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Bellon M, Yeh CH, Bai XT, Nicot C. The HTLV-I oncoprotein Tax inactivates the tumor suppressor FBXW7. J Virol 2024:e0040524. [PMID: 38874362 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00405-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-I) is the etiological agent of adult T-cell leukemia (ATL). Mutational analysis has demonstrated that the tumor suppressor, F-box and WD repeat domain containing 7 (FBXW7/FBW7/CDC4), is mutated in primary ATL patients. However, even in the absence of genetic mutations, FBXW7 substrates are stabilized in ATL cells, suggesting additional mechanisms can prevent FBXW7 functions. Here, we report that the viral oncoprotein Tax represses FBXW7 activity, resulting in the stabilization of activated Notch intracellular domain, c-MYC, Cyclin E, and myeloid cell leukemia sequence 1 (BCL2-related) (Mcl-1). Mechanistically, we demonstrate that Tax directly binds to FBXW7 in the nucleus, effectively outcompeting other targets for binding to FBXW7, resulting in decreased ubiquitination and degradation of FBXW7 substrates. In support of the nuclear role of Tax, a non-degradable form of the nuclear factor kappa B subunit 2 (NFκB2/p100) was found to delocalize Tax to the cytoplasm, thereby preventing Tax interactions with FBXW7 and Tax-mediated inhibition of FBXW7. Finally, we characterize a Tax mutant that is unable to interact with FBXW7, unable to block FBXW7 tumor suppressor functions, and unable to effectively transform fibroblasts. These results demonstrate that HTLV-I Tax can inhibit FBXW7 functions without genetic mutations to promote an oncogenic state. These results suggest that Tax-mediated inhibition of FBXW7 is likely critical during the early stages of the cellular transformation process. IMPORTANCE F-box and WD repeat domain containing 7 (FBXW7), a critical tumor suppressor of human cancers, is frequently mutated or epigenetically suppressed. Loss of FBXW7 functions is associated with stabilization and increased expression of oncogenic factors such as Cyclin E, c-Myc, Mcl-1, mTOR, Jun, and Notch. In this study, we demonstrate that the human retrovirus human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 oncoprotein Tax directly interacts with FBXW7, effectively outcompeting other targets for binding to FBXW7, resulting in decreased ubiquitination and degradation of FBXW7 cellular substrates. We further demonstrate that a Tax mutant unable to interact with and inactivate FBXW7 loses its ability to transform primary fibroblasts. Collectively, our results describe a novel mechanism used by a human tumor virus to promote cellular transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcia Bellon
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Chien-Hung Yeh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Xue Tao Bai
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Christophe Nicot
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
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2
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Shimizu Y. Progression of Carotid Intima-Media Thickness Partly Indicates the Prevention of Hypertension among Older Individuals in the General Population. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1588. [PMID: 37511963 PMCID: PMC10381883 DOI: 10.3390/life13071588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Structural atherosclerosis, as evaluated by carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT), is reported to be positively associated with hypertension. However, angiogenesis, which plays an important role in the progression of structural atherosclerosis, prevents hypertension by reducing peripheral vascular resistance. These associations evoke a contradiction: characteristics associated with the progression of structural atherosclerosis, which is related to hypertension, might prevent hypertension. To clarify novel mechanisms underlying the association between structural atherosclerosis and hypertension, multifaceted analyses are necessary. We performed several epidemiological studies based on this concept. This study summarizes those epidemiological studies and adds some discussion. Studies focusing on circulating CD34-positive cells, single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), SNPs in BRACA1-associated protein (BRAP), platelets, human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1), and SNPs in aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) have shown that active endothelial repair, which leads to the progression of structural atherosclerosis, helps prevent hypertension. These associations indicate that the progression of structural atherosclerosis could act as a marker of angiogenesis, which reduces peripheral vascular resistance. In general, a positive association between structural atherosclerosis and hypertension has been reported. However, the progression of structural atherosclerosis could act as a marker of activity that prevents hypertension via reductions in peripheral vascular resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Shimizu
- Epidemiology Section, Division of Public Health, Osaka Institute of Public Health, Osaka 537-0025, Japan
- Department of General Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan
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3
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Aristodemou AEN, Rueda DS, Taylor GP, Bangham CRM. The transcriptome of HTLV-1-infected primary cells following reactivation reveals changes to host gene expression central to the proviral life cycle. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011494. [PMID: 37523412 PMCID: PMC10431621 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Infections by Human T cell Leukaemia Virus type 1 (HTLV-1) persist for the lifetime of the host by integrating into the genome of CD4+ T cells. Proviral gene expression is essential for proviral survival and the maintenance of the proviral load, through the pro-proliferative changes it induces in infected cells. Despite their role in HTLV-1 infection and a persistent cytotoxic T lymphocyte response raised against the virus, proviral transcripts from the sense-strand are rarely detected in fresh cells extracted from the peripheral blood, and have recently been found to be expressed intermittently by a small subset of cells at a given time. Ex vivo culture of infected cells prompts synchronised proviral expression in infected cells from peripheral blood, allowing the study of factors involved in reactivation in primary cells. Here, we used bulk RNA-seq to examine the host transcriptome over six days in vitro, following proviral reactivation in primary peripheral CD4+ T cells isolated from subjects with non-malignant HTLV-1 infection. Infected cells displayed a conserved response to reactivation, characterised by discrete stages of gene expression, cell division and subsequently horizontal transmission of the virus. We observed widespread changes in Polycomb gene expression following reactivation, including an increase in PRC2 transcript levels and diverse changes in the expression of PRC1 components. We hypothesize that these transcriptional changes constitute a negative feedback loop that maintains proviral latency by re-deposition of H2AK119ub1 following the end of proviral expression. Using RNAi, we found that certain deubiquitinases, BAP1, USP14 and OTUD5 each promote proviral transcription. These data demonstrate the detailed trajectory of HTLV-1 proviral reactivation in primary HTLV-1-carrier lymphocytes and the impact on the host cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aris E. N. Aristodemou
- Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David S. Rueda
- Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Single Molecule Imaging Group, MRC-London Institute of Medical Sciences, London, United Kingdom
| | - Graham P. Taylor
- Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Charles R. M. Bangham
- Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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Sales D, Lin E, Stoffel V, Dickson S, Khan ZK, Beld J, Jain P. Apigenin improves cytotoxicity of antiretroviral drugs against HTLV-1 infected cells through the modulation of AhR signaling. NEUROIMMUNE PHARMACOLOGY AND THERAPEUTICS 2023; 2:49-62. [PMID: 37027342 PMCID: PMC10070013 DOI: 10.1515/nipt-2022-0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Objectives HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) is a neuroinflammatory autoimmune disease characterized by high levels of infected immortalized T cells in circulation, which makes it difficult for antiretroviral (ART) drugs to work effectively. In previous studies, we established that Apigenin, a flavonoid, can exert immunomodulatory effects to reduce neuroinflammation. Flavonoids are natural ligands for the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), which is a ligand activated endogenous receptor involved in the xenobiotic response. Consequently, we tested Apigenin's synergy in combination with ART against the survival of HTLV-1-infected cells. Methods First, we established a direct protein-protein interaction between Apigenin and AhR. We then demonstrated that Apigenin and its derivative VY-3-68 enter activated T cells, drive nuclear shuttling of AhR, and modulate its signaling both at RNA and protein level. Results In HTLV-1 producing cells with high AhR expression, Apigenin cooperates with ARTs such as Lopinavir (LPN) and Zidovudine (AZT), to impart cytotoxicity by exhibiting a major shift in IC50 that was reversed upon AhR knockdown. Mechanistically, Apigenin treatment led to an overall downregulation of NF-κB and several other pro-cancer genes involved in survival. Conclusions This study suggest the potential combinatorial use of Apigenin with current first-line antiretrovirals for the benefit of patients affected by HTLV-1 associated pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Sales
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Edward Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Victoria Stoffel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Shallyn Dickson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Zafar K. Khan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Joris Beld
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Pooja Jain
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Zong Y, Kamoi K, Kurozumi-Karube H, Zhang J, Yang M, Ohno-Matsui K. Safety of intraocular anti-VEGF antibody treatment under in vitro HTLV-1 infection. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1089286. [PMID: 36761168 PMCID: PMC9905742 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1089286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction HTLV-1 (human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1) is a retrovirus that infects approximately 20 million people worldwide. Many diseases are caused by this virus, including HTLV-1-associated myelopathy, adult T-cell leukemia, and HTLV-1 uveitis. Intraocular anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) antibody injection has been widely used in ophthalmology, and it is reportedly effective against age-related macular degeneration, complications of diabetic retinopathy, and retinal vein occlusions. HTLV-1 mimics VEGF165, the predominant isoform of VEGF, to recruit neuropilin-1 and heparan sulfate proteoglycans. VEGF165 is also a selective competitor of HTLV-1 entry. Here, we investigated the effects of an anti-VEGF antibody on ocular status under conditions of HTLV-1 infection in vitro. Methods We used MT2 and TL-Om1 cells as HTLV-1-infected cells and Jurkat cells as controls. Primary human retinal pigment epithelial cells (HRPEpiCs) and ARPE19 HRPEpiCs were used as ocular cells; MT2/TL-Om1/Jurkat cells and HRPEpiCs/ARPE19 cells were co-cultured to simulate the intraocular environment of HTLV-1-infected patients. Aflibercept was administered as an anti-VEGF antibody. To avoid possible T-cell adhesion, we lethally irradiated MT2/TL-Om1/Jurkat cells prior to the experiments. Results Anti-VEGF antibody treatment had no effect on activated NF-κB production, inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, HTLV-1 proviral load (PVL), or cell counts in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) under MT2 co-culture conditions. Under TL-Om1 co-culture conditions, anti-VEGF antibody treatment did not affect the production of activated NF-κB, chemokines, PVL, or cell counts, but production of the inflammatory cytokine IL-6 was increased. In addition, anti-VEGF treatment did not affect PVL in HTLV-1-infected T cells. Conclusion This preliminary in vitro assessment indicates that intraocular anti-VEGF antibody treatment for HTLV-1 infection does not exacerbate HTLV-1-related inflammation and thus may be safe for use.
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Ahmadi Ghezeldasht S, Blackbourn DJ, Mosavat A, Rezaee SA. Pathogenicity and virulence of human T lymphotropic virus type-1 (HTLV-1) in oncogenesis: adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL). Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2023; 60:189-211. [PMID: 36593730 DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2022.2157791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) is an aggressive malignancy of CD4+ T lymphocytes caused by human T lymphotropic virus type-1 (HTLV-1) infection. HTLV-1 was brought to the World Health Organization (WHO) and researchers to address its impact on global public health, oncogenicity, and deterioration of the host immune system toward autoimmunity. In a minority of the infected population (3-5%), it can induce inflammatory networks toward HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP), or hijacking the infected CD4+ T lymphocytes into T regulatory subpopulation, stimulating anti-inflammatory signaling networks, and prompting ATLL development. This review critically discusses the complex signaling networks in ATLL pathogenesis during virus-host interactions for better interpretation of oncogenicity and introduces the main candidates in the pathogenesis of ATLL. At least two viral factors, HTLV-1 trans-activator protein (TAX) and HTLV-1 basic leucine zipper factor (HBZ), are implicated in ATLL manifestation, interacting with host responses and deregulating cell signaling in favor of infected cell survival and virus dissemination. Such molecules can be used as potential novel biomarkers for ATLL prognosis or targets for therapy. Moreover, the challenging aspects of HTLV-1 oncogenesis introduced in this review could open new venues for further studies on acute leukemia pathogenesis. These features can aid in the discovery of effective immunotherapies when reversing the gene expression profile toward appropriate immune responses gradually becomes attainable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanaz Ahmadi Ghezeldasht
- Blood Borne Infections Research Center, Academic Center for Education, Culture, and Research (ACECR), Razavi Khorasan, Mashhad, Iran.,Immunology Research Center, Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Division, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Arman Mosavat
- Blood Borne Infections Research Center, Academic Center for Education, Culture, and Research (ACECR), Razavi Khorasan, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Abdolrahim Rezaee
- Immunology Research Center, Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Division, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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El Hajj H, Bazarbachi A. Interplay between innate immunity and the viral oncoproteins Tax and HBZ in the pathogenesis and therapeutic response of HTLV-1 associated adult T cell leukemia. Front Immunol 2022; 13:957535. [PMID: 35935975 PMCID: PMC9352851 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.957535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The Human T-cell Leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) causes an array of pathologies, the most aggressive of which is adult T-cell leukemia (ATL), a fatal blood malignancy with dismal prognosis. The progression of these diseases is partly ascribed to the failure of the immune system in controlling the spread of virally infected cells. HTLV-1 infected subjects, whether asymptomatic carriers or symptomatic patients are prone to opportunistic infections. An increasing body of literature emphasizes the interplay between HTLV-1, its associated pathologies, and the pivotal role of the host innate and adoptive immune system, in shaping the progression of HTLV-1 associated diseases and their response to therapy. In this review, we will describe the modalities adopted by the malignant ATL cells to subvert the host innate immune response with emphasis on the role of the two viral oncoproteins Tax and HBZ in this process. We will also provide a comprehensive overview on the function of innate immunity in the therapeutic response to chemotherapy, anti-viral or targeted therapies in the pre-clinical and clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiba El Hajj
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ali Bazarbachi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- *Correspondence: Ali Bazarbachi,
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A Panel of Eight miRNAs Is Deregulated in HTLV-2 Infected PBMCs and BJABGu Cell Line. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147583. [PMID: 35886938 PMCID: PMC9320395 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) and HTLV-2 being retroviruses closely related at a genomic level, HTLV-2 differs from HTLV-1 in terms of pathogenicity in both single infection and coinfection contexts. Moreover, the HTLV-2 association with clinical outcomes is still debated and several mechanisms underlying HTLV-2 infection remain unexplored as well. Cellular miRNAs are key factors in the post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression and they are known to be potential targets for several pathogens to control the host microenvironment and, in particular, escape immune responses. Here, we identified a HTLV-2-related signature of eight miRNAs (miR-125a-3p, miR-381-3p, miR-502-5p, miR-708-5p, miR-548d-5p, miR-548c-5p, miR-1-3p, and miR-511-5p) in both HTLV-2 infected PBMC and BJABGu cell lines. Altered miRNA expression patterns were correlated with the impairment of Th cell differentiation and signaling pathways driven by cytokines and transcriptional factors such as the Runt-related transcription factor (RUNX) family members. Specifically, we demonstrated that the RUNX2 protein was significantly more expressed in the presence of Tax-2 compared with Tax-1 in an in vitro cell model. To the best of our knowledge, these data represent the first contribution to elucidating the HTLV-2 mediated alteration of host cell miRNA profiles that may impact on HTLV-2 replication and persistent infection.
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Umekita K. Effect of HTLV-1 Infection on the Clinical Course of Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis. Viruses 2022; 14:v14071460. [PMID: 35891440 PMCID: PMC9323945 DOI: 10.3390/v14071460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is the causative agent of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). The effects of HTLV-1 on health are not fully elucidated. Epidemiological studies have shown that the prevalence of HTLV-1 infection is high in patients with rheumatic diseases. The prevalence of comorbidities, such as Sjögren’s syndrome and rheumatoid arthritis (RA), is higher in patients with HAM/TSP than the in general population. Studies have shown the effects of HTLV-1-infection on the clinical course of RA. Major questions on the association between HTLV-1 infection and RA: (1) Is it possible that HTLV-1 infection causes RA? (2) Do patients with RA who are infected with HTLV-1 have different clinical features? (3) Are immunosuppressants associated with an increased prevalence of HAM/TSP or ATL in RA patients with HTLV-1 infection? Is ATL an immunosuppressive therapy-associated lymphoproliferative disorder? No large-scale studies have investigated the incidence of ATL in patients with RA. However, several studies have reported the development of ATL in patients with RA who have HTLV-1 infection. This review aimed to shed light on the association between HTLV-1 infection and RA and summarize the unmet medical needs of RA patients with HTLV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunihiko Umekita
- Division of Respirology, Rheumatology, Infectious Diseases and Neurology, Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
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Zong Y, Kamoi K, Ando N, Kurozumi-Karube H, Ohno-Matsui K. Mechanism of Secondary Glaucoma Development in HTLV-1 Uveitis. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:738742. [PMID: 35722286 PMCID: PMC9201414 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.738742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) was the first retrovirus identified as the causative agent of human diseases, such as adult T-cell leukemia, HTLV-1-associated myelopathy, and HTLV-1 uveitis (HU). HU is one of the most frequent ocular inflammatory diseases in endemic areas, which has raised considerable public health concerns. Approximately 30% of HU patients develop secondary glaucoma, which is higher than the general uveitis incidence. We therefore investigated the mechanism underlying the high incidence of glaucoma secondary to HU in vitro. After contact with HTLV-1-producing T cells (MT-2), human trabecular meshwork cells (HTMCs) were infected. The infected cells increased in number, and nuclear factor (NF)-κB expression was activated. Contact between MT-2 cells and HTMCs resulted in significantly upregulated production of inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6, and chemokines, such as CXCL10, CCL2, and CXCL-8. These findings indicate that the mechanism underlying secondary glaucoma in HU may involve proliferation of trabecular meshwork tissue after contact with HTLV-1-infected cells, resulting in decreased aqueous humor outflow. Upregulated production of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines simultaneously disrupts the normal trabecular meshwork function. This mechanism presumably leads to increased intraocular pressure, eventually resulting in secondary glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zong
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koju Kamoi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoko Ando
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hisako Kurozumi-Karube
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kyoko Ohno-Matsui
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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Machado CB, da Cunha LS, Maués JHDS, Pessoa FMCDP, de Oliveira MB, Ribeiro RM, Lopes GS, de Moraes Filho MO, de Moraes MEA, Khayat AS, Moreira-Nunes CA. Role of miRNAs in Human T Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 Induced T Cell Leukemia: A Literature Review and Bioinformatics Approach. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105486. [PMID: 35628297 PMCID: PMC9141946 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human T cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) was identified as the first pathogenic human retrovirus and is estimated to infect 5 to 10 million individuals worldwide. Unlike other retroviruses, there is no effective therapy to prevent the onset of the most alarming diseases caused by HTLV-1, and the more severe cases manifest as the malignant phenotype of adult T cell leukemia (ATL). MicroRNA (miRNA) dysfunction is a common feature of leukemogenesis, and it is no different in ATL cases. Therefore, we sought to analyze studies that reported deregulated miRNA expression in HTLV-1 infected cells and patients’ samples to understand how this deregulation could induce malignancy. Through in silico analysis, we identified 12 miRNAs that stood out in the prediction of targets, and we performed functional annotation of the genes linked to these 12 miRNAs that appeared to have a major biological interaction. A total of 90 genes were enriched in 14 KEGG pathways with significant values, including TP53, WNT, MAPK, TGF-β, and Ras signaling pathways. These miRNAs and gene interactions are discussed in further detail for elucidation of how they may act as probable drivers for ATL onset, and while our data provide solid starting points for comprehension of miRNAs’ roles in HTLV-1 infection, continuous effort in oncologic research is still needed to improve our understanding of HTLV-1 induced leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caio Bezerra Machado
- Department of Medicine, Pharmacogenetics Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60430-275, CE, Brazil; (C.B.M.); (F.M.C.d.P.P.); (M.O.d.M.F.); (M.E.A.d.M.)
| | | | | | - Flávia Melo Cunha de Pinho Pessoa
- Department of Medicine, Pharmacogenetics Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60430-275, CE, Brazil; (C.B.M.); (F.M.C.d.P.P.); (M.O.d.M.F.); (M.E.A.d.M.)
| | - Marcelo Braga de Oliveira
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oncology Research Center, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66073-005, PA, Brazil; (M.B.d.O.); (A.S.K.)
| | | | - Germison Silva Lopes
- Department of Hematology, César Cals General Hospital, Fortaleza 60015-152, CE, Brazil;
| | - Manoel Odorico de Moraes Filho
- Department of Medicine, Pharmacogenetics Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60430-275, CE, Brazil; (C.B.M.); (F.M.C.d.P.P.); (M.O.d.M.F.); (M.E.A.d.M.)
| | - Maria Elisabete Amaral de Moraes
- Department of Medicine, Pharmacogenetics Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60430-275, CE, Brazil; (C.B.M.); (F.M.C.d.P.P.); (M.O.d.M.F.); (M.E.A.d.M.)
| | - André Salim Khayat
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oncology Research Center, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66073-005, PA, Brazil; (M.B.d.O.); (A.S.K.)
| | - Caroline Aquino Moreira-Nunes
- Department of Medicine, Pharmacogenetics Laboratory, Drug Research and Development Center (NPDM), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza 60430-275, CE, Brazil; (C.B.M.); (F.M.C.d.P.P.); (M.O.d.M.F.); (M.E.A.d.M.)
- Unichristus University Center, Faculty of Biomedicine, Fortaleza 60430-275, CE, Brazil;
- Department of Biological Sciences, Oncology Research Center, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66073-005, PA, Brazil; (M.B.d.O.); (A.S.K.)
- Department of Health Sciences, Northeast Biotechnology Network (RENORBIO), Itaperi Campus, Ceará State University, Fortaleza 60740-903, CE, Brazil
- Correspondence:
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Akbarin MM, Rafatpanah H, Soleimanpour S, Amini AA, Arian A, Mosavat A, Rezaee SA. TAX and HBZ: hFc Ɣ 1 proteins as targets for passive immunotherapy. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2022; 25:586-596. [PMID: 35911645 PMCID: PMC9282740 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2022.64787.14266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Objective(s): Human T leukemia virus type one (HTLV-1) causes two life-threatening diseases in around five percent of infected subjects, a T cell malignancy and a neurodegenerative disease. TAX and HBZ are the main virulence agents implicated in the manifestation of HTLV-1–associated diseases. Therefore, this study aims to produce these HTLV-1 factors as recombinant Fc fusion proteins to study the structures, their immunogenic properties as vaccines, and their capability to produce specific neutralization antibodies. Materials and Methods: TAX and HBZ sequences were chosen from the NCBI-nucleotide database, then designed as human Fc chimers and cloned into Pichia pastoris. Produced proteins were purified by HiTrap affinity chromatography and subcutaneously injected into rabbits. Rabbit Abs were purified by batch chromatography, and their neutralization activities for the HTLV-1-infected MT-2 cell line were assessed. Furthermore, the protective abilities of recombinant proteins were evaluated in Tax or HBZ immunized rabbits by MT-2 cell line inoculation and measurement of HTLV-1-proviral load. Results: Specific Abs against Tax and HBZ can eliminate 2 million MT-2 cells in 1/1000 dilution in vitro. In challenging assays, the immunization of the animals using Tax or HBZ had no protective activity as HTLV-1 PVL was still positive. Conclusion: The result suggests that recombinant TAX and HBZ: hFcγ1 proteins can produce a proper humoral immune response. Therefore, they could be considered a passive immunotherapy source for HTLV-1-associated diseases, while total TAX and HBZ proteins are unsuitable as HTLV-1 vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mehdi Akbarin
- Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Houshang Rafatpanah
- Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Saman Soleimanpour
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Abbas Ali Amini
- Cancer and Immunology Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Amirali Arian
- Animal Laboratory, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Arman Mosavat
- Blood Borne Infections Research Center, Academic Center for Education, Culture, and Research (ACECR), Razavi Khorasan, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Abdolrahim Rezaee
- Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran,Corresponding author: Seyed Abdolrahim Rezaee. Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Azadi square, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad, Iran.
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13
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Nečasová I, Stojaspal M, Motyčáková E, Brom T, Janovič T, Hofr C. Transcriptional regulators of human oncoviruses: structural and functional implications for anticancer therapy. NAR Cancer 2022; 4:zcac005. [PMID: 35252867 PMCID: PMC8892037 DOI: 10.1093/narcan/zcac005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription is often the first biosynthetic event of viral infection. Viruses produce preferentially viral transcriptional regulators (vTRs) essential for expressing viral genes and regulating essential host cell proteins to enable viral genome replication. As vTRs are unique viral proteins that promote the transcription of viral nucleic acid, vTRs interact with host proteins to suppress detection and immune reactions to viral infection. Thus, vTRs are promising therapeutic targets that are sequentially and structurally distinct from host cell proteins. Here, we review vTRs of three human oncoviruses: HBx of hepatitis B virus, HBZ of human T-lymphotropic virus type 1, and Rta of Epstein–Barr virus. We present three cunningly exciting and dangerous transcription strategies that make viral infections so efficient. We use available structural and functional knowledge to critically examine the potential of vTRs as new antiviral-anticancer therapy targets. For each oncovirus, we describe (i) the strategy of viral genome transcription; (ii) vTRs’ structure and binding partners essential for transcription regulation; and (iii) advantages and challenges of vTR targeting in antiviral therapies. We discuss the implications of vTR regulation for oncogenesis and perspectives on developing novel antiviral and anticancer strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivona Nečasová
- Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Scientific Incubator, Královopolská 135, Brno 612 65, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Stojaspal
- Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Scientific Incubator, Královopolská 135, Brno 612 65, Czech Republic
| | - Edita Motyčáková
- Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Scientific Incubator, Královopolská 135, Brno 612 65, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Brom
- LifeB, Functional Genomics and Proteomics, National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Janovič
- LifeB, Functional Genomics and Proteomics, National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Brno 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Ctirad Hofr
- Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Scientific Incubator, Královopolská 135, Brno 612 65, Czech Republic
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14
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Heym S, Mohr CF, Engelbrecht HC, Fleckenstein B, Thoma-Kress AK. Alternative NF-κB Signaling Discriminates Induction of the Tumor Marker Fascin by the Viral Oncoproteins Tax-1 and Tax-2 of Human T-Cell Leukemia Viruses. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14030537. [PMID: 35158803 PMCID: PMC8833421 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14030537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcriptional regulation of the actin-bundling protein and tumor marker Fascin is highly diverse depending on cell and tumor type. Previously, we discovered that the viral oncoprotein Tax-1 of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) considerably enhances Fascin expression in T-cells, depending on classical NF-κB signaling. In this study, we asked if the non-oncogenic Tax-2 of the related HTLV-2 is still able to induce Fascin by using luciferase assays, immunoblot, and qPCR. We found that Tax-2 only slightly induces Fascin expression compared to Tax-1; however, both Tax-1 and Tax-2 comparably activated a 1.6 kb fragment in the human Fascin promoter including Tax-responsive elements. Furthermore, we identified a link between Tax-induced activity of the alternative NF-κB pathway and Fascin induction. While treatment with the second mitochondria-derived activator of caspases (SMAC)-mimetic AZD5582, a compound known to robustly activate alternative NF-κB signaling, did not induce Fascin, combination of AZD5582 with activation of classical NF-κB signaling by Tax-2 significantly induced Fascin expression. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that both classical and alternative NF-κB activity are necessary for strong Fascin induction by the viral Tax oncoproteins, thus, shedding new light on the regulation of Fascin in T-cells and during viral transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Heym
- FAU-Nachwuchsgruppe “Retroviral Pathogenesis” and BMBF Junior Research Group in Infection Research “Milk-Transmission of Viruses”, Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (S.H.); (H.C.E.)
| | - Caroline F. Mohr
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany;
| | - Hanna C. Engelbrecht
- FAU-Nachwuchsgruppe “Retroviral Pathogenesis” and BMBF Junior Research Group in Infection Research “Milk-Transmission of Viruses”, Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (S.H.); (H.C.E.)
| | - Bernhard Fleckenstein
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany;
| | - Andrea K. Thoma-Kress
- FAU-Nachwuchsgruppe “Retroviral Pathogenesis” and BMBF Junior Research Group in Infection Research “Milk-Transmission of Viruses”, Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (S.H.); (H.C.E.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-9131-85-43662
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15
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Kazemi M, Kouhpeikar H, Delbari Z, Khodadadi F, Gerayli S, Iranshahi M, Mosavat A, Behnam Rassouli F, Rafatpanah H. Combination of auraptene and arsenic trioxide induces apoptosis and cellular accumulation in the subG1 phase in adult T-cell leukemia cells. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2021; 24:1643-1649. [PMID: 35432798 PMCID: PMC8976908 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2021.58633.13025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Objective(s): Despite advances in the treatment of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL), the survival rate of this malignancy remains significantly low. Auraptene (AUR) is a natural coumarin with broad-spectrum anticancer activities. To introduce a more effective therapeutic strategy for ATLL, we investigated the combinatorial effects of AUR and arsenic trioxide (ATO) on MT-2 cells. Materials and Methods: The cells were treated with different concentrations of AUR for 24, 48, and 72 hr, and viability was measured by alamarBlue assay. Then, the combination of AUR (20 μg/ml) and ATO (3 μg/ml) was administrated and the cell cycle was analyzed by PI staining followed by flow cytometry analysis. In addition, the expression of NF-κB (REL-A), CD44, c-MYC, and BMI-1 was evaluated via qPCR. Results: Assessment of cell viability revealed increased toxicity of AUR and ATO when used in combination. Our findings were confirmed by accumulation of cells in the sub G1 phase of the cell cycle and significant down-regulation of NF-κB (REL-A), CD44, c-MYC, and BMI-1. Conclusion: Obtained findings suggest that combinatorial use of AUR and ATO could be considered for designing novel chemotherapy regimens for ATLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohaddeseh Kazemi
- Immunology Research Center, Inflammation and inflammatory Diseases Division, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hamideh Kouhpeikar
- Department of Hematology and Blood Bank, Tabas School of Nursing, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Zahra Delbari
- Immunology Research Center, Inflammation and inflammatory Diseases Division, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Faeze Khodadadi
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Biotechnology, Biotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Sina Gerayli
- Immunology Research Center, Inflammation and inflammatory Diseases Division, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Iranshahi
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Biotechnology, Biotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Arman Mosavat
- Blood Borne Infections Research Center, Academic Center for Education, Culture, and Research (ACECR), Razavi Khorasan, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Behnam Rassouli
- Novel Diagnostics and Therapeutics Research Group, Institute of Biotechnology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Houshang Rafatpanah
- Immunology Research Center, Inflammation and inflammatory Diseases Division, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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16
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Espíndola ODM, Siteur-van Rijnstra E, Frankin E, Weijer K, van der Velden YU, Berkhout B, Blom B, Villaudy J. Early Effects of HTLV-1 Infection on the Activation, Exhaustion, and Differentiation of T-Cells in Humanized NSG Mice. Cells 2021; 10:cells10102514. [PMID: 34685494 PMCID: PMC8534134 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) is an aggressive malignancy of CD4+ T-cells associated with HTLV-1 infection. In this study, we used the model of immunodeficient NSG mice reconstituted with a functional human immune system (HIS) to investigate early events in HTLV-1 pathogenesis. Upon infection, human T-cells rapidly increased in the blood and lymphoid tissues, particularly CD4+CD25+ T-cells. Proliferation of CD4+ T-cells in the spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) correlated with HTLV-1 proviral load and CD25 expression. In addition, splenomegaly, a common feature of ATLL in humans, was also observed. CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells predominantly displayed an effector memory phenotype (CD45RA−CCR7−) and expressed CXCR3 and CCR5 chemokine receptors, suggesting the polarization into a Th1 phenotype. Activated CD8+ T-cells expressed granzyme B and perforin; however, the interferon-γ response by these cells was limited, possibly due to elevated PD-1 expression and increased frequency of CD4+FoxP3+ regulatory T-cells in MLN. Thus, HTLV-1-infected HIS-NSG mice reproduced several characteristics of infection in humans, and it may be helpful to investigate ATLL-related events and to perform preclinical studies. Moreover, aspects of chronic infection were already present at early stages in this experimental model. Collectively, we suggest that HTLV-1 infection modulates host immune responses to favor viral persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otávio de Melo Espíndola
- Laboratory for Clinical Research in Neuroinfections, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (E.S.-v.R.); (E.F.); (K.W.); (B.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Esther Siteur-van Rijnstra
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (E.S.-v.R.); (E.F.); (K.W.); (B.B.)
| | - Esmay Frankin
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (E.S.-v.R.); (E.F.); (K.W.); (B.B.)
| | - Kees Weijer
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (E.S.-v.R.); (E.F.); (K.W.); (B.B.)
| | - Yme Ubeles van der Velden
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (Y.U.v.d.V.); (B.B.); (J.V.)
| | - Ben Berkhout
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (Y.U.v.d.V.); (B.B.); (J.V.)
| | - Bianca Blom
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (E.S.-v.R.); (E.F.); (K.W.); (B.B.)
| | - Julien Villaudy
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (Y.U.v.d.V.); (B.B.); (J.V.)
- J&S Preclinical Solutions, 5345 RR Oss, The Netherlands
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Rotondo JC, Martini F, Maritati M, Mazziotta C, Di Mauro G, Lanzillotti C, Barp N, Gallerani A, Tognon M, Contini C. SARS-CoV-2 Infection: New Molecular, Phylogenetic, and Pathogenetic Insights. Efficacy of Current Vaccines and the Potential Risk of Variants. Viruses 2021; 13:1687. [PMID: 34578269 PMCID: PMC8473168 DOI: 10.3390/v13091687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a newly discovered coronavirus responsible for the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. COVID-19 has rapidly become a public health emergency of international concern. Although remarkable scientific achievements have been reached since the beginning of the pandemic, the knowledge behind this novel coronavirus, in terms of molecular and pathogenic characteristics and zoonotic potential, is still relatively limited. Today, there is a vaccine, or rather several vaccines, which, for the first time in the history of highly contagious infectious diseases that have plagued mankind, has been manufactured in just one year. Currently, four vaccines are licensed by regulatory agencies, and they use RNA or viral vector technologies. The positive effects of the vaccination campaign are being felt in many parts of the world, but the disappearance of this new infection is still far from being a reality, as it is also threatened by the presence of novel SARS-CoV-2 variants that could undermine the effectiveness of the vaccine, hampering the immunization control efforts. Indeed, the current findings indicate that SARS-CoV-2 is adapting to transmission in humans more efficiently, while further divergence from the initial archetype should be considered. In this review, we aimed to provide a collection of the current knowledge regarding the molecular, phylogenetic, and pathogenetic insights into SARS-CoV-2. The most recent findings obtained with respect to the impact of novel emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants as well as the development and implementation of vaccines are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Charles Rotondo
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
- Center for Studies on Gender Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 64/b, Fossato di Mortara Street, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Fernanda Martini
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
- Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Martina Maritati
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Chiara Mazziotta
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
- Center for Studies on Gender Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 64/b, Fossato di Mortara Street, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giulia Di Mauro
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
- Center for Studies on Gender Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 64/b, Fossato di Mortara Street, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Carmen Lanzillotti
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
- Center for Studies on Gender Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 64/b, Fossato di Mortara Street, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Nicole Barp
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Altea Gallerani
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Mauro Tognon
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Carlo Contini
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
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18
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Antitumor effects of chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine mediated by inhibition of the NF-κB signaling pathway through abrogation of autophagic p47 degradation in adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma cells. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0256320. [PMID: 34407152 PMCID: PMC8372904 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) originates from human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection due to the activation of the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway to maintain proliferation and survival. An important mechanism of the activated NF-κB signaling pathway in ATLL is the activation of the macroautophagy (herafter referred to as autophagy in the remainder of this manuscript)-lysosomal degradation of p47 (NSFL1C), a negative regulator of the NF-κB pathway. Therefore, we considered the use of chloroquine (CQ) or hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) (CQ/HCQ) as an autophagy inhibitor to treat ATLL; these drugs were originally approved by the FDA as antimalarial drugs and have recently been used to treat autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). In this paper, we determined the therapeutic efficacy of CQ/HCQ, as NF-κB inhibitors, in ATLL mediated by blockade of p47 degradation. Administration of CQ/HCQ to ATLL cell lines and primary ATLL cells induced cell growth inhibition in a dose-dependent manner, and the majority of cells underwent apoptosis after CQ administration. As to the molecular mechanism, autophagy was inhibited in CQ-treated ATLL cells, and activation of the NF-κB pathway was suppressed with the restoration of the p47 level. When the antitumor effect of CQ/HCQ was examined using immunodeficient mice transplanted with ATLL cell lines, CQ/HCQ significantly suppressed tumor growth and improved the survival rate in the ATLL xenograft mouse model. Importantly, HCQ selectively induced ATLL cell death in the ATLL xenograft mouse model at the dose used to treat SLE. Taken together, our results suggest that the inhibition of autophagy by CQ/HCQ may become a novel and effective strategy for the treatment of ATLL.
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Forlani G, Shallak M, Accolla RS, Romanelli MG. HTLV-1 Infection and Pathogenesis: New Insights from Cellular and Animal Models. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22158001. [PMID: 34360767 PMCID: PMC8347336 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery of the human T-cell leukemia virus-1 (HTLV-1), cellular and animal models have provided invaluable contributions in the knowledge of viral infection, transmission and progression of HTLV-associated diseases. HTLV-1 is the causative agent of the aggressive adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma and inflammatory diseases such as the HTLV-1 associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). Cell models contribute to defining the role of HTLV proteins, as well as the mechanisms of cell-to-cell transmission of the virus. Otherwise, selected and engineered animal models are currently applied to recapitulate in vivo the HTLV-1 associated pathogenesis and to verify the effectiveness of viral therapy and host immune response. Here we review the current cell models for studying virus–host interaction, cellular restriction factors and cell pathway deregulation mediated by HTLV products. We recapitulate the most effective animal models applied to investigate the pathogenesis of HTLV-1-associated diseases such as transgenic and humanized mice, rabbit and monkey models. Finally, we summarize the studies on STLV and BLV, two closely related HTLV-1 viruses in animals. The most recent anticancer and HAM/TSP therapies are also discussed in view of the most reliable experimental models that may accelerate the translation from the experimental findings to effective therapies in infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Forlani
- Laboratory of General Pathology and Immunology “Giovanna Tosi”, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy; (G.F.); (M.S.); (R.S.A.)
| | - Mariam Shallak
- Laboratory of General Pathology and Immunology “Giovanna Tosi”, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy; (G.F.); (M.S.); (R.S.A.)
| | - Roberto Sergio Accolla
- Laboratory of General Pathology and Immunology “Giovanna Tosi”, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy; (G.F.); (M.S.); (R.S.A.)
| | - Maria Grazia Romanelli
- Department of Biosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy
- Correspondence:
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Londhe R, Kulkarni S. HTLV-2 Encoded Antisense Protein APH-2 Suppresses HIV-1 Replication. Viruses 2021; 13:v13081432. [PMID: 34452297 PMCID: PMC8402832 DOI: 10.3390/v13081432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Antisense protein of Human T-cell Leukemia Virus Type 2 (HTLV-2), also called APH-2, negatively regulates the HTLV-2 and helps the virus to maintain latency via scheming the transcription. Despite the remarkable occurrence of HTLV-2/HIV-1 co-infection, the role of APH-2 influencing HIV-1 replication kinetics is poorly understood and needs investigation. In this study, we investigated the plausible role of APH-2 regulating HIV-1 replication. Herein, we report that the overexpression of APH-2 not only hampered the release of HIV-1 pNL4.3 from 293T cells in a dose-dependent manner but also affected the cellular gag expression. A similar and consistent effect of APH-2 overexpression was also observed in case of HIV-1 gag expression vector HXB2 pGag-EGFP. APH-2 overexpression also inhibited the ability of HIV-1 Tat to transactivate the HIV-1 LTR-driven expression of luciferase. Furthermore, the introduction of mutations in the IXXLL motif at the N-terminal domain of APH-2 reverted the inhibitory effect on HIV-1 Tat-mediated transcription, suggesting the possible role of this motif towards the downregulation of Tat-mediated transactivation. Overall, these findings indicate that the HTLV-2 APH-2 may affect the HIV-1 replication at multiple levels by (a) inhibiting the Tat-mediated transactivation and (b) hampering the virus release by affecting the cellular gag expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajkumar Londhe
- Division of Virology, ICMR-National AIDS Research Institute, Pune 411026, Maharashtra, India;
- Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, Maharashtra, India
| | - Smita Kulkarni
- Division of Virology, ICMR-National AIDS Research Institute, Pune 411026, Maharashtra, India;
- Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, Maharashtra, India
- Correspondence:
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21
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Rauch DA, Harding JC, Ratner L, Wickline SA, Pan H. Targeting NF-κB with Nanotherapy in a Mouse Model of Adult T-Cell Leukemia/Lymphoma. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11061582. [PMID: 34208564 PMCID: PMC8234599 DOI: 10.3390/nano11061582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) is an aggressive, clonal malignancy of mature T cells caused by human T-cell leukemia virus type 1. Although it is a rare tumor type, it serves as an excellent model of a virus driven process that transforms cells and engenders a highly malignant tumor that is extraordinarily difficult to treat. The viral transcriptional transactivator (Tax) in the HTLV-1 genome directly promotes tumorigenesis, and Tax-induced oncogenesis depends on its ability to constitutively activate NF-κB signaling. Accordingly, we developed and evaluated a nano-delivery system that simultaneously inhibits both canonical (p65) and noncanonical (p100) NF-κB signaling pathways locally in tumors after systemic administration. Our results demonstrate that siRNA is delivered rapidly to ATLL tumors after either i.p. or i.v. injection. The siRNA treatment significantly reduced both p65 and p100 mRNA and protein expression. Anti-NF-κB nanotherapy significantly inhibited tumor growth in two distinct tumor models in mice: a spontaneous Tax-driven tumor model, and a Tax tumor cell transplant model. Moreover, siRNA nanotherapy sensitized late-stage ATLL tumors to the conventional chemotherapeutic agent etoposide, indicating a pleiotropic benefit for localized siRNA nanotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A. Rauch
- Department of Medicine, Division of Molecular Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; (J.C.H.); (L.R.)
- Correspondence: (D.A.R.); (H.P.); Tel.: +1-314-747-0506 (D.A.R.); +1-813-396-9755 (H.P.)
| | - John C. Harding
- Department of Medicine, Division of Molecular Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; (J.C.H.); (L.R.)
| | - Lee Ratner
- Department of Medicine, Division of Molecular Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; (J.C.H.); (L.R.)
| | - Samuel A. Wickline
- USF Health Heart Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33602, USA;
| | - Hua Pan
- USF Health Heart Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33602, USA;
- Correspondence: (D.A.R.); (H.P.); Tel.: +1-314-747-0506 (D.A.R.); +1-813-396-9755 (H.P.)
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22
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Cheng X, Joseph A, Castro V, Chen-Liaw A, Skidmore Z, Ueno T, Fujisawa JI, Rauch DA, Challen GA, Martinez MP, Green P, Griffith M, Payton JE, Edwards JR, Ratner L. Epigenomic regulation of human T-cell leukemia virus by chromatin-insulator CTCF. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009577. [PMID: 34019588 PMCID: PMC8174705 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is a retrovirus that causes an aggressive T-cell malignancy and a variety of inflammatory conditions. The integrated provirus includes a single binding site for the epigenomic insulator, CCCTC-binding protein (CTCF), but its function remains unclear. In the current study, a mutant virus was examined that eliminates the CTCF-binding site. The mutation did not disrupt the kinetics and levels of virus gene expression, or establishment of or reactivation from latency. However, the mutation disrupted the epigenetic barrier function, resulting in enhanced DNA CpG methylation downstream of the CTCF binding site on both strands of the integrated provirus and H3K4Me3, H3K36Me3, and H3K27Me3 chromatin modifications both up- and downstream of the site. A majority of clonal cell lines infected with wild type HTLV-1 exhibited increased plus strand gene expression with CTCF knockdown, while expression in mutant HTLV-1 clonal lines was unaffected. These findings indicate that CTCF binding regulates HTLV-1 gene expression, DNA and histone methylation in an integration site dependent fashion. Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is a cause of leukemia and lymphoma as well as several inflammatory medical disorders. The virus integrates in the host cell DNA, and it has a single binding site for a protein designated CTCF. This protein is important in the regulation of many DNA viruses, as well as many properties of normal and malignant cells. In order to define the role of CTCF binding to HTLV, we analyzed a mutant virus lacking the binding site. We found that this mutation variably affected gene expression, DNA and histone modification, suggesting a key role in regulation of virus replication in infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaogang Cheng
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Ancy Joseph
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Victor Castro
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Alice Chen-Liaw
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Zachary Skidmore
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Takaharu Ueno
- Department of Microbiology, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Daniel A. Rauch
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Grant A. Challen
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Michael P. Martinez
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Patrick Green
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Malachi Griffith
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Jacqueline E. Payton
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - John R. Edwards
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Phamacogenomics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Lee Ratner
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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23
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Emanuele Liardo RL, Borzì AM, Spatola C, Martino B, Privitera G, Basile F, Biondi A, Vacante M. Effects of infections on the pathogenesis of cancer. Indian J Med Res 2021; 153:431-445. [PMID: 34380789 PMCID: PMC8354054 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_339_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have shown an inverse relationship between acute infections and cancer development. On the other hand, there is a growing evidence that chronic infections may contribute significantly to the carcinogenesis. Factors responsible for increased susceptibility to infections may include modifications of normal defence mechanisms or impairment of host immunity due to altered immune function, genetic polymorphisms, ageing and malnourishment. Studies have demonstrated that children exposed to febrile infectious diseases show a subsequent reduced risk for ovarian cancer, melanoma and many other cancers, while common acute infections in adults are associated with reduced risks for melanoma, glioma, meningioma and multiple cancers. Chronic inflammation associated with certain infectious diseases has been suggested as a cause for the development of tumours. Mechanisms of carcinogenesis due to infections include cell proliferation and DNA replication by mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway, production of toxins that affect the cell cycle and lead to abnormal cell growth and inhibition of apoptosis. This review was aimed to summarize the available evidence on acute infections as a means of cancer prevention and on the role of chronic infections in the development and progression of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocco Luca Emanuele Liardo
- Radiodiagnostic & Oncological Radiotherapy Unit, University of Catania, ‘Policlinico G. Rodolico – San Marco’ Catania, Italy
| | - Antonio Maria Borzì
- Department of General Surgery & Medical-Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, ‘Policlinico G. Rodolico – San Marco‘ Catania, Italy
| | - Corrado Spatola
- Radiodiagnostic & Oncological Radiotherapy Unit, University of Catania, ‘Policlinico G. Rodolico – San Marco’ Catania, Italy
| | - Barbara Martino
- Department of General Surgery & Medical-Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, ‘Policlinico G. Rodolico – San Marco‘ Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Privitera
- Radiodiagnostic & Oncological Radiotherapy Unit, University of Catania, ‘Policlinico G. Rodolico – San Marco’ Catania, Italy
| | - Francesco Basile
- Department of General Surgery & Medical-Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, ‘Policlinico G. Rodolico – San Marco‘ Catania, Italy
| | - Antonio Biondi
- Department of General Surgery & Medical-Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, ‘Policlinico G. Rodolico – San Marco‘ Catania, Italy
| | - Marco Vacante
- Department of General Surgery & Medical-Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, ‘Policlinico G. Rodolico – San Marco‘ Catania, Italy
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24
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Ducasa N, Grasso D, Benencio P, Papademetrio DL, Biglione M, Kashanchi F, Berini C, Garcia MN. Autophagy in Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 (HTLV-1) Induced Leukemia. Front Oncol 2021; 11:641269. [PMID: 33869030 PMCID: PMC8045967 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.641269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses play an important role in the development of certain human cancers. They are estimated to contribute 16% to all human cancers. Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) was the first human retrovirus to be discovered and is the etiological agent of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL), an aggressive T-cell malignancy with poor prognosis. HTLV-1 viral proteins interact with mechanisms and proteins present in host cells for their own benefit, evading the immune system and promoting the establishment of disease. Several viruses manipulate the autophagy pathway to achieve their infective goals, and HTLV-1 is not the exception. HTLV-1 Tax viral protein engages NF-κB and autophagy pathways prone favoring viral replication and T cell transformation. In this review we focus on describing the relationship of HTLV-1 with the autophagy machinery and its implication in the development of ATLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás Ducasa
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), CONICET- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniel Grasso
- Cátedra de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral (IDEHU), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Paula Benencio
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), CONICET- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniela L Papademetrio
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral (IDEHU), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Cátedra de Inmunología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mirna Biglione
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), CONICET- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fatah Kashanchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, United States
| | - Carolina Berini
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), CONICET- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maria Noé Garcia
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral (IDEHU), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Cátedra de Inmunología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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25
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Restoration of ceramide de novo synthesis by the synthetic retinoid ST1926 as it induces adult T-cell leukemia cell death. Biosci Rep 2021; 40:226649. [PMID: 33048123 PMCID: PMC7593536 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20200050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Ceramide (Cer) is a bioactive cellular lipid with compartmentalized and tightly regulated levels. Distinct metabolic pathways lead to the generation of Cer species with distinguishable roles in oncogenesis. Deregulation of Cer pathways has emerged as an important mechanism for acquired chemotherapeutic resistance. Adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) cells are defective in Cer synthesis. ATL is an aggressive neoplasm that develops following infection with human T-cell lymphotropic virus-1 (HTLV-1) where the viral oncogene Tax contributes to the pathogenesis of the disease. ATL cells, resistant to all-trans-retinoic acid, are sensitive to pharmacologically achievable concentrations of the synthetic retinoid ST1926. We studied the effects of ST1926 on Cer pathways in ATL cells. ST1926 treatment resulted in early Tax oncoprotein degradation in HTLV-1-treated cells. ST1926 induced cell death and a dose- and time-dependent accumulation of Cer in malignant T cells. The kinetics and degree of Cer production showed an early response upon ST1926 treatment. ST1926 enhanced de novo Cer synthesis via activation of ceramide synthase CerS(s) without inhibiting dihydroceramide desaturase, thereby accumulating Cer rather than the less bioactive dihydroceramide. Using labeling experiments with the unnatural 17-carbon sphinganine and measuring the generated Cer species, we showed that ST1926 preferentially induces the activities of a distinct set of CerS(s). We detected a delay in cell death response and interruption of Cer generation in response to ST1926 in Molt-4 cells overexpressing Bcl-2. These results highlight the potential role of ST1926 in inducing Cer levels, thus lowering the threshold for cell death in ATL cells.
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26
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Boons E, Nogueira TC, Dierckx T, Menezes SM, Jacquemyn M, Tamir S, Landesman Y, Farré L, Bittencourt A, Kataoka K, Ogawa S, Snoeck R, Andrei G, Van Weyenbergh J, Daelemans D. XPO1 inhibitors represent a novel therapeutic option in Adult T-cell Leukemia, triggering p53-mediated caspase-dependent apoptosis. Blood Cancer J 2021; 11:27. [PMID: 33563902 PMCID: PMC7873181 DOI: 10.1038/s41408-021-00409-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Eline Boons
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tatiane C Nogueira
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tim Dierckx
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Rega Institute, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Soraya Maria Menezes
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Rega Institute, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maarten Jacquemyn
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | - Lourdes Farré
- Instituto de Pesquisa Goncalo Moniz, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | - Keisuke Kataoka
- Department of Pathology and Tumor Biology, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Seishi Ogawa
- Department of Pathology and Tumor Biology, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Robert Snoeck
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Graciela Andrei
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johan Van Weyenbergh
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Rega Institute, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dirk Daelemans
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium.
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27
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Shimizu Y, Arima K, Noguchi Y, Kawashiri SY, Yamanashi H, Tamai M, Nagata Y, Maeda T. Possible mechanisms underlying the association between human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) and hypertension in elderly Japanese population. Environ Health Prev Med 2021; 26:17. [PMID: 33514303 PMCID: PMC7846982 DOI: 10.1186/s12199-021-00938-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) activates inflammatory cascades by activating the NF-κB pathway. The minor allele of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in breast cancer suppressor BRCA1-associated protein (BRAP), which has a common etiology with HTLV-1 infection, has been reported to be positively associated with carotid atherosclerosis, but inversely associated with hypertension. Therefore, HTLV-1 infection may be inversely associated with hypertension by activating endothelial maintenance, including atherosclerosis. To clarify these associations, a cross-sectional study was conducted using 2989 Japanese individuals aged 60–99 years participating in a general health check-up. Methods Logistic regression models were used to clarify the association between HTLV-1 and hypertension. Platelet levels stratified analyses were also performed since platelet production, which plays a crucial role in endothelium maintenance, can be stimulated by activating the NF-κB pathway. Results HTLV-1 infection was found to be significantly inversely associated with hypertension, particularly in subjects with high platelet levels (≥ second tertiles of platelet levels); the fully adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were 0.75 (0.62, 0.92) for total and 0.64 (0.50, 0.82) for high platelet levels, respectively. Further analysis of the non-hypertensive subjects demonstrated that HTLV-1 infection was significantly positively associated with atherosclerosis in subjects with the highest tertile of platelet levels (2.11 [1.15, 3.86]) but not in subjects with low platelet levels (first and second tertiles of platelet level) (0.89 [0.57, 1.39]). Conclusion Asymptomatic HTLV-1 infection is inversely associated with hypertension, possibly by activating endothelial maintenance, including atherosclerosis progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Shimizu
- Department of Community Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki-shi, Sakamoto 1-12-4, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan. .,Department of Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Osaka Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Kazuhiko Arima
- Department of Public Health, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yuko Noguchi
- Department of Community Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki-shi, Sakamoto 1-12-4, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
| | - Shin-Ya Kawashiri
- Department of Community Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki-shi, Sakamoto 1-12-4, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
| | - Hirotomo Yamanashi
- Department of General Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Mami Tamai
- Department of Island and Community Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Nagata
- Center for Comprehensive Community Care Education, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Takahiro Maeda
- Department of Community Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki-shi, Sakamoto 1-12-4, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan.,Department of General Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan.,Department of Island and Community Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
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28
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Akkouche A, Moodad S, Hleihel R, Skayneh H, Chambeyron S, El Hajj H, Bazarbachi A. In vivo antagonistic role of the Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 regulatory proteins Tax and HBZ. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009219. [PMID: 33471856 PMCID: PMC7817025 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult T cell leukemia (ATL) is an aggressive malignancy secondary to chronic infection by the human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection. Two viral proteins, Tax and HBZ, play central roles in ATL leukemogenesis. Tax expression transforms T cells in vitro and induces ATL-like disease in mice. Tax also induces a rough eye phenotype and increases hemocyte count in Drosophila melanogaster, indicative of transformation. Among multiple functions, Tax modulates the expression of the enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), a methyltransferase of the Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2), leading to H3K27me3-dependent reprogramming of around half of cellular genes. HBZ is a negative regulator of Tax-mediated viral transcription. HBZ effects on epigenetic signatures are underexplored. Here, we established an hbz transgenic fly model, and demonstrated that, unlike Tax, which induces NF-κB activation and enhanced PRC2 activity creating an activation loop, HBZ neither induces transformation nor NF-κB activation in vivo. However, overexpression of Tax or HBZ increases the PRC2 activity and both proteins directly interact with PRC2 complex core components. Importantly, overexpression of HBZ in tax transgenic flies prevents Tax-induced NF-κB or PRC2 activation and totally rescues Tax-induced transformation and senescence. Our results establish the in vivo antagonistic effect of HBZ on Tax-induced transformation and cellular effects. This study helps understanding long-term HTLV-1 persistence and cellular transformation and opens perspectives for new therapeutic strategies targeting the epigenetic machinery in ATL. Adult T cell leukemia-lymphoma is an aggressive hematological malignancy, caused by the retroviral infection with HTLV-1. Tax and HBZ play critical roles in leukemia development. Tax activates the NF-κB pathway and modulates the epigenetic machinery to induce cellular proliferation and malignant transformation. We generated hbz or tax/hbz transgenic fly models and explored the phenotypes and epigenetic changes in vivo. Unlike Tax, HBZ expression failed to activate NF-κB or to induce transformation or senescence in vivo, yet activated PRC2 core components resulting in subsequent epigenetic changes. HBZ expression in tax Tg flies inhibits Tax-induced NF-κB or PRC2 activation, resulting in inhibition of malignant cellular proliferation and its consequent senescence. Our study proves the antagonistic effect of HBZ on Tax-induced transformation in vivo, providing further understanding on ATL pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdou Akkouche
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Sara Moodad
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Rita Hleihel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Hala Skayneh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Séverine Chambeyron
- Institute of Human Genetics, CNRS, UMR 9002, Montpellier University, Montpellier, France
| | - Hiba El Hajj
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- * E-mail: (HEH); (AB)
| | - Ali Bazarbachi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- * E-mail: (HEH); (AB)
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29
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Savoret J, Mesnard JM, Gross A, Chazal N. Antisense Transcripts and Antisense Protein: A New Perspective on Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1. Front Microbiol 2021; 11:625941. [PMID: 33510738 PMCID: PMC7835632 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.625941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It was first predicted in 1988 that there may be an Open Reading Frame (ORF) on the negative strand of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1) genome that could encode a protein named AntiSense Protein (ASP). In spite of some controversy, reports began to emerge some years later describing the detection of HIV-1 antisense transcripts, the presence of ASP in transfected and infected cells, and the existence of an immune response targeting ASP. Recently, it was established that the asp gene is exclusively conserved within the pandemic group M of HIV-1. In this review, we summarize the latest findings on HIV-1 antisense transcripts and ASP, and we discuss their potential functions in HIV-1 infection together with the role played by antisense transcripts and ASPs in some other viruses. Finally, we suggest pathways raised by the study of antisense transcripts and ASPs that may warrant exploration in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette Savoret
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Michel Mesnard
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Antoine Gross
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Nathalie Chazal
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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30
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Nascimento A, Valadão de Souza DR, Pessôa R, Pietrobon AJ, Nukui Y, Pereira J, Casseb J, Penalva de Oliveira AC, Loureiro P, da Silva Duarte AJ, Clissa PB, Sanabani SS. Global expression of noncoding RNome reveals dysregulation of small RNAs in patients with HTLV-1-associated adult T-cell leukemia: a pilot study. Infect Agent Cancer 2021; 16:4. [PMID: 33422115 PMCID: PMC7797118 DOI: 10.1186/s13027-020-00343-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Adult T cell lymphoma/leukemia (ATLL) is a peripheral T-cell neoplasm caused by human T-cell lymphotropic virus-1 (HTLV-1). Small RNAs (sRNAs), including microRNAs (miRNAs), play a pivotal role in the initiation and development of hematological malignancies and may represent potential therapeutic target molecules. However, little is known about how these molecules impact the pathogenesis of ATLL. In this study, we aimed to identify sRNA expression signatures associated with ATLL and to investigate their potential implication in the pathophysiology of the disease. Methods Small-RNAseq analysis was performed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from HTLV-1- associated ATLL (n = 10) in comparison to asymptomatic carriers (n = 8) and healthy controls (n = 5). Sequencing was carried out using the Illumina MiSeq platform, and the deregulation of selected miRNAs was validated by real-time PCR. Pathway analyses of most deregulated miRNA were performed and their global profiling was combined with transcriptome data in ATLL. Results The sequencing identified specific sRNAs signatures associated with ATLL patients that target pathways relevant in ATLL, such as the transforming growth factor-(βTGF-β), Wnt, p53, apoptosis, and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling cascades. Network analysis revealed several miRNAs regulating highly connected genes within the ATLL transcriptome. miR-451-3p was the most downregulated miRNA in active patients. Conclusions Our findings shed light on the expression of specific sRNAs in HTLV-1 associated ATLL, which may represent promising candidates as biomarkers that help monitor the disease activity. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13027-020-00343-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrezza Nascimento
- Laboratory of Dermatology and Immunodeficiency, Department of Dermatology, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 470 3° andar, São Paulo, 05403 000, Brazil
| | - Daniela Raguer Valadão de Souza
- Laboratory of Dermatology and Immunodeficiency, Department of Dermatology, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 470 3° andar, São Paulo, 05403 000, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Pessôa
- Laboratory of Dermatology and Immunodeficiency, Department of Dermatology, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 470 3° andar, São Paulo, 05403 000, Brazil
| | - Anna Julia Pietrobon
- Laboratory of Dermatology and Immunodeficiency, Department of Dermatology, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 470 3° andar, São Paulo, 05403 000, Brazil
| | - Youko Nukui
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05403 000, Brazil
| | - Juliana Pereira
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05403 000, Brazil
| | - Jorge Casseb
- Laboratory of Dermatology and Immunodeficiency, Department of Dermatology, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 470 3° andar, São Paulo, 05403 000, Brazil
| | | | - Paula Loureiro
- Pernambuco State Center of Hematology and Hemotherapy, Recife, Pernambuco, CEP 52011900, Brazil
| | - Alberto José da Silva Duarte
- Laboratory of Dermatology and Immunodeficiency, Department of Dermatology, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 470 3° andar, São Paulo, 05403 000, Brazil
| | | | - Sabri Saeed Sanabani
- Laboratory of Medical Investigation Unit 03, Clinics Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05403 000, Brazil.
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Aghajanian S, Teymoori-Rad M, Molaverdi G, Mozhgani SH. Immunopathogenesis and Cellular Interactions in Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 Associated Myelopathy/Tropical Spastic Paraparesis. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:614940. [PMID: 33414779 PMCID: PMC7783048 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.614940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
HTLV-1-Associated Myelopathy/Tropical Spastic Paraparesis (HAM/TSP) is a neuropathological disorder in 1–3% of individuals infected with Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1). This condition is characterized by progressive spastic lower limb weakness and paralysis, lower back pain, bladder incontinence, and mild sensory disturbances resembling spinal forms of multiple sclerosis. This disease also causes chronic disability and is therefore associated with high health burden in areas where HTLV-1 infection is endemic. Despite various efforts in understanding the virus and discovery of novel diagnostic markers, and cellular and viral interactions, HAM/TSP management is still unsatisfactory and mainly focused on symptomatic alleviation, and it hasn’t been explained why only a minority of the virus carriers develop HAM/TSP. This comprehensive review focuses on host and viral factors in association with immunopathology of the disease in hope of providing new insights for drug therapies or other forms of intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepehr Aghajanian
- Student Research Committee, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Majid Teymoori-Rad
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ghazale Molaverdi
- Student Research Committee, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Sayed-Hamidreza Mozhgani
- Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.,Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
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Elucidating the Basis for Permissivity of the MT-4 T-Cell Line to Replication of an HIV-1 Mutant Lacking the gp41 Cytoplasmic Tail. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01334-20. [PMID: 32938764 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01334-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 encodes an envelope glycoprotein (Env) that contains a long cytoplasmic tail (CT) harboring trafficking motifs implicated in Env incorporation into virus particles and viral transmission. In most physiologically relevant cell types, the gp41 CT is required for HIV-1 replication, but in the MT-4 T-cell line the gp41 CT is not required for a spreading infection. To help elucidate the role of the gp41 CT in HIV-1 transmission, in this study, we investigated the viral and cellular factors that contribute to the permissivity of MT-4 cells to gp41 CT truncation. We found that the kinetics of HIV-1 production and virus release are faster in MT-4 than in the other T-cell lines tested, but MT-4 cells express equivalent amounts of HIV-1 proteins on a per-cell basis relative to cells not permissive to CT truncation. MT-4 cells express higher levels of plasma-membrane-associated Env than nonpermissive cells, and Env internalization from the plasma membrane is less efficient than that from another T-cell line, SupT1. Paradoxically, despite the high levels of Env on the surface of MT-4 cells, 2-fold less Env is incorporated into virus particles produced from MT-4 than SupT1 cells. Contact-dependent transmission between cocultured 293T and MT-4 cells is higher than in cocultures of 293T with most other T-cell lines tested, indicating that MT-4 cells are highly susceptible to cell-to-cell infection. These data help to clarify the long-standing question of how MT-4 cells overcome the requirement for the HIV-1 gp41 CT and support a role for gp41 CT-dependent trafficking in Env incorporation and cell-to-cell transmission in physiologically relevant cell lines.IMPORTANCE The HIV-1 Env cytoplasmic tail (CT) is required for efficient Env incorporation into nascent particles and viral transmission in primary CD4+ T cells. The MT-4 T-cell line has been reported to support multiple rounds of infection of HIV-1 encoding a gp41 CT truncation. Uncovering the underlying mechanism of MT-4 T-cell line permissivity to gp41 CT truncation would provide key insights into the role of the gp41 CT in HIV-1 transmission. This study reveals that multiple factors contribute to the unique ability of a gp41 CT truncation mutant to spread in cultures of MT-4 cells. The lack of a requirement for the gp41 CT in MT-4 cells is associated with the combined effects of rapid HIV-1 protein production, high levels of cell-surface Env expression, and increased susceptibility to cell-to-cell transmission compared to nonpermissive cells.
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Millen S, Meretuk L, Göttlicher T, Schmitt S, Fleckenstein B, Thoma-Kress AK. A novel positive feedback-loop between the HTLV-1 oncoprotein Tax and NF-κB activity in T-cells. Retrovirology 2020; 17:30. [PMID: 32912211 PMCID: PMC7488018 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-020-00538-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infects primarily CD4+ T-lymphocytes and evoques severe diseases, predominantly Adult T-Cell Leukemia/ Lymphoma (ATL/L) and HTLV-1-associated Myelopathy/ Tropical Spastic Paraparesis (HAM/TSP). The viral transactivator of the pX region (Tax) is important for initiating malignant transformation, and deregulation of the major signaling pathway nuclear factor of kappa B (NF-κB) by Tax represents a hallmark of HTLV-1 driven cancer. Results Here we found that Tax mutants which are defective in NF-κB signaling showed diminished protein expression levels compared to Tax wildtype in T-cells, whereas Tax transcript levels were comparable. Strikingly, constant activation of NF-κB signaling by the constitutive active mutant of inhibitor of kappa B kinase (IKK2, IKK-β), IKK2-EE, rescued protein expression of the NF-κB defective Tax mutants M22 and K1-10R and even increased protein levels of Tax wildtype in various T-cell lines while Tax transcript levels were only slightly affected. Using several Tax expression constructs, an increase of Tax protein occurred independent of Tax transcripts and independent of the promoter used. Further, Tax and M22 protein expression were strongly enhanced by 12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-Acetate [TPA; Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)]/ ionomycin, inducers of NF-κB and cytokine signaling, but not by tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). On the other hand, co-expression of Tax with a dominant negative inhibitor of κB, IκBα-DN, or specific inhibition of IKK2 by the compound ACHP, led to a vast decrease in Tax protein levels to some extent independent of Tax transcripts in transiently transfected and Tax-transformed T-cells. Cycloheximide chase experiments revealed that co-expression of IKK2-EE prolongs the half-life of M22, and constant repression of NF-κB signaling by IκBα-DN strongly reduces protein stability of Tax wildtype suggesting that NF-κB activity is required for Tax protein stability. Finally, protein expression of Tax and M22 could be recovered by NH4Cl and PYR-41, inhibitors of the lysosome and the ubiquitin-activating enzyme E1, respectively. Conclusions Together, these findings suggest that Tax’s capability to induce NF-κB is critical for protein expression and stabilization of Tax itself. Overall, identification of this novel positive feedback loop between Tax and NF-κB in T-cells improves our understanding of Tax-driven transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Millen
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lina Meretuk
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tim Göttlicher
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sarah Schmitt
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Bernhard Fleckenstein
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andrea K Thoma-Kress
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
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Titans awake: HMAs for virus-driven ATL. Blood 2020; 136:777-779. [PMID: 32790853 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2020006488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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35
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Abu-Jafar A, Suleiman M, Nesim N, Huleihel M. The effect of alcoholic extract from Eucalyptus camaldulensis leaves on HTLV-1 Tax activities. Cell Cycle 2020; 19:1768-1776. [PMID: 32564665 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2020.1779455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
HTLV-1 is a human retrovirus responsible for adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) and certain other clinical disorders. The viral Tax oncoprotein plays a central role in HTLV-1 pathogenicity, mainly due to its capacity of inducing the transcriptional activity of various transcriptional factors like NFқB. Eucalyptus camaldulensis (Ec) is considered as a traditional medicinal plant with valuable therapeutic effects. Here we evaluated the activity of its ethanolic leave extract on different Tax activities by testing its influence on Tax-induced activity of NFқB and HTLV-1 LTR in Jurkat cells. Our results showed that Ec inhibited Tax induced activation of NFқB -, SRF- dependent promoters and HTLV-1 LTR. Ec extract has no effect on the binding of Tax to NFқB while it strongly prevented the degradation of IҝBα induced by Tax probably as a result of preventing the link between Tax and IKKγ. In addition, increasing the cellular level of P-TEFb-cyclinT1 significantly reduced the inhibitory effect of Ec on Tax activities, probably by preventing the interaction between Tax and P-TEFb-cyclin T1. The 40%-MeOH fraction of this extract, which is rich with polyphenols, offered the highest inhibitory effect against Tax activities. Further studies are required for the isolation and identification of active component/s in this extract which may be developed in the future as preventive/curing drugs for HTLV-1 related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Abu-Jafar
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev , Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Manal Suleiman
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev , Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Noa Nesim
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev , Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Mahmoud Huleihel
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev , Beer-Sheva, Israel
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Adkins BD, Ramos JC, Bliss-Moreau M, Gru AA. Updates in lymph node and skin pathology of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma, biomarkers, and beyond. Semin Diagn Pathol 2020; 37:1-10. [PMID: 31889601 PMCID: PMC7668393 DOI: 10.1053/j.semdp.2019.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) is a mature T-cell lymphoproliferative disorder associated with the human T lymphotropic virus (HTLV-1) infection. ATLL predominantly affects individuals within HTLV-1 endemic areas such as Japan, areas of Africa, South America, and the Caribbean. HTLV-1 preferentially infects CD4+ T-cells, and several genetic hits must occur before ATLL develops. ATLL is classically divided into four clinical variants based on manifestations of disease: acute, chronic, lymphomatous, and smouldering. As of 2019, a new subtype has been described: lymphoma type of ATL, extranodal primary cutaneous. In this review, emphasis will be taken to describe the common clinicopathologic manifestations of the disease, advances in biomarker discovery, mutational landscape and targeted therapeutic approaches to treat this highly aggressive and frequently lethal type of T-cell lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian D Adkins
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Juan C Ramos
- Division of Hematology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Meghan Bliss-Moreau
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Alejandro A Gru
- Pathology & Dermatology, Hematopathology and Dermatopathology Sections, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States.
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Shimizu Y, Yamanashi H, Kitamura M, Furugen R, Iwasaki T, Fukuda H, Hayashida H, Kawasaki K, Kiyoura K, Kawashiri SY, Saito T, Kawakami A, Maeda T. Association between human T cell leukemia virus type-1 (HTLV-1) infection and advanced periodontitis in relation to atherosclerosis among elderly Japanese: a cross-sectional study. Environ Health Prev Med 2019; 24:81. [PMID: 31883515 PMCID: PMC6935119 DOI: 10.1186/s12199-019-0836-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human T cell leukemia virus type-1 (HTLV-1) stimulates inflammation activity. Our previous study revealed a positive association between asymptomatic HTLV-1 infection and advanced periodontitis among elderly Japanese individuals with low levels of hematopoietic activity (reflected by reticulocyte levels). Since low hematopoietic activity has been correlated with low-grade inflammation and low-grade inflammation is associated with atherosclerosis, the status of atherosclerosis could, in turn, determine the nature of this association. Methods To this end, a cross-sectional study of 907 elderly Japanese individuals (aged 60–99 years), who had participated in dental health check-up during the period 2016–2018, was conducted. Advanced periodontitis was defined as periodontal pocket ≥ 6.0 mm. Results Among the study population, 295 (32.5%) were found to have atherosclerosis defined as a carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) of ≥ 1.1 mm. HTLV-1 infection was positively associated with advanced periodontitis in participants with atherosclerosis, but no significant associations were observed among the participants without atherosclerosis. The known risk factors’ (including reticulocyte and CIMT) adjusted odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of advanced periodontitis were OR 2.01 and 95% CI 1.06–3.81 for participants with atherosclerosis and OR 0.61 and 95% CI 0.34–1.12 for participants without atherosclerosis. Conclusion This study found a significant association between HTLV-1 infection and advanced periodontitis among elderly Japanese with atherosclerosis. However, this association is absent in individuals without atherosclerosis, suggesting that atherosclerosis might act as a determinant in the association between HTLV-1 infection and advanced periodontitis among elderly Japanese.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Shimizu
- Department of Community Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki-shi, Sakamoto 1-12-4, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan. .,Department of Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Osaka Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Hirotomo Yamanashi
- Department of General Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Masayasu Kitamura
- Department of Oral Health, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Reiko Furugen
- Department of Oral Health, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Takahiro Iwasaki
- Department of Community Oral Health, School of Dentistry, Asahi University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Hideki Fukuda
- Department of Oral Health, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Hideaki Hayashida
- Department of Oral Health, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Koji Kawasaki
- Community Medical Network Center, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Kairi Kiyoura
- Department of Community Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki-shi, Sakamoto 1-12-4, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
| | - Shin-Ya Kawashiri
- Department of Community Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki-shi, Sakamoto 1-12-4, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Saito
- Department of Oral Health, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kawakami
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Takahiro Maeda
- Department of Community Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki-shi, Sakamoto 1-12-4, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan.,Department of General Medicine, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan.,Department of Island and Community Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
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Rocamonde B, Carcone A, Mahieux R, Dutartre H. HTLV-1 infection of myeloid cells: from transmission to immune alterations. Retrovirology 2019; 16:45. [PMID: 31870397 PMCID: PMC6929313 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-019-0506-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human T cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1), the etiological agent of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) and the demyelinating neuroinflammatory disease known as HTLV-1-Associated Myelopathy/Tropical Spastic Paraparesis (HAM/TSP), was the first human retrovirus to be discovered. T-cells, which represent the main reservoir for HTLV-1, have been the main focus of studies aimed at understanding viral transmission and disease progression. However, other cell types such as myeloid cells are also target of HTLV-1 infection and display functional alterations as a consequence. In this work, we review the current investigations that shed light on infection, transmission and functional alterations subsequent to HTLV-1 infection of the different myeloid cells types, and we highlight the lack of knowledge in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda Rocamonde
- International Center for Research in Infectiology, Retroviral Oncogenesis Laboratory, INSERM U1111 - Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, Lyon, France
- Equipe labelisée par la Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale, Labex Ecofect, Lyon, France
| | - Auriane Carcone
- International Center for Research in Infectiology, Retroviral Oncogenesis Laboratory, INSERM U1111 - Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, Lyon, France
- Equipe labelisée par la Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale, Labex Ecofect, Lyon, France
| | - Renaud Mahieux
- International Center for Research in Infectiology, Retroviral Oncogenesis Laboratory, INSERM U1111 - Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, Lyon, France
- Equipe labelisée par la Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale, Labex Ecofect, Lyon, France
| | - Hélène Dutartre
- International Center for Research in Infectiology, Retroviral Oncogenesis Laboratory, INSERM U1111 - Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, Lyon, France.
- Equipe labelisée par la Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale, Labex Ecofect, Lyon, France.
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Fochi S, Ciminale V, Trabetti E, Bertazzoni U, D’Agostino DM, Zipeto D, Romanelli MG. NF-κB and MicroRNA Deregulation Mediated by HTLV-1 Tax and HBZ. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8040290. [PMID: 31835460 PMCID: PMC6963194 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8040290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The risk of developing adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) in individuals infected with human T-cell lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1) is about 3–5%. The mechanisms by which the virus triggers this aggressive cancer are still an area of intensive investigation. The viral protein Tax-1, together with additional regulatory proteins, in particular HTLV-1 basic leucine zipper factor (HBZ), are recognized as relevant viral factors required for both viral replication and transformation of infected cells. Tax-1 deregulates several cellular pathways affecting the cell cycle, survival, and proliferation. The effects of Tax-1 on the NF-κB pathway have been thoroughly studied. Recent studies also revealed the impact of Tax-1 and HBZ on microRNA expression. In this review, we summarize the recent progress in understanding the contribution of HTLV-1 Tax- and HBZ-mediated deregulation of NF-κB and the microRNA regulatory network to HTLV-1 pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Fochi
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Biology and Genetics, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (S.F.); (E.T.); (U.B.); (D.Z.)
| | - Vincenzo Ciminale
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy;
- Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, 35128 Padua, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Trabetti
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Biology and Genetics, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (S.F.); (E.T.); (U.B.); (D.Z.)
| | - Umberto Bertazzoni
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Biology and Genetics, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (S.F.); (E.T.); (U.B.); (D.Z.)
| | | | - Donato Zipeto
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Biology and Genetics, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (S.F.); (E.T.); (U.B.); (D.Z.)
| | - Maria Grazia Romanelli
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Biology and Genetics, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (S.F.); (E.T.); (U.B.); (D.Z.)
- Correspondence:
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Martinez MP, Al-Saleem J, Green PL. Comparative virology of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2. Retrovirology 2019; 16:21. [PMID: 31391116 PMCID: PMC6686503 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-019-0483-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) was the first discovered human retrovirus and the etiologic agent of adult T-cell leukemia and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis. Shortly after the discovery of HTLV-1, human T-cell leukemia virus type 2 (HTLV-2) was isolated from a patient with hairy cell leukemia. Despite possession of similar structural features to HTLV-1, HTLV-2 has not been definitively associated with lymphoproliferative disease. Since their discovery, studies have been performed with the goal of highlighting the differences between HTLV-1 and HTLV-2. A better understanding of these differences will shed light on the specific pathogenic mechanisms of HTLV-1 and lead to novel therapeutic targets. This review will compare and contrast the two oldest human retroviruses with regards to epidemiology, genomic structure, gene products, and pathobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Martinez
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jacob Al-Saleem
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Patrick L Green
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA. .,Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA. .,Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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41
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Fatfat M, Fakhoury I, Habli Z, Mismar R, Gali-Muhtasib H. Thymoquinone enhances the anticancer activity of doxorubicin against adult T-cell leukemia in vitro and in vivo through ROS-dependent mechanisms. Life Sci 2019; 232:116628. [PMID: 31278946 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.116628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) is a mature T-cell neoplasm associated with human T-cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV-1) infection. Major limitations in Doxorubicin (Dox) chemotherapy are tumor resistance and severe drug complications. Here, we combined Thymoquinone (TQ) with low concentrations of Dox and determined anticancer effects against ATL in cell culture and animal model. MAIN METHODS HTLV-1 positive (HuT-102) and HTLV-1 negative (Jurkat) CD4+ malignant T-cell lines were treated with TQ, Dox and combinations. Viability and cell cycle effects were determined by MTT assay and flow cytometry analysis, respectively. Combination effects on mitochondrial membrane potential and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were assessed. Expression levels of key cell death proteins were investigated by western blotting. A mouse xenograft model of ATL in NOD/SCID was used for testing drug effects and tumor tissues were stained for Ki67 and TUNEL. KEY FINDINGS TQ and Dox caused greater inhibition of cell viability and increased sub-G1 cells in both cell lines compared to Dox or TQ alone. The combination induced apoptosis by increasing ROS and causing disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential. Pretreatment with N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) or pan caspase inhibitor significantly inhibited the apoptotic response suggesting that cell death is ROS- and caspase-dependent. TQ and Dox combination reduced tumor volume in NOD/SCID mice more significantly than single treatments through enhanced apoptosis without affecting the survival of mice. SIGNIFICANCE Our combination model offers the possibility to use up to twofold lower doses of Dox against ATL while exhibiting the same cancer inhibitory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maamoun Fatfat
- Department of Biology, Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, American University of Beirut, Riad El Solh, 1107 2020, Beirut, Lebanon; Center for Drug Discovery, American University of Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Isabelle Fakhoury
- Department of Biology, Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, American University of Beirut, Riad El Solh, 1107 2020, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Zeina Habli
- Department of Biology, Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, American University of Beirut, Riad El Solh, 1107 2020, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Rasha Mismar
- Department of Biology, Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, American University of Beirut, Riad El Solh, 1107 2020, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Hala Gali-Muhtasib
- Department of Biology, Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, American University of Beirut, Riad El Solh, 1107 2020, Beirut, Lebanon; Center for Drug Discovery, American University of Beirut, Lebanon.
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42
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Fochi S, Bergamo E, Serena M, Mutascio S, Journo C, Mahieux R, Ciminale V, Bertazzoni U, Zipeto D, Romanelli MG. TRAF3 Is Required for NF-κB Pathway Activation Mediated by HTLV Tax Proteins. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1302. [PMID: 31244811 PMCID: PMC6581700 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia viruses type 1 (HTLV-1) and type 2 (HTLV-2) share a common genome organization and expression strategy but have distinct pathological properties. HTLV-1 is the etiological agent of Adult T-cell Leukemia (ATL) and of HTLV-1-Associated Myelopathy/Tropical Spastic Paraparesis (HAM/TSP), whereas HTLV-2 does not cause hematological disorders and is only sporadically associated with cases of subacute myelopathy. Both HTLV genomes encode two regulatory proteins that play a pivotal role in pathogenesis: the transactivating Tax-1 and Tax-2 proteins and the antisense proteins HBZ and APH-2, respectively. We recently reported that Tax-1 and Tax-2 form complexes with the TNF-receptor associated factor 3, TRAF3, a negative regulator of the non-canonical NF-κB pathway. The NF-κB pathway is constitutively activated by the Tax proteins, whereas it is inhibited by HBZ and APH-2. The antagonistic effects of Tax and antisense proteins on NF-κB activation have not yet been fully clarified. Here, we investigated the effect of TRAF3 interaction with HTLV regulatory proteins and in particular its consequence on the subcellular distribution of the effector p65/RelA protein. We demonstrated that Tax-1 and Tax-2 efficiency on NF-κB activation is impaired in TRAF3 deficient cells obtained by CRISPR/Cas9 editing. We also found that APH-2 is more effective than HBZ in preventing Tax-dependent NF-κB activation. We further observed that TRAF3 co-localizes with Tax-2 and APH-2 in cytoplasmic complexes together with NF-κB essential modulator NEMO and TAB2, differently from HBZ and TRAF3. These results contribute to untangle the mechanism of NF-κB inhibition by HBZ and APH-2, highlighting the different role of the HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 regulatory proteins in the NF-κB activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Fochi
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Biology and Genetics, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Elisa Bergamo
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Biology and Genetics, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Michela Serena
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Biology and Genetics, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Simona Mutascio
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Biology and Genetics, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Chloé Journo
- Retroviral Oncogenesis Laboratory, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), INSERM U1111 - Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Equipe Labellisée "Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale", UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Renaud Mahieux
- Retroviral Oncogenesis Laboratory, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), INSERM U1111 - Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Equipe Labellisée "Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale", UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Vincenzo Ciminale
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.,Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV - IRCCS, Padua, Italy
| | - Umberto Bertazzoni
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Biology and Genetics, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Donato Zipeto
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Biology and Genetics, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Romanelli
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Biology and Genetics, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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Vicario M, Mattiolo A, Montini B, Piano MA, Cavallari I, Amadori A, Chieco-Bianchi L, Calabrò ML. A Preclinical Model for the ATLL Lymphoma Subtype With Insights Into the Role of Microenvironment in HTLV-1-Mediated Lymphomagenesis. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1215. [PMID: 29951044 PMCID: PMC6008390 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult T cell Leukemia/Lymphoma (ATLL) is a mature T cell malignancy associated with Human T cell Leukemia Virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection. Among its four main clinical subtypes, the prognosis of acute and lymphoma variants remains poor. The long latency (3–6 decades) and low incidence (3–5%) of ATLL imply the involvement of viral and host factors in full-blown malignancy. Despite multiple preclinical and clinical studies, the contribution of the stromal microenvironment in ATLL development is not yet completely unraveled. The aims of this study were to investigate the role of the host microenvironment, and specifically fibroblasts, in ATLL pathogenesis and to propose a murine model for the lymphoma subtype. Here we present evidence that the oncogenic capacity of HTLV-1-immortalized C91/PL cells is enhanced when they are xenotransplanted together with human foreskin fibroblasts (HFF) in immunocompromised BALB/c Rag2-/-γc-/- mice. Moreover, cell lines derived from a developed lymphoma and their subsequent in vivo passages acquired the stable property to induce aggressive T cell lymphomas. In particular, one of these cell lines, C91/III cells, consistently induced aggressive lymphomas also in NOD/SCID/IL2Rγc KO (NSG) mice. To dissect the mechanisms linked to this enhanced tumorigenic ability, we quantified 45 soluble factors released by these cell lines and found that 21 of them, mainly pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, were significantly increased in C91/III cells compared to the parental C91/PL cells. Moreover, many of the increased factors were also released by human fibroblasts and belonged to the known secretory pattern of ATLL cells. C91/PL cells co-cultured with HFF showed features reminiscent of those observed in C91/III cells, including a similar secretory pattern and a more aggressive behavior in vivo. On the whole, our data provide evidence that fibroblasts, one of the major stromal components, might enhance tumorigenesis of HTLV-1-infected and immortalized T cells, thus throwing light on the role of microenvironment contribution in ATLL pathogenesis. We also propose that the lymphoma induced in NSG mice by injection with C91/III cells represents a new murine preclinical ATLL model that could be adopted to test novel therapeutic interventions for the aggressive lymphoma subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Vicario
- Immunology and Molecular Oncology, Veneto Institute of Oncology, IOV - IRCCS, Padua, Italy
| | - Adriana Mattiolo
- Immunology and Molecular Oncology, Veneto Institute of Oncology, IOV - IRCCS, Padua, Italy
| | - Barbara Montini
- Immunology and Molecular Oncology, Veneto Institute of Oncology, IOV - IRCCS, Padua, Italy
| | - Maria Assunta Piano
- Immunology and Molecular Oncology, Veneto Institute of Oncology, IOV - IRCCS, Padua, Italy
| | - Ilaria Cavallari
- Immunology and Molecular Oncology, Veneto Institute of Oncology, IOV - IRCCS, Padua, Italy
| | - Alberto Amadori
- Immunology and Molecular Oncology, Veneto Institute of Oncology, IOV - IRCCS, Padua, Italy.,Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Luigi Chieco-Bianchi
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Maria Luisa Calabrò
- Immunology and Molecular Oncology, Veneto Institute of Oncology, IOV - IRCCS, Padua, Italy
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Harhaj EW, Giam CZ. NF-κB signaling mechanisms in HTLV-1-induced adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma. FEBS J 2018; 285:3324-3336. [PMID: 29722927 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is a complex deltaretrovirus linked to adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL), a fatal CD4 + malignancy in 3-5% of infected individuals. The HTLV-1 Tax regulatory protein plays indispensable roles in regulating viral gene expression and activating cellular signaling pathways that drive the proliferation and clonal expansion of T cells bearing HTLV-1 proviral integrations. Tax is a potent activator of NF-κB, a key signaling pathway that is essential for the survival and proliferation of HTLV-1-infected T cells. However, constitutive NF-κB activation by Tax also triggers a senescence response, suggesting the possibility that only T cells capable of overcoming NF-κB-induced senescence can selectively undergo clonal expansion after HTLV-1 infection. Tax expression is often silenced in the majority of ATLL due to genetic alterations in the tax gene or DNA hypermethylation of the 5'-LTR. Despite the loss of Tax, NF-κB activation remains persistently activated in ATLL due to somatic mutations in genes in the T/B-cell receptor (T/BCR) and NF-κB signaling pathways. In this review, we focus on the key events driving Tax-dependent and -independent mechanisms of NF-κB activation during the multistep process leading to ATLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward William Harhaj
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Chou-Zen Giam
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA
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