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Luciano-Rosario D, Barda O, Tannous J, Frawley D, Bayram Ö, Prusky D, Sionov E, Keller NP. The histone demethylase KdmB is part of a trimeric protein complex and mediates virulence and mycotoxin production in Penicillium expansum. Fungal Genet Biol 2023; 169:103837. [PMID: 37722619 PMCID: PMC10755807 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2023.103837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Epigenetic modification of chromosome structure has increasingly been associated with alterations in secondary metabolism and sporulation defects in filamentous fungal pathogens. Recently, the epigenetic reader protein SntB was shown to govern virulence, spore production and mycotoxin synthesis in the fruit pathogen Penicillium expansum. Through immunoprecipitation-coupled mass spectrometry, we found that SntB is a member of a protein complex with KdmB, a histone demethylase and the essential protein RpdA, a histone deacetylase. Deletion of kdmB phenocopied some but not all characteristics of the ΔsntB mutant. KdmB deletion strains exhibited reduced lesion development on Golden Delicious apples and this was accompanied by decreased production of patulin and citrinin in host tissue. In addition, ΔkdmB mutants were sensitive to several cell wall stressors which possibly contributed to the decreased virulence observed on apples. Slight differences in spore production and germination rates of ΔkdmB mutants in vitro did not impact overall diameter growth in culture.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Omer Barda
- Institute of Postharvest and Food Sciences, Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Joanna Tannous
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Dean Frawley
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, National University of Ireland Maynooth, Kildare, Ireland
| | - Özgür Bayram
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, National University of Ireland Maynooth, Kildare, Ireland
| | - Dov Prusky
- Institute of Postharvest and Food Sciences, Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Edward Sionov
- Institute of Postharvest and Food Sciences, Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Nancy P Keller
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA; Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.
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Dinev T, Velichkova K, Stoyanova A, Sirakov I. Microbial Pathogens in Aquaponics Potentially Hazardous for Human Health. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2824. [PMID: 38137969 PMCID: PMC10745371 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11122824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The union of aquaculture and hydroponics is named aquaponics-a system where microorganisms, fish and plants coexist in a water environment. Bacteria are essential in processes which are fundamental for the functioning and equilibrium of aquaponic systems. Such processes are nitrification, extraction of various macro- and micronutrients from the feed leftovers and feces, etc. However, in aquaponics there are not only beneficial, but also potentially hazardous microorganisms of fish, human, and plant origin. It is important to establish the presence of human pathogens, their way of entering the aforementioned systems, and their control in order to assess the risk to human health when consuming plants and fish grown in aquaponics. Literature analysis shows that aquaponic bacteria and yeasts are mainly pathogenic to fish and humans but rarely to plants, while most of the molds are pathogenic to humans, plants, and fish. Since the various human pathogenic bacteria and fungi found in aquaponics enter the water when proper hygiene practices are not applied and followed, if these requirements are met, aquaponic systems are a good choice for growing healthy fish and plants safe for human consumption. However, many of the aquaponic pathogens are listed in the WHO list of drug-resistant bacteria for which new antibiotics are urgently needed, making disease control by antibiotics a real challenge. Because pathogen control by conventional physical methods, chemical methods, and antibiotic treatment is potentially harmful to humans, fish, plants, and beneficial microorganisms, a biological control with antagonistic microorganisms, phytotherapy, bacteriophage therapy, and nanomedicine are potential alternatives to these methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toncho Dinev
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Trakia University, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria;
| | - Katya Velichkova
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Trakia University, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria;
| | - Antoniya Stoyanova
- Department of Plant Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Trakia University, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria;
| | - Ivaylo Sirakov
- Department of Animal Husbandry–Non-Ruminant Animals and Special Branches, Faculty of Agriculture, Trakia University, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria;
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Li Y, Xie Y, Liu Z, Shi L, Liu X, Liang M, Yu S. Plant species identity and mycorrhizal type explain the root-associated fungal pathogen community assembly of seedlings based on functional traits in a subtropical forest. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1251934. [PMID: 37965023 PMCID: PMC10641815 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1251934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Introduction As a crucial factor in determining ecosystem functioning, interaction between plants and soil-borne fungal pathogens deserves considerable attention. However, little attention has been paid into the determinants of root-associated fungal pathogens in subtropical seedlings, especially the influence of different mycorrhizal plants. Methods Using high-throughput sequencing techniques, we analyzed the root-associated fungal pathogen community for 19 subtropical forest species, including 10 ectomycorrhizal plants and 9 arbuscular mycorrhizal plants. We identified the roles of different factors in determining the root-associated fungal pathogen community. Further, we identified the community assembly process at species and mycorrhizal level and managed to reveal the drivers underlying the community assembly. Results We found that plant species identity, plant habitat, and plant mycorrhizal type accounted for the variations in fungal pathogen community composition, with species identity and mycorrhizal type showing dominant effects. The relative importance of different community assembly processes, mainly, homogeneous selection and drift, varied with plant species identity. Interestingly, functional traits associated with acquisitive resource-use strategy tended to promote the relative importance of homogeneous selection, while traits associated with conservative resource-use strategy showed converse effect. Drift showed the opposite relationships with functional traits compared with homogeneous selection. Notably, the relative importance of different community assembly processes was not structured by plant phylogeny. Drift was stronger in the pathogen community for ectomycorrhizal plants with more conservative traits, suggesting the predominant role of stochastic gain and loss in the community assembly. Discussion Our work demonstrates the determinants of root-associated fungal pathogens, addressing the important roles of plant species identity and plant mycorrhizal type. Furthermore, we explored the community assembly mechanisms of root-associated pathogens and stressed the determinant roles of functional traits, especially leaf phosphorus content (LP), root nitrogen content (RN) and root tissue density (RTD), at species and mycorrhizal type levels, offering new perspectives on the microbial dynamics underlying ecosystem functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Shixiao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Lai T, Yu Q, Pan J, Wang J, Tang Z, Bai X, Shi L, Zhou T. The Identification and Comparative Analysis of Non-Coding RNAs in Spores and Mycelia of Penicillium expansum. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:999. [PMID: 37888255 PMCID: PMC10607695 DOI: 10.3390/jof9100999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Penicillium expansum is the most popular post-harvest pathogen and causes blue mold disease in pome fruit and leads to significant economic losses worldwide every year. However, the fundamental regulation mechanisms of growth in P. expansum are unclear. Recently, non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) have attracted more attention due to critical roles in normalizing gene expression and maintaining cellular genotypes in organisms. However, the research related to ncRNAs in P. expansum have not been reported. Therefore, to provide an overview of ncRNAs on composition, distribution, expression changes, and potential targets in the growth process, a comparative transcriptomic analysis was performed on spores and mycelia of P. expansum in the present study. A total of 2595 novel mRNAs, 3362 long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), 10 novel microRNAs (miRNAs), 86 novel small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), and 11,238 circular RNAs (circRNAs) were predicted and quantified. Of these, 1482 novel mRNAs, 5987 known mRNAs, 2047 lncRNAs, 40 miRNAs, 38 novel siRNAs, and 9235 circRNAs were differentially expressed (DE) in response to the different development stages. Afterward, the involved functions and pathways of DE RNAs were revealed via Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database enrichment analysis. The interaction networks between mRNAs, lncRNAs, and miRNAs were also predicted based on their correlation coefficient of expression profiles. Among them, it was found that miR168 family members may play important roles in fungal growth due to their central location in the network. These findings will contribute to a better understanding on regulation machinery at the RNA level on fungal growth and provide a theoretical basis to develop novel control strategies against P. expansum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongfei Lai
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China; (T.L.); (Q.Y.); (J.P.); (J.W.); (X.B.); (L.S.)
| | - Qinru Yu
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China; (T.L.); (Q.Y.); (J.P.); (J.W.); (X.B.); (L.S.)
| | - Jingjing Pan
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China; (T.L.); (Q.Y.); (J.P.); (J.W.); (X.B.); (L.S.)
| | - Jingjing Wang
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China; (T.L.); (Q.Y.); (J.P.); (J.W.); (X.B.); (L.S.)
| | - Zhenxing Tang
- School of Culinary Arts, Tourism College of Zhejiang, Hangzhou 311231, China;
| | - Xuelian Bai
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China; (T.L.); (Q.Y.); (J.P.); (J.W.); (X.B.); (L.S.)
| | - Lue Shi
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China; (T.L.); (Q.Y.); (J.P.); (J.W.); (X.B.); (L.S.)
| | - Ting Zhou
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China; (T.L.); (Q.Y.); (J.P.); (J.W.); (X.B.); (L.S.)
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Guardiola-Márquez CE, Santos-Ramírez MT, Figueroa-Montes ML, Valencia-de los Cobos EO, Stamatis-Félix IJ, Navarro-López DE, Jacobo-Velázquez DA. Identification and Characterization of Beneficial Soil Microbial Strains for the Formulation of Biofertilizers Based on Native Plant Growth-Promoting Microorganisms Isolated from Northern Mexico. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3262. [PMID: 37765426 PMCID: PMC10537599 DOI: 10.3390/plants12183262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Plant growth-promoting microorganisms (PGPM) benefit plant health by enhancing plant nutrient-use efficiency and protecting plants against biotic and abiotic stresses. This study aimed to isolate and characterize autochthonous PGPM from important agri-food crops and nonagricultural plants to formulate biofertilizers. Native microorganisms were isolated and evaluated for PGP traits (K, P, and Zn solubilization, N2-fixation, NH3-, IAA and siderophore production, and antifungal activity against Fusarium oxysporum). Isolates were tested on radish and broccoli seedlings, evaluating 19 individual isolates and 12 microbial consortia. Potential bacteria were identified through DNA sequencing. In total, 798 bacteria and 209 fungi were isolated. Isolates showed higher mineral solubilization activity than other mechanisms; 399 bacteria and 156 fungi presented mineral solubilization. Bacteria were relevant for nitrogen fixation, siderophore, IAA (29-176 mg/L), and ammonia production, while fungi for Fusarium growth inhibition (40-69%). Twenty-four bacteria and eighteen fungi were selected for their PGP traits. Bacteria had significantly (ANOVA, p < 0.05) better effects on plants than fungi; treatments improved plant height (23.06-51.32%), leaf diameter (25.43-82.91%), and fresh weight (54.18-85.45%) in both crops. Most potential species belonged to Pseudomonas, Pantoea, Serratia, and Rahnella genera. This work validated a high-throughput approach to screening hundreds of rhizospheric microorganisms with PGP potential isolated from rhizospheric samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Esteban Guardiola-Márquez
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Ave. General Ramon Corona 2514, Zapopan 45138, Jalisco, Mexico; (C.E.G.-M.)
| | - María Teresa Santos-Ramírez
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Ave. General Ramon Corona 2514, Zapopan 45138, Jalisco, Mexico; (C.E.G.-M.)
| | - Melina Lizeth Figueroa-Montes
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Ave. General Ramon Corona 2514, Zapopan 45138, Jalisco, Mexico; (C.E.G.-M.)
| | | | - Iván Jesús Stamatis-Félix
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Ave. General Ramon Corona 2514, Zapopan 45138, Jalisco, Mexico; (C.E.G.-M.)
| | - Diego E. Navarro-López
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Ave. General Ramon Corona 2514, Zapopan 45138, Jalisco, Mexico; (C.E.G.-M.)
| | - Daniel A. Jacobo-Velázquez
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Ave. General Ramon Corona 2514, Zapopan 45138, Jalisco, Mexico; (C.E.G.-M.)
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Institute for Obesity Research, Av. General Ramon Corona 2514, Zapopan 45201, Jalisco, Mexico
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Kadium SW, Abd Al-Raouf Ammar Semysim E, Sahib RA. Antifungal Activity of Phenols Compound Separated from Quercus infectoria and Citrullus colocynthis against Toxic Fungi. ARCHIVES OF RAZI INSTITUTE 2023; 78:297-303. [PMID: 37312737 PMCID: PMC10258271 DOI: 10.22092/ari.2022.358960.2347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Penicillium expansum is one of the most harmful post-harvest fungal pathogens. Aspergillus flavus is a saprotrophic fungal organism with broad distribution, producing mycotoxins that are toxic to humans and animals. This study aimed to investigate the antifungal activity of phenolic alcohol extract for the dry plants Oak (Quercus infectoria Oliv) and Bitter Melon (Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad). Three concentrations of phenolic alcohol extract of Oak and Bitter Melon (100, 200 and 300 mg/mL) have been prepared against two fungi, Penicillium expansum and Aspergillus flavus. The results showed that all three concentrations of phenolic extracts gave antifungal activity, and the percentage inhibition of diameter growth (PIDG) increased with increasing concentrations. The C. colocynthis extract gave the highest average of PIDG (38.29%), followed by Q. infectoria with an average of PIDG (34.13%) against P. expansum and A. flavus. The A. flavus fungus experienced more potent inhibition, with an average of PIDG (49.05%), than P. expansum, with an average PIDG of (23.37%). The results showed that the C. colocynthis extract gave the highest PIDG (70.7±3.90), followed by Q. infectoria with PIDG (31.1±3.335) at a concentration of (300 mg/mL) on P. expansum. While the results for phenolic extracts of C.colocynthis and Q. infectoria on A. flavus showed that the antifungal activity of C. colocynthis extract had the highest PIDG (72.09±4.10) followed by Q. infectoria with PIDG (62.49±3.63) at a concentration of (300 mg/mL). We concluded that the phenolic extracts of Q. infectoria galls and C. colocynthis fruit showed inhibitory activity against two toxin-producing fungi, P. expanisum and A. flavus.
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Affiliation(s)
- S W Kadium
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Kufa, Najaf, Iraq
| | | | - R A Sahib
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Kufa, Najaf, Iraq
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7
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Elicitation of Fruit Fungi Infection and Its Protective Response to Improve the Postharvest Quality of Fruits. STRESSES 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/stresses3010018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Fruit diseases brought on by fungus infestation leads to postharvest losses of fresh fruit. Approximately 30% of harvested fruits do not reach consumers’ plates due to postharvest losses. Fungal pathogens play a substantial part in those losses, as they cause the majority of fruit rots and consumer complaints. Understanding fungal pathogenic processes and control measures is crucial for developing disease prevention and treatment strategies. In this review, we covered the presented pathogen entry, environmental conditions for pathogenesis, fruit’s response to pathogen attack, molecular mechanisms by which fungi infect fruits in the postharvest phase, production of mycotoxin, virulence factors, fungal genes involved in pathogenesis, and recent strategies for protecting fruit from fungal attack. Then, in order to investigate new avenues for ensuring fruit production, existing fungal management strategies were then assessed based on their mechanisms for altering the infection process. The goal of this review is to bridge the knowledge gap between the mechanisms of fungal disease progression and numerous disease control strategies being developed for fruit farming.
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Wang W, Liang X, Li Y, Wang P, Keller NP. Genetic Regulation of Mycotoxin Biosynthesis. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 9:jof9010021. [PMID: 36675842 PMCID: PMC9861139 DOI: 10.3390/jof9010021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxin contamination in food poses health hazards to humans. Current methods of controlling mycotoxins still have limitations and more effective approaches are needed. During the past decades of years, variable environmental factors have been tested for their influence on mycotoxin production leading to elucidation of a complex regulatory network involved in mycotoxin biosynthesis. These regulators are putative targets for screening molecules that could inhibit mycotoxin synthesis. Here, we summarize the regulatory mechanisms of hierarchical regulators, including pathway-specific regulators, global regulators and epigenetic regulators, on the production of the most critical mycotoxins (aflatoxins, patulin, citrinin, trichothecenes and fumonisins). Future studies on regulation of mycotoxins will provide valuable knowledge for exploring novel methods to inhibit mycotoxin biosynthesis in a more efficient way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Wang
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
- Institute of Food Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
- Correspondence: (W.W.); (N.P.K.)
| | - Xinle Liang
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
- Institute of Food Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Yudong Li
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
- Institute of Food Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Pinmei Wang
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, China
| | - Nancy P. Keller
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Correspondence: (W.W.); (N.P.K.)
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Scafati V, Troilo F, Ponziani S, Giovannoni M, Scortica A, Pontiggia D, Angelucci F, Di Matteo A, Mattei B, Benedetti M. Characterization of two 1,3-β-glucan-modifying enzymes from Penicillium sumatraense reveals new insights into 1,3-β-glucan metabolism of fungal saprotrophs. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2022; 15:138. [PMID: 36510318 PMCID: PMC9745967 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-022-02233-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 1,3-β-glucan is a polysaccharide widely distributed in the cell wall of several phylogenetically distant organisms, such as bacteria, fungi, plants and microalgae. The presence of highly active 1,3-β-glucanases in fungi evokes the biological question on how these organisms can efficiently metabolize exogenous sources of 1,3-β-glucan without incurring in autolysis. RESULTS To elucidate the molecular mechanisms at the basis of 1,3-β-glucan metabolism in fungal saprotrophs, the putative exo-1,3-β-glucanase G9376 and a truncated form of the putative glucan endo-1,3-β-glucosidase (ΔG7048) from Penicillium sumatraense AQ67100 were heterologously expressed in Pichia pastoris and characterized both in terms of activity and structure. G9376 efficiently converted laminarin and 1,3-β-glucan oligomers into glucose by acting as an exo-glycosidase, whereas G7048 displayed a 1,3-β-transglucanase/branching activity toward 1,3-β-glucan oligomers with a degree of polymerization higher than 5, making these oligomers more recalcitrant to the hydrolysis acted by exo-1,3-β-glucanase G9376. The X-ray crystallographic structure of the catalytic domain of G7048, solved at 1.9 Å of resolution, consists of a (β/α)8 TIM-barrel fold characteristic of all the GH17 family members. The catalytic site is in a V-shaped cleft containing the two conserved catalytic glutamic residues. Molecular features compatible with the activity of G7048 as 1,3-β-transglucanase are discussed. CONCLUSIONS The antagonizing activity between ΔG7048 and G9376 indicates how opportunistic fungi belonging to Penicillium genus can feed on substrates similar for composition and structure to their own cell wall without incurring in a self-deleterious autohydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Scafati
- grid.158820.60000 0004 1757 2611Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Francesca Troilo
- grid.5326.20000 0001 1940 4177Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, CNR, P.Le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Ponziani
- grid.158820.60000 0004 1757 2611Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Moira Giovannoni
- grid.158820.60000 0004 1757 2611Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Anna Scortica
- grid.158820.60000 0004 1757 2611Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Daniela Pontiggia
- grid.7841.aDepartment of Biology and Biotechnology “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Angelucci
- grid.158820.60000 0004 1757 2611Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Adele Di Matteo
- grid.5326.20000 0001 1940 4177Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, CNR, P.Le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Benedetta Mattei
- grid.158820.60000 0004 1757 2611Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Manuel Benedetti
- grid.158820.60000 0004 1757 2611Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
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Comparative Penicillium spp. Transcriptomics: Conserved Pathways and Processes Revealed in Ungerminated Conidia and during Postharvest Apple Fruit Decay. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10122414. [PMID: 36557667 PMCID: PMC9788453 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10122414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Blue mold, caused by Penicillium spp., is an impactful postharvest disease resulting in significant economic losses due to reduced pome fruit quality and mycotoxin contamination. Using two Penicillium species with different levels of aggressiveness, transcriptomics were implemented in order to identify genes expressed during apple fruit decay and loci expressed in ungerminated conidia. Total RNA was isolated from ungerminated conidia and decayed apple fruit infected with P. expansum R19 or P. polonicum RS1. There were 2442 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the R19 and RS1 in apple. Comparisons within species between apple and conidia revealed 4404 DEGs for R19 and 2935 for RS1, respectively. Gene ontology (GO) analysis revealed differential regulation in fungal transport and metabolism genes during decay, suggesting a flux in nutrient acquisition and detoxification strategies. In R19, the oxidoreductase GO category comprised 20% of all DEG groups in apple verses conidia. Ungerminated conidia from both species showed DEGs encoding the glyoxylate shunt and beta-oxidation, specifying the earliest metabolic requirements for germination. This is the first study to identify pre-loaded transcripts in conidia from blue mold fungi, reveal unique genes between species expressed during apple decay, and show the expression dynamics of known fungal virulence factors. These findings will enable development of targeted approaches for blue mold abatement strategies.
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Ferrara M, Perrone G, Gallo A. Recent advances in biosynthesis and regulatory mechanisms of principal mycotoxins. Curr Opin Food Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cofs.2022.100923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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12
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Yang K, Tian J, Keller NP. Post-translational modifications drive secondary metabolite biosynthesis in Aspergillus: a review. Environ Microbiol 2022; 24:2857-2881. [PMID: 35645150 PMCID: PMC9545273 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.16034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Post‐translational modifications (PTMs) are important for protein function and regulate multiple cellular processes and secondary metabolites (SMs) in fungi. Aspergillus species belong to a genus renown for an abundance of bioactive secondary metabolites, many important as toxins, pharmaceuticals and in industrial production. The genes required for secondary metabolites are typically co‐localized in biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs), which often localize in heterochromatic regions of genome and are ‘turned off’ under laboratory condition. Efforts have been made to ‘turn on’ these BGCs by genetic manipulation of histone modifications, which could convert the heterochromatic structure to euchromatin. Additionally, non‐histone PTMs also play critical roles in the regulation of secondary metabolism. In this review, we collate the known roles of epigenetic and PTMs on Aspergillus SM production. We also summarize the proteomics approaches and bioinformatics tools for PTM identification and prediction and provide future perspectives on the emerging roles of PTM on regulation of SM biosynthesis in Aspergillus and other fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunlong Yang
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, 53705, USA
| | - Jun Tian
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Nancy P Keller
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, 53705, USA
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13
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Leng J, Yu L, Dai Y, Leng Y, Wang C, Chen Z, Wisniewski M, Wu X, Liu J, Sui Y. Recent advances in research on biocontrol of postharvest fungal decay in apples. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:10607-10620. [PMID: 35608023 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2080638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Apple is the largest fruit crop produced in temperate regions and is a popular fruit worldwide. It is, however, susceptible to a variety of postharvest fungal pathogens, including Penicillium expansum, Botrytis cinerea, Botryosphaeria dothidea, Monilia spp., and Alternaria spp. Decays resulting from fungal infections severely reduce apple quality and marketable yield. Biological control utilizing bacterial and fungal antagonists is an eco-friendly and effective method of managing postharvest decay in horticultural crops. In the current review, research on the pathogenesis of major decay fungi and isolation of antagonists used to manage postharvest decay in apple is presented. The mode of action of postharvest biocontrol agents (BCAs), including recent molecular and genomic studies, is also discussed. Recent research on the apple microbiome and its relationship to disease management is highlighted, and the use of additives and physical treatments to enhance biocontrol efficacy of BCAs is reviewed. Biological control is a critical component of an integrated management system for the sustainable approaches to apple production. Additional research will be required to explore the feasibility of developing beneficial microbial consortia and novel antimicrobial compounds derived from BCAs for postharvest disease management, as well as genetic approaches, such as the use of CRISPR/Cas9 technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsong Leng
- Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Yongchuan, Chongqing, China
| | - Longfeng Yu
- School of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, West Yunnan University, Lincang, Yunan, China
| | - Yuan Dai
- Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Yongchuan, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Leng
- School of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, West Yunnan University, Lincang, Yunan, China
| | - Chaowen Wang
- School of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, West Yunnan University, Lincang, Yunan, China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Michael Wisniewski
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Xuehong Wu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Yongchuan, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuan Sui
- Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Yongchuan, Chongqing, China
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14
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Bartholomew HP, Bradshaw MJ, Macarisin O, Gaskins VL, Fonseca JM, Jurick WM. More than a Virulence Factor: Patulin Is a Non-Host-Specific Toxin that Inhibits Postharvest Phytopathogens and Requires Efflux for Penicillium Tolerance. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2022; 112:1165-1174. [PMID: 35365059 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-09-21-0371-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxin contamination is a leading cause of food spoilage and waste on a global scale. Patulin, a mycotoxin produced by Penicillium spp. during postharvest pome fruit decay, causes acute and chronic effects in humans, withstands pasteurization, and is not eliminated by fermentation. While much is known about the impact of patulin on human health, there are significant knowledge gaps concerning the effect of patulin during postharvest fruit-pathogen interactions. Application of patulin on six apple cultivars reproduced some blue mold symptoms that were cultivar-independent and dose-dependent. Identical symptoms were also observed in pear and mandarin orange. Six Penicillium isolates exposed to exogenous patulin exhibited delayed germination after 24 h, yet all produced viable colonies in 7 days. However, four common postharvest phytopathogenic fungi were completely inhibited by patulin during conidial germination and growth, suggesting the toxin is important for Penicillium to dominate the postharvest niche. Using clorgyline, a broad-spectrum efflux pump inhibitor, we demonstrated that efflux plays a role in Penicillium auto-resistance to patulin during conidial germination. The work presented here contributes new knowledge of patulin auto-resistance, its mode of action, and inhibitory role in fungal-fungal interactions. Our findings provide a solid foundation to develop toxin and decay mitigation approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly P Bartholomew
- Food Quality Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705
| | - Michael J Bradshaw
- Food Quality Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705
| | - Otilia Macarisin
- Food Quality Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705
| | - Verneta L Gaskins
- Food Quality Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705
| | - Jorge M Fonseca
- Food Quality Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705
| | - Wayne M Jurick
- Food Quality Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705
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15
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Sharma VK, Kharwar RN. Editorial: Epigenetic Remodeling of Microorganisms of Pharmaceutical and Industrial Importance. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:887208. [PMID: 35479619 PMCID: PMC9037137 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.887208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Vijay K Sharma
- Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Ravindra Nath Kharwar
- Mycopathology and Microbial Technology Laboratory, Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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16
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Marker-free CRISPR-Cas9 based genetic engineering of the phytopathogenic fungus, Penicillium expansum. Fungal Genet Biol 2022; 160:103689. [PMID: 35339702 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2022.103689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Filamentous fungi are prolific producers of secondary metabolites (SecMets), including compounds with antibiotic properties, like penicillin, that allows the producing fungus to combat competitors in a shared niche. However, the biological function of the majority of these small complex metabolites for the producing fungi remains unclear (Macheleidt et al., 2016). In an effort to address this lack of knowledge, we have chosen to study the microbial community of moldy apples in the hope of shedding more light on the role of SecMets for the dynamics of the microbial community. Penicillium expansum is one of the prevalent fungal species in this system, and in co-culture experiments with other apple fungal pathogens, we have observed up- and downregulation of several SecMets when compared to monocultures. However, molecular genetic dissection of the observed changes is challenging, and new methodologies for targeted genetic engineering in P. expansum are needed. In the current study, we have established a CRISPR-Cas9 dependent genetic engineering toolbox for the targeted genetic manipulation of P. expansum to allow for single-step construction of marker-free strains. The method and effect of different combinations of a Cas9-sgRNA expressing plasmids and repair template substrates in the NHEJ-proficient WT strain is tested by targeted deletion of melA, encoding a PKS responsible for pigment formation, which upon deletion resulted in white mutants. Co-transformation with a linear double-stranded DNA fragment consisting of two 2 kb homology arms flanking the PKS gene proved to be the most efficient strategy with 100% confirmed deletions by diagnostic PCR. Shorter homology arms (500-1000bp) resulted in 20-30% deletion efficiency. Furthermore, we demonstrate the application of the CRISPR-Cas9 method for targeted deletion of biosynthetic genes without a visible phenotype, insertion of a visual reporter-encoding gene (mRFP), and overexpression of biosynthetic genes. Combined, these tools will advance in enabling the deciphering of SecMet biosynthetic pathways, provide in situ insight into when and where SecMets are produced, and provide an avenue to study the role of P. expansum SecMets in shaping the microbial community development on moldy apples via marker-free targeted genetic engineering of P. expansum.
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17
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González-Teuber M, Contreras RA, Zúñiga GE, Barrera D, Bascuñán-Godoy L. Synergistic Association With Root Endophytic Fungi Improves Morpho-Physiological and Biochemical Responses of Chenopodium quinoa to Salt Stress. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.787318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Symbiotic associations with microbes can contribute to mitigating abiotic environmental stress in plants. In this study, we investigated individual and interactive effects of two root endophytic fungal species on physiological and biochemical mechanisms of the crop Chenopodium quinoa in response to salinity. Fungal endophytes (FE) Talaromyces minioluteus and Penicillium murcianum, isolated from quinoa plants that occur naturally in the Atacama Desert, were used for endophyte inoculation. A greenhouse experiment was developed using four plant groups: (1) plants inoculated with T. minioluteus (E1+), (2) plants inoculated with P. murcianum (E2+), (3) plants inoculated with both fungal species (E1E2+), and (4) non-inoculated plants (E-). Plants from each group were then assigned to either salt (300 mM) or control (no salt) treatments. Differences in morphological traits, photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, transpiration, superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), peroxidase, (POD), phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), phenolic content, and lipid peroxidation between plant groups under each treatment were examined. We found that both endophyte species significantly improved morphological and physiological traits, including plant height, number of shoots, photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, and transpiration, in C. quinoa in response to salt, but optimal physiological responses were observed in E1E2+ plants. Under saline conditions, endophyte inoculation improved SOD, APX, and POD activity by over 50%, and phenolic content by approximately 30%, with optimal enzymatic responses again observed in E1E2+ plants. Lipid peroxidation was significantly lower in inoculated plants than in non-inoculated plants. Results demonstrate that both endophyte species enhanced the ability of C. quinoa to cope with salt stress by improving antioxidative enzyme and non-enzyme systems. In general, both FE species interacting in tandem yielded better morphological, physiological, and biochemical responses to salinity in quinoa than inoculation by a single species in isolation. Our study highlights the importance of stress-adapted FE as a biological agent for mitigating abiotic stress in crop plants.
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Jimdjio CK, Xue H, Bi Y, Nan M, Li L, Zhang R, Liu Q, Pu L. Effect of Ambient pH on Growth, Pathogenicity, and Patulin Production of Penicillium expansum. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:550. [PMID: 34437421 PMCID: PMC8402621 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13080550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Penicillium expansum is an important postharvest pathogen of pomaceous fruit and a causal agent of blue mold or soft rot. In this study, we investigated the effect of ambient pH on growth, ultrastructure alteration, and pathogenicity of P. expansum, as well as accumulation of patulin and expression of genes involved in patulin biosynthesis. Under different pH, the fungus was routinely cultured and collected for growth, pathogenicity, patulin production, and gene expression studies using transmission electron microscopy, apple inoculation, HPLC, and RT-qPCR methods. Different ambient pH had significant impact on expression of genes and growth factors involved in patulin biosynthesis. Under same range of pH, gene expression profile, growth factors, and patulin accumulation (in vivo and in vitro) all showed similar changing trends. A well-developed cell was observed in addition to upregulation of genes at pH between pH 5.0 and 7.0, while the opposite was observed when pH was too basic (8.5) or too acid (2.5). Additionally, ambient pH had direct or indirect influence on expression of PecreaA, PelaeA, and PepacC. These findings will help in understanding the effect of ambient pH on growth, pathogenicity, and patulin production and support the development of successful methods for combating P. expansum infection on apple fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carelle Kouasseu Jimdjio
- College of Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (C.K.J.); (M.N.); (L.L.); (Q.L.); (L.P.)
| | - Huali Xue
- College of Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (C.K.J.); (M.N.); (L.L.); (Q.L.); (L.P.)
| | - Yang Bi
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China;
| | - Mina Nan
- College of Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (C.K.J.); (M.N.); (L.L.); (Q.L.); (L.P.)
| | - Lan Li
- College of Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (C.K.J.); (M.N.); (L.L.); (Q.L.); (L.P.)
| | - Rui Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China;
| | - Qili Liu
- College of Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (C.K.J.); (M.N.); (L.L.); (Q.L.); (L.P.)
| | - Lumei Pu
- College of Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (C.K.J.); (M.N.); (L.L.); (Q.L.); (L.P.)
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19
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Abstract
The fungal kingdom has provided advances in our ability to identify biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) and to examine how gene composition of BGCs evolves across species and genera. However, little is known about the evolution of specific BGC regulators that mediate how BGCs produce secondary metabolites (SMs). A bioinformatics search for conservation of the Aspergillus fumigatus xanthocillin BGC revealed an evolutionary trail of xan-like BGCs across Eurotiales species. Although the critical regulatory and enzymatic genes were conserved in Penicillium expansum, overexpression (OE) of the conserved xan BGC transcription factor (TF) gene, PexanC, failed to activate the putative xan BGC transcription or xanthocillin production in P. expansum, in contrast to the role of AfXanC in A. fumigatus. Surprisingly, OE::PexanC was instead found to promote citrinin synthesis in P. expansum via trans induction of the cit pathway-specific TF, ctnA, as determined by cit BGC expression and chemical profiling of ctnA deletion and OE::PexanC single and double mutants. OE::AfxanC results in significant increases of xan gene expression and metabolite synthesis in A. fumigatus but had no effect on either xanthocillin or citrinin production in P. expansum. Bioinformatics and promoter mutation analysis led to the identification of an AfXanC binding site, 5'-AGTCAGCA-3', in promoter regions of the A. fumigatus xan BGC genes. This motif was not in the ctnA promoter, suggesting a different binding site of PeXanC. A compilation of a bioinformatics examination of XanC orthologs and the presence/absence of the 5'-AGTCAGCA-3' binding motif in xan BGCs in multiple Aspergillus and Penicillium spp. supports an evolutionary divergence of XanC regulatory targets that we speculate reflects an exaptation event in the Eurotiales. IMPORTANCE Fungal secondary metabolites (SMs) are an important source of pharmaceuticals on one hand and toxins on the other. Efforts to identify the biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) that synthesize SMs have yielded significant insights into how variation in the genes that compose BGCs may impact subsequent metabolite production within and between species. However, the role of regulatory genes in BGC activation is less well understood. Our finding that the bZIP transcription factor XanC, located in the xanthocillin BGC of both Aspergillus fumigatus and Penicillium expansum, has functionally diverged to regulate different BGCs in these two species emphasizes that the diversification of BGC regulatory elements may sometimes occur through exaptation, which is the co-option of a gene that evolved for one function to a novel function. Furthermore, this work suggests that the loss/gain of transcription factor binding site targets may be an important mediator in the evolution of secondary-metabolism regulatory elements.
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Parlindungan E, Lugli GA, Ventura M, van Sinderen D, Mahony J. Lactic Acid Bacteria Diversity and Characterization of Probiotic Candidates in Fermented Meats. Foods 2021; 10:1519. [PMID: 34359389 PMCID: PMC8305854 DOI: 10.3390/foods10071519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Probiotics are defined as live microorganisms which confer health benefits to the host when administered in adequate amounts. Many lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains have been classified as probiotics and fermented foods are an excellent source of such LAB. In this study, novel probiotic candidates from two fermented meats (pancetta and prosciutto) were isolated and characterized. LAB populations present in pancetta and prosciutto were evaluated and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum was found to be the dominant species. The antagonistic ability of selected isolates against LAB and non-LAB strains was investigated, in particular, the ability to produce anti-microbial compounds including organic acids and bacteriocins. Probiotic characteristics including antibiotic susceptibility, hydrophobicity and autoaggregation capacity; and ability to withstand simulated gastric juice, bile salt, phenol and NaCl were assessed. Among the characterized strains, L. plantarum 41G isolated from prosciutto was identified as the most robust probiotic candidate compared. Results from this study demonstrate that artisanal fermented meat is a rich source of novel strains with probiotic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvina Parlindungan
- School of Microbiology & APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Western Road, T12 YT20 Cork, Ireland;
| | - Gabriele A. Lugli
- Laboratory of Probiogenomics, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, 43121 Parma, Italy; (G.A.L.); (M.V.)
| | - Marco Ventura
- Laboratory of Probiogenomics, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, 43121 Parma, Italy; (G.A.L.); (M.V.)
| | - Douwe van Sinderen
- School of Microbiology & APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Western Road, T12 YT20 Cork, Ireland;
| | - Jennifer Mahony
- School of Microbiology & APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Western Road, T12 YT20 Cork, Ireland;
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21
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Delivering the goods: Fungal secretion modulates virulence during host–pathogen interactions. FUNGAL BIOL REV 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2021.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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22
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Prusky DB, Sionov E. Special Issue "Interplay between Fungal Pathogens and Harvested Crops and Fruits". Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9030553. [PMID: 33800331 PMCID: PMC7998692 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9030553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The interplay between fungal pathogens and harvest crops is important in determining the extent of food losses following the storage and transport of crops to consumers. The specific factors modulating the activation of colonization are of key importance to determining the initiation of fungal colonization and host losses. It is clear nowadays from the wide number of transcription studies in colonized fruits that pathogenicity in postharvest produce is not only the result of activation of fungal pathogenicity factors but is significantly contributed to fruit maturity and ripening. In this editorial summary of the Special Issue "Interplay between Fungal Pathogens and Harvested Crops and Fruits", we present a short summary of future research directions on the importance of the interplay between fruit and pathogens and nine published papers (one review and eight original research papers), covering a wide range of subjects within the mechanism of pathogenicity by postharvest pathogens, including transcriptome analysis of pathogenesis, pathogenicity factors, new antifungal compounds and food toxin occurrence by pathogens. This summary may lead the reader to understand the key factors modulating pathogenicity in fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dov B. Prusky
- Department of Postharvest Sciences, Institute of Postharvest and Food Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization—The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
- Correspondence:
| | - Edward Sionov
- Department of Food Sciences, Institute of Postharvest and Food Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization—The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel;
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Ngolong Ngea GL, Qian X, Yang Q, Dhanasekaran S, Ianiri G, Ballester A, Zhang X, Castoria R, Zhang H. Securing fruit production: Opportunities from the elucidation of the molecular mechanisms of postharvest fungal infections. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2021; 20:2508-2533. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Legrand Ngolong Ngea
- School of Food and Biological Engineering Jiangsu University Zhenjiang China
- Institute of Fisheries Sciences University of Douala Douala Cameroon
| | - Xin Qian
- School of Food and Biological Engineering Jiangsu University Zhenjiang China
| | - Qiya Yang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering Jiangsu University Zhenjiang China
| | | | - Giuseppe Ianiri
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, Università degli Studi del Molise Campobasso Italy
| | - Ana‐Rosa Ballester
- Department of Food Biotechnology Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, Spanish National Research Council (IATA‐CSIC) Paterna Valencia Spain
| | - Xiaoyun Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering Jiangsu University Zhenjiang China
| | - Raffaello Castoria
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, Università degli Studi del Molise Campobasso Italy
| | - Hongyin Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering Jiangsu University Zhenjiang China
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Bhattarai K, Bhattarai K, Kabir ME, Bastola R, Baral B. Fungal natural products galaxy: Biochemistry and molecular genetics toward blockbuster drugs discovery. ADVANCES IN GENETICS 2021; 107:193-284. [PMID: 33641747 DOI: 10.1016/bs.adgen.2020.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Secondary metabolites synthesized by fungi have become a precious source of inspiration for the design of novel drugs. Indeed, fungi are prolific producers of fascinating, diverse, structurally complex, and low-molecular-mass natural products with high therapeutic leads, such as novel antimicrobial compounds, anticancer compounds, immunosuppressive agents, among others. Given that these microorganisms possess the extraordinary capacity to secrete diverse chemical scaffolds, they have been highly exploited by the giant pharma companies to generate small molecules. This has been made possible because the isolation of metabolites from fungal natural sources is feasible and surpasses the organic synthesis of compounds, which otherwise remains a significant bottleneck in the drug discovery process. Here in this comprehensive review, we have discussed recent studies on different fungi (pathogenic, non-pathogenic, commensal, and endophytic/symbiotic) from different habitats (terrestrial and marines), the specialized metabolites they biosynthesize, and the drugs derived from these specialized metabolites. Moreover, we have unveiled the logic behind the biosynthesis of vital chemical scaffolds, such as NRPS, PKS, PKS-NRPS hybrid, RiPPS, terpenoids, indole alkaloids, and their genetic mechanisms. Besides, we have provided a glimpse of the concept behind mycotoxins, virulence factor, and host immune response based on fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keshab Bhattarai
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Keshab Bhattarai
- Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Md Ehsanul Kabir
- Animal Health Research Division, Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Rina Bastola
- Spinal Cord Injury Association-Nepal (SCIAN), Pokhara, Nepal
| | - Bikash Baral
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
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25
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Fernandez-Bunster G. Diversity, Phylogenetic Profiling of Genus Penicillium, and Their Potential Applications. Fungal Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-67561-5_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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26
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El Hajj Assaf C, Zetina-Serrano C, Tahtah N, Khoury AE, Atoui A, Oswald IP, Puel O, Lorber S. Regulation of Secondary Metabolism in the Penicillium Genus. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E9462. [PMID: 33322713 PMCID: PMC7763326 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Penicillium, one of the most common fungi occurring in a diverse range of habitats, has a worldwide distribution and a large economic impact on human health. Hundreds of the species belonging to this genus cause disastrous decay in food crops and are able to produce a varied range of secondary metabolites, from which we can distinguish harmful mycotoxins. Some Penicillium species are considered to be important producers of patulin and ochratoxin A, two well-known mycotoxins. The production of these mycotoxins and other secondary metabolites is controlled and regulated by different mechanisms. The aim of this review is to highlight the different levels of regulation of secondary metabolites in the Penicillium genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christelle El Hajj Assaf
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31027 Toulouse, France; (C.E.H.A.); (C.Z.-S.); (N.T.); (I.P.O.); (S.L.)
- Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), member of Food2Know, Brusselsesteenweg 370, 9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - Chrystian Zetina-Serrano
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31027 Toulouse, France; (C.E.H.A.); (C.Z.-S.); (N.T.); (I.P.O.); (S.L.)
| | - Nadia Tahtah
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31027 Toulouse, France; (C.E.H.A.); (C.Z.-S.); (N.T.); (I.P.O.); (S.L.)
- Centre D’analyse et de Recherche, Unité de Recherche Technologies et Valorisations Agro-Alimentaires, Faculté des Sciences, Université Saint-Joseph, P.O. Box 17-5208, Mar Mikhael, Beirut 1104, Lebanon;
| | - André El Khoury
- Centre D’analyse et de Recherche, Unité de Recherche Technologies et Valorisations Agro-Alimentaires, Faculté des Sciences, Université Saint-Joseph, P.O. Box 17-5208, Mar Mikhael, Beirut 1104, Lebanon;
| | - Ali Atoui
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Life and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Sciences I, Lebanese University, Hadath Campus, P.O. Box 5, Beirut 1104, Lebanon;
| | - Isabelle P. Oswald
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31027 Toulouse, France; (C.E.H.A.); (C.Z.-S.); (N.T.); (I.P.O.); (S.L.)
| | - Olivier Puel
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31027 Toulouse, France; (C.E.H.A.); (C.Z.-S.); (N.T.); (I.P.O.); (S.L.)
| | - Sophie Lorber
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31027 Toulouse, France; (C.E.H.A.); (C.Z.-S.); (N.T.); (I.P.O.); (S.L.)
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Luciano‐Rosario D, Keller NP, Jurick WM. Penicillium expansum: biology, omics, and management tools for a global postharvest pathogen causing blue mould of pome fruit. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2020; 21:1391-1404. [PMID: 32969130 PMCID: PMC7548999 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Blue mould, caused primarily by Penicillium expansum, is a major threat to the global pome fruit industry, causing multimillion-dollar losses annually. The blue mould fungus negatively affects fruit quality, thereby reducing fresh fruit consumption, and significantly contributes to food loss. P. expansum also produces an array of mycotoxins that are detrimental to human health. Management options are limited and the emergence of fungicide-resistant Penicillium spp. makes disease management difficult, therefore new approaches and tools are needed to combat blue mould in storage. This species profile comprises a comprehensive literature review of this aggressive pathogen associated with pomes (apple, pear, quince), focusing on biology, mechanisms of disease, control, genomics, and the newest developments in disease management. TAXONOMY Penicillium expansum Link 1809. Domain Eukaryota, Kingdom Fungi, Phylum Ascomycota, Subphylum Pezizomycotina, Class Eurotiomycetes, Subclass: Eurotiomycetidae, Order Eurotiales; Family Trichocomaceae, Genus Penicillium, Species expansum. BIOLOGY A wide host range necrotrophic postharvest pathogen that requires a wound (e.g., stem pull, punctures, bruises, shoulder cracks) or natural openings (e.g., lenticel, stem end, calyx sinus) to gain ingress and infect. TOXINS Patulin, citrinin, chaetoglobosins, communesins, roquefortine C, expansolides A and B, ochratoxin A, penitrem A, rubratoxin B, and penicillic acid. HOST RANGE Primarily apples, European pear, Asian pear, medlar, and quince. Blue mould has also been reported on stone fruits (cherry, plum, peach), small fruits (grape, strawberry, kiwi), and hazel nut. DISEASE SYMPTOMS Blue mould initially appears as light tan to dark brown circular lesions with a defined margin between the decayed and healthy tissues. The decayed tissue is soft and watery, and blue-green spore masses appear on the decayed area, starting at the infection site and radiating outward as the decayed area ages. DISEASE CONTROL Preharvest fungicides with postharvest activity and postharvest fungicides are primarily used to control decay. Orchard and packinghouse sanitation methods are also critical components of an integrated pest management strategy. USEFUL WEBSITES Penn State Tree Fruit Production Guide (https://extension.psu.edu/forage-and-food-crops/fruit), Washington State Comprehensive Tree Fruit (http://treefruit.wsu.edu/crop-protection/disease-management/blue-mold/), The Apple Rot Doctor (https://waynejurick.wixsite.com/applerotdr), penicillium expansum genome sequences and resources (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genome/browse/#!/eukaryotes/11336/).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nancy P. Keller
- Department of Medical Microbiology and ImmunologyDepartment of BacteriologyFood Research InstituteUniversity of Wisconsin at MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
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Zetina-Serrano C, Rocher O, Naylies C, Lippi Y, Oswald IP, Lorber S, Puel O. The brlA Gene Deletion Reveals That Patulin Biosynthesis Is Not Related to Conidiation in Penicillium expansum. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6660. [PMID: 32932988 PMCID: PMC7555563 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dissemination and survival of ascomycetes is through asexual spores. The brlA gene encodes a C2H2-type zinc-finger transcription factor, which is essential for asexual development. Penicillium expansum causes blue mold disease and is the main source of patulin, a mycotoxin that contaminates apple-based food. A P. expansum PeΔbrlA deficient strain was generated by homologous recombination. In vivo, suppression of brlA completely blocked the development of conidiophores that takes place after the formation of coremia/synnemata, a required step for the perforation of the apple epicarp. Metabolome analysis displayed that patulin production was enhanced by brlA suppression, explaining a higher in vivo aggressiveness compared to the wild type (WT) strain. No patulin was detected in the synnemata, suggesting that patulin biosynthesis stopped when the fungus exited the apple. In vitro transcriptome analysis of PeΔbrlA unveiled an up-regulated biosynthetic gene cluster (PEXP_073960-PEXP_074060) that shares high similarity with the chaetoglobosin gene cluster of Chaetomium globosum. Metabolome analysis of PeΔbrlA confirmed these observations by unveiling a greater diversity of chaetoglobosin derivatives. We observed that chaetoglobosins A and C were found only in the synnemata, located outside of the apple, whereas other chaetoglobosins were detected in apple flesh, suggesting a spatial-temporal organization of the chaetoglobosin biosynthesis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Olivier Puel
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31027 Toulouse, France; (C.Z.-S.); (O.R.); (C.N.); (Y.L.); (I.P.O.); (S.L.)
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Li B, Chen Y, Zhang Z, Qin G, Chen T, Tian S. Molecular basis and regulation of pathogenicity and patulin biosynthesis in
Penicillium expansum. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2020; 19:3416-3438. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Boqiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- Key Laboratory of Post‐Harvest Handing of Fruits Ministry of Agriculture Beijing China
| | - Yong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Zhanquan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Guozheng Qin
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- Key Laboratory of Post‐Harvest Handing of Fruits Ministry of Agriculture Beijing China
| | - Tong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Shiping Tian
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- Key Laboratory of Post‐Harvest Handing of Fruits Ministry of Agriculture Beijing China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
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