blot. Roles of TLR3 in LUSC progression were determined by functional experiments. A total of 76 PANoptosis-related DEGs were identified, with significant enrichment in apoptosis pathways. The clustering analysis revealed four subtypes, in which survival and immune microenvironment were dramatically different. From the 76 genes, four key prognostic genes (CHEK2, PDK4, TLR3, and IL1B) were identified to establish prognostic risk model, which could reflect the survival status and immune cells composition variations for LUSC patients. Besides, these four genes showed significant correlations with infiltrating levels of various immune cells. TLR3 was identified as a more weighted prognostic risk gene in LUSC. Functional assays demonstrated that genes like TLR3 modulated cell proliferation, migration, and inflammatory responses in LUSC cells. This study highlighted the potential of the four key PANoptosis genes as biomarkers or targets in LUSC, and the risk model based on these four genes provided novel insights to develop personalized treatment strategy for patients with LUSC.

Different Forms of Regulated Cell Death in Type-2-Diabetes-Mellitus-Related Osteoporosis: A Focus on Mechanisms and Therapeutic Strategies

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder with a high prevalence and challenging treatment options. It significantly affects the function of various organs, including bones, and imposes substantial social and economic costs. Chronic hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and abnormalities in glucolipid metabolism can lead to cellular damage within the body. Bone dysfunction represents a significant characteristic of diabetic osteoporosis (DOP). Recent studies confirm that cell death is a critical factor contributing to bone damage. Regulated cell death (RCD) is a highly controlled process that involves numerous proteins and specific signaling cascades. RCD processes, including apoptosis, autophagy, necroptosis, pyroptosis, ferroptosis, and cuproptosis, may be linked to the dysfunction of bone cells in T2DM. In this review, the cell death types of bone cell populations during the pathogenic process of DOP were explored, and the link between cellular RCD processes and the pathogenesis of DOP was further explored. In addition, the research progress on targeting RCD for DOP was summarized in this paper. This may provide a foundation for additional explorations and drug development, as well as new therapeutic concepts for the clinical management of DOP.

Establishment and validation of a novel risk model based on PANoptosis-related genes to predict prognosis in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSC) is a common cancer worldwide with poor prognosis. Current treatment methods have limited effect on improving the prognosis of patients with HNSC. Differentially expressed PANoptosis-related genes in HNSC were identified from the TCGA using limma and WGCNA. A prognostic model was established using univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses and machine learning, and its performance was evaluated using Kaplan-Meier and receiver operating characteristic curves. SNP data was analyzed using maftools package. Immune analysis was performed using IOBR package and TIDE website. The scRNA data was analyzed using Seurat and cellchat package. The expression of hub genes was validated in vitro. The prognostic model comprising 5 hub PANoptosis-related genes (AIFM1, AKT3, CDKN2A, EGFR, IL1RAP) accurately predicted patient outcomes, with the high-risk group exhibiting poorer survival. mRNA expression levels of all 5 hub genes were elevated in the tumor cells, but only AIFM1, AKT3 and IL1RAP's protein expression were higher in tumor tissues. Additionally, high expression of AIFM1, AKT3, EGFR, IL1RAP and low expression of CDKN2A indicated poor prognosis of HNSC patients. The decreasing levels of CD4 T cells, CD8 T cells and M1 macrophages were observed in high-risk groups. There was a significant difference of 5-fluorouracil in low and high-risk groups. scRNA analysis exhibited that TNF pathway was important in the interaction between macrophages and T cells. We identified 5 hub genes and constructed a great risk model for the prognosis of HNSC. The immune cells may influence the HNSC malignant through TNF signal pathway.

Unraveling the mechanisms of NINJ1-mediated plasma membrane rupture in lytic cell death and related diseases

Plasma membrane rupture (PMR), the ultimate event during lytic cell death, releases damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) that trigger inflammation and immune responses in the development of various diseases. Recent years have witnessed significant advances in understanding the PMR mediated by ninjurin1 (NINJ1) in different lytic cell death processes. NINJ1 oligomerizes and ruptures the membrane in pyroptosis and other lytic cell death, participating in the pathogenesis of multiple diseases. Although the membrane-permeabilizing function of NINJ1 is well recognized, the role of NINJ1 in different types of lytic cell death and its impact on multiple disease processes have yet to be fully elucidated. This review summarizes the latest advances in the mechanisms of NINJ1-mediated PMR, discusses the membrane-inducing activity of NINJ1 in different lytic cell death, explains the implications of NINJ1 in lytic cell death-related diseases, and lists the inhibitory strategies for NINJ1. We expect to provide new insights into targeting NINJ1 to suppress lytic cell death for therapeutic benefit, which may become a new strategy to control inflammatory cell lysis-related diseases.

Dopant-Regulated Piezocatalysts Evoke Sonopiezoelectric and Enzymatic PANoptosis for Synergistic Cancer Therapy

Piezocatalyst-enabled sonopiezoelectric therapy offers noninvasive treatment with high spatiotemporal selectivity, yet existing piezocatalysts are limited by suboptimal efficacy, cancer cell resistance to oxidative stress, and biosafety concerns. Here, hafnia (HfO2), one of the only few FDA-approved inorganic nanomaterials for clinical trials, is identified as a promising piezocatalyst with high translational potential for sonopiezoelectric and enzymatic PANoptosis-boosted nanocatalytic therapy. Specifically, engineered transition metal-substituted HfO2 nanocatalysts are synthesized to optimize piezoelectric and enzyme-mimicking activities. Among these, Mn-substituted HfO2 with a 20% Mn ratio (HMO) demonstrates superior performance in sono-triggered reactive oxygen species generation, attributed to its reduced bandgap and increased oxygen vacancies. HMO also exhibits multiple enzyme-mimicking activities, including peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), amplifying oxidative stress through tumor-specific catalytic reactions. These dual catalytic effects enable the activation of cancer cell PANoptosis to elicit a robust antitumor immune response. Biological evaluations show significant tumor suppression and antitumor immune responses by HMO-mediated nanocatalytic therapy. Unlike utilizing the radiosensitization ability of HfO2 in the clinic, this work unveils the distinctive sonopiezoelectric effect and multienzymatic activities of HfO2-based nanocatalysts for biomedical applications, holding the potential to overcome the challenges of radiation damage associated with radiotherapy.

BMAL1-downregulation drives PANoptosis and the osteogenic differentiation impairment of PDLSCs by ERK/AP-1 signaling pathway

BACKGROUND

One strategy to delay bone loss in periodontitis involves maintaining the osteogenic differentiation function of periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs). The core circadian gene BMAL1 influences the fate of mesenchymal stem cells and is essential for regulating pyroptosis, apoptosis, and necroptosis. PANoptosis, a novel form of programmed cell death, simultaneously activates all 3 pathways. This study focuses on the role of BMAL1, the process of PANoptosis, and the osteogenic impairment of PDLSCs.

METHODS

A mouse periodontitis model was established to evaluate the expression of BMAL1 and osteogenic factors. We stimulated PDLSCs with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and used a Western blot to detect PANoptosis-related factors. Osteogenic factors in PDLSCs were assessed using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), Western blot, alkaline phosphatase, and alizarin red staining. The expression of ERK pathway proteins was examined by immunofluorescence and Western blot to investigate how BMAL1 regulates PANoptosis under inflammatory conditions.

RESULTS

Treatment with LPS leads to the downregulation of BMAL1 expression, which subsequently induces RIPK1-PANoptosome-mediated PANoptosis in PDLSCs, impairing their osteogenic differentiation function. Inhibition of the RIPK1-PANoptosome with Nec-1S improved the expression of osteogenic differentiation-related genes and proteins. Overexpression of BMAL1 using the synthetic ligand SR1078 alleviated these detrimental effects. Inhibition of the ERK pathway with U0126 reduced the expression of its downstream target AP-1, effectively reversing the impact of BMAL1 on PANoptosis.

CONCLUSIONS

The downregulation of BMAL1 triggers PANoptosis in PDLSCs, leading to impaired osteogenic function under inflammatory conditions. This study provides new insights into the pathogenesis of periodontitis and suggests novel targets for its prevention and treatment.

PLAIN LANGUAGE SUMMARY

Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory condition of the oral cavity marked by the destruction of periodontal attachment and resorption of alveolar bone. One strategy to delay alveolar bone loss in periodontitis involves maintaining the osteogenic differentiation function of periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs). The circadian rhythm influences the fate of mesenchymal stem cells, with the core circadian gene BMAL1 playing a crucial role in regulating pyroptosis, apoptosis, and necroptosis. PANoptosis is a novel form of programmed cell death, encompassing pyroptosis, apoptosis, and necroptosis, which may play a role in regulating the osteogenic activity of PDLSCs. Our study aims to detect the role of PANoptosis of PDLSCs in periodontitis and elucidate the underlying relationship between BMAL1 and PANoptosis. We found that treatment with lipopolysaccharide leads to the downregulation of BMAL1 expression, which subsequently induces RIPK1-PANoptosome-mediated PANoptosis in PDLSCs, impairing their osteogenic differentiation function. Notably, inhibition of the RIPK1-PANoptosome improved the expression of osteogenic differentiation-related genes and proteins. Mechanistic exploration revealed that BMAL1 downregulation induces PANoptosis in PDLSCs through the ERK/AP-1 signaling pathway. This study highlights the potential therapeutic targets for mitigating bone loss in periodontitis.

Galectin-1 regulates scar hyperplasia by modulating NASP variable splicing to generate ROS

Galectin-1, a constituent of the mammalian β-galactoside-binding lectin family, plays a pivotal regulatory role in fibrotic cascades. Dysregulated fibrogenic cellular activity has been implicated as a critical driver of hypertrophic scar (HS) pathogenesis. Nevertheless, the precise mechanistic contributions and molecular pathways through which Galectin-1 modulates HS development remain incompletely characterized. qRT-PCR and western blot techniques were employed to explore the expression of Galectin-1 in hypertrophic scar tissues and cells. The Galectin-1 knockdown cell line was established by utilizing the lentivirus approach, and the influences of Galectin-1 on cellular biological functions were examined. The molecular mechanism underlying Galectin-1 regulation was investigated via RNA-seq analysis, immunofluorescence, and Western blot. Subsequently, RNA-seq combined with RT-PCR was used to investigate Galectin-1's role in HS alternative splicing. Galectin-1 exhibits significant overexpression in pathological HS tissues and activated fibroblasts. Genetic silencing of Galectin-1 effectively attenuates hypertrophic scar fibroblast (HSF) cell proliferation, migration, and invasive capacities while downregulating fibrotic molecular markers. Transcriptomic and functional analyses reveal that Galectin-1 orchestrates concurrent PANoptosis and ferroptosis in fibrogenic cells. Galectin-1 regulates PANoptosis through the ROS pathway by modulating the ES alternative splicing of NASP, and this process depends on HNRNPL. Overall, Galectin-1 influences the PANoptosis process in HSF cells by modulating the alternative splicing of NASP, thereby regulating the fibrotic cascade. Our findings indicate that Galectin-1 is a critical regulator of HS formation, offering a novel therapeutic target and direction for HS treatment.

Machine learning-based characterization of PANoptosis-related biomarkers and immune infiltration in ulcerative colitis: A comprehensive bioinformatics analysis and experimental validation

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a heterogeneous autoimmune condition. PANoptosis, a new form of programmed cell death, plays a role in inflammatory diseases. This study aimed to identify differentially expressed PANoptosis-related genes (PRGs) involved in immune dysregulation in UC. Three key PRGs-BIRC3, MAGED1, and PSME2 were found using weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) and machine learning. Immune infiltration analysis revealed that these key PRGs were associated with neutrophils, CD8+ T cells, activated CD4 T cells, and NK cells. Moreover, these key PRGs were significantly enriched in pathways related to inflammatory bowel disease, the IL-17 signaling pathway, and NOD-like receptor signaling pathway. The expression levels of the key PRGs were validated in various datasets, animal models, and UC intestinal tissue samples. Our findings confirmed the involvement of PANoptosis in UC and predict hub genes and immune characteristics, providing new insights for further investigations into UC pathogenic mechanisms and therapeutic strategies.

Modeling Necroptotic and Pyroptotic Signaling in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is the paradigm of a eukaryotic model organism. In virtue of a substantial degree of functional conservation, it has been extensively exploited to understand multiple aspects of the genetic, molecular, and cellular biology of human disease. Many aspects of cell signaling in cancer, aging, or metabolic diseases have been tackled in yeast. Here, we review the strategies undertaken throughout the years for the development of humanized yeast models to study regulated cell death (RCD) pathways in general, and specifically, those related to innate immunity and inflammation, with an emphasis on pyroptosis and necroptosis. Such pathways involve the assembly of distinct modular signaling complexes such as the inflammasome and the necrosome. Like other supramolecular organizing centers (SMOCs), such intricate molecular arrangements trigger the activity of enzymes, like caspases or protein kinases, culminating in the activation of lytic pore-forming final effectors, respectively, Gasdermin D (GSDMD) in pyroptosis and MLKL in necroptosis. Even though pathways related to those governing innate immunity and inflammation in mammals are missing in fungi, the heterologous expression of their components in the S. cerevisiae model provides a "cellular test tube" to readily study their properties and interactions, thus constituting a valuable tool for finding novel therapies.

SIRT3/6/7: promising therapeutic targets for pulmonary fibrosis

Pulmonary fibrosis is a chronic progressive fibrosing interstitial lung disease of unknown cause, characterized by excessive deposition of extracellular matrix, leading to irreversible decline in lung function and ultimately death due to respiratory failure and multiple complications. The Sirtuin family is a group of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) -dependent histone deacetylases, including SIRT1 to SIRT7. They are involved in various biological processes such as protein synthesis, metabolism, cell stress, inflammation, aging and fibrosis through deacetylation. This article reviews the complex molecular mechanisms of the poorly studied SIRT3, SIRT6, and SIRT7 subtypes in lung fibrosis and the latest research progress in targeting them to treat lung fibrosis.

Emerging role of PANoptosis in kidney diseases: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities

Kidney diseases represent a significant global public health challenge, characterized by complex pathogenesis, high incidence, low awareness, insufficient early screening, and substantial treatment disparities. Effective therapeutic options remain lacking. Programmed cell death (PCD), including apoptosis, pyroptosis, and necroptosis, play pivotal roles in the pathogenesis of various kidney diseases. In 2019, PANoptosis, a novel form of inflammatory cell death, was introduced, providing new insights into innate immunity and PCD research. Although research on PANoptosis in kidney diseases is still limited, identifying key molecules within PANoptosomes and understanding their regulatory roles is critical for disease prevention and management. This review summarizes the various forms of PCD implicated in kidney diseases, along with PANoptosomes activated by Z-DNA binding protein 1 (ZBP1), absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2), receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1), NOD-like receptor family CARD domain containing 12 (NLRP12), and NOD-like receptor family member C5 (NLRC5). It also reviews the advancements in PANoptosis research in the field of kidney diseases, particularly in renal tumors and acute kidney injuries (AKI). The goal is to establish a foundation for future research into the role of PANoptosis in kidney diseases.

The role of ACSL4 in stroke: mechanisms and potential therapeutic target

Stroke, as a neurological disorder with a poor overall prognosis, has long plagued the patients. Current stroke therapy lacks effective treatments. Ferroptosis has emerged as a prominent subject of discourse across various maladies in recent years. As an emerging therapeutic target, notwithstanding its initial identification in tumor cells associated with brain diseases, it has lately been recognized as a pivotal factor in the pathological progression of stroke. Acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 4 (ACSL4) is a potential target and biomarker of catalytic unsaturated fatty acids mediating ferroptosis in stroke. Specifically, the upregulation of ACSL4 leads to heightened accumulation of lipid peroxidation products and reactive oxygen species (ROS), thereby exacerbating the progression of ferroptosis in neuronal cells. ACSL4 is present in various tissues and involved in multiple pathways of ferroptosis. At present, the pharmacological mechanisms of targeting ACSL4 to inhibit ferroptosis have been found in many drugs, but the molecular mechanisms of targeting ACSL4 are still in the exploratory stage. This paper introduces the physiopathological mechanism of ACSL4 and the current status of the research involved in ferroptosis crosstalk and epigenetics, and summarizes the application status of ACSL4 in modern pharmacology research, and discusses the potential application value of ACSL4 in the field of stroke.

Exploring the mechanisms of PANoptosis in osteoarthritis and the therapeutic potential of andrographolide through bioinformatics and single-cell analysis

BACKGROUND

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease marked by the breakdown of cartilage, where apoptosis plays a key role. Although apoptosis-related genes in OA have been studied, a detailed analysis of PANoptosis-related genes and the search for therapeutic drugs remains limited.

METHODS

We performed a bioinformatics analysis combined with single-cell RNA sequencing to examine PANoptosis-related gene expression in OA cartilage. Key PANoptosis genes and critical cell populations involved in OA progression were identified. Drug prediction led to the selection of Andrographolide (AG), whose effects were validated through molecular docking, Western blotting, and qRT-PCR in chondrocyte models.

RESULTS

Several PANoptosis-related genes, including CASP8, TLR3, CASP1, and IL18, were significantly differentially expressed in OA. These genes are linked to processes such as apoptosis, pyroptosis, and the inflammasome complex. Pathway analysis revealed necroptosis, Toll-like receptor, and apoptosis signaling pathways as important in OA pathology. Single-cell analysis identified HomC, EC, and preHTC as key cell populations. AG was predicted to regulate PANoptosis genes, which was confirmed experimentally, demonstrating AG's potential to modulate key genes involved in cartilage degeneration.

CONCLUSION

This study highlights PANoptosis-related genes in OA and identifies Andrographolide as a promising therapeutic drug, offering new insights into OA treatment strategies.

Unraveling the PANoptosis Landscape in Osteosarcoma: A Single-Cell Sequencing and Machine Learning Approach to Prognostic Modeling and Tumor Microenvironment Analysis

Background: Osteosarcoma (OS) is a highly aggressive bone malignancy prevalent in children and adolescents, characterized by poor prognosis and limited therapeutic options. The tumor microenvironment (TME) and cell death mechanisms such as PANoptosis-comprising pyroptosis, apoptosis, and necroptosis-play critical roles in tumor progression and immune evasion. This study is aimed at exploring the PANoptosis landscape in OS using single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and at developing a robust prognostic model using machine learning algorithms. Methods: Single-cell sequencing data for OS were obtained from the GEO database (GSE162454), and bulk transcriptome data were sourced from the TARGET and GEO databases. Data integration, dimensionality reduction, and cell clustering were performed using UMAP and t-SNE. PANoptosis-related genes were identified, and their expression profiles were used to score and categorize cells into PANoptosis-high and PANoptosis-low groups. A comprehensive prognostic model was constructed using 101 machine learning algorithms, including CoxBoost, to predict patient outcomes. The model's performance was validated across multiple cohorts, and its association with the mutation landscape and TME was evaluated. Results: The scRNA-seq analysis revealed 14 distinct cell clusters within OS, with significant PANoptosis activation observed in cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), myeloid cells, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts. Differentially expressed genes between PANoptosis-high and PANoptosis-low groups were identified, and cell communication analysis showed enhanced interaction patterns in the PANoptosis-high group. The CoxBoost model, selected from 101 machine learning algorithms, exhibited stable prognostic performance across the TARGET and GEO cohorts, effectively stratifying patients into high-risk and low-risk groups. The high-risk group displayed worse survival outcomes, higher mutation frequencies, and distinct immune infiltration patterns, correlating with poorer prognosis and increased tumor purity. Conclusion: This study provides novel insights into the PANoptosis landscape in OS and presents a validated prognostic model for risk stratification. The integration of scRNA-seq data with machine learning approaches enhances our understanding of OS heterogeneity and its impact on patient prognosis, offering potential avenues for targeted therapeutic strategies. Further validation in clinical settings is warranted to confirm the model's utility in guiding personalized treatment for OS patients.

Amentoflavone protects against cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury by modulating Nrf2-mediated oxidative stress and ferroptosis and partially by activating Nrf2-dependent PANoptosis

Background

Cisplatin is a widely used drug for the treatment of solid organ cancer, but its renal toxicity cannot be ignored. Amentoflavone (AME), a natural flavonoid compound, has remarkable pharmacological effects, including anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects. The effect and mechanism of AME on cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI) remain unclear.

Methods

We investigated the effect of AME on CI-AKI using the HK-2 cell line and C57BL/6 mice. Renal function, tissue damage, and molecular markers were assessed to explore the effects of AME on oxidative stress and cell death pathways.

Results

In vitro, AME significantly suppressed the cytotoxic effects of cisplatin on HK-2 cells. Furthermore, AME significantly inhibited cisplatin-induced ferroptosis and PANoptosis (apoptosis, pyroptosis and necroptosis). In mice with acute kidney injury induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of cisplatin, the daily administration of AME during AKI effectively improved renal function and alleviated renal tubular injury, characterized by the normalization of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine (SCr) levels; it also inhibited cisplatin-induced renal ferroptosis and PANoptosis. AME is a natural antioxidant that activates the Nrf2 antioxidant pathway both in vivo and in vitro. In Nrf2 knockout mice and knockdown cells, the protective effect of AME against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity disappeared. However, after Nrf2 knockout, the effect of AME on ferroptosis completely disappeared, and that on PANoptosis partially disappeared.

Conclusion

Amentoflavone has a protective effect on cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury via a mechanism related to the Nrf2-dependent antioxidant pathway and the regulation of ferroptosis and PANoptosis.

Panoptosis Targets the Mechanism of PRDX1 Involvement in Acute Myocardial Infarction via ZBP1

PANoptosis is involved in various pathological processes, but its role in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) remains unclear. This study aimed to explore the mechanism by which PANoptosis is involved in AMI. GSE172270 was used as an internal test set, and GSE159657 served as an external validation set to identify disease targets for AMI. WGCNA was performed to identify potential hub genes associated with AMI. Then, genes related to PANoptosis among the disease targets of AMI were screened. Additionally, human cardiomyocytes AC16 and mouse cardiomyocytes HL-1 were cultured in sugar-free and serum-free medium for 4 h and 12 h, and the expression of key genes regulating PANoptosis was detected by qRT-PCR. Finally, mRNA interference and overexpression experiments were conducted to verify the expression of key mRNAs. A total of 45 upregulated and 125 downregulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in the GSE172270 data set. WGCNA identified 891 potential hub genes associated with AMI. In the GSE159657 data set, 695 upregulated and 552 downregulated DEGs were identified. Four genes related to AMI-PANoptosis (PRDX1, MMACHC, BLVRB, and TXNL1) were screened. Through qRT-PCR verification, PRDX1 was identified as the most specific and significant gene. The expression of the PANoptosis positive regulator ZPB1 was upregulated, while the PANoptosis negative regulator TAK1 was downregulated. Additionally, key cell death genes (MLKL, p-MLKL, Caspase-3, Caspase-7, and GSDMD) were upregulated in sugar-free and serum-free culture. However, PRDX1 interference reversed these effects. Our study demonstrated that PRDX1 is a key regulator of PANoptosis in AMI.

New insights into pulmonary arterial hypertension: interaction between PANoptosis and perivascular inflammatory responses

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a heterogeneous disease characterized by various etiologies, with pulmonary vascular remodeling recognized as a main pathological change. Currently, it is widely accepted that vascular remodeling is closely associated with abnormal pulmonary vascular cell death and perivascular inflammation. The simultaneous activation of various pulmonary vascular cell death leads to immune cell adhesion and inflammatory mediator releases; And in turn, the inflammatory response may also trigger cell death and jointly promote the progression of vascular remodeling. Recently, PANoptosis has been identified as a phenomenon that describes the simultaneous activation and interaction of multiple forms of programmed cell death (PCD). Therefore, the relationship between PANoptosis and inflammation in PAH warrants further investigation. This review examines the mechanisms underlying apoptosis, necroptosis, pyroptosis, and inflammatory responses in PAH, with a focus on PANoptosis and its interactions with inflammation. And it aims to elucidate the significance of this emerging form of cell death and inflammation in the pathophysiology of PAH and to explore its potential as a therapeutic target.

Identification and validation of PANoptosis-related LncRNAs prognosis system in hepatocellular carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common solid malignancies in the world. Due to the limited effectiveness of current drug treatments, further research on HCC is necessary. PANoptosis is defined as an inflammatory RCD whose main features combine pyroptosis, apoptosis and necroptosis which cannot be explained by any of these three RCDs alone. In HCC, risk stratification based on PANoptosis-associated lncRNAs has clinical application potential. In this study, we explored HCC related PANoptosis-related lncRNAs (PRLs) by analyzing significantly differentially expressed genes in HCC. HCC-associated PRL scores were established by WGCNA, LASSO analysis and multivariate Cox assessment. Subsequently, we verified the prognostic analysis ability of PRL score for HCC patients, and on this basis established a prognostic risk assessment model for HCC and verified its reliability. The relationship between PRL score and immune infiltration as well as drug sensitivity was further analyzed to evaluate the clinical reference value of this model. Western blot analysis and PCR further verified the reliability of bioinformatics results. The observed suppression of HCC progression and invasiveness following selected PRL knockdown further validated the reliability of our bioinformatics analysis results. Our results provide new evidence for the role of PANoptosis-associated lncRNAs in HCC.

The Interplay of Aging and PANoptosis in Osteoarthritis Pathogenesis: Implications for Novel Therapeutic Strategies

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common degenerative joint disease characterized by the progressive degradation of articular cartilage, synovial inflammation, and subchondral bone remodeling. This review explores the interplay between aging, PANoptosis, and inflammation in OA progression. Age-related cellular and immune dysfunctions, including cellular senescence, senescence-associated secretory phenotypes (SASPs), and immunosenescence, significantly contribute to joint degeneration. In OA, dysregulated apoptosis, necroptosis, and pyroptosis, particularly in chondrocytes, exacerbate cartilage damage. Apoptosis, mediated by the JNK pathway, reduces chondrocyte density, while necroptosis and pyroptosis, involving RIPK-1/RIPK-3 and the NLRP3 inflammasome, respectively, amplify inflammation and cartilage destruction. Inflammatory cytokines and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) further enhance these PANoptotic pathways. Current therapeutic strategies primarily focus on anti-inflammatory agents such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and corticosteroids, with growing interest in anti-senescence drugs targeting cellular senescence and SASP. Additionally, exploring PANoptosis mechanisms offers potential for innovative OA treatments.

Caspase family in autoimmune diseases

Programmed cell death (PCD) plays a crucial role in maintaining tissue homeostasis, with its primary forms including apoptosis, pyroptosis, and necroptosis. The caspase family is central to these processes, and its complex functions across different cell death pathways and other non-cell death roles have been closely linked to the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. This article provides a comprehensive review of the role of the caspase family in autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), type 1 diabetes (T1D), and multiple sclerosis (MS). It particularly emphasizes the intricate functions of caspases within various cell death pathways and their potential as therapeutic targets, thereby offering innovative insights and a thorough discussion in this field. In terms of therapy, strategies targeting caspases hold significant promise. We emphasize the importance of a holistic understanding of caspases in the overall concept of cell death, exploring their unique functions and interrelationships across multiple cell death pathways, including apoptosis, pyroptosis, necroptosis, and PANoptosis. This approach transcends the limitations of previous studies that focused on singular cell death pathways. Additionally, caspases play a key role in non-cell death functions, such as immune cell activation, cytokine processing, inflammation regulation, and tissue repair, thereby opening new avenues for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. Regulating caspase activity holds the potential to restore immune balance in autoimmune diseases. Potential therapeutic approaches include small molecule inhibitors (both reversible and irreversible), biological agents (such as monoclonal antibodies), and gene therapies. However, achieving specific modulation of caspases to avoid interference with normal physiological functions remains a major challenge. Future research must delve deeper into the regulatory mechanisms of caspases and their associated complexes linked to PANoptosis to facilitate precision medicine. In summary, this article offers a comprehensive and in-depth analysis, providing a novel perspective on the complex roles of caspases in autoimmune diseases, with the potential to catalyze breakthroughs in understanding disease mechanisms and developing therapeutic strategies.

Nanomaterials-Induced PANoptosis: A Promising Anti-Tumor Strategy

Malignant tumors pose a significant threat to global public health. Promoting programmed cell death in cancer cells has become a critical strategy for cancer treatment. PANoptosis, a newly discovered form of regulated cell death, integrates key molecular components of pyroptosis, apoptosis, and necroptosis, activating these three death pathways simultaneously to achieve synergistic multi-mechanistic killing. PANoptosis significantly inhibits cancer cell growth and resistance and activates strong anti-tumor immune response, making tumor-specific induction of PANoptosis a potential cancer therapeutic strategy. Currently, cancer treatment research related to PANoptosis is focused mainly on the development of small molecules and cytokines. However, these approaches still face limitations in terms of metabolic stability and tumor specificity. The unique physicochemical properties and biological activities of nanomaterials hold significant promise for optimizing PANoptosis induction strategies. This review summarizes the concept and mechanisms of PANoptosis, highlights the latest applications of nanoagents in PANoptosis-based anti-cancer therapy, and discusses the challenges and future directions for clinical translation. It is hoped that this review will inspire further exploration and development of PANoptosis-based cancer treatments, providing new perspectives for researchers in the field.

ZBP1-mediated PANoptosis is a crucial lethal form in diverse keratinocyte death modalities in UVB-induced skin injury

UVB irradiation induces diverse modalities of regulatory cell death in keratinocytes. Recently, the pattern of coexistence of pyroptosis, apoptosis, and necroptosis has been termed PANoptosis; however, whether PANoptosis occurs in keratinocytes in UVB-induced skin injury remains unclear. We observed that the key molecules of GSDMD-mediated pyroptosis, apoptosis, and necroptosis, which are N-terminal GSDMD, cleaved caspase-3/PARP, and phosphorylated MLKL, respectively, were elevated in keratinocytes of UVB-challenged mice and human skin tissue. Through keratinocyte-specific gene knockout or using corresponding inhibitors, we found that individual inhibition of GSDMD-mediated pyroptosis, caspase-3-mediated apoptosis, or MLKL-mediated necroptosis did not reduce the overall level of keratinocyte death after UVB exposure, and that the other two pathways maintained the activation. However, when the PANoptosome sensor ZBP1 was knocked out, keratinocyte death was reduced and epidermal thickening was alleviated in UVB-challenged mice. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that UVB irradiation induces ZBP1-mediated PANoptosis in keratinocytes, which is a crucial lethal form in diverse keratinocyte death modalities in UVB-induced skin injury. The above findings provide a new insight on the complexity of regulated cell death modalities in keratinocytes exposed to UV irradiation.

Exploring the Anti-PANoptosis Mechanism of Dachaihu Decoction Against Sepsis-Induced Acute Lung Injury: Network Pharmacology, Bioinformatics, and Experimental Validation

Background

Dachaihu decoction (DCHD) is a common Chinese medicine formula against sepsis-induced acute lung injury (SALI). PANoptosis is a novel type of programmed cell death. Nevertheless, The mechanisms of DCHD against SALI via anti-PANoptosis remains unknown.

Methods

First, we identified the intersecting targets among DCHD, SALI, and PANoptosis using relevant databases and published literature. Then, protein-protein interaction (PPI) network, molecular docking, and functional enrichment analysis were conducted. In vivo, cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) was used to construct a sepsis mouse model, and the therapeutic effects of DCHD on SALI were evaluated using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), and ELISA. Finally, qRT-PCR, immunofluorescence staining, and Western blotting were used to verify the effect of DCHD-containing serum (DCHD-DS) on LPS-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages in vitro.

Results

82 intersecting targets were identified by mapping the targets of DCHD, SALI, and PANoptosis. Enrichment analysis showed that DCHD against SALI via anti-PANoptosis by modulating tumor necrosis factor (TNF), AGE-RAGE, phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-AKT, and Toll-like receptor signaling pathways by targeting Casp3, cellular tumor antigen p53 (TP53), B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl2), toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4), STAT3, STAT1, RELA, NF-κB1, myeloid cell leukemia-1 (MCL1), JUN, IL-1β, HSP90AA1, Casp9, Casp8, and Bcl2l1. Molecular docking analysis revealed that the key components of DCHD have a high binding affinity to the core targets. In vivo, DCHD improved lung histopathological injury, reduced inflammatory factor expression, and alleviated oxidative stress injury in lung tissues. In vitro, DCHD-DS alleviated cell morphology changes, the release of pro-inflammatory factors, and p65 nucleus aggregation. Furthermore, we verified that DCHD-DS inhibited PANoptosis by downregulating the PI3K/AKT/NF-κB signalling pathway.

Conclusion

DCHD attenuates SALI by inhibiting PANoptosis via control of the PI3K/AKT/NF-κB pathway. Our study provides a solid foundation for investigating the mechanisms of DCHD and its clinical application in the treatment of SALI.

Comprehensive Analysis of Programmed Cell Death-Related Genes in Diagnosis and Synovitis During Osteoarthritis Development: Based on Bulk and Single-Cell RNA Sequencing Data

Background

Synovitis is one of the key pathological feature driving osteoarthritis (OA) development. Diverse programmed cell death (PCD) pathways are closely linked to the pathogenesis of OA, but few studies have explored the relationship between PCD-related genes and synovitis.

Methods

The transcriptome expression profiles of OA synovial samples were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Using machine learning algorithms, Hub PCD-related differentially expressed genes (Hub PCD-DEGs) were identified. The expression of Hub PCD-DEGs was validated in human OA samples by qRT-PCR. A diagnostic model for OA was constructed based on the expression levels of Hub PCD-DEGs. Unsupervised consensus clustering analysis and weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA) were employed to identify differential clustering patterns of PCD-related genes in OA patients. The molecular characteristics of Hub PCD-DEGs, their role in synovial immune inflammation, and their association with the immune microenvironment were investigated through functional enrichment analysis and ssGSEA immune infiltration analysis. Single-cell RNA sequencing analysis provided insights into the characteristics of distinct cell clusters in OA synovial tissues and their interactions with Hub PCD-DEGs.

Results

We identified five Hub PCD-DEGs: TNFAIP3, JUN, PPP1R15A, INHBB, and DDIT4. qRT-PCR analysis confirmed that all five genes were significantly downregulated in OA synovial tissue. The diagnostic model constructed based on these Hub PCD-DEGs demonstrated diagnostic efficiency in distinguishing OA tissues as well as progression of OA. Additionally, a correlation was observed between the expression levels of Hub PCD-DEGs, immune cell infiltration, and inflammatory cytokine levels. We identified two distinct PCD clusters, each exhibiting unique molecular and immunological characteristics. Single-cell RNA sequencing further revealed dynamic and complex cellular changes in OA synovial tissue, with differential expression of Hub PCD-DEGs across various immune cell types.

Conclusion

Our study suggests that PCD-related genes may be involved in development of OA synovitis. The five screened Hub PCD-DEGs (TNFAIP3, JUN, PPP1R15A, INHBB and DDIT4) could be explored as candidate biomarkers or therapeutic targets for OA.

PANoptosis in Bacterial Infections: A Double-Edged Sword Balancing Host Immunity and Pathogenesis

PANoptosis is a newly identified programmed cell death pathway that integrates characteristics of apoptosis, pyroptosis, and necroptosis. It plays a dual role in the host immune response to bacterial infections. On one hand, PANoptosis acts as a protective mechanism by inducing the death of infected cells to eliminate pathogens and releasing pro-inflammatory cytokines to amplify the immune response. On the other hand, bacteria can exploit PANoptosis to evade host immune defenses. This dual nature underscores the potential of PANoptosis as a target for developing novel therapies against bacterial infections. This review summarizes the molecular mechanisms of PANoptosis, along with the crosstalk and integration of different cell death pathways in response to various bacterial pathogens. We also discuss the dual roles of PANoptosis in bacterial infectious diseases, including sepsis, pulmonary infections, and intestinal infections. Elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying PANoptosis and how bacteria manipulate this pathway offers critical insights into host-pathogen interactions. These insights provide a foundation for designing targeted antibacterial strategies, modulating inflammation, and advancing precision medicine to improve clinical outcomes.

Rnd3 protects against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity through inhibition of PANoptosis in a Rock1/Drp1/mitochondrial fission-dependent manner

Doxorubicin, a representative drug of the anthracycline class, is widely used in cancer treatment. However, Doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity (DIC) presents a significant challenge in its clinical application. Mitochondrial dysfunction plays a central role in DIC, primarily through disrupting mitochondrial dynamics. This study aimed to investigate the impact of Rnd3 (a Rho family GTPase 3) on DIC, with a focus on mitochondrial dynamics. Cardiomyocyte-specific Rnd3 transgenic mice (Rnd3-Tg) and Rnd3LSP/LSP mice (N-Tg) were established for in vivo experiments, and adenoviruses harboring Rnd3 (Ad-Rnd3) or negative control (Ad-Control) were injected in the myocardium for in vitro experiments. The DIC model was established using wild-type, N-Tg, and Rnd3-Tg mice, with subsequent intraperitoneal injection of Dox for 4 weeks. The molecular mechanism was explored through RNA sequencing, immunofluorescence staining, co-immunoprecipitation assay, and protein-protein docking. Dox administration induced significant mitochondrial injury and cardiac dysfunction, which was ameliorated by Rnd3 overexpression. Further, the augmentation of Rnd3 expression mitigated mitochondrial fragmentation which is mediated by dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1), thereby ameliorating the PANoptosis (pyroptosis, apoptosis, and necroptosis) response induced by Dox. Mechanically, the interaction between Rnd3 and Rho-associated kinase 1 (Rock1) may impede Rock1-induced Drp1 phosphorylation at Ser616, thus inhibiting mitochondrial fission and dysfunction. Interestingly, Rock1 knockdown nullified the effects of Rnd3 on cardiomyocytes PANoptosis, as well as Dox-induced cardiac remodeling and dysfunction elicited by Rnd3. Rnd3 enhances cardiac resilience against DIC by stabilizing mitochondrial dynamics and reducing PANoptosis. Our findings suggest that the Rnd3/Rock1/Drp1 signaling pathway represents a novel target for mitigating DIC, and modulating Rnd3 expression could be a strategic approach to safeguarding cardiac function in patients undergoing Dox treatment. The graphical abstract illustrated the cardioprotective role of Rnd3 in DIC. Rnd3 directly binds to Rock1 in cytoplasm and ameliorates mitochondrial fission by inhibiting Drp1 phosphorylation at ser616, thereby alleviating PANoptosis (apoptosis, pyroptosis, and necroptosis) in DIC.

Amino modifications exacerbate the developmental abnormalities of polystyrene microplastics via mitochondria-mediated apoptosis pathway in zebrafish larvae

Microplastics (MPs) are ubiquitous in the environment and have been identified as a potential threat to ecosystems. However, the mechanisms of toxicity of modified MPs remain unknown. This study investigated the developmental toxicity of amino-modified polystyrene microplastics (PS-NH2) with environmentally relevant concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 100 μg/L in the early developmental stages of zebrafish. Adding amino functional groups resulted in significant alterations in the surface morphology and zeta potential of traditional polystyrene microplastics (PS-MPs). Zebrafish larvae exposed to PS-NH2 exhibited increased developmental toxicity compared to PS-MPs, as indicated by reduced body length, heart rate, and spontaneous movement. The expression of cat1, sod1, gstr1, nrf2a, nrf2b, and HO-1, as well as alterations in ROS, SOD, CAT, and MDA levels, all demonstrated oxidative damage caused by PS-NH2 exposure. Mitochondrial dysfunction was also induced, as evidenced by changes in the expression of cox4i1, ndufs1, and uqcrc1, as well as changes in the levels of ATP, cytochrome c, NAD, and NADH. Furthermore, PS-NH2 exposure disrupted apoptosis regulation, increasing apoptotic cells and caspase activity, along with changes in caspase-3 and bcl-2 expression. Molecular docking showed that PS-NH2 interacts with bcl-2 with high binding energy. This study contributes to understanding the toxic effects and mechanisms of charge-modified MPs in zebrafish.

The Interplay Between Accumulation of Amyloid-Beta and Tau Proteins, PANoptosis, and Inflammation in Alzheimer's Disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a common progressive neurodegenerative disorder, and the vast majority of cases occur in elderly patients. Recently, the accumulation of Aβ and tau proteins has drawn considerable attention in AD research. This review explores the multifaceted interactions between these proteins and their contribution to the pathological landscape of AD, encompassing synaptic dysfunction, neuroinflammation, and PANoptosis. PANoptosis is a collective term for programmed cell death (PCD) modalities that encompass elements of apoptosis, pyroptosis, and necroptosis. The accumulation of Aβ peptides and tau proteins, along with the immune response in brain cells, may trigger PANoptosis, thus advancing the progression of the disease. Recent advancements in molecular imaging and genetics have provided deeper insights into the interactions between Aβ peptides, tau proteins, and the immune response. The review also discusses the role of mitochondrial dysregulation in AD. The exploration of the interplay between neurodegeneration, immune responses, and cell death offers promising avenues for the development of innovative treatments.

Analysis of the role of PANoptosis in intervertebral disk degeneration via integrated bioinformatics analysis and experimental validation

Intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) is an age-related orthopedic degenerative disease characterized by recurrent episodes of lower back pain, and death of nucleus pulposus cells (NPCs) has been identified as a key factor in the pathophysiological process of IVDD episodes. Recent studies have shown that " PANapoptosis ", a newly characterized form of cell death, has emerged as an important factor contributing to the development of several diseases. However, studies on the specific mechanisms of its role in the development of IVDD are lacking. The aim of this study was to explore the characterization of PANoptosis in IVDD and to identify potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets as well as therapeutic agents. We constructed a PANoptosis gene set, based on the GEO database, and used weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) and differential expression analysis to identify PANoptosis genes associated with the pathophysiological process of IVDD episodes by Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA), immune infiltration, Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) to explore the underlying biological mechanisms of PANoptosis and its role in IVDD. Comprehensive bioinformatics analysis showed that seven key genes (APAF1, MEFV, NLRP3, TNF, GSDMD, AIM2, and IRF1) of PANoptosis have good diagnostic value. In addition, we predicted potential therapeutic agents, among which Andrographolide (AG) had the highest correlation and binding affinity to the target. Finally, we performed Western blotting and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) assays, molecular docking, and cell flow to validate the expression of PANoptosis-related genes and the therapeutic effect of AG. We further divided SD rats into sham-operated, IVDD model, and Andrographolide-treated groups, administered AG at 50 mg/kg via gavage for one month, and observed significant therapeutic effects through HE staining. This study identifies key PANoptosis genes and demonstrates the potential of AG as a therapeutic agent for IVDD.

Erythronecroptosis: an overview of necroptosis or programmed necrosis in red blood cells

Necroptosis is considered a programmed necrosis that requires receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1), receptor-interacting protein kinase 3 (RIPK3), and pore-forming mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL) to trigger a regulated cell membrane lysis. Membrane rupture in necroptosis has been shown to fuel innate immune response due to release of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Recently published studies indicate that mature erythrocytes can undergo necroptosis as well. In this review, we provide an outline of multiple cell death modes occurring in erythrocytes, discuss possible immunological aspects of diverse erythrocyte cell deaths, summarize available evidence related to the ability of erythrocytes to undergo necroptosis, outline key involved molecular mechanisms, and discuss the potential implication of erythrocyte necroptosis in the physiology and pathophysiology. Furthermore, we aim to highlight the interplay between necroptosis and eryptosis signaling in erythrocytes, emphasizing specific characteristics of these pathways distinct from their counterparts in nucleated cells. Thus, our review provides a comprehensive summary of the current knowledge of necroptosis in erythrocytes. To reflect critical differences between necroptosis of nucleated cells and necroptosis of erythrocytes, we suggest a term erythronecroptosis for necroptosis of enucleated cells.

EIF2AK2 protein targeted activation of AIM2-mediated PANoptosis promotes sepsis-induced acute kidney injury

BACKGROUND

Acute kidney injury (AKI) frequently occurs as a complication of sepsis. PANoptosis refers to a type of inflammatory programmed cell death that exhibits key characteristics of apoptosis, necroptosis, and pyroptosis. Here, we evaluated the role of absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) and eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha kinase 2 (EIF2AK2) in septic AKI.

METHODS

A septic AKI model was created through cecal ligation and puncture (CLP), while an in vitro model was developed using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated HK2 cells. Hematoxylin and eosin (HE), Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS), and TUNEL staining were conducted to assess kidney injury in mice. Levels of serum creatinine (Scr) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) were detected by kits. Gene expression was detected utilizing RT-qPCR, and Western blot was used to test protein levels. Immunofluorescence was employed to measure EIF2AK2 and AIM2 expression in mouse kidney tissue. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity assay was conducted to evaluate cytotoxicity. Co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) was performed to verify the binding relationship between EIF2AK2 and AIM2.

RESULTS

AIM2 expression was increased in the renal tissue of mice subjected to CLP. Activation of the inflammasome and PANoptosis were observed in the renal tissue of CLP mice. AIM2 depletion attenuated PANoptosis in LPS-treated HK-2 cells. Additionally, EIF2AK2 could directly target AIM2, leading to a positive regulation of AIM2 expression. Notably, EIF2AK2 induced PANoptosis through upregulating AIM2 in HK-2 cells stimulated by LPS.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results revealed the important role of EIF2AK2-induced AIM2 upregulation in the activation of PANoptosis during septic AKI.

Atramacronoid A induces the PANoptosis-like cell death of human breast cancer cells through the CASP-3/PARP-GSDMD-MLKL pathways

Breast cancer is the most common malignant tumor and a major cause of mortality among women worldwide. Atramacronoid A (AM-A) is a unique natural sesquiterpene lactone isolated from the rhizome of Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz (known as Baizhu in Chinese). Our study demonstrated that AM-A triggers a specific form of cell death resembling PANoptosis-like cell death. Further analysis indicated that AM-A-induced PANoptosis-like cell death is associated with the CASP-3/PARP-GSDMD-MLKL pathways, which are mediated by mitochondrial dysfunction. These results suggest the potential of AM-A as a lead compound and offer insights for the development of therapeutic agents for breast cancer from natural products.

Dynamics of the immune microenvironment and immune cell PANoptosis in colorectal cancer: recent advances and insights

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most significant oncological threats to human health globally. Patients often exhibit a high propensity for tumor recurrence and metastasis post-surgery, resulting in suboptimal prognoses. One of the underlying reasons for the metastatic potential of CRC is the sustained abnormal state of the tumor immune microenvironment, particularly characterized by the atypical death of critical immune cells. In recent years, a novel concept of cell death known as PANoptosis has emerged. This form of cell death is regulated by the PANoptosome complex and encompasses key features of apoptosis, pyroptosis, and necroptosis, yet cannot be entirely substituted by any of these processes alone. Due to its widespread occurrence and complex mechanisms, PANoptosis has been increasingly reported in various malignancies, enhancing our understanding of its pathological mechanisms, particularly in the context of CRC. However, the characteristics of immune cell PANoptosis within the CRC immune microenvironment have not been thoroughly elucidated. In this review, we focus on the impact of CRC progression on various immune cell types and summarize the distinctive features of immune cell PANoptosis. Furthermore, we highlight the future research trends and challenges associated with the mechanisms of immune cell PANoptosis in CRC.

Cuproptosis, ferroptosis and PANoptosis in tumor immune microenvironment remodeling and immunotherapy: culprits or new hope

Normal life requires cell division to produce new cells, but cell death is necessary to maintain balance. Dysregulation of cell death can lead to the survival and proliferation of abnormal cells, promoting tumor development. Unlike apoptosis, necrosis, and autophagy, the newly recognized forms of regulated cell death (RCD) cuproptosis, ferroptosis, and PANoptosis provide novel therapeutic strategies for tumor treatment. Increasing research indicates that the death of tumor and immune cells mediated by these newly discovered forms of cell death can regulate the tumor microenvironment (TME) and influence the effectiveness of tumor immunotherapy. This review primarily elucidates the molecular mechanisms of cuproptosis, ferroptosis, and PANoptosis and their complex effects on tumor cells and the TME. This review also summarizes the exploration of nanoparticle applications in tumor therapy based on in vivo and in vitro evidence derived from the induction or inhibition of these new RCD pathways.

A Highly Charged Positive Cage Causes Simultaneous Enhancement of Type-II and O2-Independent-Type-I Photodynamic Therapy via One-/Two-Photon Stimulation and Tumor Immunotherapy via PANoptosis and Ferroptosis

To solve the oxygen dependence problem of photodynamic therapy (PDT), it is critical to explore photosensitizers that do not rely on O2 molecule to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS). Herein, a stable cationic metal-organic cage [Pd6(RuLoz 3)8](BF4)28 (MOC-88) that possesses high +28 charges is designed. The cage-confined positive microenvironment enables efficient generation of hydroxyl radicals and improved yield of the singlet oxygen under one-/two-photon excitation, showing excellent performance to concurrently enhance Type-II and O2-independent-Type-I PDT. Moreover, the effective ROS production and robust lipid peroxidation trigger a series of signaling pathways (inflammasome, cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate synthase stimulator of interferon genes, and NF-κB) to evoke PANoptosis and ferroptosis in tumor cells, enabling MOC-88 to simultaneously cause the loss of cell membrane integrity, release a series of inflammatory cytokines and damage-associated molecular patterns, stimulate the maturation and antigen presentation ability of dendritic cells, and ultimately activate T-cell-dependent adaptive immunity in vivo to inhibit tumor growth.

Characterizing PANoptosis gene signature in prognosis and chemosensitivity of colorectal cancer

Background

PANoptosis is a cell death pathway involved in pyroptosis, apoptosis and necrosis, and plays a key role in the development of malignant tumors. However, the molecular signature of PANoptosis in colorectal cancer (CRC) prognosis has not been thoroughly explored. The present study aimed to develop a novel prognostic model based on PANoptosis-related genes in CRC.

Methods

We initially included transcriptome data of 404 CRC samples from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) cohort and identified differentially expressed genes related to PANoptosis. We then employed Cox, least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression, and Random Forest methods to determine the prognostic value and constructed a PANoptosis prognostic model, followed by the validation on both internal (TCGA) and external datasets [Nanjing Colorectal Cancer (NJCRC) and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), n=635]. We performed immune infiltration analysis and gene set enrichment analysis to reveal biological processes and pathways against differential risk score. Ultimately, we carried out drug sensitivity analysis to predict the response of CRC patients to diverse treatment strategies.

Results

We constructed a predictive model based on four PANoptosis-related genes (TIMP1, CDKN2A, CAMK2B, and TLR3), with a high performance [area under the curve (AUC)1-year =0.702, AUC3-year =0.725, AUC5-year =0.668] and being an independent prognostic factor in predicting the prognosis of CRC patients. Notably, colorectal tumor with high PANoptosis risk score performed higher levels of macrophage infiltration and immune scores, but a greater reduction of Tumor Microenvironment Score (TMEscore) and DNA replication. Particularly, patients in high-risk group exhibited higher sensitivity to fluorouracil, oxaliplatin and lapatinib compared to the low-risk group.

Conclusions

This study highlights the prognostic potential of PANoptosis-related features in CRC, demonstrating their role as key biomarkers significantly associated with patient survival and aiding in the identification of high-risk patients, thereby advancing immunotherapy approaches.

Characterization of PANoptosis-related genes with immunoregulatory features in osteoarthritis

This study aimed to characterize PANoptosis-related genes with immunoregulatory features in osteoarthritis (OA) and investigate their potential diagnostic and therapeutic implications. Gene expression data from OA patients and healthy controls were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Differential expression analysis and functional enrichment analysis were conducted to identify PANoptosis-related genes (PRGs) associated with OA pathogenesis. A diagnostic model was developed using LASSO regression, and the diagnostic value of key PRGs was evaluated using Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve (ROC) analysis. The infiltration of immune cells and potential small molecule agents were also examined. A total of 39 differentially expressed PANoptosis-related genes (DE-PRGs) were identified, with functional enrichment analysis revealing their involvement in inflammatory response regulation and immune modulation pathways. Seven key PRGs, including CDKN1A, EZH2, MEG3, NR4A1, PIK3R2, S100A8, and SYVN1, were selected for diagnostic model construction, demonstrating high predictive performance in both training and validation datasets. The correlation between key PRGs and immune cell infiltration was explored. Additionally, molecular docking analysis identified APHA-compound-8 as a potential therapeutic agent targeting key PRGs. This study identified and analyzed PRGs in OA, uncovering their roles in immune regulation. Seven key PRGs were used to construct a diagnostic model with high predictive performance. The identified PRGs' correlation with immune cell infiltration was elucidated, and APHA-compound-8 was highlighted as a potential therapeutic agent. These findings offer novel diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets for OA, warranting further in vivo validation and exploration of clinical applications.

Identification of PANoptosis-related genes for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis by machine learning and molecular subtype analysis

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a severe interstitial lung disease characterized by a grim prognosis, in which various forms of cell death are significant contributors to its development. The objective of this study is to explore diagnostic biomarkers and molecular subtypes associated with PANoptosis in IPF, and to develop reliable diagnostic models based on PANoptosis-related mechanisms. The peripheral blood transcriptomic data of IPF from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database and PANoptosis-related genes from the GeneCards database were utilized to conduct differential gene expression analysis and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), identifying PANoptosis-related differentially expressed genes (PDEGs). We yielded 9 PDEGs and employed machine learning algorithms to identify 3 key diagnostic biomarkers for PANoptosis in IPF: MMP9, FCMR, NIBAN3. Consensus clustering algorithm was applied to recognize two PANoptosis-related subtypes. Cluster 1 exhibited higher abundance of adaptive immune response cells and significant enrichment in DNA damage and repair-related pathways. Cluster 2 exhibited greater prevalence of innate immune response cells and predominant enhancement in pathways related to lipid cholesterol metabolism and vascular remodeling. Diagnostic models were developed with the aid of clinical decision-making and a novel approach to the diagnosis and treatment for IPF.

The PANoptosis-related hippocampal molecular subtypes and key biomarkers in Alzheimer's disease patients

Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder, and various molecules associated with PANoptosis are involved in neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative diseases. This work aims to identify key genes, and characterize PANoptosis-related molecular subtypes in AD. Moreover, we establish a scoring system for distinguishing PANoptosis molecular subtypes and constructing diagnostic models for AD differentiation. A total of 5 hippocampal datasets were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. In total, 1324 protein-encoding genes associated with PANoptosis (1313 apoptosis genes, 11 necroptosis genes, and 31 pyroptosis genes) were extracted from the GeneCards database. The Limma package was used to identify differentially expressed genes. Weighted Gene Co-Expression Network Analysis (WGCNA) was conducted to identify gene modules significantly associated with AD. The ConsensusClusterPlus algorithm was used to identify AD subtypes. Gene Set Variation Analysis (GSVA) was used to assess functional and pathway differences among the subtypes. The Boruta, Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO), Random Forest (RF), and Support Vector Machine Recursive Feature Elimination (SVM-RFE) algorithms were used to select the three PANoptosis-related Key AD genes (PKADg). A scoring model was constructed based on the Boruta algorithm. PANoptosis diagnostic models were developed using the RF, SVM-RFE, and Logistic Regression (LR) algorithms. The ROC curves were used to assess the model performance. A total of 48 important genes were identified by intersecting 725 differentially expressed genes and 2127 highly correlated module genes from WGCNA with 1324 protein-encoding genes related to PANoptosis. Machine learning algorithms identified 3 key AD genes related to PANoptosis, including ANGPT1, STEAP3, and TNFRSF11B. These genes had strong discriminatory capacities among samples, with Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve (ROC) analysis indicating Area Under the Curve (AUC) values of 0.839, 0.8, and 0.868, respectively. Using the 48 important genes, the ConsensusClusterPlus algorithm identified 2 PANoptosis subtypes among AD patients, i.e., apoptosis subtype and mild subtype. Apoptosis subtype patients displayed evident cellular apoptosis and severe functionality damage in the hippocampal tissue. Meanwhile, mild subtype patients showed milder functionality damage. These two subtypes had significant differences in apoptosis and necroptosis; however, there was no apparent variation in pyroptosis functionality. The scoring model achieved an AUC of 100% for sample differentiation. The RF PANoptosis diagnostic model demonstrated an AUC of 100% in the training set and 85.85% in the validation set for distinguishing AD. This study identified two PANoptosis-related hippocampal molecular subtypes of AD, identified key genes, and established machine learning models for subtype differentiation and discrimination of AD. We found that in the context of AD, PANoptosis may influence disease progression through the modulation of apoptosis and necrotic apoptosis.

Caspase-8 in inflammatory diseases: a potential therapeutic target

Caspase-8, a renowned cysteine-aspartic protease within its enzyme family, initially garnered attention for its regulatory role in extrinsic apoptosis. With advancing research, a growing body of evidence has substantiated its involvement in other cell death processes, such as pyroptosis and necroptosis, as well as its modulatory effects on inflammasomes and proinflammatory cytokines. PANoptosis, an emerging concept of cell death, encompasses pyroptosis, apoptosis, and necroptosis, providing insight into the often overlapping cellular mortality observed during disease progression. The activation or deficiency of caspase-8 enzymatic activity is closely linked to PANoptosis, positioning caspase-8 as a key regulator of cell survival or death across various physiological and pathological processes. Aberrant expression of caspase-8 is closely associated with the development and progression of a range of inflammatory diseases, including immune system disorders, neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs), sepsis, and cancer. This paper delves into the regulatory role and impact of caspase-8 in these conditions, aiming to elucidate potential therapeutic strategies for the future intervention.

Aphthous stomatitis - computational biology suggests external biotic stimulus and immunogenic cell death involved

BACKGROUND

The exact cause of recurrent aphthous stomatitis is still unknown, making it a challenge to develop effective treatments. This study employs computational biology to investigate the molecular basis of recurrent aphthous stomatitis, aiming to identify the nature of the stimuli triggering these ulcers and the type of cell death involved.

METHODS

To understand the molecular underpinnings of recurrent aphthous stomatitis, we used the Génie tool for gene identification, targeting those associated with cell death in recurrent aphthous stomatitis. The ToppGene Suite was employed for functional enrichment analysis. We also used Reactome and InteractiVenn for protein integration and prioritization against a PANoptosis gene list, enabling the construction of a protein-protein interaction network to pinpoint key proteins in recurrent aphthous stomatitis pathogenesis.

RESULTS

The study's computational approach identified 1,375 protein-coding genes linked to recurrent aphthous stomatitis. Critical among these were proteins responsive to bacterial stimuli, especially high mobility group protein B1 (HMGB1), toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). The enrichment analysis suggested an external biotic factor, likely bacterial, as a triggering agent in recurrent aphthous stomatitis. The protein interaction network highlighted the roles of tumor necrosis factor (TNF), NF-kappa-B essential modulator (IKBKG), and tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 1A (TNFRSF1A), indicating an immunogenic cell death mechanism, potentially PANoptosis, in recurrent aphthous stomatitis.

CONCLUSION

The findings propose that bacterial stimuli could trigger recurrent aphthous stomatitis through a PANoptosis-related cell death pathway. This new understanding of recurrent aphthous stomatitis pathogenesis underscores the significance of oral microbiota in the condition. Future experimental validation and therapeutic strategy development based on these findings are necessary.

Significance of novel PANoptosis genes to predict prognosis and therapy effect in the lung adenocarcinoma

Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is the dominant histotype of non-small cell lung cancer. Panoptosis, a comprehensive form of programmed cell death, is central to carcinogenesis. In this study, the expression of PANoptosis-related genes (PRGs) and their impact on the development, prognosis, tumor microenvironment, and treatment response of patients with lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) were systematically evaluated. PRGs were selected from The Cancer Genome Atlas database and Genecards dataset using differential expression analysis. The signature of included PRGs was identified using univariate Cox regression analysis and LASSO regression analysis. Additionally, a nomogram was developed that includes signature and clinical information. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and receiver operating characteristic curves were used to assess the predictive validity of these risk models. Finally, functional analysis of the selected PRGs in signature and analysis of immune landscape were also performed. Preliminary identification of 10 genes related to PANoptosis has significant implications for prognosis. Subsequently, seven related genes were integrated to classify LUAD patients into different survival risk groups. The prognostic risk score generated from the signature and the TNM stage were as independent prognostic factors and were utilized in creating a nomogram plot. Both the features and the nomogram plot showed accurate performance in predicting the overall survival of LUAD patients. The PRGs were enriched in several biological functions and pathways, and stratified studies were conducted on the differences in immune landscape between high-risk and low-risk groups based on their characteristics. Ultimately, our evaluation focused on the differences in drug treatment efficacy between the high-risk and low-risk groups, providing a foundation for future research directions. Potential associations between PRGs and patient prognosis in LUAD have been identified in this study. Potential biomarkers for clinical application could be considered for the prognostic predictors identified in this study.

Biological function and potential application of PANoptosis-related genes in colorectal carcinogenesis

PANoptosis induces programmed cell death (PCD) through extensive crosstalk and is associated with development of cancer. However, the functional mechanisms, clinical significance, and potential applications of PANoptosis-related genes (PRGs) in colorectal cancer (CRC) have not been fully elucidated. Functional enrichment of key PRGs was analyzed based on databases, and relationships between key PRGs and the immune microenvironment, immune cell infiltration, chemotherapy drug sensitivity, tumor progression genes, single-cell cellular subgroups, signal transduction pathways, transcription factor regulation, and miRNA regulatory networks were systematically explored. This study identified 5 key PRGs associated with CRC: BCL10, CDKN2A, DAPK1, PYGM and TIMP1. Then, RT-PCR was used to verify expression of these genes in CRC cells and tissues. Clinical significance and prognostic value of key genes were further verified by multiple datasets. Analyses of the immune microenvironment, immune cell infiltration, chemotherapy drug sensitivity, tumor progression genes, single-cell cellular subgroups, and signal transduction pathways suggest a close relationship between these key genes and development of CRC. In addition, a novel prognostic nomogram model for CRC was successfully constructed by combining important clinical indicators and the key genes. In conclusion, our findings offer new insights for understanding the pathogenesis of CRC, predicting CRC prognosis, and identifying multiple therapeutic targets for future CRC therapy.

Exploration of the mode of death and potential death mechanisms of nucleus pulposus cells

Intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) is a common chronic orthopaedic disease in orthopaedics that imposes a heavy economic burden on people and society. Although it is well established that IVDD is associated with genetic susceptibility, ageing and obesity, its pathogenesis remains incompletely understood. Previously, IVDD was thought to occur because of excessive mechanical loading leading to destruction of nucleus pulposus cells (NPCs), but studies have shown that IVDD is a much more complex process associated with inflammation, metabolic factors and NPCs death and can involve all parts of the disc, characterized by causing NPCs death and extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation. The damage pattern of NPCs in IVDD is like that of some programmed cell death, suggesting that IVDD is associated with programmed cell death. Although apoptosis and pyroptosis of NPCs have been studied in IVDD, the pathogenesis of intervertebral disc degeneration can still not be fully elucidated by using only traditional cell death modalities. With increasing research, some new modes of cell death, PANoptosis, ferroptosis and senescence have been found to be closely related to intervertebral disc degeneration. Among these, PANoptosis combines essential elements of pyroptosis, apoptosis and necroptosis to form a highly coordinated and dynamically balanced programmed inflammatory cell death process. Furthermore, we believe that PANoptosis may also crosstalk with pyroptosis and senescence. Therefore, we review the progress of research on multiple deaths of NPCs in IVDD to provide guidance for clinical treatment.

Molecular characterization analysis of PANoptosis-related genes in colorectal cancer based on bioinformatic analysis

Colorectal cancer (CRC) ranks as the third most prevalent cancer globally and stands as the second principal contributor to cancer-related fatalities. Recently, emerging research has emphasized the role of pan apoptosis (PANoptosis) in tumor development and anti-tumor therapy. In the course of this investigation, we meticulously identified and conducted a correlation analysis between differentially expressed genes associated with PANoptosis in CRC (CPAN_DEGs) and the proportion of immune cells. Subsequently, we formulated a prognostic score based on the CPAN_DEGs. Further our analysis revealed a noteworthy reduction in UNC5D mRNA expression within HCT116, HT29 and SW480 cells, as validated by qRT-PCR assay. Furthermore, scrutinizing the TCGA database unveiled a distinctive trend wherein individuals with the low UNC5D expression exhibited significantly reduced overall survival compared to their counterparts with the high UNC5D levels. The drug susceptibility analysis of UNC5D was further performed, which showed that UNC5D was corassociated with the sensitivity of CRC to 6-Thioguanine. The outcomes of our investigation underscore the mechanisms by which PANoptosis influences immune dysregulation as well as prognostic outcome in CRC.

The significant mechanism and treatments of cell death in heatstroke

With global warming, extreme environmental heat is becoming a social issue of concern, which can cause adverse health results including heatstroke (HS). Severe heat stress is characterized by cell death of direct heat damage, excessive inflammatory responses, and coagulation disorders that can lead to multiple organ dysfunction (MODS) and even death. However, the significant pathophysiological mechanism and treatment of HS are still not fully clear. Various modes of cell death, including apoptosis, pyroptosis, ferroptosis, necroptosis and PANoptosis are involved in MODS induced by heatstroke. In this review, we summarized molecular mechanism, key transcriptional regulation as for HSF1, NRF2, NF-κB and PARP-1, and potential therapies of cell death resulting in CNS, liver, intestine, reproductive system and kidney injury induced by heat stress. Understanding the mechanism of cell death provides new targets to protect multi-organ function in HS.

Wogonin Inhibits Apoptosis and Necroptosis Induced by Nephropathogenic Infectious Bronchitis Virus in Chicken Renal Tubular Epithelial Cells

NIBV is an acute and highly contagious virus that has a major impact on the poultry industry. Wogonin, as a flavonoid drug, has antiviral effects, but there have been no reports indicating its role in renal injury caused by NIBV infection. The aim of this study is to investigate the antiviral effect of wogonin against NIBV. Renal tubular epithelial cells were isolated and cultured, and divided into four groups: Con, Con+Wog, NIBV and NIBV+Wog. We found that wogonin significantly inhibited the copy number of NIBV and significantly alleviated NIBV-induced cell apoptosis and necrosis. Moreover, wogonin inhibited the reduction in mitochondrial membrane potential and the aberrant opening of mPTP caused by NIBV. In conclusion, wogonin can protect renal tubular epithelial cells from damage by inhibiting the replication of NIBV and preventing mitochondrial apoptosis and necroptosis induced by NIBV.