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Nguyen TK, Vu GM, Duong VC, Pham TL, Nguyen NT, Tran TTH, Tran MH, Nguyen DT, Vo NS, Phung HT, Hoang TH. The therapeutic landscape for COVID-19 and post-COVID-19 medications from genetic profiling of the Vietnamese population and a predictive model of drug-drug interaction for comorbid COVID-19 patients. Heliyon 2024; 10:e27043. [PMID: 38509882 PMCID: PMC10950508 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite the raised awareness of the role of pharmacogenomic (PGx) in personalized medicines for COVID-19, data for COVID-19 drugs is extremely scarce and not even a publication on this topic for post-COVID-19 medications to date. In the current study, we investigated the genetic variations associated with COVID-19 and post-COVID-19 therapies by using whole genome sequencing data of the 1000 Vietnamese Genomes Project (1KVG) in comparison with other populations retrieved from the 1000 Genomes Project Phase 3 (1KGP3) and the Genome Aggregation Database (gnomAD). Moreover, we also evaluated the risk of drug interactions in comorbid COVID-19 and post-COVID-19 patients based on pharmacogenomic profiles of drugs using a computational approach. For COVID-19 therapies, variants related to the response of two causal treatment agents (tolicizumab and ritonavir) and antithrombotic drugs are common in the Vietnamese cohort. Regarding post-COVID-19, drugs for mental manipulations possess the highest number of clinical annotated variants carried by Vietnamese individuals. Among the superpopulations, East Asian populations shared the most similar genetic structure with the Vietnamese population, whereas the African population showed the most difference. Comorbid patients are at an increased drug-drug interaction (DDI) risk when suffering from COVID-19 and after recovering as well due to a large number of potential DDIs which have been identified. Our results presented the population-specific understanding of the pharmacogenomic aspect of COVID-19 and post-COVID-19 therapy to optimize therapeutic outcomes and promote personalized medicine strategy. We also partly clarified the higher risk in COVID-19 patients with underlying conditions by assessing the potential drug interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giang Minh Vu
- Center for Biomedical Informatics, Vingroup Big Data Institute, Hanoi, Viet Nam
- GeneStory JSC, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Vinh Chi Duong
- Center for Biomedical Informatics, Vingroup Big Data Institute, Hanoi, Viet Nam
- GeneStory JSC, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | | | | | - Trang Thi Ha Tran
- Center for Biomedical Informatics, Vingroup Big Data Institute, Hanoi, Viet Nam
- GeneStory JSC, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Mai Hoang Tran
- Center for Biomedical Informatics, Vingroup Big Data Institute, Hanoi, Viet Nam
- GeneStory JSC, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Duong Thuy Nguyen
- Center for Biomedical Informatics, Vingroup Big Data Institute, Hanoi, Viet Nam
- GeneStory JSC, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Nam S. Vo
- Center for Biomedical Informatics, Vingroup Big Data Institute, Hanoi, Viet Nam
- GeneStory JSC, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Huong Thanh Phung
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Hanoi University of Pharmacy, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Tham Hong Hoang
- Center for Biomedical Informatics, Vingroup Big Data Institute, Hanoi, Viet Nam
- GeneStory JSC, Hanoi, Viet Nam
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2
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Giurini EF, Godla A, Gupta KH. Redefining bioactive small molecules from microbial metabolites as revolutionary anticancer agents. Cancer Gene Ther 2024; 31:187-206. [PMID: 38200347 PMCID: PMC10874892 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-023-00715-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Cancer treatment remains a significant challenge due to issues such as acquired resistance to conventional therapies and the occurrence of adverse treatment-related toxicities. In recent years, researchers have turned their attention to the microbial world in search of novel and effective drugs to combat this devastating disease. Microbial derived secondary metabolites have proven to be a valuable source of biologically active compounds, which exhibit diverse functions and have demonstrated potential as treatments for various human diseases. The exploration of these compounds has provided valuable insights into their mechanisms of action against cancer cells. In-depth studies have been conducted on clinically established microbial metabolites, unraveling their anticancer properties, and shedding light on their therapeutic potential. This review aims to comprehensively examine the anticancer mechanisms of these established microbial metabolites. Additionally, it highlights the emerging therapies derived from these metabolites, offering a glimpse into the immense potential they hold for anticancer drug discovery. Furthermore, this review delves into approved treatments and major drug candidates currently undergoing clinical trials, focusing on specific molecular targets. It also addresses the challenges and issues encountered in the field of anticancer drug research and development. It also presents a comprehensive exposition of the contemporary panorama concerning microbial metabolites serving as a reservoir for anticancer agents, thereby illuminating their auspicious prospects and the prospect of forthcoming strides in the domain of cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileena F Giurini
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Aishvarya Godla
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Kajal H Gupta
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
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3
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Boyd LNC, Nooijen LE, Ali M, Puik JR, Moustaquim J, Fraga Rodrigues SM, Broos R, Belkouz A, Meijer LL, Le Large TYS, Erdmann JI, Hooijer GKJ, Heger M, Van Laarhoven HWM, Roos E, Kazemier G, Giovannetti E, Verheij J, Klümpen HJ. Prognostic and predictive value of human equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (hENT1) in extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: a translational study. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1274692. [PMID: 37920204 PMCID: PMC10619907 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1274692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Effective (neo) adjuvant chemotherapy for cholangiocarcinoma is lacking due to chemoresistance and the absence of predictive biomarkers. Human equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (hENT1) has been described as a potential prognostic and predictive biomarker. In this study, the potential of rabbit-derived (SP120) and murine-derived (10D7G2) antibodies to detect hENT1 expression was compared in tissue samples of patients with extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ECC), and the predictive value of hENT1 was investigated in three ECC cell lines. Methods: Tissues of 71 chemonaïve patients with histological confirmation of ECC were selected and stained with SP120 or 10D7G2 to assess the inter-observer variability for both antibodies and the correlation with overall survival. Concomitantly, gemcitabine sensitivity after hENT1 knockdown was assessed in the ECC cell lines EGI-1, TFK-1, and SK-ChA-1 using sulforhodamine B assays. Results: Scoring immunohistochemistry for hENT1 expression with the use of SP120 antibody resulted in the highest interobserver agreement but did not show a prognostic role of hENT1. However, 10D7G2 showed a prognostic role for hENT1, and a potential predictive role for gemcitabine sensitivity in hENT1 in SK-ChA-1 and TFK-1 cells was found. Discussion: These findings prompt further studies for both preclinical validation of the role of hENT1 and histochemical standardization in cholangiocarcinoma patients treated with gemcitabine-based chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka N C Boyd
- Department of Surgery, Amsterdam UMC, Location Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Medical Oncology, Lab of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam UMC, Location Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Imaging and Biomarkers, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Lynn E Nooijen
- Department of Surgery, Amsterdam UMC, Location Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Imaging and Biomarkers, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Surgery, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Mahsoem Ali
- Department of Surgery, Amsterdam UMC, Location Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Medical Oncology, Lab of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam UMC, Location Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Imaging and Biomarkers, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jisce R Puik
- Department of Surgery, Amsterdam UMC, Location Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Medical Oncology, Lab of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam UMC, Location Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Imaging and Biomarkers, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jasmine Moustaquim
- Department of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Stephanie M Fraga Rodrigues
- Department of Surgery, Amsterdam UMC, Location Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Medical Oncology, Lab of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam UMC, Location Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Imaging and Biomarkers, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Robert Broos
- Department of Surgery, Amsterdam UMC, Location Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Medical Oncology, Lab of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam UMC, Location Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Imaging and Biomarkers, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ali Belkouz
- Department of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Laura L Meijer
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Tessa Y S Le Large
- Department of Surgery, Amsterdam UMC, Location Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Medical Oncology, Lab of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam UMC, Location Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Imaging and Biomarkers, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Joris I Erdmann
- Department of Surgery, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Gerrit K J Hooijer
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Michal Heger
- Jiaxing Key Laboratory for Photonanomedicine and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Erasmus Medical Center, Laboratory for Experimental Oncology, Department of Pathology, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Hanneke W M Van Laarhoven
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Imaging and Biomarkers, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Eva Roos
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Geert Kazemier
- Department of Surgery, Amsterdam UMC, Location Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Imaging and Biomarkers, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Elisa Giovannetti
- Department of Medical Oncology, Lab of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam UMC, Location Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Imaging and Biomarkers, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Cancer Pharmacology Lab, Associazione Italiana per La Ricerca Sul Cancro (AIRC) Start-Up Unit, Fondazione Pisana per La Scienza, Pisa, Italy
| | - Joanne Verheij
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Heinz-Josef Klümpen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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4
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Persaud AK, Bernier MC, Massey MA, Agrawal S, Kaur T, Nayak D, Xie Z, Weadick B, Raj R, Hill K, Abbott N, Joshi A, Anabtawi N, Bryant C, Somogyi A, Cruz-Monserrate Z, Amari F, Coppola V, Sparreboom A, Baker SD, Unadkat JD, Phelps MA, Govindarajan R. Increased renal elimination of endogenous and synthetic pyrimidine nucleosides in concentrative nucleoside transporter 1 deficient mice. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3175. [PMID: 37264059 PMCID: PMC10235067 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38789-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Concentrative nucleoside transporters (CNTs) are active nucleoside influx systems, but their in vivo roles are poorly defined. By generating CNT1 knockout (KO) mice, here we identify a role of CNT1 in the renal reabsorption of nucleosides. Deletion of CNT1 in mice increases the urinary excretion of endogenous pyrimidine nucleosides with compensatory alterations in purine nucleoside metabolism. In addition, CNT1 KO mice exhibits high urinary excretion of the nucleoside analog gemcitabine (dFdC), which results in poor tumor growth control in CNT1 KO mice harboring syngeneic pancreatic tumors. Interestingly, increasing the dFdC dose to attain an area under the concentration-time curve level equivalent to that achieved by wild-type (WT) mice rescues antitumor efficacy. The findings provide new insights into how CNT1 regulates reabsorption of endogenous and synthetic nucleosides in murine kidneys and suggest that the functional status of CNTs may account for the optimal action of pyrimidine nucleoside analog therapeutics in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash K Persaud
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Matthew C Bernier
- Campus Chemical Instrument Center Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Michael A Massey
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- The Center for Life Sciences Education, College of Arts and Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Shipra Agrawal
- Division of Nephrology & Hypertension, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Tejinder Kaur
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Debasis Nayak
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Zhiliang Xie
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Brenna Weadick
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Ruchika Raj
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Kasey Hill
- Pharmacoanalytic Shared Resource (PhASR), The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43205, USA
| | - Nicole Abbott
- Pharmacoanalytic Shared Resource (PhASR), The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43205, USA
| | - Arnav Joshi
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Nadeen Anabtawi
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Claire Bryant
- Center for Clinical & Translational Research, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Arpad Somogyi
- Campus Chemical Instrument Center Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Zobeida Cruz-Monserrate
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Foued Amari
- Genetically Engineered Mouse Modeling Core, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Vincenzo Coppola
- Genetically Engineered Mouse Modeling Core, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Alex Sparreboom
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Sharyn D Baker
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Jashvant D Unadkat
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Translational Therapeutics, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Mitch A Phelps
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Pharmacoanalytic Shared Resource (PhASR), The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43205, USA
| | - Rajgopal Govindarajan
- Division of Pharmaceutics & Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
- Translational Therapeutics, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
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5
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Miners JO, Polasek TM, Hulin JA, Rowland A, Meech R. Drug-drug interactions that alter the exposure of glucuronidated drugs: Scope, UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) enzyme selectivity, mechanisms (inhibition and induction), and clinical significance. Pharmacol Ther 2023:108459. [PMID: 37263383 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Drug-drug interactions (DDIs) arising from the perturbation of drug metabolising enzyme activities represent both a clinical problem and a potential economic loss for the pharmaceutical industry. DDIs involving glucuronidated drugs have historically attracted little attention and there is a perception that interactions are of minor clinical relevance. This review critically examines the scope and aetiology of DDIs that result in altered exposure of glucuronidated drugs. Interaction mechanisms, namely inhibition and induction of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) enzymes and the potential interplay with drug transporters, are reviewed in detail, as is the clinical significance of known DDIs. Altered victim drug exposure arising from modulation of UGT enzyme activities is relatively common and, notably, the incidence and importance of UGT induction as a DDI mechanism is greater than generally believed. Numerous DDIs are clinically relevant, resulting in either loss of efficacy or an increased risk of adverse effects, necessitating dose individualisation. Several generalisations relating to the likelihood of DDIs can be drawn from the known substrate and inhibitor selectivities of UGT enzymes, highlighting the importance of comprehensive reaction phenotyping studies at an early stage of drug development. Further, rigorous assessment of the DDI liability of new chemical entities that undergo glucuronidation to a significant extent has been recommended recently by regulatory guidance. Although evidence-based approaches exist for the in vitro characterisation of UGT enzyme inhibition and induction, the availability of drugs considered appropriate for use as 'probe' substrates in clinical DDI studies is limited and this should be research priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- John O Miners
- Discipline of Clinical Pharmacology and Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Thomas M Polasek
- Certara, Princeton, NJ, USA; Centre for Medicines Use and Safety, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Julie-Ann Hulin
- Discipline of Clinical Pharmacology and Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Andrew Rowland
- Discipline of Clinical Pharmacology and Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Robyn Meech
- Discipline of Clinical Pharmacology and Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
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6
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Al Saihati HA, Rabaan AA. Cellular resistance mechanisms in cancer and the new approaches to overcome resistance mechanisms chemotherapy. Saudi Med J 2023; 44:329-344. [PMID: 37062547 PMCID: PMC10153614 DOI: 10.15537/smj.2023.44.4.20220600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite major advancements in cancer healing approaches over the last few decades, chemotherapy remains the most popular malignancy treatment. Chemotherapeutic drugs are classified into many kinds based on their mechanism of action. Multidrug resistance (MDR) is responsible for approximately 90% of fatalities in malignancy cases treated with standard chemotherapeutics or innovative targeted medicines. Many innovative prospective anti-cancer medicines displayed high anti-cancer efficacy in a single application. However, combining them with other medications improves cancer treatment efficacy. This supports the belief that a combination of drugs is significantly more effective than a single medicine. Due to the intricacy of MDR processes and the diversity of tumor illnesses, there will rarely be a single medicine that can be utilized to treat all types of cancer. Finding new medications that can reverse MDR in malignancy cells will augment efficacy of chemotherapeutic agents and allow us to treat cancers that are now incurable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajir A. Al Saihati
- From the Department of Clinical Laboratory Science (Al Saihati), Applied Medical College, University of Hafr Al Batin, Hafr Al Batin, and from the Depatment of Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory (Rabaan), Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ali A. Rabaan
- From the Department of Clinical Laboratory Science (Al Saihati), Applied Medical College, University of Hafr Al Batin, Hafr Al Batin, and from the Depatment of Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory (Rabaan), Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
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7
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Cerveny L, Karbanova S, Karahoda R, Horackova H, Jiraskova L, Ali MNH, Staud F. Assessment of the role of nucleoside transporters, P-glycoprotein, breast cancer resistance protein, and multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 in the placental transport of entecavir using in vitro, ex vivo, and in situ methods. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2023; 463:116427. [PMID: 36801311 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2023.116427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
The nucleoside analog entecavir (ETV) is a first-line pharmacotherapy for chronic hepatitis B in adult and pediatric patients. However, due to insufficient data on placental transfer and its effects on pregnancy, ETV administration is not recommended for women after conception. To expand knowledge of safety, we focused on evaluating the contribution of nucleoside transporters (NBMPR sensitive ENTs and Na+ dependent CNTs) and efflux transporters, P-glycoprotein (ABCB1), breast cancer resistance protein (ABCG2), and multidrug resistance-associated transporter 2 (ABCC2), to the placental kinetics of ETV. We observed that NBMPR and nucleosides (adenosine and/or uridine) inhibited [3H]ETV uptake into BeWo cells, microvillous membrane vesicles, and fresh villous fragments prepared from the human term placenta, while Na+ depletion had no effect. Using a dual perfusion study in an open-circuit setup, we showed that maternal-to-fetal and fetal-to-maternal clearances of [3H]ETV in the rat term placenta were decreased by NBMPR and uridine. Net efflux ratios calculated for bidirectional transport studies performed in MDCKII cells expressing human ABCB1, ABCG2, or ABCC2 were close to the value of one. Consistently, no significant decrease in fetal perfusate was observed in the closed-circuit setup of dual perfusion studies, suggesting that active efflux does not significantly reduce maternal-to-fetal transport. In conclusion, ENTs (most likely ENT1), but not CNTs, ABCB1, ABCG2, and ABCC2, contribute significantly to the placental kinetics of ETV. Future studies should investigate the placental/fetal toxicity of ETV, the impact of drug-drug interactions on ENT1, and interindividual variability in ENT1 expression on the placental uptake and fetal exposure to ETV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Cerveny
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Sara Karbanova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Rona Karahoda
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Horackova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Jiraskova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Mohammed Naji Husaen Ali
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Frantisek Staud
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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8
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Nayak D, Weadick B, Govindarajan R. Combination of Tissue Microarray Profiling and Multiplexed IHC Approaches to Investigate Transport Mechanism of Nucleoside Analog Drug Resistance. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2660:95-121. [PMID: 37191793 PMCID: PMC10311792 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3163-8_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Nucleoside analogs (NAs) are an established class of anticancer agents being used clinically for the treatment of diverse cancers, either as monotherapy or in combination with other established anticancer or pharmacological agents. To date, nearly a dozen anticancer NAs are approved by the FDA, and several novel NAs are being tested in preclinical and clinical trials for future applications. However, improper delivery of NAs into tumor cells because of alterations in expression of one or more drug carrier proteins (e.g., solute carrier (SLC) transporters) within tumor cells or cells surrounding the tumor microenvironment stands as one of the primary reasons for therapeutic drug resistance. The combination of tissue microarray (TMA) and multiplexed immunohistochemistry (IHC) is an advanced, high-throughput approach over conventional IHC that enables researchers to effectively investigate alterations to numerous such chemosensitivity determinants simultaneously in hundreds of tumor tissues derived from patients. In this chapter, taking an example of a TMA from pancreatic cancer patients treated with gemcitabine (a NA chemotherapeutic agent), we describe the step-by-step procedure of performing multiplexed IHC, imaging of TMA slides, and quantification of expression of some relevant markers in these tissue sections as optimized in our laboratory and discuss considerations while designing and carrying out this experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debasis Nayak
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, The Ohio State University College of Pharmacy, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Brenna Weadick
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, The Ohio State University College of Pharmacy, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Rajgopal Govindarajan
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, The Ohio State University College of Pharmacy, Columbus, OH, USA.
- Translational Therapeutics, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, USA.
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9
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Nucleoside transporters and immunosuppressive adenosine signaling in the tumor microenvironment: Potential therapeutic opportunities. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 240:108300. [PMID: 36283452 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine compartmentalization has a profound impact on immune cell function by regulating adenosine localization and, therefore, extracellular signaling capabilities, which suppresses immune cell function in the tumor microenvironment. Nucleoside transporters, responsible for the translocation and cellular compartmentalization of hydrophilic adenosine, represent an understudied yet crucial component of adenosine disposition in the tumor microenvironment. In this review article, we will summarize what is known regarding nucleoside transporter's function within the purinome in relation to currently devised points of intervention (i.e., ectonucleotidases, adenosine receptors) for cancer immunotherapy, alterations in nucleoside transporter expression reported in cancer, and potential avenues for targeting of nucleoside transporters for the desired modulation of adenosine compartmentalization and action. Further, we put forward that nucleoside transporters are an unexplored therapeutic opportunity, and modulation of nucleoside transport processes could attenuate the pathogenic buildup of immunosuppressive adenosine in solid tumors, particularly those enriched with nucleoside transport proteins.
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10
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Boakes JC, Harborne SPD, Ngo JTS, Pliotas C, Goldman A. Novel variants provide differential stabilisation of human equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 states. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:970391. [DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.970391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Human equilibrative nucleoside transporters represent a major pharmaceutical target for cardiac, cancer and viral therapies. Understanding the molecular basis for transport is crucial for the development of improved therapeutics through structure-based drug design. ENTs have been proposed to utilise an alternating access mechanism of action, similar to that of the major facilitator superfamily. However, ENTs lack functionally-essential features of that superfamily, suggesting that they may use a different transport mechanism. Understanding the molecular basis of their transport requires insight into diverse conformational states. Differences between intermediate states may be discrete and mediated by subtle gating interactions, such as salt bridges. We identified four variants of human equilibrative nucleoside transporter isoform 1 (hENT1) at the large intracellular loop (ICL6) and transmembrane helix 7 (TM7) that stabilise the apo-state (∆Tm 0.7–1.5°C). Furthermore, we showed that variants K263A (ICL6) and I282V (TM7) specifically stabilise the inhibitor-bound state of hENT1 (∆∆Tm 5.0 ± 1.7°C and 3.0 ± 1.8°C), supporting the role of ICL6 in hENT1 gating. Finally, we showed that, in comparison with wild type, variant T336A is destabilised by nitrobenzylthioinosine (∆∆Tm -4.7 ± 1.1°C) and binds it seven times worse. This residue may help determine inhibitor and substrate sensitivity. Residue K263 is not present in the solved structures, highlighting the need for further structural data that include the loop regions.
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11
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Chen HP, Chen CI, Liu KW, Chen TJ, Tian YF, Kuo YH, Li WS, Tsai HH, Wu LC, Yeh CF, Li CF, Chou CL, Lai HY. High SLC28A2 expression endows an inferior survival for rectal cancer patients managed by neoadjuvant CCRT. Pathol Res Pract 2022; 239:154158. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2022.154158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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12
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Brunet M, Pastor-Anglada M. Insights into the Pharmacogenetics of Tacrolimus Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14091755. [PMID: 36145503 PMCID: PMC9503558 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14091755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of pharmacogenetics in tacrolimus pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics needs further investigation, considering its potential in assisting clinicians to predict the optimal starting dosage and the need for a personalized adjustment of the dose, as well as to identify patients at a high risk of rejection, drug-related adverse effects, or poor outcomes. In the past decade, new pharmacokinetic strategies have been developed to improve personalized tacrolimus treatment. Several studies have shown that patients with tacrolimus doses C0/D < 1 ng/mL/mg may demonstrate a greater incidence of drug-related adverse events and infections. In addition, C0 tacrolimus intrapatient variability (IPV) has been identified as a potential biomarker to predict poor outcomes related to drug over- and under-exposure. With regard to tacrolimus pharmacodynamics, inconsistent genotype-phenotype relationships have been identified. The aim of this review is to provide a concise summary of currently available data regarding the influence of pharmacogenetics on the clinical outcome of patients with high intrapatient variability and/or a fast metabolizer phenotype. Moreover, the role of membrane transporters in the interindividual variability of responses to tacrolimus is critically discussed from a transporter scientist’s perspective. Indeed, the relationship between transporter polymorphisms and intracellular tacrolimus concentrations will help to elucidate the interplay between the biological mechanisms underlying genetic variations impacting drug concentrations and clinical effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercè Brunet
- Farmacologia i Toxicologia, Servei de Bioquímica i Genètica Molecular, Centre de Diagnòstic Biomèdic. Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pí i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (M.B.); (M.P.-A.)
| | - Marçal Pastor-Anglada
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics (MPET), Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Institut de Biomedicina, Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IRSJD), 08950 Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
- Correspondence: (M.B.); (M.P.-A.)
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13
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Role of Drug Transporters in Elucidating Inter-Individual Variability in Pediatric Chemotherapy-Related Toxicities and Response. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15080990. [PMID: 36015138 PMCID: PMC9415926 DOI: 10.3390/ph15080990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pediatric cancer treatment has evolved significantly in recent decades. The implementation of risk stratification strategies and the selection of evidence-based chemotherapy combinations have improved survival outcomes. However, there is large interindividual variability in terms of chemotherapy-related toxicities and, sometimes, the response among this population. This variability is partly attributed to the functional variability of drug-metabolizing enzymes (DME) and drug transporters (DTS) involved in the process of absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME). The DTS, being ubiquitous, affects drug disposition across membranes and has relevance in determining chemotherapy response in pediatric cancer patients. Among the factors affecting DTS function, ontogeny or maturation is important in the pediatric population. In this narrative review, we describe the role of drug uptake/efflux transporters in defining pediatric chemotherapy-treatment-related toxicities and responses. Developmental differences in DTS and the consequent implications are also briefly discussed for the most commonly used chemotherapeutic drugs in the pediatric population.
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14
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Ali SS, Raj R, Kaur T, Weadick B, Nayak D, No M, Protos J, Odom H, Desai K, Persaud AK, Wang J, Govindarajan R. Solute Carrier Nucleoside Transporters in Hematopoiesis and Hematological Drug Toxicities: A Perspective. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14133113. [PMID: 35804885 PMCID: PMC9264962 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14133113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Anticancer nucleoside analogs are promising treatments that often result in damaging toxicities and therefore ineffective treatment. Mechanisms of this are not well-researched, but cellular nucleoside transport research in mice might provide additional insight given transport’s role in mammalian hematopoiesis. Cellular nucleoside transport is a notable component of mammalian hematopoiesis due to how mutations within it relate to hematological abnormities. This review encompasses nucleoside transporters, focusing on their inherent properties, hematopoietic role, and their interplay in nucleoside drug treatment side effects. We then propose potential mechanisms to explain nucleoside transport involvement in blood disorders. Finally, we point out and advocate for future research areas that would improve therapeutic outcomes for patients taking nucleoside analog therapies. Abstract Anticancer nucleoside analogs produce adverse, and at times, dose-limiting hematological toxicities that can compromise treatment efficacy, yet the mechanisms of such toxicities are poorly understood. Recently, cellular nucleoside transport has been implicated in normal blood cell formation with studies from nucleoside transporter-deficient mice providing additional insights into the regulation of mammalian hematopoiesis. Furthermore, several idiopathic human genetic disorders have revealed nucleoside transport as an important component of mammalian hematopoiesis because mutations in individual nucleoside transporter genes are linked to various hematological abnormalities, including anemia. Here, we review recent developments in nucleoside transporters, including their transport characteristics, their role in the regulation of hematopoiesis, and their potential involvement in the occurrence of adverse hematological side effects due to nucleoside drug treatment. Furthermore, we discuss the putative mechanisms by which aberrant nucleoside transport may contribute to hematological abnormalities and identify the knowledge gaps where future research may positively impact treatment outcomes for patients undergoing various nucleoside analog therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Saqib Ali
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (S.S.A.); (R.R.); (T.K.); (B.W.); (D.N.); (M.N.); (J.P.); (H.O.); (K.D.); (A.K.P.)
| | - Ruchika Raj
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (S.S.A.); (R.R.); (T.K.); (B.W.); (D.N.); (M.N.); (J.P.); (H.O.); (K.D.); (A.K.P.)
| | - Tejinder Kaur
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (S.S.A.); (R.R.); (T.K.); (B.W.); (D.N.); (M.N.); (J.P.); (H.O.); (K.D.); (A.K.P.)
| | - Brenna Weadick
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (S.S.A.); (R.R.); (T.K.); (B.W.); (D.N.); (M.N.); (J.P.); (H.O.); (K.D.); (A.K.P.)
| | - Debasis Nayak
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (S.S.A.); (R.R.); (T.K.); (B.W.); (D.N.); (M.N.); (J.P.); (H.O.); (K.D.); (A.K.P.)
| | - Minnsung No
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (S.S.A.); (R.R.); (T.K.); (B.W.); (D.N.); (M.N.); (J.P.); (H.O.); (K.D.); (A.K.P.)
| | - Jane Protos
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (S.S.A.); (R.R.); (T.K.); (B.W.); (D.N.); (M.N.); (J.P.); (H.O.); (K.D.); (A.K.P.)
| | - Hannah Odom
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (S.S.A.); (R.R.); (T.K.); (B.W.); (D.N.); (M.N.); (J.P.); (H.O.); (K.D.); (A.K.P.)
| | - Kajal Desai
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (S.S.A.); (R.R.); (T.K.); (B.W.); (D.N.); (M.N.); (J.P.); (H.O.); (K.D.); (A.K.P.)
| | - Avinash K. Persaud
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (S.S.A.); (R.R.); (T.K.); (B.W.); (D.N.); (M.N.); (J.P.); (H.O.); (K.D.); (A.K.P.)
| | - Joanne Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA;
| | - Rajgopal Govindarajan
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (S.S.A.); (R.R.); (T.K.); (B.W.); (D.N.); (M.N.); (J.P.); (H.O.); (K.D.); (A.K.P.)
- Translational Therapeutics, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-614-247-8269; Fax: +1-614-292-2588
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15
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Pinto-Merino Á, Labrador J, Zubiaur P, Alcaraz R, Herrero MJ, Montesinos P, Abad-Santos F, Saiz-Rodríguez M. Role of Pharmacogenetics in the Treatment of Acute Myeloid Leukemia: Systematic Review and Future Perspectives. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14030559. [PMID: 35335935 PMCID: PMC8954545 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14030559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a heterogeneous disease characterized by remarkable toxicity and great variability in response to treatment. Plenteous pharmacogenetic studies have already been published for classical therapies, such as cytarabine or anthracyclines, but such studies remain scarce for newer drugs. There is evidence of the relevance of polymorphisms in response to treatment, although most studies have limitations in terms of cohort size or standardization of results. The different responses associated with genetic variability include both increased drug efficacy and toxicity and decreased response or resistance to treatment. A broad pharmacogenetic understanding may be useful in the design of dosing strategies and treatment guidelines. The aim of this study is to perform a review of the available publications and evidence related to the pharmacogenetics of AML, compiling those studies that may be useful in optimizing drug administration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jorge Labrador
- Research Unit, Fundación Burgos por la Investigación de la Salud (FBIS), Hospital Universitario de Burgos, 09006 Burgos, Spain; (J.L.); (R.A.)
- Haematology Department, Hospital Universitario de Burgos, 09006 Burgos, Spain
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Isabel I, 09003 Burgos, Spain
| | - Pablo Zubiaur
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (P.Z.); (F.A.-S.)
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa (IP), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Alcaraz
- Research Unit, Fundación Burgos por la Investigación de la Salud (FBIS), Hospital Universitario de Burgos, 09006 Burgos, Spain; (J.L.); (R.A.)
| | - María José Herrero
- Pharmacogenetics Department, Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Pau Montesinos
- Haematology Department, Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Francisco Abad-Santos
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (P.Z.); (F.A.-S.)
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa (IP), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Miriam Saiz-Rodríguez
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Burgos, 09001 Burgos, Spain;
- Research Unit, Fundación Burgos por la Investigación de la Salud (FBIS), Hospital Universitario de Burgos, 09006 Burgos, Spain; (J.L.); (R.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-947-281-800 (ext. 36078)
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16
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Walter M, Herr P. Re-Discovery of Pyrimidine Salvage as Target in Cancer Therapy. Cells 2022; 11:cells11040739. [PMID: 35203388 PMCID: PMC8870348 DOI: 10.3390/cells11040739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleotides are synthesized through two distinct pathways: de novo synthesis and nucleoside salvage. Whereas the de novo pathway synthesizes nucleotides from amino acids and glucose, the salvage pathway recovers nucleosides or bases formed during DNA or RNA degradation. In contrast to high proliferating non-malignant cells, which are highly dependent on the de novo synthesis, cancer cells can switch to the nucleoside salvage pathways to maintain efficient DNA replication. Pyrimidine de novo synthesis remains the target of interest in cancer therapy and several inhibitors showed promising results in cancer cells and in vivo models. In the 1980s and 1990s, poor responses were however observed in clinical trials with several of the currently existing pyrimidine synthesis inhibitors. To overcome the observed limitations in clinical trials, targeting pyrimidine salvage alone or in combination with pyrimidine de novo inhibitors was suggested. Even though this approach showed initially promising results, it received fresh attention only recently. Here we discuss the re-discovery of targeting pyrimidine salvage pathways for DNA replication alone or in combination with inhibitors of pyrimidine de novo synthesis to overcome limitations of commonly used antimetabolites in various preclinical cancer models and clinical trials. We also highlight newly emerged targets in pyrimidine synthesis as well as pyrimidine salvage as a promising target in immunotherapy.
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17
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Cladribine as a Potential Object of Nucleoside Transporter-Based Drug Interactions. Clin Pharmacokinet 2021; 61:167-187. [PMID: 34894346 PMCID: PMC8813788 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-021-01089-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cladribine is a nucleoside analog that is phosphorylated in its target cells (B and T-lymphocytes) to its active triphosphate form (2-chlorodeoxyadenosine triphosphate). Cladribine tablets 10 mg (Mavenclad®), administered for up to 10 days per year in 2 consecutive years (3.5-mg/kg cumulative dose over 2 years), are used to treat patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis. Cladribine has been shown to be a substrate of various nucleoside transporters (NTs). Intestinal absorption and distribution of cladribine throughout the body appear to be essentially mediated by equilibrative NTs (ENTs) and concentrative NTs (CNTs), specifically by ENT1, ENT2, ENT4, CNT2 (low affinity), and CNT3. Other efficient transporters of cladribine are the ABC efflux transporters, specifically breast cancer resistance protein, which likely modulates the oral absorption and renal excretion of cladribine. A key transporter for the intracellular uptake of cladribine into B and T-lymphocytes is ENT1 with ancillary contributions of ENT2 and CNT2. Transporter-based drug interactions affecting absorption and target cellular uptake of a prodrug such as cladribine are likely to reduce systemic bioavailability and target cell exposure, thereby possibly hampering clinical efficacy. In order to manage optimized therapy, i.e., to ensure uncompromised target cell uptake to preserve the full therapeutic potential of cladribine, it is important that clinicians are aware of the existence of NT-inhibiting medicinal products, various lifestyle drugs, and food components. This article reviews the existing knowledge on inhibitors of NT, which may alter cladribine absorption, distribution, and uptake into target cells, thereby summarizing the existing knowledge on optimized methods of administration and concomitant drugs that should be avoided during cladribine treatment.
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18
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Carter CJ, Mekkawy AH, Morris DL. Role of human nucleoside transporters in pancreatic cancer and chemoresistance. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27:6844-6860. [PMID: 34790010 PMCID: PMC8567477 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i40.6844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The prognosis of pancreatic cancer is poor with the overall 5-year survival rate of less than 5% changing minimally over the past decades and future projections predicting it developing into the second leading cause of cancer related mortality within the next decade. Investigations into the mechanisms of pancreatic cancer development, progression and acquired chemoresistance have been constant for the past few decades, thus resulting in the identification of human nucleoside transporters and factors affecting cytotoxic uptake via said transporters. This review summaries the aberrant expression and role of human nucleoside transports in pancreatic cancer, more specifically human equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1/2 (hENT1, hENT2), and human concentrative nucleoside transporter 1/3 (hCNT1, hCNT3), while briefly discussing the connection and importance between these nucleoside transporters and mucins that have also been identified as being aberrantly expressed in pancreatic cancer. The review also discusses the incidence, current diagnostic techniques as well as the current therapeutic treatments for pancreatic cancer. Furthermore, we address the importance of chemoresistance in nucleoside analogue drugs, in particular, gemcitabine and we discuss prospective therapeutic treatments and strategies for overcoming acquired chemoresistance in pancreatic cancer by the enhancement of human nucleoside transporters as well as the potential targeting of mucins using a combination of mucolytic compounds with cytotoxic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carly Jade Carter
- Hepatobiliary and Surgical Oncology Unit, Department of Surgery, St George Hospital, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2217, New South Wales, Australia
- Mucpharm Pty Ltd, Australia
| | - Ahmed H Mekkawy
- Hepatobiliary and Surgical Oncology Unit, Department of Surgery, St George Hospital, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2217, New South Wales, Australia
- Mucpharm Pty Ltd, Australia
| | - David L Morris
- Hepatobiliary and Surgical Oncology Unit, Department of Surgery, St George Hospital, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2217, New South Wales, Australia
- Mucpharm Pty Ltd, Australia
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19
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Zhao G, Wang Q, Li S, Wang X. Resistance to Hypomethylating Agents in Myelodysplastic Syndrome and Acute Myeloid Leukemia From Clinical Data and Molecular Mechanism. Front Oncol 2021; 11:706030. [PMID: 34650913 PMCID: PMC8505973 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.706030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The nucleoside analogs decitabine (5-AZA-dC) and azacitidine (5-AZA) have been developed as targeted therapies to reverse DNA methylation in different cancer types, and they significantly improve the survival of patients who are not suitable for traditional intensive chemotherapies or other treatment regimens. However, approximately 50% of patients have a response to hypomethylating agents (HMAs), and many patients have no response originally or in the process of treatment. Even though new combination regimens have been tested to overcome the resistance to 5-AZA-dC or 5-AZA, only a small proportion of patients benefited from these strategies, and the outcome was very poor. However, the mechanisms of the resistance remain unknown. Some studies only partially described management after failure and the mechanisms of resistance. Herein, we will review the clinical and molecular signatures of the HMA response, alternative treatment after failure, and the causes of resistance in hematological malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Xiaoqin Wang
- Department of Hematology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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20
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Yu Y, Ding J, Zhu S, Alptekin A, Dong Z, Yan C, Zha Y, Ding HF. Therapeutic targeting of both dihydroorotate dehydrogenase and nucleoside transport in MYCN-amplified neuroblastoma. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:821. [PMID: 34462431 PMCID: PMC8405683 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-04120-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming is an integral part of the growth-promoting program driven by the MYC family of oncogenes. However, this reprogramming also imposes metabolic dependencies that could be exploited therapeutically. Here we report that the pyrimidine biosynthetic enzyme dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) is an attractive therapeutic target for MYCN-amplified neuroblastoma, a childhood cancer with poor prognosis. Gene expression profiling and metabolomic analysis reveal that MYCN promotes pyrimidine nucleotide production by transcriptional upregulation of DHODH and other enzymes of the pyrimidine-synthesis pathway. Genetic and pharmacological inhibition of DHODH suppresses the proliferation and tumorigenicity of MYCN-amplified neuroblastoma cell lines. Furthermore, we obtain evidence suggesting that serum uridine is a key factor in determining the efficacy of therapeutic agents that target DHODH. In the presence of physiological concentrations of uridine, neuroblastoma cell lines are highly resistant to DHODH inhibition. This uridine-dependent resistance to DHODH inhibitors can be abrogated by dipyridamole, an FDA-approved drug that blocks nucleoside transport. Importantly, dipyridamole synergizes with DHODH inhibition to suppress neuroblastoma growth in animal models. These findings suggest that a combination of targeting DHODH and nucleoside transport is a promising strategy to overcome intrinsic resistance to DHODH-based cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajie Yu
- Institute of Neural Regeneration and Repair and Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Yichang, Three Gorges University College of Medicine, Yichang, 443000, China
| | - Jane Ding
- Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, 30912, USA
| | - Shunqin Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Ahmet Alptekin
- Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, 30912, USA
| | - Zheng Dong
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, 30912, USA
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, 30904, USA
| | - Chunhong Yan
- Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, 30912, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, 30912, USA
| | - Yunhong Zha
- Institute of Neural Regeneration and Repair and Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Yichang, Three Gorges University College of Medicine, Yichang, 443000, China.
| | - Han-Fei Ding
- Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, 30912, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, 30912, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, 30912, USA.
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21
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Jouan E, Moreau A, Bruyere A, Alim K, Denizot C, Parmentier Y, Fardel O. Differential Inhibition of Equilibrative Nucleoside Transporter 1 (ENT1) Activity by Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2021; 46:625-635. [PMID: 34275128 PMCID: PMC8286641 DOI: 10.1007/s13318-021-00703-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives Equilibrative nucleoside transporter (ENT) 1 is a widely-expressed drug transporter, handling nucleoside analogues as well as endogenous nucleosides. ENT1 has been postulated to be inhibited by some marketed tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). To obtain insights into this point, the interactions of 24 TKIs with ENT1 activity have been analyzed. Methods Inhibition of ENT1 activity was investigated in vitro through quantifying the decrease of [3H]-uridine uptake caused by TKIs in HAP1 ENT2-knockout cells, exhibiting selective ENT1 expression. TKI effects towards ENT1-mediated transport were additionally characterized in terms of their in vivo relevance and of their relationship to TKI molecular descriptors. Putative transport of the TKI lorlatinib by ENT1/ENT2 was analyzed by LC-MS/MS. Results Of 24 TKIs, 12 of them, each used at 10 µM, were found to behave as moderate or strong inhibitors of ENT1, i.e., they decreased ENT1 activity by at least 35%. This inhibition was concentration-dependent for at least the strongest ones (IC50 less than 10 µM) and was correlated with some molecular descriptors, especially with atom-type E-state indices. Lorlatinib was notably a potent in vitro inhibitor of ENT1/ENT2 (IC50 values around 1.0–2.5 µM) and was predicted to inhibit these nucleoside transporters at relevant clinical concentrations, without, however, being a substrate for them. Conclusion Our data unambiguously add ENT1 to the list of drug transporters inhibited by TKIs, especially by lorlatinib. This point likely merits attention in terms of possible drug–drug interactions, notably for nucleoside analogues, whose ENT1-mediated uptake into their target cells may be hampered by co-administrated TKIs such as lorlatinib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Jouan
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail), UMR_S 1085, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Amélie Moreau
- Centre de Pharmacocinétique, Technologie Servier, 45000, Orléans, France
| | - Arnaud Bruyere
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail), UMR_S 1085, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Karima Alim
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail), UMR_S 1085, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Claire Denizot
- Centre de Pharmacocinétique, Technologie Servier, 45000, Orléans, France
| | - Yannick Parmentier
- Centre de Pharmacocinétique, Technologie Servier, 45000, Orléans, France
| | - Olivier Fardel
- Univ Rennes, CHU Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail), UMR_S 1085, 35000, Rennes, France.
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22
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Ramón J, Vila-Julià F, Molina-Granada D, Molina-Berenguer M, Melià MJ, García-Arumí E, Torres-Torronteras J, Cámara Y, Martí R. Therapy Prospects for Mitochondrial DNA Maintenance Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6447. [PMID: 34208592 PMCID: PMC8234938 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA depletion and multiple deletions syndromes (MDDS) constitute a group of mitochondrial diseases defined by dysfunctional mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) replication and maintenance. As is the case for many other mitochondrial diseases, the options for the treatment of these disorders are rather limited today. Some aggressive treatments such as liver transplantation or allogeneic stem cell transplantation are among the few available options for patients with some forms of MDDS. However, in recent years, significant advances in our knowledge of the biochemical pathomechanisms accounting for dysfunctional mtDNA replication have been achieved, which has opened new prospects for the treatment of these often fatal diseases. Current strategies under investigation to treat MDDS range from small molecule substrate enhancement approaches to more complex treatments, such as lentiviral or adenoassociated vector-mediated gene therapy. Some of these experimental therapies have already reached the clinical phase with very promising results, however, they are hampered by the fact that these are all rare disorders and so the patient recruitment potential for clinical trials is very limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Ramón
- Research Group on Neuromuscular and Mitochondrial Diseases, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (J.R.); (F.V.-J.); (D.M.-G.); (M.M.-B.); (M.J.M.); (E.G.-A.); (J.T.-T.); (Y.C.)
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ferran Vila-Julià
- Research Group on Neuromuscular and Mitochondrial Diseases, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (J.R.); (F.V.-J.); (D.M.-G.); (M.M.-B.); (M.J.M.); (E.G.-A.); (J.T.-T.); (Y.C.)
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - David Molina-Granada
- Research Group on Neuromuscular and Mitochondrial Diseases, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (J.R.); (F.V.-J.); (D.M.-G.); (M.M.-B.); (M.J.M.); (E.G.-A.); (J.T.-T.); (Y.C.)
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Molina-Berenguer
- Research Group on Neuromuscular and Mitochondrial Diseases, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (J.R.); (F.V.-J.); (D.M.-G.); (M.M.-B.); (M.J.M.); (E.G.-A.); (J.T.-T.); (Y.C.)
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Jesús Melià
- Research Group on Neuromuscular and Mitochondrial Diseases, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (J.R.); (F.V.-J.); (D.M.-G.); (M.M.-B.); (M.J.M.); (E.G.-A.); (J.T.-T.); (Y.C.)
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena García-Arumí
- Research Group on Neuromuscular and Mitochondrial Diseases, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (J.R.); (F.V.-J.); (D.M.-G.); (M.M.-B.); (M.J.M.); (E.G.-A.); (J.T.-T.); (Y.C.)
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Torres-Torronteras
- Research Group on Neuromuscular and Mitochondrial Diseases, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (J.R.); (F.V.-J.); (D.M.-G.); (M.M.-B.); (M.J.M.); (E.G.-A.); (J.T.-T.); (Y.C.)
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Yolanda Cámara
- Research Group on Neuromuscular and Mitochondrial Diseases, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (J.R.); (F.V.-J.); (D.M.-G.); (M.M.-B.); (M.J.M.); (E.G.-A.); (J.T.-T.); (Y.C.)
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ramon Martí
- Research Group on Neuromuscular and Mitochondrial Diseases, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (J.R.); (F.V.-J.); (D.M.-G.); (M.M.-B.); (M.J.M.); (E.G.-A.); (J.T.-T.); (Y.C.)
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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Zuccarini M, Giuliani P, Caciagli F, Ciccarelli R, Di Iorio P. In Search of a Role for Extracellular Purine Enzymes in Bone Function. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11050679. [PMID: 33946568 PMCID: PMC8147220 DOI: 10.3390/biom11050679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone is one of the major tissues that undergoes continuous remodeling throughout life, thus ensuring both organic body growth during development and protection of internal organs as well as repair of trauma during adulthood. Many endogenous substances contribute to bone homeostasis, including purines. Their role has increasingly emerged in recent decades as compounds which, by interacting with specific receptors, can help determine adequate responses of bone cells to physiological or pathological stimuli. Equally, it is recognized that the activity of purines is closely dependent on their interconversion or metabolic degradation ensured by a series of enzymes present at extracellular level as predominantly bound to the cell membrane or, also, as soluble isoforms. While the effects of purines mediated by their receptor interactions have sufficiently, even though not entirely, been characterized in many tissues including bone, those promoted by the extracellular enzymes providing for purine metabolism have not been. In this review, we will try to circumstantiate the presence and the role of these enzymes in bone to define their close relationship with purine activities in maintaining bone homeostasis in normal or pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariachiara Zuccarini
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 29, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (M.Z.); (P.G.); (P.D.I.)
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technologies (CAST), University of Chieti-Pescara, Via L. Polacchi, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
| | - Patricia Giuliani
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 29, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (M.Z.); (P.G.); (P.D.I.)
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technologies (CAST), University of Chieti-Pescara, Via L. Polacchi, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
| | - Francesco Caciagli
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technologies (CAST), University of Chieti-Pescara, Via L. Polacchi, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
| | - Renata Ciccarelli
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 29, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (M.Z.); (P.G.); (P.D.I.)
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technologies (CAST), University of Chieti-Pescara, Via L. Polacchi, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
- StemTeCh Group, Via L. Polacchi, 66100 Chieti, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Patrizia Di Iorio
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 29, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (M.Z.); (P.G.); (P.D.I.)
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technologies (CAST), University of Chieti-Pescara, Via L. Polacchi, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
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24
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Boces-Pascual C, Mata-Ventosa A, Martín-Satué M, Boix L, Gironella M, Pastor-Anglada M, Pérez-Torras S. OncomiRs miR-106a and miR-17 negatively regulate the nucleoside-derived drug transporter hCNT1. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:7505-7518. [PMID: 34647142 PMCID: PMC8629896 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03959-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
High-affinity uptake of natural nucleosides as well as nucleoside derivatives used in anticancer therapies is mediated by human concentrative nucleoside transporters (hCNTs). hCNT1, the hCNT family member that specifically transports pyrimidines, is also a transceptor involved in tumor progression. In particular, oncogenesis appears to be associated with hCNT1 downregulation in some cancers, although the underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. Here, we sought to address changes in colorectal and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma-both of which are important digestive cancers-in the context of treatment with fluoropyrimidine derivatives. An analysis of cancer samples and matching non-tumoral adjacent tissues revealed downregulation of hCNT1 protein in both types of tumor. Further exploration of the putative regulation of hCNT1 by microRNAs (miRNAs), which are highly deregulated in these cancers, revealed a direct relationship between the oncomiRs miR-106a and miR-17 and the loss of hCNT1. Collectively, our findings provide the first demonstration that hCNT1 inhibition by these oncomiRs could contribute to chemoresistance to fluoropyrimidine-based treatments in colorectal and pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Boces-Pascual
- grid.5841.80000 0004 1937 0247Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain ,grid.413448.e0000 0000 9314 1427Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBER EHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain ,grid.411160.30000 0001 0663 8628Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IR SJD-CERCA), Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aida Mata-Ventosa
- grid.5841.80000 0004 1937 0247Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain ,grid.413448.e0000 0000 9314 1427Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBER EHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain ,grid.411160.30000 0001 0663 8628Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IR SJD-CERCA), Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mireia Martín-Satué
- grid.5841.80000 0004 1937 0247Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Campus of Bellvitge, University of Barcelona, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain ,grid.413396.a0000 0004 1768 8905Biomedical Research Institute of Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Oncobell Program, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain ,grid.413448.e0000 0000 9314 1427Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cáncer (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Loreto Boix
- grid.413448.e0000 0000 9314 1427Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBER EHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain ,grid.5841.80000 0004 1937 0247Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) Group, Liver Unit, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica (FCRB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Meritxell Gironella
- grid.413448.e0000 0000 9314 1427Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBER EHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain ,grid.10403.36Gastrointestinal & Pancreatic Oncology Group, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona/Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marçal Pastor-Anglada
- grid.5841.80000 0004 1937 0247Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain ,grid.413448.e0000 0000 9314 1427Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBER EHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain ,grid.411160.30000 0001 0663 8628Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IR SJD-CERCA), Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sandra Pérez-Torras
- Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBER EHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain. .,Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IR SJD-CERCA), Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.
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25
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Equilibrative Nucleoside Transporter 2: Properties and Physiological Roles. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:5197626. [PMID: 33344638 PMCID: PMC7732376 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5197626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Equilibrative nucleoside transporter 2 (ENT2) is a bidirectional transporter embedded in the biological membrane and is ubiquitously found in most tissue and cell types. ENT2 mediates the uptake of purine and pyrimidine nucleosides and nucleobase besides transporting a variety of nucleoside-derived drugs, mostly in anticancer therapy. Since high expression of ENT2 has been correlated with advanced stages of different types of cancers, consequently, this has gained significant interest in the role of ENT2 as a potential therapeutic target. Furthermore, ENT2 plays critical roles in signaling pathway and cell cycle progression. Therefore, elucidating the physiological roles of ENT2 and its properties may contribute to a better understanding of ENT2 roles beyond their transportation mechanism. This review is aimed at highlighting the main roles of ENT2 and at providing a brief update on the recent research.
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Miller SR, Zhang X, Hau RK, Jilek JL, Jennings EQ, Galligan JJ, Foil DH, Zorn KM, Ekins S, Wright SH, Cherrington NJ. Predicting Drug Interactions with Human Equilibrative Nucleoside Transporters 1 and 2 Using Functional Knockout Cell Lines and Bayesian Modeling. Mol Pharmacol 2020; 99:147-162. [PMID: 33262250 DOI: 10.1124/molpharm.120.000169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Equilibrative nucleoside transporters (ENTs) 1 and 2 facilitate nucleoside transport across the blood-testis barrier (BTB). Improving drug entry into the testes with drugs that use endogenous transport pathways may lead to more effective treatments for diseases within the reproductive tract. In this study, CRISPR/CRISPR-associated protein 9 was used to generate HeLa cell lines in which ENT expression was limited to ENT1 or ENT2. We characterized uridine transport in these cell lines and generated Bayesian models to predict interactions with the ENTs. Quantification of [3H]uridine uptake in the presence of the ENT-specific inhibitor S-(4-nitrobenzyl)-6-thioinosine (NBMPR) demonstrated functional loss of each transporter. Nine nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors and 37 nucleoside/heterocycle analogs were evaluated to identify ENT interactions. Twenty-one compounds inhibited uridine uptake and abacavir, nevirapine, ticagrelor, and uridine triacetate had different IC50 values for ENT1 and ENT2. Total accumulation of four identified inhibitors was measured with and without NBMPR to determine whether there was ENT-mediated transport. Clofarabine and cladribine were ENT1 and ENT2 substrates, whereas nevirapine and lexibulin were ENT1 and ENT2 nontransported inhibitors. Bayesian models generated using Assay Central machine learning software yielded reasonably high internal validation performance (receiver operator characteristic > 0.7). ENT1 IC50-based models were generated from ChEMBL; subvalidations using this training data set correctly predicted 58% of inhibitors when analyzing activity by percent uptake and 63% when using estimated-IC50 values. Determining drug interactions with these transporters can be useful in identifying and predicting compounds that are ENT1 and ENT2 substrates and can thereby circumvent the BTB through this transepithelial transport pathway in Sertoli cells. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This study is the first to predict drug interactions with equilibrative nucleoside transporter (ENT) 1 and ENT2 using Bayesian modeling. Novel CRISPR/CRISPR-associated protein 9 functional knockouts of ENT1 and ENT2 in HeLa S3 cells were generated and characterized. Determining drug interactions with these transporters can be useful in identifying and predicting compounds that are ENT1 and ENT2 substrates and can circumvent the blood-testis barrier through this transepithelial transport pathway in Sertoli cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siennah R Miller
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy (S.R.M., R.K.H., J.L.J., E.Q.J., J.J.G., N.J.C.), and Department of Physiology, College of Medicine (X.Z., S.H.W.), University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona and Collaborations Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Raleigh, North Carolina (D.H.F., K.M.Z., S.E.)
| | - Xiaohong Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy (S.R.M., R.K.H., J.L.J., E.Q.J., J.J.G., N.J.C.), and Department of Physiology, College of Medicine (X.Z., S.H.W.), University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona and Collaborations Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Raleigh, North Carolina (D.H.F., K.M.Z., S.E.)
| | - Raymond K Hau
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy (S.R.M., R.K.H., J.L.J., E.Q.J., J.J.G., N.J.C.), and Department of Physiology, College of Medicine (X.Z., S.H.W.), University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona and Collaborations Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Raleigh, North Carolina (D.H.F., K.M.Z., S.E.)
| | - Joseph L Jilek
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy (S.R.M., R.K.H., J.L.J., E.Q.J., J.J.G., N.J.C.), and Department of Physiology, College of Medicine (X.Z., S.H.W.), University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona and Collaborations Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Raleigh, North Carolina (D.H.F., K.M.Z., S.E.)
| | - Erin Q Jennings
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy (S.R.M., R.K.H., J.L.J., E.Q.J., J.J.G., N.J.C.), and Department of Physiology, College of Medicine (X.Z., S.H.W.), University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona and Collaborations Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Raleigh, North Carolina (D.H.F., K.M.Z., S.E.)
| | - James J Galligan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy (S.R.M., R.K.H., J.L.J., E.Q.J., J.J.G., N.J.C.), and Department of Physiology, College of Medicine (X.Z., S.H.W.), University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona and Collaborations Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Raleigh, North Carolina (D.H.F., K.M.Z., S.E.)
| | - Daniel H Foil
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy (S.R.M., R.K.H., J.L.J., E.Q.J., J.J.G., N.J.C.), and Department of Physiology, College of Medicine (X.Z., S.H.W.), University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona and Collaborations Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Raleigh, North Carolina (D.H.F., K.M.Z., S.E.)
| | - Kimberley M Zorn
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy (S.R.M., R.K.H., J.L.J., E.Q.J., J.J.G., N.J.C.), and Department of Physiology, College of Medicine (X.Z., S.H.W.), University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona and Collaborations Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Raleigh, North Carolina (D.H.F., K.M.Z., S.E.)
| | - Sean Ekins
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy (S.R.M., R.K.H., J.L.J., E.Q.J., J.J.G., N.J.C.), and Department of Physiology, College of Medicine (X.Z., S.H.W.), University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona and Collaborations Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Raleigh, North Carolina (D.H.F., K.M.Z., S.E.)
| | - Stephen H Wright
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy (S.R.M., R.K.H., J.L.J., E.Q.J., J.J.G., N.J.C.), and Department of Physiology, College of Medicine (X.Z., S.H.W.), University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona and Collaborations Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Raleigh, North Carolina (D.H.F., K.M.Z., S.E.)
| | - Nathan J Cherrington
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy (S.R.M., R.K.H., J.L.J., E.Q.J., J.J.G., N.J.C.), and Department of Physiology, College of Medicine (X.Z., S.H.W.), University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona and Collaborations Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Raleigh, North Carolina (D.H.F., K.M.Z., S.E.)
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Vrettos EI, Karampelas T, Sayyad N, Kougioumtzi A, Syed N, Crook T, Murphy C, Tamvakopoulos C, Tzakos AG. Development of programmable gemcitabine-GnRH pro-drugs bearing linker controllable "click" oxime bond tethers and preclinical evaluation against prostate cancer. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 211:113018. [PMID: 33223264 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.113018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Peptide-drug conjugates (PDCs) are gaining considerable attention as anti-neoplastic agents. However, their development is often laborious and time-consuming. Herein, we have developed and preclinically evaluated three PDCs with gemcitabine as the anticancer cytotoxic unit and D-Lys6-GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone; GnRH) as the cancer-targeting unit. These units were tethered via acid-labile programmable linkers to guide a differential drug release rate from the PDC through a combination of ester or amide and "click" type oxime ligations. The pro-drugs were designed to enable the selective targeting of malignant tumor cells with linker guided differential drug release rates. We exploited the oxime bond responsiveness against the acidic pH of the tumor microenvironment and the GnRH endocytosis via the GnRH-R GPCR which is overexpressed on cancer cells. The challenging metabolic properties of gemcitabine were addressed during design of the PDCs. We developed a rapid (1 hour) and cost-effective "click" oxime bond ligation platform to assemble in one-pot the 3 desired PDCs that does not require purification, surpassing traditional time-ineffective and low yield methods. The internalization of the tumor-homing peptide unit in cancer cells, overexpressing the GnRH-R, was first validated through confocal laser microscopy and flow cytometry analysis. Subsequently, the three PDCs were evaluated for their in vitro antiproliferative effect in prostate cancer cells. Their stability and the release of gemcitabine over time were monitored in vitro in cell culture and in human plasma using LC-MS/MS. We then assessed the ability of the developed PDCs to internalize in prostate cancer cells and to release gemcitabine. The most potent analog, designated GOXG1, was used for pharmacokinetic studies in mice. The metabolism of GOXG1 was examined in liver microsomes, as well as in buffers mimicking the pH of intracellular organelles, resulting in the identification of two metabolites. The major metabolite at low pH emanated from the cleavage of the pH-labile oxime bond, validating our design approach. NMR spectroscopy and in vitro radioligand binding assays were exploited for GOXG1 to validate that upon conjugating the drug to the peptide, the peptide microenvironment responsible for its GnRH-R binding is not perturbed and to confirm its high binding potency to the GnRH-R. Finally, the binding of GOXG1 to the GnRH-R and the associated elicitation of testosterone release in mice were also determined. The facile platform established herein for the rapid assembly of PDCs with linker controllable characteristics from aldehyde and aminooxy units through rapid "click" oxime ligation, that does not require purification steps, could pave the way for a new generation of potent cancer therapeutics, diagnostics and theranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Theodoros Karampelas
- Division of Pharmacology-Pharmacotechnology, Center for Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation ofthe Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Nisar Sayyad
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, GR-45110, Greece
| | - Anastasia Kougioumtzi
- Department of Biomedical Research, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology - Forth, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Nelofer Syed
- John Fulcher Neuro-oncology Laboratory, Dept of Brain Sciences, Division of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Timothy Crook
- John Fulcher Neuro-oncology Laboratory, Dept of Brain Sciences, Division of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Carol Murphy
- Department of Biomedical Research, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology - Forth, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Constantin Tamvakopoulos
- Division of Pharmacology-Pharmacotechnology, Center for Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation ofthe Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Andreas G Tzakos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, GR-45110, Greece; University Research Center of Ioannina (URCI), Institute of Materials Science and Computing, Ioannina, Greece.
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Nałęcz KA. Amino Acid Transporter SLC6A14 (ATB 0,+) - A Target in Combined Anti-cancer Therapy. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:594464. [PMID: 33195271 PMCID: PMC7609839 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.594464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells are characterized by quick growth and proliferation, demanding constant supply of various nutrients. Several plasma membrane transporters delivering such compounds are upregulated in cancer. Solute carrier family 6 member 14 (SLC6A14), known as amino acid transporter B0,+ (ATB0,+) transports all amino acids with exception of the acidic ones: aspartate and glutamate. Its malfunctioning is correlated with several pathological states and it is upregulated in solid tumors. The high expression of SLC6A14 is prognostic and unfavorable in pancreatic cancer, while in breast cancer it is expressed in estrogen receptor positive cells. As many plasma membrane transporters it resides in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane after translation before further trafficking through Golgi to the cell surface. Transporter exit from ER is strictly controlled. The proper folding of SLC6A14 was shown to be controlled from the cytoplasmic side by heat shock proteins, further exit from ER and formation of coatomer II (COPII) coated vesicles depends on specific interaction with COPII cargo-recognizing subunit SEC24C, phosphorylated by kinase AKT. Inhibition of heat shock proteins, known to be upregulated in cancer, directs SLC6A14 to degradation. Targeting proteins regulating SLC6A14 trafficking is proposed as an additional pharmacological treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna A Nałęcz
- Laboratory of Transport Through Biomembranes, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
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29
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Mollick T, Laín S. Modulating pyrimidine ribonucleotide levels for the treatment of cancer. Cancer Metab 2020; 8:12. [PMID: 33020720 PMCID: PMC7285601 DOI: 10.1186/s40170-020-00218-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
By providing the necessary building blocks for nucleic acids and precursors for cell membrane synthesis, pyrimidine ribonucleotides are essential for cell growth and proliferation. Therefore, depleting pyrimidine ribonucleotide pools has long been considered as a strategy to reduce cancer cell growth. Here, we review the pharmacological approaches that have been employed to modulate pyrimidine ribonucleotide synthesis and degradation routes and discuss their potential use in cancer therapy. New developments in the treatment of myeloid malignancies with inhibitors of pyrimidine ribonucleotide synthesis justify revisiting the literature as well as discussing whether targeting this metabolic pathway can be effective and sufficiently selective for cancer cells to warrant an acceptable therapeutic index in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanzina Mollick
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Solnavägen 9, SE-171 65, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden.,SciLifeLab, Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Tomtebodavägen 23, SE-171 65, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sonia Laín
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Solnavägen 9, SE-171 65, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden.,SciLifeLab, Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Tomtebodavägen 23, SE-171 65, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
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30
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Synthesis, Antiproliferative Activity, and DNA Binding Studies of Nucleoamino Acid-Containing Pt(II) Complexes. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:ph13100284. [PMID: 33007911 PMCID: PMC7600948 DOI: 10.3390/ph13100284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We here report our studies on the reaction with the platinum(II) ion of a nucleoamino acid constituted by the l-2,3-diaminopropanoic acid linked to the thymine nucleobase through a methylenecarbonyl linker. The obtained new platinum complexes, characterized by spectroscopic and mass spectrometric techniques, were envisaged to exploit synergistic effects due to the presence of both the platinum center and the nucleoamino acid moiety. The latter can be potentially useful to protect the complexes from early deactivation, as well as to facilitate their cell internalization. The biological activity of the complexes in terms of antiproliferative effects was evaluated in vitro on different cancer cell lines and healthy cells, showing the best results on human cervical adenocarcinoma (HeLa) cells along with good selectivity for cancer over normal cells. In contrast, the metal-free nucleoamino acid did not show any cytotoxicity on both normal and cancer cell lines. Finally, the ability of the novel Pt(II) complexes to bind various DNA model systems was investigated by circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analyses proving that the newly obtained compounds can potentially target DNA, similarly to other well-known anticancer Pt complexes, with a peculiar G-quadruplex vs. duplex selectivity.
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31
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Blaauboer A, Booy S, van Koetsveld PM, Karels B, Dogan F, van Zwienen S, van Eijck CHJ, Hofland LJ. Interferon-beta enhances sensitivity to gemcitabine in pancreatic cancer. BMC Cancer 2020; 20:913. [PMID: 32967656 PMCID: PMC7513525 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-020-07420-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Adjuvant gemcitabine for pancreatic cancer has limited efficacy in the clinical setting. Impaired drug metabolism is associated with treatment resistance. We aimed to evaluate the chemosensitising effect of interferon-beta (IFN-β). Methods BxPC-3, CFPAC-1, and Panc-1 cells were pre-treated with IFN-β followed by gemcitabine monotherapy. The effect on cell growth, colony formation, and cell cycle was determined. RT-qPCR was used to measure gene expression. BxPC-3 cells were used in a heterotopic subcutaneous mouse model. Results IFN-β increased sensitivity to gemcitabine (4-, 7.7-, and 1.7-fold EC50 decrease in BxPC-3, CFPAC-1, and Panc-1, respectively; all P < 0.001). Findings were confirmed when assessing colony formation. The percentage of cells in the S-phase was significantly increased after IFN-β treatment only in BxPC-3 and CFPAC-1 by 12 and 7%, respectively (p < 0.001 and p < 0.05, respectively). Thereby, IFN-β upregulated expression of the drug transporters SLC28A1 in BxPC-3 (252%) and SLC28A3 in BxPC-3 (127%) and CFPAC-1 (223%) (all p < 0.001). In vivo, combination therapy reduced tumor volume with 45% (P = 0.01). Both ex vivo and in vivo data demonstrate a significant reduction in the number of proliferating cells, whereas apoptosis was increased. Conclusions For the first time, we validated the chemosensitising effects of IFN-β when combined with gemcitabine in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo. This was driven by cell cycle modulation and associated with an upregulation of genes involving intracellular uptake of gemcitabine. The use of IFN-β in combination with gemcitabine seems promising in patients with pancreatic cancer and needs to be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber Blaauboer
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus Medical Center, Room Ee-514, Doctor Molewaterplein 40, 3015, GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. .,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Stephanie Booy
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus Medical Center, Room Ee-514, Doctor Molewaterplein 40, 3015, GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter M van Koetsveld
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bas Karels
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fadime Dogan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Suzanne van Zwienen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Casper H J van Eijck
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus Medical Center, Room Ee-514, Doctor Molewaterplein 40, 3015, GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Leo J Hofland
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Webster P, Saito K, Cortez J, Ramirez C, Baum MM. Concentrative Nucleoside Transporter 3 Is Located on Microvilli of Vaginal Epithelial Cells. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:20882-20889. [PMID: 32875223 PMCID: PMC7450627 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c02329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Transporters are specialized integral membrane proteins, which mediate the passage of virtually all molecules through cell membranes. They are expressed in a broad range of human and animal tissues and play important roles in both normal and disease states. For these reasons, they are evaluated when developing and testing drugs. Two major families of drug transporters, the adenosine 5'-triphosphate-binding cassette and solute carrier transporters (SLC), have critical roles in the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination of drugs. The SLC family contains known nucleoside transporters and therefore are important when nucleoside analogs are used as drugs to prevent or treat viral infections. In this study, we wanted to determine if it was possible to locate one member of the SLC family, the human concentrative nucleoside transporter 3 (CNT3) in human vaginal epithelial cells. The CNT3 protein has important roles in drug delivery, subsequent drug tissue distribution, and, hence, efficacy. Vaginal epithelial cells, taken from two human volunteers (one Caucasian and one African American), were labeled for light and electron microscopy, with a commercial antibody to a cytoplasmic domain of CNT3, the protein product of the SLC28A3 gene. Fluorescent secondary antibodies or protein A-gold were used to detect antibody binding. By electron microscopy, gold particle binding was quantified to determine labeling specificity. By light microscopy, positive labeling with anti-CNT3 antibodies was detected on human vaginal epithelial cells, but specificity to any intracellular structure was not easily determined, most likely a result of specimen preparation. Electron microscopy revealed that the CNT3 transporter protein was present predominantly on microvilli located on one side of some human vaginal epithelial cells. Quantification confirmed specific anti-CNT3 labeling over human vaginal epithelial cell microvilli. The CNT3 protein, present in the microvilli of human vaginal epithelial cells, may have a role in redistributing nucleoside homologues delivered to the vaginal tract. Transporter proteins such as CNT3 could shuttle nucleosides and their analogs through the vaginal epithelium to immune cells located in lower cell layers. Outer layers of cells, which are eventually shed from the epithelium, may remove accumulated nucleoside drug analogs from the vaginal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Webster
- Oak
Crest Institute of Science, 132 W. Chestnut Avenue, Monrovia, California 91016, United States
| | - Kaori Saito
- Oak
Crest Institute of Science, 132 W. Chestnut Avenue, Monrovia, California 91016, United States
| | - John Cortez
- Oak
Crest Institute of Science, 132 W. Chestnut Avenue, Monrovia, California 91016, United States
| | - Christina Ramirez
- Los
Angeles (UCLA) Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, 650 Charles E. Young Dr. South, 16-035 Center for
Health Sciences, Los Angeles, California 90095-1772, United States
| | - Marc M. Baum
- Oak
Crest Institute of Science, 132 W. Chestnut Avenue, Monrovia, California 91016, United States
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33
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Notopuro PB, Nugraha J, Utomo B, Notopuro H. The Association of FLT3-ITD Gene Mutation with Bone Marrow Blast Cell Count, CD34, Cyclin D1, Bcl-xL and hENT1 Expression in Acute Myeloid Leukemia Patients. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2020; 15:306-312. [PMID: 32944043 PMCID: PMC7477678 DOI: 10.30699/ijp.2020.122579.2328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background & Objective: FLT3-ITD has been recently used as a molecular prognostic marker for risk classification in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) therapy. In this study we aimed to investigate the association of FLT3-ITD gene mutation with bone marrow blast cell count, CD34 expression as malignant cell burden, cyclin D1 and Bcl-xL expressions as indexes of cell proliferation and anti-apoptosis and human equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (hENT1) expression as cytarabine transporter during AML treatment. Methods: We investigated FLT3-ITD mutations, bone marrow blast cell count, CD34, cyclin D1, Bcl-xL and hENT1 expression in bone marrow aspirates from 22 de novo AML patients in a cross sectional study. Results: FLT3-ITD mutations were observed in 5 out of 22 de novo AML patients (22.7%). Patient with FLT3-ITD mutations had higher blast cell counts (79.5% vs 56.1%, P=0.004). In patients with FLT3-ITD mutations, CD34 and cyclin D1 expressions were higher (MFI 328.80 vs 25.78, P=0.003 and MFI 74.51 vs 57.15 P=0.005) than the patients without mutations. hENT1 expression in AML with FLT3-ITD mutation was lower (MFI 29.64 versus 56.32, P=0.0000) than in mutation-free AML. There was no significant difference in Bcl-xL expression between patients with and without mutations (P=0.61). Conclusion: A significant association was found between FLT3-ITD gene mutations in AML patients with bone marrow blast cell count, CD34, cyclin D1 and hENT1 expressions, however no association was obtained with Bcl-xL expression. These findings support the role of such mutation in pathogenesis of AMLand its contribution in rearrangement of standard therapy with cytarabine in management of AML.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jusak Nugraha
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Airlangga University, Jawa, Indonesia
| | - Budi Utomo
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Airlangga University, Jawa, Indonesia
| | - Harianto Notopuro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Airlangga University, Jawa, Indonesia
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Dahn ML, Cruickshank BM, Jackson AJ, Dean C, Holloway RW, Hall SR, Coyle KM, Maillet H, Waisman DM, Goralski KB, Giacomantonio CA, Weaver ICG, Marcato P. Decitabine Response in Breast Cancer Requires Efficient Drug Processing and Is Not Limited by Multidrug Resistance. Mol Cancer Ther 2020; 19:1110-1122. [PMID: 32156786 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-19-0745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation of DNA methylation is an established feature of breast cancers. DNA demethylating therapies like decitabine are proposed for the treatment of triple-negative breast cancers (TNBC) and indicators of response need to be identified. For this purpose, we characterized the effects of decitabine in a panel of 10 breast cancer cell lines and observed a range of sensitivity to decitabine that was not subtype specific. Knockdown of potential key effectors demonstrated the requirement of deoxycytidine kinase (DCK) for decitabine response in breast cancer cells. In treatment-naïve breast tumors, DCK was higher in TNBCs, and DCK levels were sustained or increased post chemotherapy treatment. This suggests that limited DCK levels will not be a barrier to response in patients with TNBC treated with decitabine as a second-line treatment or in a clinical trial. Methylome analysis revealed that genome-wide, region-specific, tumor suppressor gene-specific methylation, and decitabine-induced demethylation did not predict response to decitabine. Gene set enrichment analysis of transcriptome data demonstrated that decitabine induced genes within apoptosis, cell cycle, stress, and immune pathways. Induced genes included those characterized by the viral mimicry response; however, knockdown of key effectors of the pathway did not affect decitabine sensitivity suggesting that breast cancer growth suppression by decitabine is independent of viral mimicry. Finally, taxol-resistant breast cancer cells expressing high levels of multidrug resistance transporter ABCB1 remained sensitive to decitabine, suggesting that the drug could be used as second-line treatment for chemoresistant patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret L Dahn
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | | | - Ainsleigh J Jackson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Cheryl Dean
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Ryan W Holloway
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Steven R Hall
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Krysta M Coyle
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Hillary Maillet
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - David M Waisman
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Kerry B Goralski
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,College of Pharmacy, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Carman A Giacomantonio
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Department of Surgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Ian C G Weaver
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.,Brain Repair Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Paola Marcato
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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A widespread role for SLC transmembrane transporters in resistance to cytotoxic drugs. Nat Chem Biol 2020; 16:469-478. [PMID: 32152546 PMCID: PMC7610918 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-020-0483-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Solute Carriers (SLCs) represent the largest family of transmembrane transporters in humans and constitute major determinants of cellular metabolism. Several SLCs have been shown to be required for the uptake of chemical compounds into cellular systems, but systematic surveys of transporter-drug relationships in human cells are currently lacking. We performed a series of genetic screens in a haploid human cell line against 60 cytotoxic compounds representative of the chemical space populated by approved drugs. By using an SLC-focused CRISPR/Cas9 library, we identified transporters whose absence induced resistance to the drugs tested. This included dependencies involving the transporters SLC11A2/SLC16A1 for artemisinin derivatives and SLC35A2/SLC38A5 for cisplatin. The functional dependence on SLCs observed for a significant proportion of the compounds screened suggests a widespread role for SLCs in the uptake and cellular activity of cytotoxic drugs and provides an experimentally validated set of SLC-drug associations for a number of clinically relevant compounds.
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36
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Campagnaro GD, de Koning HP. Purine and pyrimidine transporters of pathogenic protozoa - conduits for therapeutic agents. Med Res Rev 2020; 40:1679-1714. [PMID: 32144812 DOI: 10.1002/med.21667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Purines and pyrimidines are essential nutrients for any cell. Most organisms are able to synthesize their own purines and pyrimidines, but this ability was lost in protozoans that adapted to parasitism, leading to a great diversification in transporter activities in these organisms, especially for the acquisition of amino acids and nucleosides from their hosts throughout their life cycles. Many of these transporters have been shown to have sufficiently different substrate affinities from mammalian transporters, making them good carriers for therapeutic agents. In this review, we summarize the knowledge obtained on purine and pyrimidine activities identified in protozoan parasites to date and discuss their importance for the survival of these parasites and as drug carriers, as well as the perspectives of developments in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo D Campagnaro
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, Glasgow, UK
| | - Harry P de Koning
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, Glasgow, UK
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37
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S-(4-Nitrobenzyl)-6-thioinosine (NBMPR) is Not a Selective Inhibitor of Equilibrative Nucleoside Transporters but Also Blocks Efflux Activity of Breast Cancer Resistance Protein. Pharm Res 2020; 37:58. [PMID: 32086630 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-020-2782-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE S-(4-Nitrobenzyl)-6-thioinosine (NBMPR) is routinely used at concentrations of 0.10 μM and 0.10 mM to specifically inhibit transport of nucleosides mediated by equilibrative nucleoside transporters 1 (ENT1) and 2 (ENT2), respectively. We recently showed that NBMPR (0.10 mM) might also inhibit placental active efflux of [3H]zidovudine and [3H]tenofovir disoproxil fumarate. Here we test the hypothesis that NBMPR abolishes the activity of P-glycoprotein (ABCB1) and/or breast cancer resistance protein (ABCG2). METHODS We performed accumulation assays with Hoechst 33342 (a model dual substrate of ABCB1 and ABCG2) and bi-directional transport studies with the ABCG2 substrate [3H]glyburide in transduced MDCKII cells, accumulation studies in choriocarcinoma-derived BeWo cells, and in situ dual perfusions of rat term placenta with glyburide. RESULTS NBMPR inhibited Hoechst 33342 accumulation in MDCKII-ABCG2 cells (IC50 = 53 μM) but not in MDCKII-ABCB1 and MDCKII-parental cells. NBMPR (0.10 mM) also inhibited bi-directional [3H]glyburide transport across monolayers of MDCKII-ABCG2 cells and blocked ABCG2-mediated [3H]glyburide efflux by rat term placenta in situ. CONCLUSION NBMPR at a concentration of 0.10 mM abolishes ABCG2 activity. Researchers using NBMPR to evaluate the effect of ENTs on pharmacokinetics must therefore interpret their results carefully if studying compounds that are substrates of both ENTs and ABCG2.
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Perelló-Reus CM, Català A, Caviedes-Cárdenas L, Vega-García N, Camós M, Pérez-Torras S, Pastor-Anglada M. FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) modulates key enzymes of nucleotide metabolism implicated in cytarabine responsiveness in pediatric acute leukemia. Pharmacol Res 2019; 151:104556. [PMID: 31778791 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Treatment of pediatric acute leukemia might involve combined therapies targeting the FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) receptor (i.e. quizartinib - AC220) and nucleotide metabolism (cytarabine - AraC). This study addressed the possibility of FLT3 modulating nucleoside salvage processes and, eventually, cytarabine action. Bone marrow samples from 108 pediatric leukemia patients (B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia, BCP-ALL: 83; T-ALL: 9; acute myeloid leukemia, AML: 16) were used to determine the mRNA expression levels of FLT3, the cytarabine activating kinase dCK, and the nucleotidases cN-II and SAMHD1. FLT3 mRNA levels positively correlated with dCK, cN-II and SAMHD1 in the studied cohort. FLT3 inhibition using AC220 promoted the expression of cN-II in MV4-11 cells. Indeed, inhibition of cN-II with anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonic acid (AdiS) further potentiated the synergistic action of AC220 and cytarabine, at low concentrations of this nucleoside analog. FLT3 inhibition also down-regulated phosphorylated forms of SAMHD1 in MV4-11 and SEM cells. Thus, inhibition of FLT3 may also target the biochemical machinery associated with nucleoside salvage, which may modulate the ability of nucleoside-derived drugs. In summary, this contribution highlights the need to expand current knowledge on the mechanistic events linking tyrosine-kinase receptors, likely to be druggable in cancer treatment, and nucleotide metabolism, particularly considering tumor cells undergo profound metabolic reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalina M Perelló-Reus
- Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de enfermedades hepáticas y digestivas (CIBER EHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Institut de Recerca Hospital Sant Joan de Déu de Barcelona (IRP-HSJD), Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Català
- Institut de Recerca Hospital Sant Joan de Déu de Barcelona (IRP-HSJD), Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Pediatric Hematology Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBER ER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Liska Caviedes-Cárdenas
- Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de enfermedades hepáticas y digestivas (CIBER EHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Institut de Recerca Hospital Sant Joan de Déu de Barcelona (IRP-HSJD), Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nerea Vega-García
- Institut de Recerca Hospital Sant Joan de Déu de Barcelona (IRP-HSJD), Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Hematology Laboratory, Hospital Sant Joan de Deu (IR SJD), Esplugues de Llobregat, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mireia Camós
- Institut de Recerca Hospital Sant Joan de Déu de Barcelona (IRP-HSJD), Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Hematology Laboratory, Hospital Sant Joan de Deu (IR SJD), Esplugues de Llobregat, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBER ER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandra Pérez-Torras
- Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de enfermedades hepáticas y digestivas (CIBER EHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Institut de Recerca Hospital Sant Joan de Déu de Barcelona (IRP-HSJD), Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Marçal Pastor-Anglada
- Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de enfermedades hepáticas y digestivas (CIBER EHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Institut de Recerca Hospital Sant Joan de Déu de Barcelona (IRP-HSJD), Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.
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Ueda K, Nakamura T, Tanaka S, Hosokawa M, Iwakawa S, Ogawara KI. Numerical analysis of apparent decitabine uptake in HCT116 cells: Incorporation of a bidirectional first-order kinetic parameter for ENT1 transport and Michaelis-Menten parameters for subsequent phosphorylation. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2019; 35:124-130. [PMID: 31964620 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2019.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Decitabine (DAC), a DNA methylation inhibitor, is transported into cancer cells mainly via equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (ENT1) and subsequently phosphorylated by deoxycytidine kinase (dCK). We previously reported that apparent DAC uptake into cells may be described using a simple compartment model with clearance for facilitated diffusion (PS) and subsequent phosphorylation (CLmet). In the present study, time course of apparent intracellular [3H]-DAC uptake was analyzed numerically, and PS and CLmet values were calculated using the compartment model in human colon cancer HCT116 cells. PS at 0.1 μM [3H]-DAC was markedly decreased in the presence of 100 μM irinotecan or etoposide, while CLmet was markedly decreased in the presence of 100 μM cytarabine or gemcitabine. CLmet at 0.1-10 μM [3H]-DAC varied in a concentration-dependent manner and was described by Michaelis-Menten parameters Km,met and Vmax,met. In conclusion, DAC uptake mainly via ENT1 may be described by a bidirectional first-order kinetic parameter, while phosphorylation by dCK may be described by Michaelis-Menten parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumiko Ueda
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyamakita-machi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe, 658-8558, Japan.
| | - Touko Nakamura
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyamakita-machi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe, 658-8558, Japan.
| | - Shota Tanaka
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyamakita-machi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe, 658-8558, Japan.
| | - Mika Hosokawa
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyamakita-machi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe, 658-8558, Japan.
| | - Seigo Iwakawa
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyamakita-machi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe, 658-8558, Japan.
| | - Ken-Ichi Ogawara
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, 4-19-1 Motoyamakita-machi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe, 658-8558, Japan.
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Krys D, Hamann I, Wuest M, Wuest F. Effect of hypoxia on human equilibrative nucleoside transporters hENT1 and hENT2 in breast cancer. FASEB J 2019; 33:13837-13851. [PMID: 31601121 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201900870rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Elevated proliferation rates in cancer can be visualized with positron emission tomography (PET) using 3'-deoxy-3'-l-[18F]fluorothymidine ([18F]FLT). This study investigates whether [18F]FLT transport proteins are regulated through hypoxia. Expression and function of human equilibrative nucleoside transporter (hENT)-1, hENT2, and thymidine kinase 1 (TK1) were studied under normoxic and hypoxic conditions, and assessed with [18F]FLT-PET in estrogen receptor positive (ER+)-MCF7, triple-negative MDA-MB231 breast cancer (BC) cells, and MCF10A cells (human mammary epithelial cells). Functional involvement of hENT2 [18F]FLT transport was demonstrated in all cell lines. In vitro [18F]FLT uptake was higher in MDA-MB231 than in MCF7: 242 ± 9 vs. 147 ± 18% radioactivity/mg protein after 60 min under normoxia. Hypoxia showed no significant change in radiotracer uptake. Protein analysis revealed increased hENT1 (P < 0.0963) in MDA-MB231. Hypoxia did not change expression of either hENT1, hENT2, or TK1. In vitro inhibition experiments suggested involvement of hENT1, hENT2, and human concentrative nucleoside transporters during [18F]FLT uptake into all cell lines. In vivo PET imaging revealed comparable tumor uptake in MCF7 and MDA-MB231 tumors over 60 min, reaching standardized uptake values of 0.96 ± 0.05 vs. 0.89 ± 0.08 (n = 3). Higher hENT1 expression in MDA-MB231 seems to drive nucleoside transport, whereas TK1 expression in MCF7 seems responsible for comparable [18F]FLT retention in ER+ tumors. Our study demonstrates that hypoxia does not significantly affect nucleoside transport as tested with [18F]FLT in BC.-Krys, D., Hamann, I., Wuest, M., Wuest, F. Effect of hypoxia on human equilibrative nucleoside transporters hENT1 and hENT2 in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Krys
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ingrit Hamann
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Melinda Wuest
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Frank Wuest
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Xie CY, Wang Q, Li G, Fan Z, Wang H, Wu X. Dietary supplement with nucleotides in the form of uridine monophosphate or uridine stimulate intestinal development and promote nucleotide transport in weaned piglets. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2019; 99:6108-6113. [PMID: 31177538 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nucleotides are key constituents of milk, where they are utilized in cell replication, although there are limited studies for weaned piglets. This study evaluated the effects of uridine monophosphate (UMP) with uridine (UR) feed supplementation on the intestinal development and nucleotide transport in weaned piglets. RESULTS Supplementation with UMP significantly increased (P < 0.05) plasma glucose, and UR supplementation significantly reduced (0.05 < P < 0.10) the plasma total cholesterol (TC) of piglets when compared with that of the control group, although non-significant difference (P > 0.05) in growth performance was observed among three groups. Piglets fed supplementary UR exhibited greater (P < 0.05) crypt depth in the duodenum and ileum when compared with those in the supplementary UMP and control groups. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) results revealed that UR supplementation increased (P < 0.05) the relative mRNA levels of genes encoding the transmembrane proteins ZO-1 and occludin in the duodenum mucosa, and ZO-1 in the jejunum mucosa (P < 0.05). Similarly, UR supplementation increased (P < 0.05) expression of solute carriers SLC28A1 and SLC29A1 in the duodenum mucosa. Conversely, claudin-1 expression in the duodenum mucosa was inhibited (P < 0.05) by dietary supplementation with UMP or UR. CONCLUSION Collectively, our data indicated that dietary supplementation with UMP or UR was conducive to stimulating intestinal development and promoting nucleotide transport in weaned piglets. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yan Xie
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Qinhua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences; National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha, China
- Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Safety Animal Production, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Guanya Li
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences; National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha, China
- Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Safety Animal Production, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhiyong Fan
- Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Safety Animal Production, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Meiya Hai'an Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Hai'an, China
| | - Xin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences; National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha, China
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Prognostic immunohistochemical biomarkers of chemotherapy efficacy in biliary tract cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2019; 141:82-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Loss of KDM6A confers drug resistance in acute myeloid leukemia. Leukemia 2019; 34:50-62. [PMID: 31201358 PMCID: PMC7214274 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-019-0497-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is an aggressive hematologic neoplasm resulting from the malignant transformation of myeloid progenitors. Despite intensive chemotherapy leading to initial treatment responses, relapse caused by intrinsic or acquired drug resistance represents a major challenge. Here, we report that histone 3 lysine 27 demethylase KDM6A (UTX) is targeted by inactivating mutations and mutation-independent regulation in relapsed AML. Analyses of matched diagnosis and relapse specimens from individuals with KDM6A mutations showed an outgrowth of the KDM6A mutated tumor population at relapse. KDM6A expression is heterogeneously regulated and relapse-specific loss of KDM6A was observed in 45.7% of CN-AML patients. KDM6A-null myeloid leukemia cells were more resistant to treatment with the chemotherapeutic agents cytarabine (AraC) and daunorubicin. Inducible re-expression of KDM6A in KDM6A-null cell lines suppressed proliferation and sensitized cells again to AraC treatment. RNA expression analysis and functional studies revealed that resistance to AraC was conferred by downregulation of the nucleoside membrane transporter ENT1 (SLC29A1) by reduced H3K27 acetylation at the ENT1 locus. Our results show that loss of KDM6A provides cells with a selective advantage during chemotherapy, which ultimately leads to the observed outgrowth of clones with KDM6A mutations or reduced KDM6A expression at relapse.
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Wevers RA, Christensen M, Engelke UFH, Geuer S, Coene KLM, Kwast JT, Lund AM, Vissers LELM. Functional disruption of pyrimidine nucleoside transporter CNT1 results in a novel inborn error of metabolism with high excretion of uridine and cytidine. J Inherit Metab Dis 2019; 42:494-500. [PMID: 30847922 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Genetic defects in the pyrimidine nucleoside transporters of the CNT transporter family have not yet been reported. Metabolic investigations in a patient with infantile afebrile tonic-clonic seizures revealed increased urinary uridine and cytidine excretion. Segregation of this metabolic trait in the family showed the same biochemical phenotype in a healthy older brother of the index. Whole exome sequencing revealed biallelic mutations in SLC28A1 encoding the pyrimidine nucleoside transporter CNT1 in the index and his brother. Both parents and unaffected sibs showed the variant in heterozygous state. The transporter is expressed in the kidneys. Compelling evidence is available for the disrupting effect of the mutation on the transport function thus explaining the increased excretion of the pyrimidine nucleosides. The exome analysis also revealed a pathogenic mutation in PRRT2 in the index, explaining the epilepsy phenotype in infancy. At present, both the index (10 years) and his older brother are asymptomatic. Mutations in SLC28A1 cause a novel inborn error of metabolism that can be explained by the disrupted activity of the pyrimidine nucleoside transporter CNT1. This is the first report describing a defect in the family of CNT concentrative pyrimidine nucleoside transporter proteins encoded by the SLC28 gene family. In all likelihood, the epilepsy phenotype in the index is unrelated to the SLC28A1 defect, as this can be fully explained by the pathogenic PRRT2 variant. Clinical data on more patients are required to prove whether pathogenic mutations in SLC28A1 have any clinical consequences or are to be considered a benign metabolic phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Wevers
- Department Laboratory Medicine, Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - M Christensen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - U F H Engelke
- Department Laboratory Medicine, Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - S Geuer
- Department Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Institut für Medizinische Diagnostik GmbH, Ingelheim, Germany
| | - K L M Coene
- Department Laboratory Medicine, Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - J T Kwast
- Department Laboratory Medicine, Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - A M Lund
- Department of Paediatrics and Clinical Genetics, Centre for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - L E L M Vissers
- Department Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Transport of ribavirin across the rat and human placental barrier: Roles of nucleoside and ATP-binding cassette drug efflux transporters. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 163:60-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Mayati A, Moreau A, Jouan E, Febvre-James M, Denizot C, Parmentier Y, Fardel O. mRNA Expression and Activity of Nucleoside Transporters in Human Hepatoma HepaRG Cells. Pharmaceutics 2018; 10:pharmaceutics10040246. [PMID: 30469356 PMCID: PMC6320972 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics10040246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The HepaRG cell line is a highly differentiated human hepatoma cell line, displaying the expression of various drug transporters. However, functional expression of nucleoside transporters remains poorly characterized in HepaRG cells, although these transporters play a key role in hepatic uptake of antiviral and anticancer drugs. The present study was, therefore, designed to characterize the expression, activity and regulation of equilibrative (ENT) and concentrative (CNT) nucleoside transporter isoforms in differentiated HepaRG cells. These cells were found to exhibit a profile of nucleoside transporter mRNAs similar to that found in human hepatocytes, i.e., notable expression of ENT1, ENT2 and CNT1, with very low or no expression of CNT2 and CNT3. ENT1 activity was, next, demonstrated to be the main uridine transport activity present in HepaRG cells, like in cultured human hepatocytes. Various physiological factors, such as protein kinase C (PKC) activation or treatment by inflammatory cytokines or hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), were additionally found to regulate expression of ENT1, ENT2 and CNT1; PKC activation and HGF notably concomitantly induced mRNA expression and activity of ENT1 in HepaRG cells. Overall, these data suggest that HepaRG cells may be useful for analyzing cellular pharmacokinetics of nucleoside-like drugs in human hepatic cells, especially of those handled by ENT1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Mayati
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, IRSET (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Amélie Moreau
- Centre de Pharmacocinétique, Technologie Servier, F-45000 Orléans, France.
| | - Elodie Jouan
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, IRSET (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Marie Febvre-James
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, IRSET (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Claire Denizot
- Centre de Pharmacocinétique, Technologie Servier, F-45000 Orléans, France.
| | - Yannick Parmentier
- Centre de Pharmacocinétique, Technologie Servier, F-45000 Orléans, France.
| | - Olivier Fardel
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, IRSET (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France.
- Pôle Biologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, F-35033 Rennes, France.
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Best KA, Bone DB, Vilas G, Gros R, Hammond JR. Changes in aortic reactivity associated with the loss of equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (ENT1) in mice. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207198. [PMID: 30408123 PMCID: PMC6224178 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Slc29a1 encodes for equilibrative nucleoside transporter subtype 1 (ENT1), the primary mechanism of adenosine transfer across cell membranes. Previous studies showed that tissues isolated from Slc29a1-null mice are relatively resistant to injury caused by vascular ischemia-reperfusion. To determine if there are similar changes in the microvasculature, and investigate underlying mechanism, we examined aortas isolated from wildtype and Slc29a1-null mice. Aorta macrostructure and gene expression were examined histologically and by qPCR, respectively. Wire myography was used to assess the contractile properties of isolated thoracic aortic rings and their response to adenosine under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions. In vivo haemodynamic parameters were assessed using the tail-cuff method. Slc29a1-null mice had significantly (P<0.05) increased plasma adenosine (2.75-fold) and lower blood pressure (~15% ↓) than wild-type mice. Aortas from Slc29a1-null mice were stiffer with a smaller circumference (11% ↓), and had an enhanced contractile response to KCl and receptor-mediated stimuli. Blockade of ENT1 with nitrobenzylthioinosine significantly enhanced (by ~3.5-fold) the response of aorta from wild-type mice to phenylephrine, but had minimal effect on aortas from Slc29a1-null mice. Adenosine enhanced phenylephrine-mediated constriction in the wild-type tissue under both normoxic (11.7-fold) and hypoxic (3.6-fold) conditions, but had no effect on the Slc29a1-null aortic aorta. In conclusion, aortas from Slc29a1-null mice respond to hypoxic insult in a manner comparable to wild-type tissues that have been pharmacologically preconditioned with adenosine. These data also support a role for ENT1 in the regulation of the protective effects of adenosine on contractile function in elastic conduit arteries such as thoracic aorta.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Arielle Best
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Derek B. Bone
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gonzalo Vilas
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Robert Gros
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Molecular Medicine Research Group, Robarts Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - James R. Hammond
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Hovhannisyan N, Fillesoye F, Guillouet S, Ibazizene M, Toutain J, Gourand F, Valable S, Plancoulaine B, Barré L. [ 18F]Fludarabine-PET as a promising tool for differentiating CNS lymphoma and glioblastoma: Comparative analysis with [ 18F]FDG in human xenograft models. Am J Cancer Res 2018; 8:4563-4573. [PMID: 30214639 PMCID: PMC6134939 DOI: 10.7150/thno.26754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper investigated whether positron emission tomography (PET) imaging with [18F]fludarabine ([18F]FDB) can help to differentiate central nervous system lymphoma (CNSL) from glioblastoma (GBM), which is a crucial issue in the diagnosis and management of patients with these aggressive brain tumors. Multimodal analyses with [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose ([18F]FDG), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and histology have also been considered to address the specificity of [18F]FDB for CNSL. Methods: Nude rats were implanted with human MC116 lymphoma-cells (n = 9) or U87 glioma-cells (n = 4). Tumor growth was monitored by MRI, with T2-weighted sequence for anatomical features and T1-weighted with gadolinium (Gd) enhancement for blood brain barrier (BBB) permeability assessment. For PET investigation, [18F]FDB or [18F]FDG (~11 MBq) were injected via tail vein and dynamic PET images were acquired up to 90 min after radiotracer injection. Paired scans of the same rat with the two [18F]-labelled radiotracers were investigated. Initial volumes of interest were manually delineated on T2w images and set on co-registered PET images and tumor-to-background ratio (TBR) was calculated to semi-quantitatively assess the tracer accumulation in the tumor. A tile-based method for image analysis was developed in order to make comparative analysis between radiotracer uptake and values extracted from immunohistochemistry staining. Results: In the lymphoma model, PET time-activity curves (TACs) revealed a differential response of [18F]FDB between tumoral and healthy tissues with average TBR varying from 2.45 to 3.16 between 5 to 90 min post-injection. In contrast, [18F]FDG demonstrated similar uptake profiles for tumoral and normal regions with TBR varying from 0.84 to 1.06 between these two time points. In the glioblastoma (GBM) model, the average TBRs were from 2.14 to 1.01 for [18F]FDB and from 0.95 to 1.65 for [18F]FDG. Therefore, inter-model comparisons showed significantly divergent responses (p < 0.01) of [18F]FDB between lymphoma and GBM, while [18F]FDG demonstrated overlap (p = 0.04) between the groups. Tumor characterization with histology (based mainly on Hoechst and CD79), as well as with MRI was overall in better agreement with [18F]FDB-PET than [18F]FDG with regard to tumor selectivity. Conclusions: [18F]FDB-PET demonstrated considerably greater specificity for CNSL when compared to [18F]FDG. It also permitted a more precise definition of target volume compared to contrast-enhanced MRI. Therefore, the potential of [18F]FDB-PET to distinguish CNSL from GBM is quite evident and will be further investigated in humans.
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Vaskó B, Juhász V, Tóth B, Kurunczi A, Fekete Z, Krisjanis Zolnerciks J, Kis E, Magnan R, Bidon-Chanal Badia A, Pastor-Anglada M, Hazai E, Bikadi Z, Fülöp F, Krajcsi P. Inhibitor selectivity of CNTs and ENTs. Xenobiotica 2018; 49:840-851. [PMID: 30022699 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2018.1501832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The concentrative nucleoside transporters (CNT; solute carrier family 28 (SLC28)) and the equilibrative nucleoside transporters (ENT; solute carrier family 29 (SLC29)) are important therapeutic targets but may also mediate toxicity or adverse events. To explore the relative role of the base and the monosaccharide moiety in inhibitor selectivity we selected compounds that either harbor an arabinose moiety or a cytosine moiety, as these groups had several commercially available drug members. The screening data showed that more compounds harboring a cytosine moiety displayed potent interactions with the CNTs than compounds harboring the arabinose moiety. In contrast, ENTs showed a preference for compounds with an arabinose moiety. The correlation between CNT1 and CNT3 was good as five of six compounds displayed IC50 values within the threefold threshold and one displayed a borderline 4-fold difference. For CNT1 and CNT2 as well as for CNT2 and CNT3 only two of six IC50 values correlated and one displayed a borderline 4-fold difference. Interestingly, of the six compounds that potently interacted with both ENT1 and ENT2 only nelarabine displayed selectivity. Our data show differences between inhibitor selectivities of CNTs and ENTs as well as differences within the CNT family members.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Beáta Tóth
- b SOLVO Biotechnology , Budaörs , Hungary
| | | | | | | | - Emese Kis
- a SOLVO Biotechnology , Szeged , Hungary
| | | | - Axel Bidon-Chanal Badia
- c Departament de Nutrició, Ciències de l'Alimentació i Gastronomia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), Campus de l'Alimentació de Torribera , Universitat de Barcelona , Santa Coloma de Gramenet , Spain
| | - Marçal Pastor-Anglada
- d Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Facultat de Biologia and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB) , Universitat de Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain.,e Oncology Program , National Biomedical Research Institute on Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBER EHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Madrid , Spain
| | | | | | - Ferenc Fülöp
- g Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Szeged , Szeged , Hungary
| | - Peter Krajcsi
- a SOLVO Biotechnology , Szeged , Hungary.,h Department of Morphology and Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences , Semmelweis University , Budapest , Hungary.,i Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics , Pázmány Péter Catholic University , Budapest , Hungary
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Pastor-Anglada M, Urtasun N, Pérez-Torras S. Intestinal Nucleoside Transporters: Function, Expression, and Regulation. Compr Physiol 2018; 8:1003-1017. [PMID: 29978890 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c170039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract is the absorptive organ for nutrients found in foods after digestion. Nucleosides and, to a lesser extent nucleobases, are the late products of nucleoprotein digestion. These metabolites are absorbed by nucleoside (and nucleobase) transporter (NT) proteins. NTs are differentially distributed along the gastrointestinal tract showing also polarized expression in epithelial cells. Concentrative nucleoside transporters (CNTs) are mainly located at the apical side of enterocytes, whereas equilibrative nucleoside transporters (ENTs) facilitate the basolateral efflux of nucleosides and nucleobases to the bloodstream. Moreover, selected nucleotides and the bioactive nucleoside adenosine act directly on intestinal cells modulating purinergic signaling. NT-polarized insertion is tightly regulated. However, not much is known about the modulation of intestinal NT function in humans, probably due to the lack of appropriate cell models retaining CNT functional expression. Thus, the possibility of nutritional regulation of intestinal NTs has been addressed using animal models. Besides the nutrition-related role of NT proteins, orally administered drugs also need to cross the intestinal barrier, this event being a major determinant of drug bioavailability. In this regard, NT proteins might also play a role in pharmacology, thereby allowing the absorption of nucleoside- and nucleobase-derived drugs. The relative broad selectivity of these membrane transporters also suggests clinically relevant drug-drug interactions when using combined therapies. This review focuses on all these physiological and pharmacological aspects of NT protein biology. © 2017 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 8:1003-1017, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marçal Pastor-Anglada
- Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Oncology Program, National Biomedical Research Institute on Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBER EHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain.,Genetics, Molecular Biology and Gene Therapy Program, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IR SJD), Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nerea Urtasun
- Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Oncology Program, National Biomedical Research Institute on Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBER EHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain.,Genetics, Molecular Biology and Gene Therapy Program, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IR SJD), Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sandra Pérez-Torras
- Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Oncology Program, National Biomedical Research Institute on Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBER EHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain.,Genetics, Molecular Biology and Gene Therapy Program, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IR SJD), Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
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