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Schmithorst V, Bais A, Badaly D, Williams K, Gabriel G, Ceschin R, Wallace J, Lee V, Lopez O, Cohen A, Martin LJ, Lo C, Panigrahy A. Complex Regulation of Protocadherin Epigenetics on Aging-Related Brain Health. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2024.04.21.24306143. [PMID: 38712165 PMCID: PMC11071558 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.21.24306143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Life expectancy continues to increase in the high-income world due to advances in medical care; however, quality of life declines with increasing age due to normal aging processes. Current research suggests that various aspects of aging are genetically modulated and thus may be slowed via genetic modification. Here, we show evidence for epigenetic modulation of the aging process in the brain from over 1800 individuals as part of the Framingham Heart Study. We investigated the methylation of genes in the protocadherin (PCDH) clusters, including the alpha (PCHDA), beta (PCDHB), and gamma (PCDHG) clusters. Reduced PCDHG, elevated PCDHA, and elevated PCDHB methylation levels were associated with substantial reductions in the rate of decline of regional white matter volume as well as certain cognitive skills, independent of overall accelerated or retarded aging as estimated by a DNA clock. These results are likely due to the different effects of the expression of genes in the alpha, beta, and gamma PCHD clusters and suggest that experience-based aging processes related to a decline in regional brain volume and select cognitive skills may be slowed via targeted epigenetic modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Schmithorst
- UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Department of Radiology
| | - Abha Bais
- University of Pittsburgh Department of Developmental Biology
| | | | | | | | - Rafael Ceschin
- UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Department of Radiology
| | - Julia Wallace
- UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Department of Radiology
| | - Vince Lee
- UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Department of Radiology
| | - Oscar Lopez
- University of Pittsburgh Department of Neurology
| | - Annie Cohen
- University of Pittsburgh Department of Psychiatry
| | - Lisa J. Martin
- Department of Pediatrics Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine
| | - Cecilia Lo
- University of Pittsburgh Integrative Systems Biology
| | - Ashok Panigrahy
- UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Department of Radiology
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2
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Zhong J, Wang C, Zhang D, Yao X, Zhao Q, Huang X, Lin F, Xue C, Wang Y, He R, Li XY, Li Q, Wang M, Zhao S, Afridi SK, Zhou W, Wang Z, Xu Y, Xu Z. PCDHA9 as a candidate gene for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2189. [PMID: 38467605 PMCID: PMC10928119 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46333-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a devastating neurodegenerative disease. To identify additional genetic factors, we analyzed exome sequences in a large cohort of Chinese ALS patients and found a homozygous variant (p.L700P) in PCDHA9 in three unrelated patients. We generated Pcdhα9 mutant mice harboring either orthologous point mutation or deletion mutation. These mice develop progressive spinal motor loss, muscle atrophy, and structural/functional abnormalities of the neuromuscular junction, leading to paralysis and early lethality. TDP-43 pathology is detected in the spinal motor neurons of aged mutant mice. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that Pcdha9 mutation causes aberrant activation of FAK and PYK2 in aging spinal cord, and dramatically reduced NKA-α1 expression in motor neurons. Our single nucleus multi-omics analysis reveals disturbed signaling involved in cell adhesion, ion transport, synapse organization, and neuronal survival in aged mutant mice. Together, our results present PCDHA9 as a potential ALS gene and provide insights into its pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Chaodong Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disease, Beijing, 100053, China.
| | - Dan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Xiaoli Yao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Quanzhen Zhao
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xusheng Huang
- Department of Neurology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Feng Lin
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, 350001, China
| | - Chun Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yaqing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Ruojie He
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Xu-Ying Li
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disease, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Qibin Li
- Shenzhen Clabee Biotechnology Incorporation, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Mingbang Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Birth Defects, Division of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Center for Children's Health, Shanghai, 201102, China
| | - Shaoli Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Shabbir Khan Afridi
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Wenhao Zhou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Birth Defects, Division of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Center for Children's Health, Shanghai, 201102, China
| | - Zhanjun Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disease, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Yanming Xu
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Zhiheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
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3
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Kinoshita S, Kojima K, Ohnishi E, Takayama Y, Kikuchi H, Takada S, Nakabayashi K, Kawai T, Hata K. Loss of NSD2 causes dysregulation of synaptic genes and altered H3K36 dimethylation in mice. Front Genet 2024; 15:1308234. [PMID: 38419783 PMCID: PMC10899350 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2024.1308234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Epigenetic disruptions have been implicated in neurodevelopmental disorders. NSD2 is associated with developmental delay/intellectual disability; however, its role in brain development and function remains unclear. Methods: We performed transcriptomic and epigenetic analyses using Nsd2 knockout mice to better understand the role of NSD2 in the brain. Results and discussion: Transcriptomic analysis revealed that the loss of NSD2 caused dysregulation of genes related to synaptic transmission and formation. By analyzing changes in H3 lysine 36 dimethylation (H3K36me2), NSD2-mediated H3K36me2 mainly marked quiescent state regions and the redistribution of H3K36me2 occurred at transcribed genes and enhancers. By integrating transcriptomic and epigenetic data, we observed that H3K36me2 changes in a subset of dysregulated genes related to synaptic transmission and formation. These results suggest that NSD2 is involved in the regulation of genes important for neural function through H3K36me2. Our findings provide insights into the role of NSD2 and improve our understanding of epigenetic regulation in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiori Kinoshita
- Department of Maternal-Fetal Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of NCCHD Child Health and Development, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Kojima
- Department of Maternal-Fetal Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eriko Ohnishi
- Department of Maternal-Fetal Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuka Takayama
- Department of Maternal-Fetal Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kikuchi
- Department of Maternal-Fetal Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shuji Takada
- Department of Systems BioMedicine, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Nakabayashi
- Department of Maternal-Fetal Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoko Kawai
- Department of Maternal-Fetal Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Hata
- Department of Maternal-Fetal Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
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4
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Long RM, Ong H, Wang WX, Komirishetty P, Areti A, Chandrasekhar A, Larouche M, Lefebvre JL, Zochodne DW. The Role of Protocadherin γ in Adult Sensory Neurons and Skin Reinnervation. J Neurosci 2023; 43:8348-8366. [PMID: 37821230 PMCID: PMC10711737 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1940-22.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The clustered protocadherins (cPcdhs) play a critical role in the patterning of several CNS axon and dendritic arbors, through regulation of homophilic self and neighboring interactions. While not explored, primary peripheral sensory afferents that innervate the epidermis may require similar constraints to convey spatial signals with appropriate fidelity. Here, we show that members of the γ-Pcdh (Pcdhγ) family are expressed in both adult sensory neuron axons and in neighboring keratinocytes that have close interactions during skin reinnervation. Adult mice of both sexes were studied. Pcdhγ knock-down either through small interfering RNA (siRNA) transduction or AAV-Cre recombinase transfection of adult mouse primary sensory neurons from floxed Pcdhγ mice was associated with a remarkable rise in neurite outgrowth and branching. Rises in outgrowth were abrogated by Rac1 inhibition. Moreover, AAV-Cre knock-down in Pcdhγ floxed neurons generated a rise in neurite self-intersections, and a robust rise in neighbor intersections or tiling, suggesting a role in sensory axon repulsion. Interestingly, preconditioned (3-d axotomy) neurons with enhanced growth had temporary declines in Pcdhγ and lessened outgrowth from Pcdhγ siRNA. In vivo, mice with local hindpaw skin Pcdhγ knock-down by siRNA had accelerated reinnervation by new epidermal axons with greater terminal branching and reduced intra-axonal spacing. Pcdhγ knock-down also had reciprocal impacts on keratinocyte density and nuclear size. Taken together, this work provides evidence for a role of Pcdhγ in attenuating outgrowth of sensory axons and their interactions, with implications in how new reinnervating axons following injury fare amid skin keratinocytes that also express Pcdhγ.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The molecular mechanisms and potential constraints that govern skin reinnervation and patterning by sensory axons are largely unexplored. Here, we show that γ-protocadherins (Pcdhγ) may help to dictate interaction not only among axons but also between axons and keratinocytes as the former re-enter the skin during reinnervation. Pcdhγ neuronal knock-down enhances outgrowth in peripheral sensory neurons, involving the growth cone protein Rac1 whereas skin Pcdhγ knock-down generates rises in terminal epidermal axon growth and branching during re-innervation. Manipulation of sensory axon regrowth within the epidermis offers an opportunity to influence regenerative outcomes following nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M Long
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and the Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Honyi Ong
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and the Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Wendy Xueyi Wang
- Program for Neuroscience and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5R 0A3, Canada
| | - Prashanth Komirishetty
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and the Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Aparna Areti
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and the Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Ambika Chandrasekhar
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and the Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Matt Larouche
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and the Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Julie L Lefebvre
- Program for Neuroscience and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5R 0A3, Canada
| | - Douglas W Zochodne
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and the Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada
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5
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Kawamura N, Osuka T, Kaneko R, Kishi E, Higuchi R, Yoshimura Y, Hirabayashi T, Yagi T, Tarusawa E. Reciprocal Connections between Parvalbumin-Expressing Cells and Adjacent Pyramidal Cells Are Regulated by Clustered Protocadherin γ. eNeuro 2023; 10:ENEURO.0250-23.2023. [PMID: 37890993 PMCID: PMC10614112 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0250-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional neural circuits in the cerebral cortex are established through specific neural connections between excitatory and various inhibitory cell types. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying synaptic partner recognition remain unclear. In this study, we examined the impact of clustered protocadherin-γ (cPcdhγ) gene deletion in parvalbumin-positive (PV+) cells on intralaminar and translaminar neural circuits formed between PV+ and pyramidal (Pyr) cells in the primary visual cortex (V1) of male and female mice. First, we used whole-cell recordings and laser-scan photostimulation with caged glutamate to map excitatory inputs from layer 2/3 to layer 6. We found that cPcdhγ-deficient PV+ cells in layer 2/3 received normal translaminar inputs from Pyr cells through layers 2/3-6. Second, to further elucidate the effect on PV+-Pyr microcircuits within intralaminar layer 2/3, we conducted multiple whole-cell recordings. While the overall connection probability of PV+-Pyr cells remained largely unchanged, the connectivity of PV+-Pyr was significantly different between control and PV+-specific cPcdhγ-conditional knock-out (PV-cKO) mice. In control mice, the number of reciprocally connected PV+ cells was significantly higher than PV+ cells connected one way to Pyr cells, a difference that was not significant in PV-cKO mice. Interestingly, the proportion of highly reciprocally connected PV+ cells to Pyr cells with large unitary IPSC (uIPSC) amplitudes was reduced in PV-cKO mice. Conversely, the proportion of middle reciprocally connected PV+ cells to Pyr cells with large uIPSC amplitudes increased compared with control mice. This study demonstrated that cPcdhγ in PV+ cells modulates their reciprocity with Pyr cells in the cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanami Kawamura
- KOKORO-Biology Group, Laboratories for Integrated Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tomoki Osuka
- KOKORO-Biology Group, Laboratories for Integrated Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Kaneko
- KOKORO-Biology Group, Laboratories for Integrated Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Eri Kishi
- KOKORO-Biology Group, Laboratories for Integrated Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ryuon Higuchi
- KOKORO-Biology Group, Laboratories for Integrated Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yumiko Yoshimura
- Section of Visual Information Processing, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Department of Physiological Sciences, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Takahiro Hirabayashi
- Clinical Medicine Research Laboratory, Shonan University of Medical Sciences, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama 244-0806, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yagi
- KOKORO-Biology Group, Laboratories for Integrated Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Etsuko Tarusawa
- KOKORO-Biology Group, Laboratories for Integrated Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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6
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Hoshino N, Kanadome T, Takasugi T, Itoh M, Kaneko R, Inoue YU, Inoue T, Hirabayashi T, Watanabe M, Matsuda T, Nagai T, Tarusawa E, Yagi T. Visualization of trans homophilic interaction of clustered protocadherin in neurons. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2301003120. [PMID: 37695902 PMCID: PMC10515168 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2301003120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Clustered protocadherin (Pcdh) functions as a cell recognition molecule through the homophilic interaction in the central nervous system. However, its interactions have not yet been visualized in neurons. We previously reported PcdhγB2-Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) probes to be applicable only to cell lines. Herein, we designed γB2-FRET probes by fusing FRET donor and acceptor fluorescent proteins to a single γB2 molecule and succeeded in visualizing γB2 homophilic interaction in cultured hippocampal neurons. The γB2-FRET probe localized in the soma and neurites, and FRET signals, which were observed at contact sites between neurites, eliminated by ethylene glycol tetraacetic acid (EGTA) addition. Live imaging revealed that the FRET-negative γB2 signals rapidly moved along neurites and soma, whereas the FRET-positive signals remained in place. We observed that the γB2 proteins at synapses rarely interact homophilically. The γB2-FRET probe might allow us to elucidate the function of the homophilic interaction and the cell recognition mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsumi Hoshino
- KOKORO-Biology Group, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka565-0871, Japan
| | - Takashi Kanadome
- Department of Biomolecular Science and Engineering, SANKEN, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka567-0047, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology, Kawaguchi, Saitama332-0012, Japan
| | - Tomomi Takasugi
- KOKORO-Biology Group, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka565-0871, Japan
| | - Mizuho Itoh
- KOKORO-Biology Group, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka565-0871, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Kaneko
- KOKORO-Biology Group, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka565-0871, Japan
| | - Yukiko U. Inoue
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo187-8501, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Inoue
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo187-8501, Japan
| | - Takahiro Hirabayashi
- KOKORO-Biology Group, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka565-0871, Japan
- Clinical Medicine Research Laboratory, Shonan University of Medical Sciences, Yokohama244-0806, Japan
| | - Masahiko Watanabe
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido060-8638, Japan
| | - Tomoki Matsuda
- Department of Biomolecular Science and Engineering, SANKEN, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka567-0047, Japan
| | - Takeharu Nagai
- Department of Biomolecular Science and Engineering, SANKEN, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka567-0047, Japan
| | - Etsuko Tarusawa
- KOKORO-Biology Group, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka565-0871, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yagi
- KOKORO-Biology Group, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka565-0871, Japan
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7
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Deng Z, Chen M, Zhao Z, Xiao W, Liu T, Peng Q, Wu Z, Xu S, Shi W, Jian D, Wang B, Liu F, Tang Y, Huang Y, Zhang Y, Wang Q, Sun L, Xie H, Zhang G, Li J. Whole genome sequencing identifies genetic variants associated with neurogenic inflammation in rosacea. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3958. [PMID: 37402769 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39761-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Rosacea is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder with high incidence rate. Although genetic predisposition to rosacea is suggested by existing evidence, the genetic basis remains largely unknown. Here we present the integrated results of whole genome sequencing (WGS) in 3 large rosacea families and whole exome sequencing (WES) in 49 additional validation families. We identify single rare deleterious variants of LRRC4, SH3PXD2A and SLC26A8 in large families, respectively. The relevance of SH3PXD2A, SLC26A8 and LRR family genes in rosacea predisposition is underscored by presence of additional variants in independent families. Gene ontology analysis suggests that these genes encode proteins taking part in neural synaptic processes and cell adhesion. In vitro functional analysis shows that mutations in LRRC4, SH3PXD2A and SLC26A8 induce the production of vasoactive neuropeptides in human neural cells. In a mouse model recapitulating a recurrent Lrrc4 mutation from human patients, we find rosacea-like skin inflammation, underpinned by excessive vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) release by peripheral neurons. These findings strongly support familial inheritance and neurogenic inflammation in rosacea development and provide mechanistic insight into the etiopathogenesis of the condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhili Deng
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Aging Biology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Mengting Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Aging Biology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhixiang Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Aging Biology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wenqin Xiao
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Aging Biology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Tangxiele Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Aging Biology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qinqin Peng
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Aging Biology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zheng Wu
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Aging Biology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - San Xu
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Aging Biology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wei Shi
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Aging Biology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Dan Jian
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Aging Biology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ben Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Aging Biology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Fangfen Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Aging Biology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yan Tang
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Aging Biology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yingxue Huang
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Aging Biology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yiya Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Aging Biology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Hunan Binsis Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lunquan Sun
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Radiation Oncology Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Hongfu Xie
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Aging Biology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Guohong Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China.
| | - Ji Li
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Aging Biology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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8
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Kiefer L, Chiosso A, Langen J, Buckley A, Gaudin S, Rajkumar SM, Servito GIF, Cha ES, Vijay A, Yeung A, Horta A, Mui MH, Canzio D. WAPL functions as a rheostat of Protocadherin isoform diversity that controls neural wiring. Science 2023; 380:eadf8440. [PMID: 37347873 DOI: 10.1126/science.adf8440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Neural type-specific expression of clustered Protocadherin (Pcdh) proteins is essential for the establishment of connectivity patterns during brain development. In mammals, deterministic expression of the same Pcdh isoform promotes minimal overlap of tiled projections of serotonergic neuron axons throughout the brain, while stochastic expression of Pcdh genes allows for convergence of tightly packed, overlapping olfactory sensory neuron axons into targeted structures. How can the same gene locus generate opposite transcriptional programs that orchestrate distinct spatial arrangements of axonal patterns? Here, we reveal that cell type-specific Pcdh expression and axonal behavior depend on the activity of cohesin and its unloader, WAPL (wings apart-like protein homolog). While cohesin erases genomic-distance biases in Pcdh choice, WAPL functions as a rheostat of cohesin processivity that determines Pcdh isoform diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Kiefer
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Anna Chiosso
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Jennifer Langen
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Alex Buckley
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Simon Gaudin
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Ecole Normale Superieure de Lyon, 69432 Lyon, France
| | - Sandy M Rajkumar
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Gabrielle Isabelle F Servito
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Elizabeth S Cha
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Akshara Vijay
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Albert Yeung
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Adan Horta
- Pura Vida Investments, New York, NY 10106, USA
| | - Michael H Mui
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Daniele Canzio
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Chan-Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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9
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Meltzer S, Boulanger KC, Chirila AM, Osei-Asante E, DeLisle M, Zhang Q, Kalish BT, Tasnim A, Huey EL, Fuller LC, Flaherty EK, Maniatis T, Garrett AM, Weiner JA, Ginty DD. γ-Protocadherins control synapse formation and peripheral branching of touch sensory neurons. Neuron 2023; 111:1776-1794.e10. [PMID: 37028432 PMCID: PMC10365546 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2023.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
Abstract
Light touch sensation begins with activation of low-threshold mechanoreceptor (LTMR) endings in the skin and propagation of their signals to the spinal cord and brainstem. We found that the clustered protocadherin gamma (Pcdhg) gene locus, which encodes 22 cell-surface homophilic binding proteins, is required in somatosensory neurons for normal behavioral reactivity to a range of tactile stimuli. Developmentally, distinct Pcdhg isoforms mediate LTMR synapse formation through neuron-neuron interactions and peripheral axonal branching through neuron-glia interactions. The Pcdhgc3 isoform mediates homophilic interactions between sensory axons and spinal cord neurons to promote synapse formation in vivo and is sufficient to induce postsynaptic specializations in vitro. Moreover, loss of Pcdhgs and somatosensory synaptic inputs to the dorsal horn leads to fewer corticospinal synapses on dorsal horn neurons. These findings reveal essential roles for Pcdhg isoform diversity in somatosensory neuron synapse formation, peripheral axonal branching, and stepwise assembly of central mechanosensory circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Meltzer
- Department of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Katelyn C Boulanger
- Department of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Anda M Chirila
- Department of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Emmanuella Osei-Asante
- Department of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michelle DeLisle
- Department of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Qiyu Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Brian T Kalish
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Aniqa Tasnim
- Department of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Erica L Huey
- Department of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Leah C Fuller
- Department of Biology and Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, 143 Biology Building, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Erin K Flaherty
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Zuckerman Institute of Mind Brain and Behavior, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Tom Maniatis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Zuckerman Institute of Mind Brain and Behavior, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Andrew M Garrett
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 540 E. Canfield St. 7322 Scott Hall, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Joshua A Weiner
- Department of Biology and Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, 143 Biology Building, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - David D Ginty
- Department of Neurobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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10
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Kautiainen R, Aleksonis H, King TZ. A Systematic Review of Host Genomic Variation and Neuropsychological Outcomes for Pediatric Cancer Survivors. Neuropsychol Rev 2023; 33:278-306. [PMID: 35305234 DOI: 10.1007/s11065-022-09539-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Pediatric survivors of brain tumors and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) are at risk for long-term deficits in their neuropsychological functioning. Researchers have begun examining associations between germline single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), which interact with cancer treatment, and neuropsychological outcomes. This review synthesizes the impact of treatment-related toxicity from germline SNPs by neuropsychological domain (i.e., working memory, processing speed, psychological functioning) in pediatric survivors. By focusing on specific neuropsychological domains, this review will examine outcome measurement and critique methodology. Fourteen studies were identified and included in this review using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). All studies were published in peer-reviewed journals in English by November 24th, 2021. Reviewed studies were not of sufficient quality for a meta-analysis due to varying measurement strategies, gaps in reported descriptive variables, and low power. All neuropsychological domains evaluated in this review had associations with SNPs, except fine motor and visual integration abilities. Only five SNPs had consistent neuropsychological findings in more than one study or cohort. Future research and replication studies should use validated measures of discrete skills that are central to empirically validated models of survivors' long-term outcomes (i.e., attention, working memory, processing speed). Researchers should examine SNPs across pathophysiological pathways to investigate additive genetic risk in pediatric cancer survivors. Two SNPs were identified that confer resiliency in neuropsychological functioning, and future work should investigate resiliency genotypes and their underlying biological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rella Kautiainen
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Holly Aleksonis
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Tricia Z King
- Department of Psychology and the Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia.
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11
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Kobayashi H, Takemoto K, Sanbo M, Hirabayashi M, Hirabayashi T, Hirayama T, Kiyonari H, Abe T, Yagi T. Isoform requirement of clustered protocadherin for preventing neuronal apoptosis and neonatal lethality. iScience 2023; 26:105766. [PMID: 36582829 PMCID: PMC9793319 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Clustered protocadherin is a family of cell-surface recognition molecules implicated in neuronal connectivity that has a diverse isoform repertoire and homophilic binding specificity. Mice have 58 isoforms, encoded by Pcdhα, β, and γ gene clusters, and mutant mice lacking all isoforms died after birth, displaying massive neuronal apoptosis and synapse loss. The current hypothesis is that the three specific γC-type isoforms, especially γC4, are essential for the phenotype, raising the question about the necessity of isoform diversity. We generated TC mutant mice that expressed the three γC-type isoforms but lacked all the other 55 isoforms. The TC mutants died immediately after birth, showing massive neuronal death, and γC3 or γC4 expression did not prevent apoptosis. Restoring the α- and β-clusters with the three γC alleles rescued the phenotype, suggesting that along with the three γC-type isoforms, other isoforms are also required for the survival of neurons and individual mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Kobayashi
- KOKORO-Biology Group, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Division of Biophysical Engineering, Department of Systems Science, School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka 565-8531, Japan
| | - Kenji Takemoto
- KOKORO-Biology Group, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Makoto Sanbo
- Section of Mammalian Transgenesis, Center for Genetic Analysis of Behavior, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Masumi Hirabayashi
- Section of Mammalian Transgenesis, Center for Genetic Analysis of Behavior, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Takahiro Hirabayashi
- KOKORO-Biology Group, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Teruyoshi Hirayama
- KOKORO-Biology Group, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Neurobiology, Tokushima University, Graduate School of Medical Science, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kiyonari
- Laboratory for Animal Resources and Genetic Engineering, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe 6500047, Japan
| | - Takaya Abe
- Laboratory for Animal Resources and Genetic Engineering, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe 6500047, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yagi
- KOKORO-Biology Group, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Division of Biophysical Engineering, Department of Systems Science, School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka 565-8531, Japan
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12
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Burek M, Kaupp V, Blecharz-Lang K, Dilling C, Meybohm P. Protocadherin gamma C3: a new player in regulating vascular barrier function. Neural Regen Res 2023. [PMID: 35799511 PMCID: PMC9241426 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.343896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Defects in the endothelial cell barrier accompany diverse malfunctions of the central nervous system such as neurodegenerative diseases, stroke, traumatic brain injury, and systemic diseases such as sepsis, viral and bacterial infections, and cancer. Compromised endothelial sealing leads to leaking blood vessels, followed by vasogenic edema. Brain edema as the most common complication caused by stroke and traumatic brain injury is the leading cause of death. Brain microvascular endothelial cells, together with astrocytes, pericytes, microglia, and neurons form a selective barrier, the so-called blood-brain barrier, which regulates the movement of molecules inside and outside of the brain. Mechanisms that regulate blood-brain barrier permeability in health and disease are complex and not fully understood. Several newly discovered molecules that are involved in the regulation of cellular processes in brain microvascular endothelial cells have been described in the literature in recent years. One of these molecules that are highly expressed in brain microvascular endothelial cells is protocadherin gamma C3. In this review, we discuss recent evidence that protocadherin gamma C3 is a newly identified key player involved in the regulation of vascular barrier function.
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13
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Hagelkruys A, Horrer M, Taubenschmid-Stowers J, Kavirayani A, Novatchkova M, Orthofer M, Pai TP, Cikes D, Zhuk S, Balmaña M, Esk C, Koglgruber R, Moeseneder P, Lazovic J, Zopf LM, Cronin SJ, Elling U, Knoblich JA, Penninger JM. The HUSH complex controls brain architecture and protocadherin fidelity. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabo7247. [PMID: 36332029 PMCID: PMC9635835 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abo7247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The HUSH (human silencing hub) complex contains the H3K9me3 binding protein M-phase phosphoprotein 8 (MPP8) and recruits the histone methyltransferase SETDB1 as well as Microrchidia CW-type zinc finger protein 2 (MORC2). Functional and mechanistic studies of the HUSH complex have hitherto been centered around SETDB1 while the in vivo functions of MPP8 and MORC2 remain elusive. Here, we show that genetic inactivation of Mphosph8 or Morc2a in the nervous system of mice leads to increased brain size, altered brain architecture, and behavioral changes. Mechanistically, in both mouse brains and human cerebral organoids, MPP8 and MORC2 suppress the repetitive-like protocadherin gene cluster in an H3K9me3-dependent manner. Our data identify MPP8 and MORC2, previously linked to silencing of repetitive elements via the HUSH complex, as key epigenetic regulators of protocadherin expression in the nervous system and thereby brain development and neuronal individuality in mice and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Hagelkruys
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna, Austria
| | - Marion Horrer
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Maria Novatchkova
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Orthofer
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna, Austria
| | - Tsung-Pin Pai
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna, Austria
| | - Domagoj Cikes
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna, Austria
| | - Sergei Zhuk
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna, Austria
| | - Meritxell Balmaña
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna, Austria
| | - Christopher Esk
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna, Austria
| | - Rubina Koglgruber
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna, Austria
| | - Paul Moeseneder
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna, Austria
| | - Jelena Lazovic
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna, Austria
| | - Lydia M. Zopf
- Vienna Biocenter Core Facilities (VBCF), Vienna, Austria
| | - Shane J.F. Cronin
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna, Austria
| | - Ulrich Elling
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna, Austria
| | - Jürgen A. Knoblich
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna, Austria
- Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Josef M. Penninger
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna, Austria
- Department of Medical Genetics, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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14
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Tuschl K, White RJ, Trivedi C, Valdivia LE, Niklaus S, Bianco IH, Dadswell C, González-Méndez R, Sealy IM, Neuhauss SCF, Houart C, Rihel J, Wilson SW, Busch-Nentwich EM. Loss of slc39a14 causes simultaneous manganese hypersensitivity and deficiency in zebrafish. Dis Model Mech 2022; 15:dmm044594. [PMID: 35514229 PMCID: PMC9227717 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.044594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Manganese neurotoxicity is a hallmark of hypermanganesemia with dystonia 2, an inherited manganese transporter defect caused by mutations in SLC39A14. To identify novel potential targets of manganese neurotoxicity, we performed transcriptome analysis of slc39a14-/- mutant zebrafish that were exposed to MnCl2. Differentially expressed genes mapped to the central nervous system and eye, and pathway analysis suggested that Ca2+ dyshomeostasis and activation of the unfolded protein response are key features of manganese neurotoxicity. Consistent with this interpretation, MnCl2 exposure led to decreased whole-animal Ca2+ levels, locomotor defects and changes in neuronal activity within the telencephalon and optic tectum. In accordance with reduced tectal activity, slc39a14-/- zebrafish showed changes in visual phototransduction gene expression, absence of visual background adaptation and a diminished optokinetic reflex. Finally, numerous differentially expressed genes in mutant larvae normalised upon MnCl2 treatment indicating that, in addition to neurotoxicity, manganese deficiency is present either subcellularly or in specific cells or tissues. Overall, we assembled a comprehensive set of genes that mediate manganese-systemic responses and found a highly correlated and modulated network associated with Ca2+ dyshomeostasis and cellular stress. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Tuschl
- UCL GOS Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology and MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, IoPPN, Kings College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Richard J. White
- School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Puddicombe Way, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Chintan Trivedi
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Leonardo E. Valdivia
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
- Center for Integrative Biology, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Camino La Pirámide 5750, Huechuraba 8580745, Chile
- Escuela de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Camino La Pirámide 5750, Huechuraba 8580745, Chile
| | - Stephanie Niklaus
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Isaac H. Bianco
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Chris Dadswell
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QJ, UK
| | | | - Ian M. Sealy
- School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Puddicombe Way, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Stephan C. F. Neuhauss
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Corinne Houart
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology and MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, IoPPN, Kings College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Jason Rihel
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Stephen W. Wilson
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Elisabeth M. Busch-Nentwich
- School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Puddicombe Way, Cambridge CB2 0AW, UK
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15
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Goodman KM, Katsamba PS, Rubinstein R, Ahlsén G, Bahna F, Mannepalli S, Dan H, Sampogna RV, Shapiro L, Honig B. How clustered protocadherin binding specificity is tuned for neuronal self-/nonself-recognition. eLife 2022; 11:e72416. [PMID: 35253643 PMCID: PMC8901172 DOI: 10.7554/elife.72416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The stochastic expression of fewer than 60 clustered protocadherin (cPcdh) isoforms provides diverse identities to individual vertebrate neurons and a molecular basis for self-/nonself-discrimination. cPcdhs form chains mediated by alternating cis and trans interactions between apposed membranes, which has been suggested to signal self-recognition. Such a mechanism requires that cPcdh cis dimers form promiscuously to generate diverse recognition units, and that trans interactions have precise specificity so that isoform mismatches terminate chain growth. However, the extent to which cPcdh interactions fulfill these requirements has not been definitively demonstrated. Here, we report biophysical experiments showing that cPcdh cis interactions are promiscuous, but with preferences favoring formation of heterologous cis dimers. Trans homophilic interactions are remarkably precise, with no evidence for heterophilic interactions between different isoforms. A new C-type cPcdh crystal structure and mutagenesis data help to explain these observations. Overall, the interaction characteristics we report for cPcdhs help explain their function in neuronal self-/nonself-discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry Marie Goodman
- Zuckerman Mind, Brain and Behavior Institute, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Phinikoula S Katsamba
- Zuckerman Mind, Brain and Behavior Institute, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Rotem Rubinstein
- School of Neurobiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, Tel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael
| | - Göran Ahlsén
- Zuckerman Mind, Brain and Behavior Institute, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Fabiana Bahna
- Zuckerman Mind, Brain and Behavior Institute, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Seetha Mannepalli
- Zuckerman Mind, Brain and Behavior Institute, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Hanbin Dan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Rosemary V Sampogna
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Lawrence Shapiro
- Zuckerman Mind, Brain and Behavior Institute, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Barry Honig
- Zuckerman Mind, Brain and Behavior Institute, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
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16
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Williams DL, Sikora VM, Hammer MA, Amin S, Brinjikji T, Brumley EK, Burrows CJ, Carrillo PM, Cromer K, Edwards SJ, Emri O, Fergle D, Jenkins MJ, Kaushik K, Maydan DD, Woodard W, Clowney EJ. May the Odds Be Ever in Your Favor: Non-deterministic Mechanisms Diversifying Cell Surface Molecule Expression. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:720798. [PMID: 35087825 PMCID: PMC8787164 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.720798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
How does the information in the genome program the functions of the wide variety of cells in the body? While the development of biological organisms appears to follow an explicit set of genomic instructions to generate the same outcome each time, many biological mechanisms harness molecular noise to produce variable outcomes. Non-deterministic variation is frequently observed in the diversification of cell surface molecules that give cells their functional properties, and is observed across eukaryotic clades, from single-celled protozoans to mammals. This is particularly evident in immune systems, where random recombination produces millions of antibodies from only a few genes; in nervous systems, where stochastic mechanisms vary the sensory receptors and synaptic matching molecules produced by different neurons; and in microbial antigenic variation. These systems employ overlapping molecular strategies including allelic exclusion, gene silencing by constitutive heterochromatin, targeted double-strand breaks, and competition for limiting enhancers. Here, we describe and compare five stochastic molecular mechanisms that produce variety in pathogen coat proteins and in the cell surface receptors of animal immune and neuronal cells, with an emphasis on the utility of non-deterministic variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donnell L. Williams
- MCDB 464 – Cellular Diversity in the Immune and Nervous Systems, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Veronica Maria Sikora
- MCDB 464 – Cellular Diversity in the Immune and Nervous Systems, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Max A. Hammer
- MCDB 464 – Cellular Diversity in the Immune and Nervous Systems, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Sayali Amin
- MCDB 464 – Cellular Diversity in the Immune and Nervous Systems, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Taema Brinjikji
- MCDB 464 – Cellular Diversity in the Immune and Nervous Systems, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Emily K. Brumley
- MCDB 464 – Cellular Diversity in the Immune and Nervous Systems, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Connor J. Burrows
- MCDB 464 – Cellular Diversity in the Immune and Nervous Systems, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Paola Michelle Carrillo
- MCDB 464 – Cellular Diversity in the Immune and Nervous Systems, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Kirin Cromer
- MCDB 464 – Cellular Diversity in the Immune and Nervous Systems, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Summer J. Edwards
- MCDB 464 – Cellular Diversity in the Immune and Nervous Systems, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Olivia Emri
- MCDB 464 – Cellular Diversity in the Immune and Nervous Systems, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Daniel Fergle
- MCDB 464 – Cellular Diversity in the Immune and Nervous Systems, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - M. Jamal Jenkins
- MCDB 464 – Cellular Diversity in the Immune and Nervous Systems, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Krishangi Kaushik
- MCDB 464 – Cellular Diversity in the Immune and Nervous Systems, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Daniella D. Maydan
- MCDB 464 – Cellular Diversity in the Immune and Nervous Systems, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Wrenn Woodard
- MCDB 464 – Cellular Diversity in the Immune and Nervous Systems, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - E. Josephine Clowney
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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McLeod CM, Garrett AM. Mouse models for the study of clustered protocadherins. Curr Top Dev Biol 2022; 148:115-137. [PMID: 35461562 PMCID: PMC9152800 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2021.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Since their first description, the clustered protocadherins (cPcdhs) have sparked interest for their potential to generate diverse cell-surface recognition cues and their widespread expression in the nervous system. Through the use of mouse models, we have learned a great deal about the functions served by cPcdhs, and how their molecular diversity is regulated. cPcdhs are essential contributors to a host of processes during neural circuit formation, including neuronal survival, dendritic and axonal branching, self-avoidance and targeting, and synapse formation. Their expression is controlled by the interplay of epigenetic marks with proximal and distal elements involving high order DNA looping, regulating transcription factor binding. Here, we will review various mouse models targeting the cPcdh locus and how they have been instructive in uncovering the regulation and function of the cPcdhs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathy M. McLeod
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine
| | - Andrew M. Garrett
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine,Department of Ophthalmology, Visual, and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine
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A loss-of-function variant in SUV39H2 identified in autism-spectrum disorder causes altered H3K9 trimethylation and dysregulation of protocadherin β-cluster genes in the developing brain. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:7550-7559. [PMID: 34262135 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01199-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent evidence has documented the potential roles of histone-modifying enzymes in autism-spectrum disorder (ASD). Aberrant histone H3 lysine 9 (H3K9) dimethylation resulting from genetic variants in histone methyltransferases is known for neurodevelopmental and behavioral anomalies. However, a systematic examination of H3K9 methylation dynamics in ASD is lacking. Here we resequenced nine genes for histone methyltransferases and demethylases involved in H3K9 methylation in individuals with ASD and healthy controls using targeted next-generation sequencing. We identified a novel rare variant (A211S) in the SUV39H2, which was predicted to be deleterious. The variant showed strongly reduced histone methyltransferase activity in vitro. In silico analysis showed that the variant destabilizes the hydrophobic core and allosterically affects the enzyme activity. The Suv39h2-KO mice displayed hyperactivity and reduced behavioral flexibility in learning the tasks that required complex behavioral adaptation, which is relevant for ASD. The Suv39h2 deficit evoked an elevated expression of a subset of protocadherin β (Pcdhb) cluster genes in the embryonic brain, which is attributable to the loss of H3K9 trimethylation (me3) at the gene promoters. Reduced H3K9me3 persisted in the cerebellum of Suv39h2-deficient mice to an adult stage. Congruently, reduced expression of SUV39H1 and SUV39H2 in the postmortem brain samples of ASD individuals was observed, underscoring the role of H3K9me3 deficiency in ASD etiology. The present study provides direct evidence for the role of SUV39H2 in ASD and suggests a molecular cascade of SUV39H2 dysfunction leading to H3K9me3 deficiency followed by an untimely, elevated expression of Pcdhb cluster genes during early neurodevelopment.
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Aviña-Padilla K, Ramírez-Rafael JA, Herrera-Oropeza GE, Muley VY, Valdivia DI, Díaz-Valenzuela E, García-García A, Varela-Echavarría A, Hernández-Rosales M. Evolutionary Perspective and Expression Analysis of Intronless Genes Highlight the Conservation of Their Regulatory Role. Front Genet 2021; 12:654256. [PMID: 34306008 PMCID: PMC8302217 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.654256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The structure of eukaryotic genes is generally a combination of exons interrupted by intragenic non-coding DNA regions (introns) removed by RNA splicing to generate the mature mRNA. A fraction of genes, however, comprise a single coding exon with introns in their untranslated regions or are intronless genes (IGs), lacking introns entirely. The latter code for essential proteins involved in development, growth, and cell proliferation and their expression has been proposed to be highly specialized for neuro-specific functions and linked to cancer, neuropathies, and developmental disorders. The abundant presence of introns in eukaryotic genomes is pivotal for the precise control of gene expression. Notwithstanding, IGs exempting splicing events entail a higher transcriptional fidelity, making them even more valuable for regulatory roles. This work aimed to infer the functional role and evolutionary history of IGs centered on the mouse genome. IGs consist of a subgroup of genes with one exon including coding genes, non-coding genes, and pseudogenes, which conform approximately 6% of a total of 21,527 genes. To understand their prevalence, biological relevance, and evolution, we identified and studied 1,116 IG functional proteins validating their differential expression in transcriptomic data of embryonic mouse telencephalon. Our results showed that overall expression levels of IGs are lower than those of MEGs. However, strongly up-regulated IGs include transcription factors (TFs) such as the class 3 of POU (HMG Box), Neurog1, Olig1, and BHLHe22, BHLHe23, among other essential genes including the β-cluster of protocadherins. Most striking was the finding that IG-encoded BHLH TFs fit the criteria to be classified as microproteins. Finally, predicted protein orthologs in other six genomes confirmed high conservation of IGs associated with regulating neural processes and with chromatin organization and epigenetic regulation in Vertebrata. Moreover, this study highlights that IGs are essential modulators of regulatory processes, such as the Wnt signaling pathway and biological processes as pivotal as sensory organ developing at a transcriptional and post-translational level. Overall, our results suggest that IG proteins have specialized, prevalent, and unique biological roles and that functional divergence between IGs and MEGs is likely to be the result of specific evolutionary constraints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia Aviña-Padilla
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, Mexico
- Centro de Investigacioìn y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Unidad Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | | | - Gabriel Emilio Herrera-Oropeza
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, Mexico
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Dulce I. Valdivia
- Centro de Investigacioìn y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Unidad Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Erik Díaz-Valenzuela
- Centro de Investigacioìn y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Unidad Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Andrés García-García
- Centro de Física Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, Mexico
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20
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LaMassa N, Sverdlov H, Mambetalieva A, Shapiro S, Bucaro M, Fernandez-Monreal M, Phillips GR. Gamma-protocadherin localization at the synapse is associated with parameters of synaptic maturation. J Comp Neurol 2021; 529:2407-2417. [PMID: 33381867 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Clustered protocadherins (Pcdhs) are a family of ~60 cadherin-like proteins (divided into subclasses α, β, and γ) that regulate dendrite morphology and neural connectivity. Their expression is controlled through epigenetic regulation at a gene cluster encoding the molecules. During neural development, Pcdhs mediate dendrite self-avoidance in some neuronal types through an uncharacterized anti-adhesive mechanism. Pcdhs are also important for dendritic complexity in cortical neurons likely through a pro-adhesive mechanism. Pcdhs have also been postulated to participate in synaptogenesis and connectivity. Some synaptic defects were noted in knockout animals, including synaptic number and physiology, but the role of these molecules in synaptic development is not understood. The effect of Pcdh knockout on dendritic patterning may present a confound to studying synaptogenesis. We showed previously that Pcdh-γs are highly enriched in intracellular compartments in dendrites and spines with localization at only a few synaptic clefts. To gain insight into how Pcdh-γs might affect synapses, we compared synapses that harbored Pcdh-γs versus those that did not for parameters of synaptic maturation including pre- and postsynaptic size, postsynaptic perforations, and spine morphology by light microscopy in cultured hippocampal neurons and by serial section immuno-electron microscopy in hippocampal CA1. In mature neurons, synapses immunopositive for Pcdh-γs were larger in diameter with more frequent perforations. Analysis of spines in cultured neurons revealed that mushroom spines were more frequently immunopositive for Pcdh-γs at their tips than thin spines. These results suggest that Pcdh-γ function at the synapse may be related to promotion of synaptic maturation and stabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole LaMassa
- Program in Biology, Neuroscience Subprogram, CUNY Graduate Center, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Biology, College of Staten Island, CUNY, New York, New York, USA
| | - Hanna Sverdlov
- Department of Biology, College of Staten Island, CUNY, New York, New York, USA
| | - Aliya Mambetalieva
- Department of Biology, College of Staten Island, CUNY, New York, New York, USA
| | - Stacy Shapiro
- Department of Biology, College of Staten Island, CUNY, New York, New York, USA
| | - Michael Bucaro
- Department of Biology, College of Staten Island, CUNY, New York, New York, USA
| | - Monica Fernandez-Monreal
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, INSERM, Bordeaux Imaging Center, BIC, UMS 3420, US 4, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Greg R Phillips
- Program in Biology, Neuroscience Subprogram, CUNY Graduate Center, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Biology, College of Staten Island, CUNY, New York, New York, USA.,Center for Developmental Neuroscience, College of Staten Island, CUNY, New York, New York, USA
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21
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Xu L, Zheng Y, Li X, Wang A, Huo D, Li Q, Wang S, Luo Z, Liu Y, Xu F, Wu X, Wu M, Zhou Y. Abnormal neocortex arealization and Sotos-like syndrome-associated behavior in Setd2 mutant mice. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/1/eaba1180. [PMID: 33523829 PMCID: PMC7775761 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aba1180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Proper formation of area identities of the cerebral cortex is crucial for cognitive functions and social behaviors of the brain. It remains largely unknown whether epigenetic mechanisms, including histone methylation, regulate cortical arealization. Here, we removed SETD2, the methyltransferase for histone 3 lysine-36 trimethylation (H3K36me3), in the developing dorsal forebrain in mice and showed that Setd2 is required for proper cortical arealization and the formation of cortico-thalamo-cortical circuits. Moreover, Setd2 conditional knockout mice exhibit defects in social interaction, motor learning, and spatial memory, reminiscent of patients with the Sotos-like syndrome bearing SETD2 mutations. SETD2 maintains the expression of clustered protocadherin (cPcdh) genes in an H3K36me3 methyltransferase-dependent manner. Aberrant cortical arealization was recapitulated in cPcdh heterozygous mice. Together, our study emphasizes epigenetic mechanisms underlying cortical arealization and pathogenesis of the Sotos-like syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lichao Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University; Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, and Medical Research Institute at School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Yue Zheng
- College of Life Sciences, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University; Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, and Medical Research Institute at School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Xuejing Li
- College of Life Sciences, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University; Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, and Medical Research Institute at School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Andi Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University; Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, and Medical Research Institute at School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Dawei Huo
- Department of Cell Biology, 2011 Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical Epigenetics, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Tianjin Medical University, Qixiangtai Road 22, Tianjin 300070, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital and Laboratory of Neuro-Oncology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Qinglan Li
- College of Life Sciences, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University; Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, and Medical Research Institute at School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Shikang Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University; Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, and Medical Research Institute at School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Zhiyuan Luo
- College of Life Sciences, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University; Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, and Medical Research Institute at School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Ying Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University; Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, and Medical Research Institute at School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Fuqiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, Wuhan Center for Magnetic Resonance, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Xudong Wu
- Department of Cell Biology, 2011 Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical Epigenetics, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Tianjin Medical University, Qixiangtai Road 22, Tianjin 300070, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital and Laboratory of Neuro-Oncology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Min Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University; Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, and Medical Research Institute at School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China.
| | - Yan Zhou
- College of Life Sciences, Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University; Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, and Medical Research Institute at School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
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22
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Markouli M, Strepkos D, Chlamydas S, Piperi C. Histone lysine methyltransferase SETDB1 as a novel target for central nervous system diseases. Prog Neurobiol 2020; 200:101968. [PMID: 33279625 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2020.101968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic changes that regulate chromatin structure have a major impact in genome stabilization and maintenance of cellular homeostasis, been recently implicated in the pathophysiology of central nervous system (CNS). Aberrant expression and dysregulation of histone modification enzymes has been associated with the development of several CNS disorders, revealing these enzymes as putative targets for drug development and novel therapeutic approaches. SETDB1 is a histone lysine methyltransferase responsible for the di- and tri-methylation of histone 3 (H3) at lysine (K) 9 in euchromatic regions further promoting gene silencing through heterochromatin formation. By this way, SETDB1 has been shown to regulate gene expression and influence normal cellular homeostasis required for nervous system function while it is also implicated in the pathogenesis of CNS disorders. Among them, brain tumors, schizophrenia, Huntington's disease, autism spectrum disorders along with alcohol-induced fetal neurobehavioral deficits and Prader-Willi syndrome are representative examples, indicating the aberrant expression and function of SETDB1 as a common pathogenic factor. In this review, we focus on SETDB1-associated molecular mechanisms implicated in CNS physiology and disease while we further discuss current pharmacological approaches targeting SETDB1 enzymatic activity with beneficial effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Markouli
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Strepkos
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Sarantis Chlamydas
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Christina Piperi
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece.
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23
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Gallerani N, Au E. Loss of Clustered Protocadherin Diversity Alters the Spatial Distribution of Cortical Interneurons in Mice. Cereb Cortex Commun 2020; 1:tgaa089. [PMID: 34296145 PMCID: PMC8152951 DOI: 10.1093/texcom/tgaa089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortical interneurons (cINs) are locally projecting inhibitory neurons that are distributed throughout the cortex. Due to their relatively limited range of influence, their arrangement in the cortex is critical to their function. cINs achieve this arrangement through a process of tangential and radial migration and apoptosis during development. In this study, we investigated the role of clustered protocadherins (cPcdhs) in establishing the spatial patterning of cINs through the use of genetic cPcdh knockout mice. cPcdhs are expressed in cINs and are known to play key functions in cell spacing and cell survival, but their role in cINs is poorly understood. Using spatial statistical analysis, we found that the 2 main subclasses of cINs, parvalbumin-expressing and somatostatin-expressing (SST) cINs, are nonrandomly spaced within subclass but randomly with respect to each other. We also found that the relative laminar distribution of each subclass was distinctly altered in whole α- or β-cluster mutants. Examination of perinatal time points revealed that the mutant phenotypes emerged relatively late, suggesting that cPcdhs may be acting during cIN morphological elaboration and synaptogenesis. We then analyzed an isoform-specific knockout for pcdh-αc2 and found that it recapitulated the α-cluster knockout but only in SST cells, suggesting that subtype-specific expression of cPcdh isoforms may help govern subtype-specific spatial distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Gallerani
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Edmund Au
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA.,Department of Rehabilitative Medicine and Regeneration, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA.,Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York NY, 10032, USA
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24
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Jia Z, Wu Q. Clustered Protocadherins Emerge as Novel Susceptibility Loci for Mental Disorders. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:587819. [PMID: 33262685 PMCID: PMC7688460 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.587819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The clustered protocadherins (cPcdhs) are a subfamily of type I single-pass transmembrane cell adhesion molecules predominantly expressed in the brain. Their stochastic and combinatorial expression patterns encode highly diverse neural identity codes which are central for neuronal self-avoidance and non-self discrimination in brain circuit formation. In this review, we first briefly outline mechanisms for generating a tremendous diversity of cPcdh cell-surface assemblies. We then summarize the biological functions of cPcdhs in a wide variety of neurodevelopmental processes, such as neuronal migration and survival, dendritic arborization and self-avoidance, axonal tiling and even spacing, and synaptogenesis. We focus on genetic, epigenetic, and 3D genomic dysregulations of cPcdhs that are associated with various neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental diseases. A deeper understanding of regulatory mechanisms and physiological functions of cPcdhs should provide significant insights into the pathogenesis of mental disorders and facilitate development of novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Qiang Wu
- Center for Comparative Biomedicine, MOE Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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25
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The γ-Protocadherins Regulate the Survival of GABAergic Interneurons during Developmental Cell Death. J Neurosci 2020; 40:8652-8668. [PMID: 33060174 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1636-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibitory interneurons integrate into developing circuits in specific ratios and distributions. In the neocortex, inhibitory network formation occurs concurrently with the apoptotic elimination of a third of GABAergic interneurons. The cell surface molecules that select interneurons to survive or die are unknown. Here, we report that members of the clustered Protocadherins (cPCDHs) control GABAergic interneuron survival during developmentally-regulated cell death. Conditional deletion of the gene cluster encoding the γ-Protocadherins (Pcdhgs) from developing GABAergic neurons in mice of either sex causes a severe loss of inhibitory populations in multiple brain regions and results in neurologic deficits such as seizures. By focusing on the neocortex and the cerebellar cortex, we demonstrate that reductions of inhibitory interneurons result from elevated apoptosis during the critical postnatal period of programmed cell death (PCD). By contrast, cortical interneuron (cIN) populations are not affected by removal of Pcdhgs from pyramidal neurons or glial cells. Interneuron loss correlates with reduced AKT signaling in Pcdhg mutant interneurons, and is rescued by genetic blockade of the pro-apoptotic factor BAX. Together, these findings identify the PCDHGs as pro-survival transmembrane proteins that select inhibitory interneurons for survival and modulate the extent of PCD. We propose that the PCDHGs contribute to the formation of balanced inhibitory networks by controlling the size of GABAergic interneuron populations in the developing brain.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT A pivotal step for establishing appropriate excitatory-inhibitory ratios is adjustment of neuronal populations by cell death. In the mouse neocortex, a third of GABAergic interneurons are eliminated by BAX-dependent apoptosis during the first postnatal week. Interneuron cell death is modulated by neural activity and pro-survival pathways but the cell-surface molecules that select interneurons for survival or death are unknown. We demonstrate that members of the cadherin superfamily, the clustered γ-Protocadherins (PCDHGs), regulate the survival of inhibitory interneurons and the balance of cell death. Deletion of the Pcdhgs in mice causes inhibitory interneuron loss in the cortex and cerebellum, and leads to motor deficits and seizures. Our findings provide a molecular basis for controlling inhibitory interneuron population size during circuit formation.
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26
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Flaherty E, Maniatis T. The role of clustered protocadherins in neurodevelopment and neuropsychiatric diseases. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2020; 65:144-150. [PMID: 32679536 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2020.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
During development, individual neurons extend highly branched arbors that innervate the surrounding territory, enabling the formation of appropriate synaptic connections. The clustered protocadherins (cPCDH), a family of diverse cell-surface homophilic proteins, provide each neuron with a cell specific identity required for distinguishing between self versus non-self. While only 52 unique cPcdh isoforms are encoded in the human genome, a combination of stochastic promoter choice and the formation of a protein lattice through engagement of adjacent cPCDH protein cis/trans-tetramers confer the high degree of cellular specificity required for self-recognition. Studies of mice bearing deletions of individual cPcdh gene clustees have identified deficits in circuit formation and behavior. In humans, single nucleotide variants scattered across the cPCDH locus have been identified, which associate with multiple neurodevelopmental disorders, including autism and schizophrenia. To advance our understanding of cPCDH stochastic choice and maintenance, function across cell types, and contribution to neuropsychiatric disease pathogenesis, hiPSC-based models have been developed. Ultimately, integration of human genetic data, biochemical assays, and functional studies is needed to uncover the mechanism underlying neurite repulsion, which has been implicated in neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Flaherty
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, United States; Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain and Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, United States
| | - Tom Maniatis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, United States; Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain and Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, United States; New York Genome Center, New York, NY 10013, United States.
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Mancia Leon WR, Spatazza J, Rakela B, Chatterjee A, Pande V, Maniatis T, Hasenstaub AR, Stryker MP, Alvarez-Buylla A. Clustered gamma-protocadherins regulate cortical interneuron programmed cell death. eLife 2020; 9:e55374. [PMID: 32633719 PMCID: PMC7373431 DOI: 10.7554/elife.55374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Cortical function critically depends on inhibitory/excitatory balance. Cortical inhibitory interneurons (cINs) are born in the ventral forebrain and migrate into cortex, where their numbers are adjusted by programmed cell death. Here, we show that loss of clustered gamma protocadherins (Pcdhg), but not of genes in the alpha or beta clusters, increased dramatically cIN BAX-dependent cell death in mice. Surprisingly, electrophysiological and morphological properties of Pcdhg-deficient and wild-type cINs during the period of cIN cell death were indistinguishable. Co-transplantation of wild-type with Pcdhg-deficient interneuron precursors further reduced mutant cIN survival, but the proportion of mutant and wild-type cells undergoing cell death was not affected by their density. Transplantation also allowed us to test for the contribution of Pcdhg isoforms to the regulation of cIN cell death. We conclude that Pcdhg, specifically Pcdhgc3, Pcdhgc4, and Pcdhgc5, play a critical role in regulating cIN survival during the endogenous period of programmed cIN death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter R Mancia Leon
- Department of Neurological Surgery and The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Julien Spatazza
- Department of Neurological Surgery and The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Benjamin Rakela
- Department of Physiology and Center for Integrative Neuroscience, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Ankita Chatterjee
- Department of Neurological Surgery and The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Viraj Pande
- Department of Neurological Surgery and The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Tom Maniatis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Andrea R Hasenstaub
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
- Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Michael P Stryker
- Department of Physiology and Center for Integrative Neuroscience, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
- Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Arturo Alvarez-Buylla
- Department of Neurological Surgery and The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
- Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
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Pancho A, Aerts T, Mitsogiannis MD, Seuntjens E. Protocadherins at the Crossroad of Signaling Pathways. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 13:117. [PMID: 32694982 PMCID: PMC7339444 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.00117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Protocadherins (Pcdhs) are cell adhesion molecules that belong to the cadherin superfamily, and are subdivided into clustered (cPcdhs) and non-clustered Pcdhs (ncPcdhs) in vertebrates. In this review, we summarize their discovery, expression mechanisms, and roles in neuronal development and cancer, thereby highlighting the context-dependent nature of their actions. We furthermore provide an extensive overview of current structural knowledge, and its implications concerning extracellular interactions between cPcdhs, ncPcdhs, and classical cadherins. Next, we survey the known molecular action mechanisms of Pcdhs, emphasizing the regulatory functions of proteolytic processing and domain shedding. In addition, we outline the importance of Pcdh intracellular domains in the regulation of downstream signaling cascades, and we describe putative Pcdh interactions with intracellular molecules including components of the WAVE complex, the Wnt pathway, and apoptotic cascades. Our overview combines molecular interaction data from different contexts, such as neural development and cancer. This comprehensive approach reveals potential common Pcdh signaling hubs, and points out future directions for research. Functional studies of such key factors within the context of neural development might yield innovative insights into the molecular etiology of Pcdh-related neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Pancho
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tania Aerts
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Manuela D Mitsogiannis
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eve Seuntjens
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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29
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Selection in Australian Thoroughbred horses acts on a locus associated with early two-year old speed. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0227212. [PMID: 32049967 PMCID: PMC7015314 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Thoroughbred horse racing is a global sport with major hubs in Europe, North America, Australasia and Japan. Regional preferences for certain traits have resulted in phenotypic variation that may result from adaptation to the local racing ecosystem. Here, we test the hypothesis that genes selected for regional phenotypic variation may be identified by analysis of selection signatures in pan-genomic SNP genotype data. Comparing Australian to non-Australian Thoroughbred horses (n = 99), the most highly differentiated loci in a composite selection signals (CSS) analysis were on ECA6 (34.75–34.85 Mb), ECA14 (33.2–33.52 Mb and 35.52–36.94 Mb) and ECA16 (24.28–26.52 Mb) in regions containing candidate genes for exercise adaptations including cardiac function (ARHGAP26, HBEGF, SRA1), synapse development and locomotion (APBB3, ATXN7, CLSTN3), stress response (NR3C1) and the skeletal muscle response to exercise (ARHGAP26, NDUFA2). In a genome-wide association study for field-measured speed in two-year-olds (n = 179) SNPs contained within the single association peak (33.2–35.6 Mb) overlapped with the ECA14 CSS signals and spanned a protocadherin gene cluster. Association tests using higher density SNP genotypes across the ECA14 locus identified a SNP within the PCDHGC5 gene associated with elite racing performance (n = 922). These results indicate that there may be differential selection for racing performance under racing and management conditions that are specific to certain geographic racing regions. In Australia breeders have principally selected horses for favourable genetic variants at loci containing genes that modulate behaviour, locomotion and skeletal muscle physiology that together appear to be contributing to early two-year-old speed.
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Asai H, Ohkawa N, Saitoh Y, Ghandour K, Murayama E, Nishizono H, Matsuo M, Hirayama T, Kaneko R, Muramatsu SI, Yagi T, Inokuchi K. Pcdhβ deficiency affects hippocampal CA1 ensemble activity and contextual fear discrimination. Mol Brain 2020; 13:7. [PMID: 31959219 PMCID: PMC6971911 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-020-0547-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Clustered protocadherins (Pcdhs), a large group of adhesion molecules, are important for axonal projections and dendritic spread, but little is known about how they influence neuronal activity. The Pcdhβ cluster is strongly expressed in the hippocampus, and in vivo Ca2+ imaging in Pcdhβ-deficient mice revealed altered activity of neuronal ensembles but not of individual cells in this region in freely moving animals. Specifically, Pcdhβ deficiency increased the number of large-size neuronal ensembles and the proportion of cells shared between ensembles. Furthermore, Pcdhβ-deficient mice exhibited reduced repetitive neuronal population activity during exploration of a novel context and were less able to discriminate contexts in a contextual fear conditioning paradigm. These results suggest that one function of Pcdhβs is to modulate neural ensemble activity in the hippocampus to promote context discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotaka Asai
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan.,Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Noriaki Ohkawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan.,Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan.,Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), JST, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan
| | - Yoshito Saitoh
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan.,Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan.,Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), JST, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan
| | - Khaled Ghandour
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan.,Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Emi Murayama
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan.,Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Nishizono
- Division of Animal Experimental Laboratory, Life Science Research Center, University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Mina Matsuo
- Division of Animal Experimental Laboratory, Life Science Research Center, University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Teruyoshi Hirayama
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Neurobiology, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8501, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Kaneko
- Bioresource Center, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Muramatsu
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan.,Center for Gene and Cell Therapy, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yagi
- KOKORO-Biology Group, Laboratories for Integrated Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kaoru Inokuchi
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan. .,Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan.
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31
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Garrett AM, Bosch PJ, Steffen DM, Fuller LC, Marcucci CG, Koch AA, Bais P, Weiner JA, Burgess RW. CRISPR/Cas9 interrogation of the mouse Pcdhg gene cluster reveals a crucial isoform-specific role for Pcdhgc4. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1008554. [PMID: 31877124 PMCID: PMC6957209 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian Pcdhg gene cluster encodes a family of 22 cell adhesion molecules, the gamma-Protocadherins (γ-Pcdhs), critical for neuronal survival and neural circuit formation. The extent to which isoform diversity–a γ-Pcdh hallmark–is required for their functions remains unclear. We used a CRISPR/Cas9 approach to reduce isoform diversity, targeting each Pcdhg variable exon with pooled sgRNAs to generate an allelic series of 26 mouse lines with 1 to 21 isoforms disrupted via discrete indels at guide sites and/or larger deletions/rearrangements. Analysis of 5 mutant lines indicates that postnatal viability and neuronal survival do not require isoform diversity. Surprisingly, given reports that it might not independently engage in trans-interactions, we find that γC4, encoded by Pcdhgc4, is the only critical isoform. Because the human orthologue is the only PCDHG gene constrained in humans, our results indicate a conserved γC4 function that likely involves distinct molecular mechanisms. The γ-Protocadherins (γ-Pcdhs) are a family of 22 molecules that serve many crucial functions during neural development. They can combine to form multimers at the cell surface, such that each combination specifically recognizes the same combination at the surface of other cells. In this way, 22 molecules can generate thousands of distinct recognition complexes. To test the extent to which molecular diversity is required for the γ-Pcdhs to serve their many functions, we used CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing to make a series of mouse mutants in which different combinations of the γ-Pcdhs are disrupted. We report 25 new mouse lines with between 1 and 21 intact members of the γ-Pcdh family. Further, we found that for the critical function of neuronal survival–and consequently the survival of the animal–the molecular diversity was not essential. Rather, a single member of the family called γC4 was the only one necessary or sufficient for this function; databases of human genome sequences suggest that this important role is conserved. These new strains will be invaluable for disentangling the role of molecular diversity in the γ-Pcdhs’ functions, and as we have already found, will help identify specific functions for specific γ-Pcdh family members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M. Garrett
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Ophthalmology, Visual, and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AMG); (JAW); (RWB)
| | - Peter J. Bosch
- Department of Biology and Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - David M. Steffen
- Department of Biology and Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Leah C. Fuller
- Department of Biology and Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Charles G. Marcucci
- Department of Biology and Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Alexis A. Koch
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Ophthalmology, Visual, and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Preeti Bais
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, United States of America
| | - Joshua A. Weiner
- Department of Biology and Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AMG); (JAW); (RWB)
| | - Robert W. Burgess
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AMG); (JAW); (RWB)
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Chromatin establishes an immature version of neuronal protocadherin selection during the naive-to-primed conversion of pluripotent stem cells. Nat Genet 2019; 51:1691-1701. [PMID: 31740836 PMCID: PMC7061033 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-019-0526-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In the mammalian genome, the clustered protocadherin (cPcdh) locus is a paradigm of stochastic gene expression with the potential to generate a unique cPcdh combination in every neuron. Here, we report a chromatin-based mechanism emerging during the transition from the naive to the primed states of cell pluripotency that reduces by orders of magnitude the combinatorial potential in the human cPcdh locus. This mechanism selectively increases the frequency of stochastic selection of a small subset of cPcdh genes after neuronal differentiation in monolayers, months-old organoids, and engrafted cells in the rat spinal cord. Signs of these frequent selections can be observed in the brain throughout fetal development and disappear after birth, unless there is a condition of delayed maturation such as Down Syndrome. We therefore propose that a pattern of limited cPcdh diversity is maintained while human neurons still retain fetal-like levels of maturation. Short and long-term cultures of human stem cell-derived neurons reveal that a pattern of restricted selection of clustered protocadherin isoforms, pre-established in pluripotent cells, distinguishes immature from mature neurons.
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Miralles CP, Taylor MJ, Bear J, Fekete CD, George S, Li Y, Bonhomme B, Chiou TT, De Blas AL. Expression of protocadherin-γC4 protein in the rat brain. J Comp Neurol 2019; 528:840-864. [PMID: 31609469 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
It has been proposed that the combinatorial expression of γ-protocadherins (Pcdh-γs) and other clustered protocadherins (Pcdhs) provides a code of molecular identity and individuality to neurons, which plays a major role in the establishment of specific synaptic connectivity and formation of neuronal circuits. Particular attention has been directed to the Pcdh-γ family, for which experimental evidence derived from Pcdh-γ-deficient mice shows that they are involved in dendrite self-avoidance, synapse development, dendritic arborization, spine maturation, and prevention of apoptosis of some neurons. Moreover, a triple-mutant mouse deficient in the three C-type members of the Pcdh-γ family (Pcdh-γC3, Pcdh-γC4, and Pcdh-γC5) shows a phenotype similar to the mouse deficient in whole Pcdh-γ family, indicating that the latter is largely due to the absence of C-type Pcdh-γs. The role of each individual C-type Pcdh-γ is not known. We have developed a specific antibody to Pcdh-γC4 to reveal the expression of this protein in the rat brain. The results show that although Pcdh-γC4 is expressed at higher levels in the embryo and earlier postnatal weeks, it is also expressed in the adult rat brain. Pcdh-γC4 is expressed in both neurons and astrocytes. In the adult brain, the regional distribution of Pcdh-γC4 immunoreactivity is similar to that of Pcdh-γC4 mRNA, being highest in the olfactory bulb, dentate gyrus, and cerebellum. Pcdh-γC4 forms puncta that are frequently apposed to glutamatergic and GABAergic synapses. They are also frequently associated with neuron-astrocyte contacts. The results provide new insights into the cell recognition function of Pcdh-γC4 in neurons and astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia P Miralles
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Michael J Taylor
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - John Bear
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Christopher D Fekete
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Shanu George
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Yanfang Li
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Bevan Bonhomme
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Tzu-Ting Chiou
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Angel L De Blas
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
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Mountoufaris G, Canzio D, Nwakeze CL, Chen WV, Maniatis T. Writing, Reading, and Translating the Clustered Protocadherin Cell Surface Recognition Code for Neural Circuit Assembly. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2019; 34:471-493. [PMID: 30296392 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-100616-060701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The ability of neurites of individual neurons to distinguish between themselves and neurites from other neurons and to avoid self (self-avoidance) plays a key role in neural circuit assembly in both invertebrates and vertebrates. Similarly, when individual neurons of the same type project into receptive fields of the brain, they must avoid each other to maximize target coverage (tiling). Counterintuitively, these processes are driven by highly specific homophilic interactions between cell surface proteins that lead to neurite repulsion rather than adhesion. Among these proteins in vertebrates are the clustered protocadherins (Pcdhs), and key to their function is the generation of enormous cell surface structural diversity. Here we review recent advances in understanding how a Pcdh cell surface code is generated by stochastic promoter choice; how this code is amplified and read by homophilic interactions between Pcdh complexes at the surface of neurons; and, finally, how the Pcdh code is translated to cellular function, which mediates self-avoidance and tiling and thus plays a central role in the development of complex neural circuits. Not surprisingly, Pcdh mutations that diminish homophilic interactions lead to wiring defects and abnormal behavior in mice, and sequence variants in the Pcdh gene cluster are associated with autism spectrum disorders in family-based genetic studies in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Mountoufaris
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University Medical School, and Zuckerman Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; .,Current address: Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Daniele Canzio
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University Medical School, and Zuckerman Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA;
| | - Chiamaka L Nwakeze
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University Medical School, and Zuckerman Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA;
| | - Weisheng V Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University Medical School, and Zuckerman Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; .,Current address: Leveragen, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Tom Maniatis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University Medical School, and Zuckerman Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA;
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Petrykey K, Lippé S, Robaey P, Sultan S, Laniel J, Drouin S, Bertout L, Beaulieu P, St-Onge P, Boulet-Craig A, Rezgui A, Yasui Y, Sapkota Y, Krull KR, Hudson MM, Laverdière C, Sinnett D, Krajinovic M. Influence of genetic factors on long-term treatment related neurocognitive complications, and on anxiety and depression in survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: The Petale study. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217314. [PMID: 31181069 PMCID: PMC6557490 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A substantial number of survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia suffer from treatment-related late adverse effects including neurocognitive impairment. While multiple studies have described neurocognitive outcomes in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) survivors, relatively few have investigated their association with individual genetic constitution. METHODS To further address this issue, genetic variants located in 99 genes relevant to the effects of anticancer drugs and in 360 genes implicated in nervous system function and predicted to affect protein function, were pooled from whole exome sequencing data of childhood ALL survivors (PETALE cohort) and analyzed for an association with neurocognitive complications, as well as with anxiety and depression. Variants that sustained correction for multiple testing were genotyped in entire cohort (n = 236) and analyzed with same outcomes. RESULTS Common variants in MTR, PPARA, ABCC3, CALML5, CACNB2 and PCDHB10 genes were associated with deficits in neurocognitive tests performance, whereas a variant in SLCO1B1 and EPHA5 genes was associated with anxiety and depression. Majority of associations were modulated by intensity of treatment. Associated variants were further analyzed in an independent SJLIFE cohort of 545 ALL survivors. Two variants, rs1805087 in methionine synthase, MTR and rs58225473 in voltage-dependent calcium channel protein encoding gene, CACNB2 are of particular interest, since associations of borderline significance were found in replication cohort and remain significant in combined discovery and replication groups (OR = 1.5, 95% CI, 1-2.3; p = 0.04 and; OR = 3.7, 95% CI, 1.25-11; p = 0.01, respectively). Variant rs4149056 in SLCO1B1 gene also deserves further attention since previously shown to affect methotrexate clearance and short-term toxicity in ALL patients. CONCLUSIONS Current findings can help understanding of the influence of genetic component on long-term neurocognitive impairment. Further studies are needed to confirm whether identified variants may be useful in identifying survivors at increased risk of these complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kateryna Petrykey
- Sainte-Justine University Health Center (SJUHC), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sarah Lippé
- Sainte-Justine University Health Center (SJUHC), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Psychology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Philippe Robaey
- Sainte-Justine University Health Center (SJUHC), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Serge Sultan
- Sainte-Justine University Health Center (SJUHC), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Psychology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Julie Laniel
- Sainte-Justine University Health Center (SJUHC), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Psychology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Simon Drouin
- Sainte-Justine University Health Center (SJUHC), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Laurence Bertout
- Sainte-Justine University Health Center (SJUHC), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Patrick Beaulieu
- Sainte-Justine University Health Center (SJUHC), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Pascal St-Onge
- Sainte-Justine University Health Center (SJUHC), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Aubrée Boulet-Craig
- Sainte-Justine University Health Center (SJUHC), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Psychology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Aziz Rezgui
- Sainte-Justine University Health Center (SJUHC), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Yutaka Yasui
- Epidemiology and Cancer Control Department, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States of America
| | - Yadav Sapkota
- Epidemiology and Cancer Control Department, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States of America
| | - Kevin R. Krull
- Epidemiology and Cancer Control Department, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States of America
| | - Melissa M. Hudson
- Epidemiology and Cancer Control Department, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States of America
- Oncology Department, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States of America
| | - Caroline Laverdière
- Sainte-Justine University Health Center (SJUHC), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Daniel Sinnett
- Sainte-Justine University Health Center (SJUHC), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Maja Krajinovic
- Sainte-Justine University Health Center (SJUHC), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Dysregulated protocadherin-pathway activity as an intrinsic defect in induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cortical interneurons from subjects with schizophrenia. Nat Neurosci 2019; 22:229-242. [PMID: 30664768 PMCID: PMC6373728 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-018-0313-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We generated cortical interneurons (cINs) from iPSCs derived from14 healthy controls (HC cINs) and 14 patients with schizophrenia (SCZ cINs). Both HC cINs and SCZ cINs were authentic, fired spontaneously, received functional excitatory inputs from host neurons, and induced GABA-mediated inhibition in host neurons in vivo. However, SCZ cINs had dysregulated expression of protocadherin genes, which lie within documented SCZ loci. Mice lacking protocadherin α showed defective arborization and synaptic density of prefrontal cortex cINs and behavioral abnormalities. SCZ cINs similarly showed defects in synaptic density and arborization, which were reversed by inhibitors of Protein Kinase C, a downstream kinase in the protocadherin pathway. These findings reveal an intrinsic abnormality in SCZ cINs in the absence of any circuit-driven pathology. They also demonstrate the utility of homogenous and functional populations of a relevant neuronal subtype for probing pathogenesis mechanisms during development.
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Molecular diversity of clustered protocadherin-α required for sensory integration and short-term memory in mice. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9616. [PMID: 29941942 PMCID: PMC6018629 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28034-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Clustered protocadherins (Pcdhs) are neuronal cell adhesion molecules characterized by homophilic adhesion between the tetramers of 58 distinct isoforms in mice. The diversity of Pcdhs and resulting highly-specific neuronal adhesion may be required for the formation of neural circuits for executing higher brain functions. However, this hypothesis remains to be tested, because knockout of Pcdh genes produces abnormalities that may interfere with higher brain functions indirectly. In Pcdh-α1,12 mice, only α1, α12 and two constitutive isoforms are expressed out of 14 isoforms. The appearance and behavior of Pcdh-α1,12 mice are similar to those of wild-type mice, and most abnormalities reported in Pcdh-α knockout mice are not present in Pcdh-α1,12 mice. We examined Pcdh-α1,12 mice in detail, and found that cortical depression induced by sensory mismatches between vision and whisker sensation in the visual cortex was impaired. Since Pcdh-α is densely distributed over the cerebral cortex, various types of higher function are likely impaired in Pcdh-α1,12 mice. As expected, visual short-term memory of space/shape was impaired in behavioral experiments using space/shape cues. Furthermore, behavioral learning based on audio-visual associative memory was also impaired. These results indicate that the molecular diversity of Pcdh-α plays essential roles for sensory integration and short-term memory.
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Orange DE, Agius P, DiCarlo EF, Robine N, Geiger H, Szymonifka J, McNamara M, Cummings R, Andersen KM, Mirza S, Figgie M, Ivashkiv LB, Pernis AB, Jiang CS, Frank MO, Darnell RB, Lingampali N, Robinson WH, Gravallese E, Bykerk VP, Goodman SM, Donlin LT. Identification of Three Rheumatoid Arthritis Disease Subtypes by Machine Learning Integration of Synovial Histologic Features and RNA Sequencing Data. Arthritis Rheumatol 2018; 70:690-701. [PMID: 29468833 PMCID: PMC6336443 DOI: 10.1002/art.40428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In this study, we sought to refine histologic scoring of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) synovial tissue by training with gene expression data and machine learning. METHODS Twenty histologic features were assessed in 129 synovial tissue samples (n = 123 RA patients and n = 6 osteoarthritis [OA] patients). Consensus clustering was performed on gene expression data from a subset of 45 synovial samples. Support vector machine learning was used to predict gene expression subtypes, using histologic data as the input. Corresponding clinical data were compared across subtypes. RESULTS Consensus clustering of gene expression data revealed 3 distinct synovial subtypes, including a high inflammatory subtype characterized by extensive infiltration of leukocytes, a low inflammatory subtype characterized by enrichment in pathways including transforming growth factor β, glycoproteins, and neuronal genes, and a mixed subtype. Machine learning applied to histologic features, with gene expression subtypes serving as labels, generated an algorithm for the scoring of histologic features. Patients with the high inflammatory synovial subtype exhibited higher levels of markers of systemic inflammation and autoantibodies. C-reactive protein (CRP) levels were significantly correlated with the severity of pain in the high inflammatory subgroup but not in the others. CONCLUSION Gene expression analysis of RA and OA synovial tissue revealed 3 distinct synovial subtypes. These labels were used to generate a histologic scoring algorithm in which the histologic scores were found to be associated with parameters of systemic inflammation, including the erythrocyte sedimentation rate, CRP level, and autoantibody levels. Comparison of gene expression patterns to clinical features revealed a potentially clinically important distinction: mechanisms of pain may differ in patients with different synovial subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana E. Orange
- Dana E. Orange, MD, MSc: Hospital for Special Surgery, The Rockefeller University, and New York Genome Center, New York, New York
| | - Phaedra Agius
- Phaedra Agius, PhD, Nicolas Robine, PhD, Heather Geiger, BA: New York Genome Center, New York, New York
| | - Edward F. DiCarlo
- Edward F. DiCarlo, MD, Jackie Szymonifka, PhD, Michael McNamara, BS, Ryan Cummings, AB, Kathleen M. Andersen, BSc, Serene Mirza, BS, Mark Figgie, MD, Lionel B. Ivashkiv, MD, Alessandra B. Pernis, PhD, Vivian P. Bykerk, MD, Susan M. Goodman, MD, Laura T. Donlin, PhD: Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York
| | - Nicolas Robine
- Phaedra Agius, PhD, Nicolas Robine, PhD, Heather Geiger, BA: New York Genome Center, New York, New York
| | - Heather Geiger
- Phaedra Agius, PhD, Nicolas Robine, PhD, Heather Geiger, BA: New York Genome Center, New York, New York
| | - Jackie Szymonifka
- Edward F. DiCarlo, MD, Jackie Szymonifka, PhD, Michael McNamara, BS, Ryan Cummings, AB, Kathleen M. Andersen, BSc, Serene Mirza, BS, Mark Figgie, MD, Lionel B. Ivashkiv, MD, Alessandra B. Pernis, PhD, Vivian P. Bykerk, MD, Susan M. Goodman, MD, Laura T. Donlin, PhD: Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York
| | - Michael McNamara
- Edward F. DiCarlo, MD, Jackie Szymonifka, PhD, Michael McNamara, BS, Ryan Cummings, AB, Kathleen M. Andersen, BSc, Serene Mirza, BS, Mark Figgie, MD, Lionel B. Ivashkiv, MD, Alessandra B. Pernis, PhD, Vivian P. Bykerk, MD, Susan M. Goodman, MD, Laura T. Donlin, PhD: Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York
| | - Ryan Cummings
- Edward F. DiCarlo, MD, Jackie Szymonifka, PhD, Michael McNamara, BS, Ryan Cummings, AB, Kathleen M. Andersen, BSc, Serene Mirza, BS, Mark Figgie, MD, Lionel B. Ivashkiv, MD, Alessandra B. Pernis, PhD, Vivian P. Bykerk, MD, Susan M. Goodman, MD, Laura T. Donlin, PhD: Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York
| | - Kathleen M. Andersen
- Edward F. DiCarlo, MD, Jackie Szymonifka, PhD, Michael McNamara, BS, Ryan Cummings, AB, Kathleen M. Andersen, BSc, Serene Mirza, BS, Mark Figgie, MD, Lionel B. Ivashkiv, MD, Alessandra B. Pernis, PhD, Vivian P. Bykerk, MD, Susan M. Goodman, MD, Laura T. Donlin, PhD: Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York
| | - Serene Mirza
- Edward F. DiCarlo, MD, Jackie Szymonifka, PhD, Michael McNamara, BS, Ryan Cummings, AB, Kathleen M. Andersen, BSc, Serene Mirza, BS, Mark Figgie, MD, Lionel B. Ivashkiv, MD, Alessandra B. Pernis, PhD, Vivian P. Bykerk, MD, Susan M. Goodman, MD, Laura T. Donlin, PhD: Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York
| | - Mark Figgie
- Edward F. DiCarlo, MD, Jackie Szymonifka, PhD, Michael McNamara, BS, Ryan Cummings, AB, Kathleen M. Andersen, BSc, Serene Mirza, BS, Mark Figgie, MD, Lionel B. Ivashkiv, MD, Alessandra B. Pernis, PhD, Vivian P. Bykerk, MD, Susan M. Goodman, MD, Laura T. Donlin, PhD: Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York
| | - Lionel B. Ivashkiv
- Edward F. DiCarlo, MD, Jackie Szymonifka, PhD, Michael McNamara, BS, Ryan Cummings, AB, Kathleen M. Andersen, BSc, Serene Mirza, BS, Mark Figgie, MD, Lionel B. Ivashkiv, MD, Alessandra B. Pernis, PhD, Vivian P. Bykerk, MD, Susan M. Goodman, MD, Laura T. Donlin, PhD: Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York
| | - Alessandra B. Pernis
- Edward F. DiCarlo, MD, Jackie Szymonifka, PhD, Michael McNamara, BS, Ryan Cummings, AB, Kathleen M. Andersen, BSc, Serene Mirza, BS, Mark Figgie, MD, Lionel B. Ivashkiv, MD, Alessandra B. Pernis, PhD, Vivian P. Bykerk, MD, Susan M. Goodman, MD, Laura T. Donlin, PhD: Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York
| | - Caroline S. Jiang
- Caroline S. Jiang, PhD: The Rockefeller University Hospital, New York, New York
| | - Mayu O. Frank
- Mayu O. Frank, NP, PhD, Robert B. Darnell, MD, PhD: The Rockefeller University and New York Genome Center, New York, New York
| | - Robert B. Darnell
- Mayu O. Frank, NP, PhD, Robert B. Darnell, MD, PhD: The Rockefeller University and New York Genome Center, New York, New York
| | - Nithya Lingampali
- Nithya Lingampali, BS, William H. Robinson, MD, PhD: Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - William H. Robinson
- Nithya Lingampali, BS, William H. Robinson, MD, PhD: Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Ellen Gravallese
- Ellen Gravallese, MD: University of Massachusetts Memorial Medical Center, Worcester
| | | | - Vivian P. Bykerk
- Edward F. DiCarlo, MD, Jackie Szymonifka, PhD, Michael McNamara, BS, Ryan Cummings, AB, Kathleen M. Andersen, BSc, Serene Mirza, BS, Mark Figgie, MD, Lionel B. Ivashkiv, MD, Alessandra B. Pernis, PhD, Vivian P. Bykerk, MD, Susan M. Goodman, MD, Laura T. Donlin, PhD: Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York
| | - Susan M. Goodman
- Edward F. DiCarlo, MD, Jackie Szymonifka, PhD, Michael McNamara, BS, Ryan Cummings, AB, Kathleen M. Andersen, BSc, Serene Mirza, BS, Mark Figgie, MD, Lionel B. Ivashkiv, MD, Alessandra B. Pernis, PhD, Vivian P. Bykerk, MD, Susan M. Goodman, MD, Laura T. Donlin, PhD: Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York
| | - Laura T. Donlin
- Edward F. DiCarlo, MD, Jackie Szymonifka, PhD, Michael McNamara, BS, Ryan Cummings, AB, Kathleen M. Andersen, BSc, Serene Mirza, BS, Mark Figgie, MD, Lionel B. Ivashkiv, MD, Alessandra B. Pernis, PhD, Vivian P. Bykerk, MD, Susan M. Goodman, MD, Laura T. Donlin, PhD: Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York
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Shen Q, Zhang H, Su Y, Wen Z, Zhu Z, Chen G, Peng L, Du C, Xie H, Li H, Lv X, Lu C, Xia Y, Tang W. Identification of two novel PCDHA9 mutations associated with Hirschsprung's disease. Gene 2018; 658:96-104. [PMID: 29477871 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.02.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Hirschsprung's disease (HSCR) is a complex disorder with multiple pathogenic gene mutations. Protocadherin alpha 9 (PCDHA9) was identified as a potential candidate gene for HSCR by whole-exome sequencing in a Chinese family. Sanger sequencing in 298 HSCR cases revealed two sporadic Chinese patients with a novel missence PCDHΑ9 mutation (NM_031857; c.1280C > T[p.Ala427Val]) and one sporadic Chinese patient with another novel missence PCDHΑ9 mutation (c.1425C > G[p.Phe475Leu]).The silico predictions and 3D modeling suggest the deleterious effect of identified mutations on protein function. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed PCDHΑ9 was predominantly expressed in the myenteric plexus of human colon tissues. For mouse embryos, PCDHΑ9 was expressed in the stomach but rarely seen in the intestine during E10.5-12.5, then obviously expressed in the intestinal mucosa at E13.5 and extensively expressed in intestinal muscularis and mucosa at E14.5. Moreover, the down-regulation of PCDHΑ9 in the SH-SY5Y cell line promoted the proliferation and migration rate but inhibited the apoptotic rate. In summary, PCDHΑ9 is potentially related to HSCR and the clustered protocadherins (Pcdhs) may involve in the enteric nervous system (ENS) ontogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiyang Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Yang Su
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Zechao Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Zhongxian Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Guanglin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Lei Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Chunxia Du
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Hua Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Hongxing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Xiaofeng Lv
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Changgui Lu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Yankai Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology (Nanjing Medical University), Ministry of Education, China.
| | - Weibing Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, China.
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Combinatorial Effects of Alpha- and Gamma-Protocadherins on Neuronal Survival and Dendritic Self-Avoidance. J Neurosci 2018; 38:2713-2729. [PMID: 29439167 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3035-17.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The clustered protocadherins (Pcdhs) comprise 58 cadherin-related proteins encoded by three tandemly arrayed gene clusters, Pcdh-α, Pcdh-β, and Pcdh-γ (Pcdha, Pcdhb, and Pcdhg, respectively). Pcdh isoforms from different clusters are combinatorially expressed in neurons. They form multimers that interact homophilically and mediate a variety of developmental processes, including neuronal survival, synaptic maintenance, axonal tiling, and dendritic self-avoidance. Most studies have analyzed clusters individually. Here, we assessed functional interactions between Pcdha and Pcdhg clusters. To circumvent neonatal lethality associated with deletion of Pcdhgs, we used Crispr-Cas9 genome editing in mice to combine a constitutive Pcdha mutant allele with a conditional Pcdhg allele. We analyzed roles of Pcdhas and Pcdhgs in the retina and cerebellum from mice (both sexes) lacking one or both clusters. In retina, Pcdhgs are essential for survival of inner retinal neurons and dendritic self-avoidance of starburst amacrine cells, whereas Pcdhas are dispensable for both processes. Deletion of both Pcdha and Pcdhg clusters led to far more dramatic defects in survival and self-avoidance than Pcdhg deletion alone. Comparisons of an allelic series of mutants support the conclusion that Pcdhas and Pcdhgs function together in a dose-dependent and cell-type-specific manner to provide a critical threshold of Pcdh activity. In the cerebellum, Pcdhas and Pcdhgs also cooperate to mediate self-avoidance of Purkinje cell dendrites, with modest but significant defects in either single mutant and dramatic defects in the double mutant. Together, our results demonstrate complex patterns of redundancy between Pcdh clusters and the importance of Pcdh cluster diversity in postnatal CNS development.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The formation of neural circuits requires diversification and combinatorial actions of cell surface proteins. Prominent among them are the clustered protocadherins (Pcdhs), a family of ∼60 neuronal recognition molecules. Pcdhs are encoded by three closely linked gene clusters called Pcdh-α, Pcdh-β, and Pcdh-γ. The Pcdhs mediate a variety of developmental processes, including neuronal survival, synaptic maintenance, and spatial patterning of axons and dendrites. Most studies to date have been limited to single clusters. Here, we used genome editing to assess interactions between Pcdh-α and Pcdh-γ gene clusters. We examined two regions of the CNS, the retina and cerebellum and show that the 14 α-Pcdhs and 22 γ-Pcdhs act synergistically to mediate neuronal survival and dendrite patterning.
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Imai F, Yoshida Y. Molecular mechanisms underlying monosynaptic sensory-motor circuit development in the spinal cord. Dev Dyn 2018; 247:581-587. [PMID: 29226492 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Motor behaviors are precisely controlled by the integration of sensory and motor systems in the central nervous system (CNS). Proprioceptive sensory neurons, key components of the sensory system, are located in the dorsal root ganglia and project axons both centrally to the spinal cord and peripherally to muscles and tendons, communicating peripheral information about the body to the CNS. Changes in muscle length detected by muscle spindles, and tension variations in tendons conveyed by Golgi tendon organs, are communicated to the CNS through group Ia /II, and Ib proprioceptive sensory afferents, respectively. Group Ib proprioceptive sensory neurons connect with motor neurons indirectly through spinal interneurons, whereas group Ia/II axons form both direct (monosynaptic) and indirect connections with motor neurons. Although monosynaptic sensory-motor circuits between spindle proprioceptive sensory neurons and motor neurons have been extensively studied since 1950s, the molecular mechanisms underlying their formation and upkeep have only recently begun to be understood. We will discuss our current understanding of the molecular foundation of monosynaptic circuit development and maintenance involving proprioceptive sensory neurons and motor neurons in the mammalian spinal cord. Developmental Dynamics 247:581-587, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumiyasu Imai
- Divisions of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Yutaka Yoshida
- Divisions of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
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Protocadherin-αC2 is required for diffuse projections of serotonergic axons. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15908. [PMID: 29162883 PMCID: PMC5698425 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16120-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Serotonergic axons extend diffuse projections throughout various brain areas, and serotonergic system disruption causes neuropsychiatric diseases. Loss of the cytoplasmic region of protocadherin-α (Pcdh-α) family proteins, products of the diverse clustered Pcdh genes, causes unbalanced distributions (densification and sparsification) of serotonergic axons in various target regions. However, which Pcdh-α member(s) are responsible for the phenotype is unknown. Here we demonstrated that Pcdh-αC2 (αC2), a Pcdh-α isoform, was highly expressed in serotonergic neurons, and was required for normal diffusion in single-axon-level analyses of serotonergic axons. The loss of αC2 from serotonergic neurons, but not from their target brain regions, led to unbalanced distributions of serotonergic axons. Our results suggest that αC2 expressed in serotonergic neurons is required for serotonergic axon diffusion in various brain areas. The αC2 extracellular domain displays homophilic binding activity, suggesting that its homophilic interaction between serotonergic axons regulates axonal density via αC2′s cytoplasmic domain.
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Peek SL, Mah KM, Weiner JA. Regulation of neural circuit formation by protocadherins. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:4133-4157. [PMID: 28631008 PMCID: PMC5643215 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2572-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The protocadherins (Pcdhs), which make up the most diverse group within the cadherin superfamily, were first discovered in the early 1990s. Data implicating the Pcdhs, including ~60 proteins encoded by the tandem Pcdha, Pcdhb, and Pcdhg gene clusters and another ~10 non-clustered Pcdhs, in the regulation of neural development have continually accumulated, with a significant expansion of the field over the past decade. Here, we review the many roles played by clustered and non-clustered Pcdhs in multiple steps important for the formation and function of neural circuits, including dendrite arborization, axon outgrowth and targeting, synaptogenesis, and synapse elimination. We further discuss studies implicating mutation or epigenetic dysregulation of Pcdh genes in a variety of human neurodevelopmental and neurological disorders. With recent structural modeling of Pcdh proteins, the prospects for uncovering molecular mechanisms of Pcdh extracellular and intracellular interactions, and their role in normal and disrupted neural circuit formation, are bright.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey L Peek
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Neuroscience, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Kar Men Mah
- Department of Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Joshua A Weiner
- Department of Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Iowa, 143 Biology Building, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
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Abstract
Clustered protocadherins (Pcdhs) mediate numerous neural patterning functions, including neuronal self-recognition and non-self-discrimination to direct self-avoidance among vertebrate neurons. Individual neurons stochastically express a subset of Pcdh isoforms, which assemble to form a stochastic repertoire of cis-dimers. We describe the structure of a PcdhγB7 cis-homodimer, which includes the membrane-proximal extracellular cadherin domains EC5 and EC6. The structure is asymmetric with one molecule contributing interface surface from both EC5 and EC6, and the other only from EC6. Structural and sequence analyses suggest that all Pcdh isoforms will dimerize through this interface. Site-directed mutants at this interface interfere with both Pcdh cis-dimerization and cell surface transport. The structure explains the known restrictions of cis-interactions of some Pcdh isoforms, including α-Pcdhs, which cannot form homodimers. The asymmetry of the interface approximately doubles the size of the recognition repertoire, and restrictions on cis-interactions among Pcdh isoforms define the limits of the Pcdh recognition unit repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Yoshinaga
- Department of Anatomy, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazunori Nakajima
- Department of Anatomy, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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Lefebvre JL. Neuronal territory formation by the atypical cadherins and clustered protocadherins. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 69:111-121. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Mah KM, Weiner JA. Regulation of Wnt signaling by protocadherins. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 69:158-171. [PMID: 28774578 PMCID: PMC5586504 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The ∼70 protocadherins comprise the largest group within the cadherin superfamily. Their diversity, the complexity of the mechanisms through which their genes are regulated, and their many critical functions in nervous system development have engendered a growing interest in elucidating the intracellular signaling pathways through which they act. Recently, multiple protocadherins across several subfamilies have been implicated as modulators of Wnt signaling pathways, and through this as potential tumor suppressors. Here, we review the extant data on the regulation by protocadherins of Wnt signaling pathways and components, and highlight some key unanswered questions that could shape future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kar Men Mah
- Department of Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
| | - Joshua A Weiner
- Department of Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Iowa Neuroscience Institute, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
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Rubinstein R, Goodman KM, Maniatis T, Shapiro L, Honig B. Structural origins of clustered protocadherin-mediated neuronal barcoding. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 69:140-150. [PMID: 28743640 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Clustered protocadherins mediate neuronal self-recognition and non-self discrimination-neuronal "barcoding"-which underpin neuronal self-avoidance in vertebrate neurons. Recent structural, biophysical, computational, and cell-based studies on protocadherin structure and function have led to a compelling molecular model for the barcoding mechanism. Protocadherin isoforms assemble into promiscuous cis-dimeric recognition units and mediate cell-cell recognition through homophilic trans-interactions. Each recognition unit is composed of two arms extending from the membrane proximal EC6 domains. A cis-dimeric recognition unit with each arm coding adhesive trans homophilic specificity can generate a zipper-like assembly that in turn suggests a chain termination mechanism for self-vs-non-self-discrimination among vertebrate neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rotem Rubinstein
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Systems Biology, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Kerry Marie Goodman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Tom Maniatis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, New York, NY 10032, USA; Zuckerman Mind Brain and Behavior Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | - Lawrence Shapiro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, New York, NY 10032, USA; Zuckerman Mind Brain and Behavior Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | - Barry Honig
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Systems Biology, New York, NY 10032, USA; Zuckerman Mind Brain and Behavior Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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49
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Hirayama T, Yagi T. Regulation of clustered protocadherin genes in individual neurons. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 69:122-130. [PMID: 28591566 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Individual neurons are basic functional units in the complex system of the brain. One aspect of neuronal individuality is generated by stochastic and combinatorial expression of diverse clustered protocadherins (Pcdhs), encoded by the Pcdha, Pcdhb, and Pcdhg gene clusters, that are critical for several aspects of neural circuit formation. Each clustered Pcdh gene has its own promoter containing conserved sequences and is transcribed by a promoter choice mechanism involving interaction between the promoter and enhancers. A CTCF/Cohesin complex induces this interaction by configuration of DNA-looping in the chromatin structure. At the same time, the semi-stochastic expression of clustered Pcdh genes is regulated in individual neurons by DNA methylation: the methyltransferase Dnmt3b regulates methylation state of individual clustered Pcdh genes during early embryonic stages prior to the establishment of neural stem cells. Several other factors, including Smchd1, also contribute to the regulation of clustered Pcdh gene expression. In addition, psychiatric diseases and early life experiences of individuals can influence expression of clustered Pcdh genes in the brain, through epigenetic alterations. Clustered Pcdh gene expression is thus a significant and highly regulated step in establishing neuronal individuality and generating functional neural circuits in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teruyoshi Hirayama
- KOKORO-Biology Group, Laboratories for Integrated Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yagi
- KOKORO-Biology Group, Laboratories for Integrated Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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50
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Hasegawa S, Kobayashi H, Kumagai M, Nishimaru H, Tarusawa E, Kanda H, Sanbo M, Yoshimura Y, Hirabayashi M, Hirabayashi T, Yagi T. Clustered Protocadherins Are Required for Building Functional Neural Circuits. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:114. [PMID: 28484370 PMCID: PMC5401904 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal identity is generated by the cell-surface expression of clustered protocadherin (Pcdh) isoforms. In mice, 58 isoforms from three gene clusters, Pcdhα, Pcdhβ, and Pcdhγ, are differentially expressed in neurons. Since cis-heteromeric Pcdh oligomers on the cell surface interact homophilically with that in other neurons in trans, it has been thought that the Pcdh isoform repertoire determines the binding specificity of synapses. We previously described the cooperative functions of isoforms from all three Pcdh gene clusters in neuronal survival and synapse formation in the spinal cord. However, the neuronal loss and the following neonatal lethality prevented an analysis of the postnatal development and characteristics of the clustered-Pcdh-null (Δαβγ) neural circuits. Here, we used two methods, one to generate the chimeric mice that have transplanted Δαβγ neurons into mouse embryos, and the other to generate double mutant mice harboring null alleles of both the Pcdh gene and the proapoptotic gene Bax to prevent neuronal loss. First, our results showed that the surviving chimeric mice that had a high contribution of Δαβγ cells exhibited paralysis and died in the postnatal period. An analysis of neuronal survival in postnatally developing brain regions of chimeric mice clarified that many Δαβγ neurons in the forebrain were spared from apoptosis, unlike those in the reticular formation of the brainstem. Second, in Δαβγ/Bax null double mutants, the central pattern generator (CPG) for locomotion failed to create a left-right alternating pattern even in the absence of neurodegeneraton. Third, calcium imaging of cultured hippocampal neurons showed that the network activity of Δαβγ neurons tended to be more synchronized and lost the variability in the number of simultaneously active neurons observed in the control network. Lastly, a comparative analysis for trans-homophilic interactions of the exogenously introduced single Pcdh-γA3 isoforms between the control and the Δαβγ neurons suggested that the isoform-specific trans-homophilic interactions require a complete match of the expressed isoform repertoire at the contacting sites between interactive neurons. These results suggested that combinations of clustered Pcdh isoforms are required for building appropriate neural circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonoko Hasegawa
- KOKORO-Biology Group, Laboratories for Integrated Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka UniversitySuita, Japan.,Japan Science and Technology Agency-Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, CREST, Osaka UniversitySuita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kobayashi
- KOKORO-Biology Group, Laboratories for Integrated Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka UniversitySuita, Japan.,Japan Science and Technology Agency-Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, CREST, Osaka UniversitySuita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Makiko Kumagai
- KOKORO-Biology Group, Laboratories for Integrated Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka UniversitySuita, Japan.,Japan Science and Technology Agency-Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, CREST, Osaka UniversitySuita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nishimaru
- System Emotional Science, Graduate School of Medicine, University of ToyamaToyama, Japan
| | - Etsuko Tarusawa
- Section of Visual Information Processing, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural SciencesOkazaki, Japan
| | - Hiro Kanda
- KOKORO-Biology Group, Laboratories for Integrated Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka UniversitySuita, Japan.,Japan Science and Technology Agency-Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, CREST, Osaka UniversitySuita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Makoto Sanbo
- Section of Mammalian Transgenesis, Center for Genetic Analysis of Behavior, National Institute for Physiological SciencesOkazaki, Japan
| | - Yumiko Yoshimura
- Section of Visual Information Processing, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural SciencesOkazaki, Japan
| | - Masumi Hirabayashi
- Section of Mammalian Transgenesis, Center for Genetic Analysis of Behavior, National Institute for Physiological SciencesOkazaki, Japan
| | - Takahiro Hirabayashi
- KOKORO-Biology Group, Laboratories for Integrated Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka UniversitySuita, Japan.,Japan Science and Technology Agency-Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, CREST, Osaka UniversitySuita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yagi
- KOKORO-Biology Group, Laboratories for Integrated Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka UniversitySuita, Japan.,Japan Science and Technology Agency-Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, CREST, Osaka UniversitySuita, Osaka, Japan
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