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Aghasadeghi MR, Zaheri Birgani MA, Jamalimoghadamsiyahkali S, Hosamirudsari H, Moradi A, Jafari-Sabet M, Sadigh N, Rahimi P, Tavakoli R, Hamidi-Fard M, Bahramali G, Parmoon Z, Arjmand Hashjin S, Mirzajani G, Kouhkheil R, Roshangaran S, Khalaf S, Khademi Nadoushan M, Gholamiyan Yousef Abad G, Shahryarpour N, Izadi M, Zendedel A, Jahanfar S, Dadras O, SeyedAlinaghi S, Hackett D. Effect of high-dose Spirulina supplementation on hospitalized adults with COVID-19: a randomized controlled trial. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1332425. [PMID: 38655258 PMCID: PMC11036872 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1332425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Spirulina (arthrospira platensis) is a cyanobacterium proven to have anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and antioxidant effects. However, the effect of high-dose Spirulina supplementation on hospitalized adults with COVID-19 is currently unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of high-dose Spirulina platensis for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Study Design We conducted a randomized, controlled, open-label trial involving 189 patients with COVID-19 who were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to an experimental group that received 15.2g of Spirulina supplement plus standard treatment (44 non-intensive care unit (non-ICU) and 47 ICU), or to a control group that received standard treatment alone (46 non-ICU and 52 ICU). The study was conducted over six days. Immune mediators were monitored on days 1, 3, 5, and 7. The primary outcome of this study was mortality or hospital discharge within seven days, while the overall discharge or mortality was considered the secondary outcome. Results Within seven days, there were no deaths in the Spirulina group, while 15 deaths (15.3%) occurred in the control group. Moreover, within seven days, there was a greater number of patients discharged in the Spirulina group (97.7%) in non-ICU compared to the control group (39.1%) (HR, 6.52; 95% CI, 3.50 to 12.17). Overall mortality was higher in the control group (8.7% non-ICU, 28.8% ICU) compared to the Spirulina group (non-ICU HR, 0.13; 95% CI, 0.02 to 0.97; ICU, HR, 0.16; 95% CI, 0.05 to 0.48). In non-ICU, patients who received Spirulina showed a significant reduction in the levels of IL-6, TNF-α, IL-10, and IP-10 as intervention time increased. Furthermore, in ICU, patients who received Spirulina showed a significant decrease in the levels of MIP-1α and IL-6. IFN-γ levels were significantly higher in the intervention group in both ICU and non-ICU subgroups as intervention time increased. No side effects related to Spirulina supplements were observed during the trial. Conclusion High-dose Spirulina supplements coupled with the standard treatment of COVID-19 may improve recovery and remarkably reduce mortality in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. Clinical Trial Registration https://irct.ir/trial/54375, Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials number (IRCT20210216050373N1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Aghasadeghi
- Hepatitis and AIDS Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
- Viral Vaccine Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Zaheri Birgani
- Hepatitis and AIDS Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
- Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Iranian Institute for Reduction of High-Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Hadiseh Hosamirudsari
- Department of Infectious Disease, Baharloo Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Moradi
- Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Iranian Institute for Reduction of High-Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Jafari-Sabet
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nooshin Sadigh
- Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Iranian Institute for Reduction of High-Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pooneh Rahimi
- Hepatitis and AIDS Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
- Viral Vaccine Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rezvan Tavakoli
- Hepatitis and AIDS Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
- Viral Vaccine Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Hamidi-Fard
- Hepatitis and AIDS Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
- Viral Vaccine Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Golnaz Bahramali
- Hepatitis and AIDS Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
- Viral Vaccine Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zohal Parmoon
- Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Iranian Institute for Reduction of High-Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Ghasem Mirzajani
- Laboratory Department, Baharloo Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Kouhkheil
- Emergency Department, Baharloo Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Somayeh Roshangaran
- Intensive Care Unit, Baharloo Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samineh Khalaf
- Intensive Care Unit, Baharloo Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Khademi Nadoushan
- Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Iranian Institute for Reduction of High-Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ghazaleh Gholamiyan Yousef Abad
- Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Iranian Institute for Reduction of High-Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nima Shahryarpour
- Emergency Department, Baharloo Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Izadi
- Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Iranian Institute for Reduction of High-Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Zendedel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ziaeian Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Family Medicine Department, Ziaeian Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shayesteh Jahanfar
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Omid Dadras
- Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Iranian Institute for Reduction of High-Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - SeyedAhmad SeyedAlinaghi
- Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Iranian Institute for Reduction of High-Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Daniel Hackett
- Physical Activity, Lifestyle, Ageing and Wellbeing Faculty Research Group, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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2
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Kim NH, Kim HY, Lee JH, Chang I, Heo SH, Kim J, Kim JH, Kang JH, Lee SW. Superoxide dismutase secreting Bacillus amyloliquefaciens spores attenuate pulmonary fibrosis. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 168:115647. [PMID: 37826939 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Superoxide dismutase (SOD) can convert active oxygen to oxygen or hydrogen peroxide, and recent research has suggested that it can protect against lung damage and fibrosis. Clinical applications based on SOD remain limited however due to costs and low stability. We here investigated a potential new therapeutic delivery system for this enzyme in the form of SOD-overexpressing Bacillus amyloliquefaciens spores which we introduced into a bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis mouse model. This treatment significantly alleviated the disease, as quantified using a hydroxyproline assay, at 107 colony forming unit (CFU) of Bacillus spores per day. Exposure of the mice to the spores was further found to decrease the lung mRNA levels of CTGF, Col1a1, α-SMA, TGF-β, TNF-α, and IL-6, and the protein levels of TGF-β, Smad2/3, αSMA and Col1a1, all major indicators of pulmonary fibrosis. Survival benefits, and reduced byproducts of lipid peroxidase such as malondialdehyde and 4-hydroxynen, were also noted in the treated animals. The beneficial effects of these Bacillus spores on pulmonary fibrosis were further found to be greater than the equivalent free SOD concentration. Immunofluorescence staining of primary pulmonary fibroblasts extracted from the bleomycin-induced model showed decreased αSMA expression following the in vivo treatment with SOD-overexpressing Bacillus. Our treatment approach SOD through Bacillus spores shows beneficial effects against pulmonary fibrosis, combined with the suppression of the SMAD/TGF-β pathway, suggesting that it is an effective novel delivery route for antioxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Hyun Kim
- Department of Pulmonology and Critical Care Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Young Kim
- Department of Pulmonology and Critical Care Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; BiomLogic, Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jang Ho Lee
- Department of Pulmonology and Critical Care Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Inik Chang
- BiomLogic, Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Hee Heo
- Department of Pulmonology and Critical Care Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiseon Kim
- Department of Pulmonology and Critical Care Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Pharmacology and Regnerative Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, USA
| | | | | | - Sei Won Lee
- Department of Pulmonology and Critical Care Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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3
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Allen J, Evans CA, Datta S. Probiotics for preventing or treating COVID-19; a systematic review of research evidence and meta-analyses of efficacy for preventing death, severe disease, or disease progression. Wellcome Open Res 2022. [DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.18526.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: COVID-19 variants threaten health globally. Despite improving vaccines and treatments, there is an urgent need for alternative strategies to prevent or reduce the severity of COVID-19. Potential strategies include probiotics, which are safe, inexpensive, globally available and have been studied previously in relation to respiratory infections. Methods: We performed a systematic review and meta-analyses of experimental, trial or observational research evidence evaluating probiotics compared with control groups for preventing or treating COVID-19. We searched PubMed, ProQuest, Google Scholar and Web of Science bibliographic databases for studies published until December 6, 2021. We then performed meta-analyses for outcomes reported consistently across studies. Outcomes reported inconsistently or not amenable to meta-analysis were compared descriptively. Results: We identified six eligible studies, which were all published in 2020 and 2021: one randomized controlled trial and five retrospective cohort studies. The only randomized controlled trial reported that groups that ingested probiotics compared with control groups that did not ingest probiotics did not differ significantly with respect to death, severe disease requiring admission to an intensive care unit or disease progression (all p>0.5). The five retrospective cohort studies reported various apparently beneficial and harmful COVID-19 outcome associations with probiotic ingestion. Meta-analyses revealed no significant associations between probiotic use and death, severe disease, or disease progression caused by COVID-19. Descriptive data revealed that probiotic ingestion was associated with a trend towards worsened duration of hospital stay, improvements in measures of respiratory condition and worsened disease duration. The evidence for these contradictory associations was weak because all studies were prone to bias and none were considered to be of high quality. Conclusions: Current evidence does not suggest that probiotics affect COVID-19 severity or mortality. However, additional higher quality studies need to be conducted to definitively determine if probiotics would be a useful adjunctive treatment for COVID-19.
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4
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Malik J, Ahmed S, Yaseen Z, Alanazi M, Alharby TN, Alshammari HA, Anwar S. Association of SARS-CoV-2 and Polypharmacy with Gut-Lung Axis: From Pathogenesis to Treatment. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:33651-33665. [PMID: 36164411 PMCID: PMC9491241 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c02524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is a novel infectious contagion leading to COVID-19 disease. The virus has affected the lives of millions of people across the globe with a high mortality rate. It predominantly affects the lung (respiratory system), but it also affects other organs, including the cardiovascular, psychological, and gastrointestinal (GIT) systems. Moreover, elderly and comorbid patients with compromised organ functioning and pre-existing polypharmacy have worsened COVID-19-associated complications. Microbiota (MB) of the lung plays an important role in developing COVID-19. The extent of damage mainly depends on the predominance of opportunistic pathogens and, inversely, with the predominance of advantageous commensals. Changes in the gut MB are associated with a bidirectional shift in the interaction among the gut with a number of vital human organs, which leads to severe disease symptoms. This review focuses on dysbiosis in the gut-lung axis, COVID-19-induced worsening of comorbidities, and the influence of polypharmacy on MB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonaid
Ahmad Malik
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National
Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Guwahati, Assam 781101, India
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute
of Technology Rupnagar 140001, India
| | - Sakeel Ahmed
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National
Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Zahid Yaseen
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Delhi Pharmaceutical
Sciences and Research University, New Delhi, Delhi 110017, India
| | - Muteb Alanazi
- Department
of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail 81422, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tareq Nafea Alharby
- Department
of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail 81422, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Sirajudheen Anwar
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail 81422, Saudi Arabia
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5
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Li S, Zhou Y, Yan D, Wan Y. An Update on the Mutual Impact between SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Gut Microbiota. Viruses 2022; 14:1774. [PMID: 36016396 PMCID: PMC9415881 DOI: 10.3390/v14081774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota is essential for good health. It has also been demonstrated that the gut microbiota can regulate immune responses against respiratory tract infections. Since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, accumulating evidence suggests that there is a link between the severity of COVID-19 and the alteration of one's gut microbiota. The composition of gut microbiota can be profoundly affected by COVID-19 and vice versa. Here, we summarize the observations of the mutual impact between SARS-CoV-2 infection and gut microbiota composition. We discuss the consequences and mechanisms of the bi-directional interaction. Moreover, we also discuss the immune cross-reactivity between SARS-CoV-2 and commensal bacteria, which represents a previously overlooked connection between COVID-19 and commensal gut bacteria. Finally, we summarize the progress in managing COVID-19 by utilizing microbial interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoshuai Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai 201508, China
- Key Laboratory of Microecology-Immune Regulatory Network and Related Diseases, School of Basic Medicine, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi 154000, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Dongmei Yan
- Key Laboratory of Microecology-Immune Regulatory Network and Related Diseases, School of Basic Medicine, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi 154000, China
| | - Yanmin Wan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Department of Radiology, Shanghai 201508, China
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6
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Al-Beltagi M, Saeed NK, Bediwy AS. COVID-19 disease and autoimmune disorders: A mutual pathway. World J Methodol 2022; 12:200-223. [PMID: 36159097 PMCID: PMC9350728 DOI: 10.5662/wjm.v12.i4.200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a real challenge for humanity with high morbidity and mortality. Despite being primarily a respiratory illness, COVID-19 can affect nearly every human body tissue, causing many diseases. After viral infection, the immune system can recognize the viral antigens presented by the immune cells. This immune response is usually controlled and terminated once the infection is aborted. Nevertheless, in some patients, the immune reaction becomes out of control with the development of autoimmune diseases. Several human tissue antigens showed a strong response with antibodies directed against many severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) proteins, such as SARS-CoV-2 S, N, and autoimmune target proteins. The immunogenic effects of SARS-CoV-2 are due to the sizeable viral RNA molecules with interrupted transcription increasing the pool of epitopes with increased chances of molecular mimicry and interaction with the host immune system, the overlap between some viral and human peptides, the viral induced-tissue damage, and the robust and complex binding between sACE-2 and SARS-CoV-2 S protein. Consequently, COVID-19 and its vaccine may trigger the development of many autoimmune diseases in a predisposed patient. This review discusses the mutual relation between COVID-19 and autoimmune diseases, their interactive effects on each other, the role of the COVID-19 vaccine in triggering autoimmune diseases, the factors affecting the severity of COVID-19 in patients suffering from autoimmune diseases, and the different ways to minimize the risk of COVID-19 in patients with autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Al-Beltagi
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Algharbia, Egypt
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center, King Abdulla Medical City, Arabian Gulf University, Dr. Sulaiman Al-Habib Medical Group, Manama 26671, Manama, Bahrain
| | - Nermin Kamal Saeed
- Medical Microbiology Section, Department of Pathology, Salmaniya Medical Complex, Ministry of Health, Kingdom of Bahrain, Manama 12, Manama, Bahrain
- Microbiology Section, Department of Pathology, Irish Royal College of Surgeon, Bahrain, Busaiteen 15503, Muharraq, Bahrain
| | - Adel Salah Bediwy
- Department of Chest Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Algharbia, Egypt
- Department of Chest Disease, University Medical Center, King Abdulla Medical City, Arabian Gulf University, Dr. Sulaiman Al-Habib Medical Group, Manama 26671, Manama, Bahrain
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7
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Sasi M, Kumar S, Hasan M, S R A, Garcia-Gutierrez E, Kumari S, Prakash O, Nain L, Sachdev A, Dahuja A. Current trends in the development of soy-based foods containing probiotics and paving the path for soy-synbiotics. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:9995-10013. [PMID: 35611888 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2078272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In the world of highly processed foods, special attention is drawn to the nutrient composition and safety of consumed food products. Foods fortified with probiotic bacteria confer beneficial effects on human health and are categorized as functional foods. The salubrious activities of probiotics include the synthesis of vital bioactives, prevention of inflammatory diseases, anticancerous, hypocholesterolemic, and antidiarrheal effects. Soy foods are exemplary delivery vehicles for probiotics and prebiotics and there are diverse strategies to enhance their functionality like employing mixed culture fermentation, engineering probiotics, and incorporating prebiotics in fermented soy foods. High potential is ascribed to the concurrent use of probiotics and prebiotics in one product, termed as "synbiotics," which implicates synergy, in which a prebiotic ingredient particularly favors the growth and activity of a probiotic micro-organism. The insights on emended bioactive profile, metabolic role, and potential health benefits of advanced soy-based probiotic and synbiotic hold a promise which can be profitably implemented to meet consumer needs. This article reviews the available knowledge about strategies to enhance the nutraceutical potential, mechanisms, and health-promoting effects of advanced soy-based probiotics. Traditional fermentation merged with diverse strategies to improve the efficiency and health benefits of probiotics considered vital, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minnu Sasi
- Division of Biochemistry, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- Division of Biochemistry, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
- Quality and Productivity Improvement Division, ICAR-Indian Institute of Natural Resins and Gums, Ranchi, India
| | - Muzaffar Hasan
- Division of Biochemistry, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
- Agro Produce Processing Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Bhopal, India
| | - Arpitha S R
- Division of Biochemistry, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Sweta Kumari
- Division of Biochemistry, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Om Prakash
- National Centre for Microbial Resource (NCMR), National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, India
| | - Lata Nain
- Division of Microbiology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Archana Sachdev
- Division of Biochemistry, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Anil Dahuja
- Division of Biochemistry, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
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8
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Xavier-Santos D, Padilha M, Fabiano GA, Vinderola G, Gomes Cruz A, Sivieri K, Costa Antunes AE. Evidences and perspectives of the use of probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, and postbiotics as adjuvants for prevention and treatment of COVID-19: A bibliometric analysis and systematic review. Trends Food Sci Technol 2022; 120:174-192. [PMID: 35002079 PMCID: PMC8720301 DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease transmitted by the virus responsible for the severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which exhibit several clinical manifestations including gastrointestinal symptoms. SCOPE AND APPROACH This review aimed to provide insights and perspectives for the use of probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, and postbiotics as adjuvants for prevention/treatment and/or modulation of the microbiota in COVID-19 patients. Eighty-four studies published in the Scopus database from the onset of the pandemic until December 2021 were assessed and submitted to a bibliometric analysis adapted from VOSviewer software. KEY FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS Through bibliometric analysis, it might be suggested that the modulation of the gut/lung microbiome is promising as an adjuvant for the prevention/treatment of COVID-19 patients, due to immunomodulation properties related to probiotics and prebiotics. So far, few clinical studies involving the application of probiotics in COVID-19 patients have been completed, but reduction in the duration of the disease and the severity of symptoms as fatigue, olfactory dysfunction and breathlessness, nausea and vomiting and other gastrointestinal symptoms were some of the main findings. However, probiotics are not recommended to immunocompromised patients in corticosteroid therapy. The future perspectives point to the modulation of the intestinal microbiota by probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, and postbiotics represent a promising adjuvant approach for improving the health of patients with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Xavier-Santos
- School of Applied Sciences (FCA), State University of Campinas, 1300 Pedro Zaccaria St, Zip Code 13484-350, Limeira, SP, Brazil
| | - Marina Padilha
- Department of Social and Applied Nutrition, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Zip Code 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Giovanna Alexandre Fabiano
- School of Applied Sciences (FCA), State University of Campinas, 1300 Pedro Zaccaria St, Zip Code 13484-350, Limeira, SP, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Vinderola
- Instituto de Lactología Industrial (INLAIN, UNL-CONICET), Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional Del Litoral, Santiago Del Estero 2829, Santa Fe, 3000, Argentina
| | - Adriano Gomes Cruz
- Department of Food, Federal Institute of Science and Technology of Rio de Janeiro (IFRJ), 121/125 Senador Furtado St, Zip Code 20270-021, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Katia Sivieri
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rodovia Araraquara Jaú Km 1, Zip Code 14800-903, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Adriane Elisabete Costa Antunes
- School of Applied Sciences (FCA), State University of Campinas, 1300 Pedro Zaccaria St, Zip Code 13484-350, Limeira, SP, Brazil,Corresponding author
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9
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Sencio V, Machelart A, Robil C, Benech N, Hoffmann E, Galbert C, Deryuter L, Heumel S, Hantute-Ghesquier A, Flourens A, Brodin P, Infanti F, Richard V, Dubuisson J, Grangette C, Sulpice T, Wolowczuk I, Pinet F, Prévot V, Belouzard S, Briand F, Duterque-Coquillaud M, Sokol H, Trottein F. Alteration of the gut microbiota following SARS-CoV-2 infection correlates with disease severity in hamsters. Gut Microbes 2022; 14:2018900. [PMID: 34965194 PMCID: PMC8726722 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2021.2018900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Mounting evidence suggests that the gut-to-lung axis is critical during respiratory viral infections. We herein hypothesized that disruption of gut homeostasis during severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection may associate with early disease outcomes. To address this question, we took advantage of the Syrian hamster model. Our data confirmed that this model recapitulates some hallmark features of the human disease in the lungs. We further showed that SARS-CoV-2 infection associated with mild intestinal inflammation, relative alteration in intestinal barrier property and liver inflammation and altered lipid metabolism. These changes occurred concomitantly with an alteration of the gut microbiota composition over the course of infection, notably characterized by a higher relative abundance of deleterious bacterial taxa such as Enterobacteriaceae and Desulfovibrionaceae. Conversely, several members of the Ruminococcaceae and Lachnospiraceae families, including bacteria known to produce the fermentative products short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), had a reduced relative proportion compared to non-infected controls. Accordingly, infection led to a transient decrease in systemic SCFA amounts. SCFA supplementation during infection had no effect on clinical and inflammatory parameters. Lastly, a strong correlation between some gut microbiota taxa and clinical and inflammation indices of SARS-CoV-2 infection severity was evidenced. Collectively, alteration of the gut microbiota correlates with disease severity in hamsters making this experimental model valuable for the design of interventional, gut microbiota-targeted, approaches for the control of COVID-19.Abbreviations: SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; SCFAs, short-chain fatty acids; dpi, day post-infection; RT-PCR, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction; IL, interleukin. ACE2, angiotensin converting enzyme 2; TMPRSS2, transmembrane serine protease 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Sencio
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 9017 - CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000Lille, France,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 9017, F-59000Lille, France,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm) U1019, F-59000Lille, France,Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Lille, F-59000Lille, France,Institut Pasteur de Lille, F-59000Lille, France
| | - Arnaud Machelart
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 9017 - CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000Lille, France,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 9017, F-59000Lille, France,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm) U1019, F-59000Lille, France,Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Lille, F-59000Lille, France,Institut Pasteur de Lille, F-59000Lille, France
| | - Cyril Robil
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 9017 - CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000Lille, France,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 9017, F-59000Lille, France,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm) U1019, F-59000Lille, France,Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Lille, F-59000Lille, France,Institut Pasteur de Lille, F-59000Lille, France
| | - Nicolas Benech
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, AP-HP, Saint Antoine Hospital, Gastroenterology department, F-75012Paris, France,Paris Center for Microbiome Medicine, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire, F-75012Paris, France
| | - Eik Hoffmann
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 9017 - CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000Lille, France,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 9017, F-59000Lille, France,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm) U1019, F-59000Lille, France,Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Lille, F-59000Lille, France,Institut Pasteur de Lille, F-59000Lille, France
| | - Chloé Galbert
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, AP-HP, Saint Antoine Hospital, Gastroenterology department, F-75012Paris, France,Paris Center for Microbiome Medicine, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire, F-75012Paris, France
| | - Lucie Deryuter
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 9017 - CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000Lille, France,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 9017, F-59000Lille, France,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm) U1019, F-59000Lille, France,Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Lille, F-59000Lille, France,Institut Pasteur de Lille, F-59000Lille, France
| | - Séverine Heumel
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 9017 - CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000Lille, France,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 9017, F-59000Lille, France,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm) U1019, F-59000Lille, France,Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Lille, F-59000Lille, France,Institut Pasteur de Lille, F-59000Lille, France
| | - Aline Hantute-Ghesquier
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, F-59000Lille, France,Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR9020-U1277 - CANTHER – Cancer Heterogeneity Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, F-59000Lille, France
| | - Anne Flourens
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, F-59000Lille, France,Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR9020-U1277 - CANTHER – Cancer Heterogeneity Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, F-59000Lille, France
| | - Priscille Brodin
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 9017 - CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000Lille, France,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 9017, F-59000Lille, France,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm) U1019, F-59000Lille, France,Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Lille, F-59000Lille, France,Institut Pasteur de Lille, F-59000Lille, France
| | | | | | - Jean Dubuisson
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 9017 - CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000Lille, France,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 9017, F-59000Lille, France,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm) U1019, F-59000Lille, France,Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Lille, F-59000Lille, France,Institut Pasteur de Lille, F-59000Lille, France
| | - Corinne Grangette
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 9017 - CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000Lille, France,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 9017, F-59000Lille, France,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm) U1019, F-59000Lille, France,Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Lille, F-59000Lille, France,Institut Pasteur de Lille, F-59000Lille, France
| | | | - Isabelle Wolowczuk
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 9017 - CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000Lille, France,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 9017, F-59000Lille, France,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm) U1019, F-59000Lille, France,Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Lille, F-59000Lille, France,Institut Pasteur de Lille, F-59000Lille, France
| | - Florence Pinet
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1167 - RID-AGE - Facteurs de risque et déterminants moléculaires des maladies liées au vieillissement, F-59000Lille, France
| | - Vincent Prévot
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR-S1172, EGID and DISTALZ, F-59000Lille, France
| | - Sandrine Belouzard
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 9017 - CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000Lille, France,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 9017, F-59000Lille, France,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm) U1019, F-59000Lille, France,Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Lille, F-59000Lille, France,Institut Pasteur de Lille, F-59000Lille, France
| | | | - Martine Duterque-Coquillaud
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, F-59000Lille, France,Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR9020-U1277 - CANTHER – Cancer Heterogeneity Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, F-59000Lille, France
| | - Harry Sokol
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, AP-HP, Saint Antoine Hospital, Gastroenterology department, F-75012Paris, France,Paris Center for Microbiome Medicine, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire, F-75012Paris, France,Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRAE), UMR1319 Micalis & AgroParisTech, F-78350Jouy en Josas, France
| | - François Trottein
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 9017 - CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000Lille, France,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 9017, F-59000Lille, France,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm) U1019, F-59000Lille, France,Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Lille, F-59000Lille, France,Institut Pasteur de Lille, F-59000Lille, France,CONTACT François Trottein Institut Pasteur de Lille, 1 rue du Professeur Calmette, Lille 59000
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10
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Gutiérrez-Castrellón P, Gandara-Martí T, Abreu Y Abreu AT, Nieto-Rufino CD, López-Orduña E, Jiménez-Escobar I, Jiménez-Gutiérrez C, López-Velazquez G, Espadaler-Mazo J. Probiotic improves symptomatic and viral clearance in Covid19 outpatients: a randomized, quadruple-blinded, placebo-controlled trial. Gut Microbes 2022; 14:2018899. [PMID: 35014600 PMCID: PMC8757475 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2021.2018899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal bacteria may influence lung homeostasis via the gut-lung axis. We conducted a single-center, quadruple-blinded, randomized trial in adult symptomatic Coronavirus Disease 2019 (Covid19) outpatients. Subjects were allocated 1:1 to probiotic formula (strains Lactiplantibacillus plantarum KABP022, KABP023, and KAPB033, plus strain Pediococcus acidilactici KABP021, totaling 2 × 109 colony-forming units (CFU)) or placebo, for 30 days. Co-primary endpoints included: i) proportion of patients in complete symptomatic and viral remission; ii) proportion progressing to moderate or severe disease with hospitalization, or death; and iii) days on Intensive Care Unit (ICU). Three hundred subjects were randomized (median age 37.0 years [range 18 to 60], 161 [53.7%] women, 126 [42.0%] having known metabolic risk factors), and 293 completed the study (97.7%). Complete remission was achieved by 78 of 147 (53.1%) in probiotic group compared to 41 of 146 (28.1%) in placebo (RR: 1.89 [95 CI 1.40-2.55]; P < .001), significant after multiplicity correction. No hospitalizations or deaths occurred during the study, precluding the assessment of remaining co-primary outcomes. Probiotic supplementation was well-tolerated and reduced nasopharyngeal viral load, lung infiltrates and duration of both digestive and non-digestive symptoms, compared to placebo. No significant compositional changes were detected in fecal microbiota between probiotic and placebo, but probiotic supplementation significantly increased specific IgM and IgG against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2) compared to placebo. It is thus hypothesized this probiotic primarily acts by interacting with the host's immune system rather than changing colonic microbiota composition. Future studies should replicate these findings and elucidate its mechanism of action (Registration: NCT04517422).Abbreviations: AE: Adverse Event; BMI: Body Mass Index; CONSORT: CONsolidated Standards of Reporting Trials; CFU: Colony-Forming Units; eDRF: Electronic Daily Report Form; GLA: Gut-Lung Axis; GSRS: Gastrointestinal Symptoms Rating Scale; hsCRP: High-sensitivity C-Reactive Protein; HR: Hazard Ratio; ICU: Intensive Care Unit; OR: Odds Ratio; PCoA: Principal Coordinate Analysis; RR: Relative Risk; RT-qPCR: Real-Time Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction; SARS-CoV2: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; SpO2: Peripheral Oxygen Saturation; WHO: World Health Organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Gutiérrez-Castrellón
- Centro de Investigación Translacional en Ciencias de la Salud, Hospital General Dr. Manuel Gea Gonzalez, Ciudad de México, (CDMX), México
- International Scientific Council for Probiotics, Ciudad de México, (CDMX), México
| | - Tania Gandara-Martí
- Centro de Investigación Translacional en Ciencias de la Salud, Hospital General Dr. Manuel Gea Gonzalez, Ciudad de México, (CDMX), México
| | | | - Cesar D. Nieto-Rufino
- Centro de Investigación Translacional en Ciencias de la Salud, Hospital General Dr. Manuel Gea Gonzalez, Ciudad de México, (CDMX), México
| | | | - Irma Jiménez-Escobar
- Centro de Investigación Translacional en Ciencias de la Salud, Hospital General Dr. Manuel Gea Gonzalez, Ciudad de México, (CDMX), México
| | - Carlos Jiménez-Gutiérrez
- Centro de Investigación Translacional en Ciencias de la Salud, Hospital General Dr. Manuel Gea Gonzalez, Ciudad de México, (CDMX), México
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11
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Asrani P, Tiwari K, Eapen MS, McAlinden KD, Haug G, Johansen MD, Hansbro PM, Flanagan KL, Hassan MI, Sohal SS. Clinical features and mechanistic insights into drug repurposing for combating COVID-19. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2022; 142:106114. [PMID: 34748991 PMCID: PMC8570392 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2021.106114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged from Wuhan in China before it spread to the entire globe. It causes coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) where mostly individuals present mild symptoms, some remain asymptomatic and some show severe lung inflammation and pneumonia in the host through the induction of a marked inflammatory 'cytokine storm'. New and efficacious vaccines have been developed and put into clinical practice in record time, however, there is a still a need for effective treatments for those who are not vaccinated or remain susceptible to emerging SARS-CoV-2 variant strains. Despite this, effective therapeutic interventions against COVID-19 remain elusive. Here, we have reviewed potential drugs for COVID-19 classified on the basis of their mode of action. The mechanisms of action of each are discussed in detail to highlight the therapeutic targets that may help in reducing the global pandemic. The review was done up to July 2021 and the data was assessed through the official websites of WHO and CDC for collecting the information on the clinical trials. Moreover, the recent research papers were also assessed for the relevant data. The search was mainly based on keywords like Coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, drugs (specific name of the drugs), COVID-19, clinical efficiency, safety profile, side-effects etc.This review outlines potential areas for future research into COVID-19 treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purva Asrani
- Department of Microbiology, University of Delhi, South Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Keshav Tiwari
- ICAR - National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Mathew Suji Eapen
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia
| | - Kielan Darcy McAlinden
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia
| | - Greg Haug
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia; Department of Respiratory Medicine, Launceston General Hospital, Launceston 7250, Australia
| | - Matt D Johansen
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia; University of Technology Sydney, Faculty of Science, School of Life Sciences, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Philip M Hansbro
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia; University of Technology Sydney, Faculty of Science, School of Life Sciences, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Katie L Flanagan
- Clinical School, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania 7250, Australia; School of Health and Biomedical Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Tasmania Vaccine Trial Centre, Clifford Craig Foundation, Launceston General Hospital, Launceston, Tasmania 7250, Australia
| | - Md Imtaiyaz Hassan
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Sukhwinder Singh Sohal
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia.
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12
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Samson R, Dharne M. COVID-19 associated mucormycosis: evolving technologies for early and rapid diagnosis. 3 Biotech 2022; 12:6. [PMID: 34900512 PMCID: PMC8647065 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-021-03080-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The post-coronavirus disease (COVID-19) mucormycosis is a deadly addition to the pandemic spectrum. Although it’s a rare, aggressive, and opportunistic disease, the associated morbidity and mortality are significant. The complex interplay of factors aggravating CAM is uncontrolled diabetes, irrational and excessive use of antibiotics, steroids, and an impaired immune system. Recently, India has been witnessing a rapid surge in the cases of coronavirus disease-associated mucormycosis (CAM), since the second wave of COVID-19. The devastating and lethal implications of CAM had now become a matter of global attention. A delayed diagnosis is often associated with a poor prognosis. Therefore, the rapid and early diagnosis of infection would be life-saving. Prevention and effective management of mucormycosis depend upon its early and accurate diagnosis followed by a multimodal therapeutic approach. The current review summarizes an array of detection methods and highlights certain evolving technologies for early and rapid diagnosis of CAM. Furthermore, several potential management strategies have also been discussed, which would aid in tackling the neglected yet fatal crisis of mucormycosis associated with COVID-19.
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13
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main mechanisms of the effect of intestinal microflora on the immune system and their importance in clinical practice. Fam Med 2021. [DOI: 10.30841/2307-5112.4.2021.249409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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14
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The Lung Microbiome during Health and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910872. [PMID: 34639212 PMCID: PMC8509400 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Healthy human lungs have traditionally been considered to be a sterile organ. However, culture-independent molecular techniques have reported that large numbers of microbes coexist in the lung and airways. The lungs harbor diverse microbial composition that are undetected by previous approaches. Many studies have found significant differences in microbial composition between during health and respiratory disease. The lung microbiome is likely to not only influence susceptibility or causes of diseases but be affected by disease activities or responses to treatment. Although lung microbiome research has some limitations from study design to reporting, it can add further dimensionality to host-microbe interactions. Moreover, there is a possibility that extending understanding to the lung microbiome with new multiple omics approaches would be useful for developing both diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for respiratory diseases in clinical settings.
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15
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Hawryłkowicz V, Lietz-Kijak D, Kaźmierczak-Siedlecka K, Sołek-Pastuszka J, Stachowska L, Folwarski M, Parczewski M, Stachowska E. Patient Nutrition and Probiotic Therapy in COVID-19: What Do We Know in 2021? Nutrients 2021; 13:3385. [PMID: 34684384 PMCID: PMC8538178 DOI: 10.3390/nu13103385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The main nutritional consequences of COVID-19 include reduced food intake, hypercatabolism, and rapid muscle wasting. Some studies showed that malnutrition is a significant problem among patients hospitalized due to COVID-19 infection, and the outcome of patients with SARS-CoV-2 is strongly associated with their nutritional status. The purpose of this study was to collect useful information about the possible elements of nutritional and probiotic therapy in patients infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus. METHODS A narrative review of the literature, including studies published up to 13 September 2021. RESULTS Probiotics may support patients by inhibiting the ACE2 receptor, i.e., the passage of the virus into the cell, and may also be effective in suppressing the immune response caused by the proinflammatory cytokine cascade. In patients' diet, it is crucial to ensure an adequate intake of micronutrients, such as omega-3 fatty acids (at 2-4 g/d), selenium (300-450 μg/d) and zinc (30-50 mg/d), and vitamins A (900-700 µg/d), E (135 mg/d), D (20,000-50,000 IU), C (1-2 g/d), B6, and B12. Moreover, the daily calorie intake should amount to ≥1500-2000 with 75-100 g of protein. CONCLUSION In conclusion, the treatment of gut dysbiosis involving an adequate intake of prebiotic dietary fiber and probiotics could turn out to be an immensely helpful instrument for immunomodulation, both in COVID-19 patients and prophylactically in individuals with no history of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria Hawryłkowicz
- Department of Human Nutrition and Metabolomics, Pomeranian Medical University, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland; (V.H.); (L.S.)
| | - Danuta Lietz-Kijak
- Department of Propedeutics, Physiodiagnostics and Dental Physiotherapy, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland;
| | | | - Joanna Sołek-Pastuszka
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Pomeranian Medical University, 71-242 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Laura Stachowska
- Department of Human Nutrition and Metabolomics, Pomeranian Medical University, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland; (V.H.); (L.S.)
| | - Marcin Folwarski
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland;
| | - Miłosz Parczewski
- Department of Infectious, Tropical and Acquired Immunological Diseases, Pomeranian Medical University, 71-455 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Ewa Stachowska
- Department of Human Nutrition and Metabolomics, Pomeranian Medical University, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland; (V.H.); (L.S.)
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16
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Hung YP, Lee CC, Lee JC, Tsai PJ, Ko WC. Gut Dysbiosis during COVID-19 and Potential Effect of Probiotics. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9081605. [PMID: 34442684 PMCID: PMC8402052 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9081605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), an RNA virus of the family Coronaviridae, causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), an influenza-like disease that chiefly infects the lungs through respiratory transmission. The spike protein of SARS-CoV-2, a transmembrane protein in its outer portion, targets angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as the binding receptor for the cell entry. As ACE2 is highly expressed in the gut and pulmonary tissues, SARS-CoV-2 infections frequently result in gastrointestinal inflammation, with presentations ordinarily ranging from intestinal cramps to complications with intestinal perforations. However, the evidence detailing successful therapy for gastrointestinal involvement in COVID-19 patients is currently limited. A significant change in fecal microbiomes, namely dysbiosis, was characterized by the enrichment of opportunistic pathogens and the depletion of beneficial commensals and their crucial association to COVID-19 severity has been evidenced. Oral probiotics had been evidenced to improve gut health in achieving homeostasis by exhibiting their antiviral effects via the gut-lung axis. Although numerous commercial probiotics have been effective against coronavirus, their efficacies in treating COVID-19 patients remain debated. In ClinicalTrials.gov, 19 clinical trials regarding the dietary supplement of probiotics, in terms of Lactobacillus and mixtures of Bifidobacteria and Lactobacillus, for treating COVID-19 cases are ongoing. Accordingly, the preventive or therapeutic role of probiotics for COVID-19 patients can be elucidated in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Pin Hung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tainan Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Tainan 700, Taiwan;
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan; (C.-C.L.); (J.-C.L.)
| | - Ching-Chi Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan; (C.-C.L.); (J.-C.L.)
- Clinical Medicine Research Center, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 705, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan 711, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Chieh Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan; (C.-C.L.); (J.-C.L.)
| | - Pei-Jane Tsai
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 705, Taiwan;
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 705, Taiwan
- Department of Pathology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan 705, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chien Ko
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan; (C.-C.L.); (J.-C.L.)
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 705, Taiwan
- Correspondence:
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