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Nocera S, Marchena MA, Fernández-Gómez B, Gómez-Martín P, Sánchez-Jiménez E, Macías-Castellano A, Laó Y, Cordano C, Gómez-Torres Ó, Luján R, de Castro F. Activation of Shh/Smo is sufficient to maintain oligodendrocyte precursor cells in an undifferentiated state and is not necessary for myelin formation and (re)myelination. Glia 2024. [PMID: 38771121 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Myelination is the terminal step in a complex and precisely timed program that orchestrates the proliferation, migration and differentiation of oligodendroglial cells. It is thought that Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) acting on Smoothened (Smo) participates in regulating this process, but that these effects are highly context dependent. Here, we investigate oligodendroglial development and remyelination from three specific transgenic lines: NG2-CreERT2 (control), Smofl/fl/NG2-CreERT2 (loss of function), and SmoM2/NG2-CreERT2 (gain of function), as well as pharmacological manipulation that enhance or inhibit the Smo pathway (Smoothened Agonist (SAG) or cyclopamine treatment, respectively). To explore the effects of Shh/Smo on differentiation and myelination in vivo, we developed a highly quantifiable model by transplanting oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) in the retina. We find that myelination is greatly enhanced upon cyclopamine treatment and hypothesize that Shh/Smo could promote OPC proliferation to subsequently inhibit differentiation. Consistent with this hypothesis, we find that the genetic activation of Smo significantly increased numbers of OPCs and decreased oligodendrocyte differentiation when we examined the corpus callosum during development and after cuprizone demyelination and remyelination. However, upon loss of function with the conditional ablation of Smo, myelination in the same scenarios are unchanged. Taken together, our present findings suggest that the Shh pathway is sufficient to maintain OPCs in an undifferentiated state, but is not necessary for myelination and remyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Nocera
- Grupo de Neurobiología del Desarrollo-GNDe, Instituto Cajal-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel A Marchena
- Grupo de Neurobiología del Desarrollo-GNDe, Instituto Cajal-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
- Facultad HM de Ciencias de la Salud de la UCJC, Universidad Camilo José Cela, Madrid, Spain
- NeuroLab, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria HM Hospitales, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Paula Gómez-Martín
- Grupo de Neurobiología del Desarrollo-GNDe, Instituto Cajal-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Yolanda Laó
- Grupo de Neurobiología del Desarrollo-GNDe, Instituto Cajal-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Christian Cordano
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Neurology, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health. University of Genoa, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Óscar Gómez-Torres
- Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Rafael Luján
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - Fernando de Castro
- Grupo de Neurobiología del Desarrollo-GNDe, Instituto Cajal-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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2
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Lewitt MS, Boyd GW. Role of the Insulin-like Growth Factor System in Neurodegenerative Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4512. [PMID: 38674097 PMCID: PMC11049992 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system has paracrine and endocrine roles in the central nervous system. There is evidence that IGF signalling pathways have roles in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative disease. This review focusses on Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, the two most common neurodegenerative disorders that are increasing in prevalence globally in relation to the aging population and the increasing prevalence of obesity and type 2 diabetes. Rodent models used in the study of the molecular pathways involved in neurodegeneration are described. However, currently, no animal model fully replicates these diseases. Mice with triple mutations in APP, PSEN and MAPT show promise as models for the testing of novel Alzheimer's therapies. While a causal relationship is not proven, the fact that age, obesity and T2D are risk factors in both strengthens the case for the involvement of the IGF system in these disorders. The IGF system is an attractive target for new approaches to management; however, there are gaps in our understanding that first need to be addressed. These include a focus beyond IGF-I on other members of the IGF system, including IGF-II, IGF-binding proteins and the type 2 IGF receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moira S. Lewitt
- School of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley PA1 2BE, UK
| | - Gary W. Boyd
- School of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Hamilton G72 0LH, UK;
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3
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Chaves JCS, Dando SJ, White AR, Oikari LE. Blood-brain barrier transporters: An overview of function, dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease and strategies for treatment. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:166967. [PMID: 38008230 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2023.166967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
The blood-brain-barrier (BBB) has a major function in maintaining brain homeostasis by regulating the entry of molecules from the blood to the brain. Key players in BBB function are BBB transporters which are highly expressed in brain endothelial cells (BECs) and critical in mediating the exchange of nutrients and waste products. BBB transporters can also influence drug delivery into the brain by inhibiting or facilitating the entry of brain targeting therapeutics for the treatment of brain disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Recent studies have shown that AD is associated with a disrupted BBB and transporter dysfunction, although their roles in the development in AD are not fully understand. Modulation of BBB transporter activity may pose a novel approach to enhance the delivery of drugs to the brain for enhanced treatment of AD. In this review, we will give an overview of key functions of BBB transporters and known changes in AD. In addition, we will discuss current strategies for transporter modulation for enhanced drug delivery into the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana C S Chaves
- Mental Health and Neuroscience Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, QUT, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Samantha J Dando
- Centre for Immunology and Infection Control, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Anthony R White
- Mental Health and Neuroscience Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, QUT, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Lotta E Oikari
- Mental Health and Neuroscience Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, QUT, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
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4
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Takano-Kawabe K, Matoba K, Nakamura Y, Moriyama M. Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor-related Protein 2 Expression and Function in Cultured Astrocytes and Microglia. Neurochem Res 2024; 49:199-211. [PMID: 37702891 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-023-04022-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
Activation of glial cells, astrocytes and microglia, has been observed in neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Amyloid β (Aβ), which is aggregated and the aggregation is detected as characteristic pathology in AD brain, is known to be produced by neurons and to activate glial cells. Clearance of Aβ from the brain via active transport system is important to prevent the accumulation and aggregation. Low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 2 (LRP2/megalin) is an Aβ transporter. However, expression and contribution of LRP2 in astrocytes and microglia remain to be clarified. In the present study, we examined the expression of LRP2 and its roles in cultured astrocytes prepared from rat embryonic brain cortex and mouse microglial cell line BV-2. Both cultured rat astrocytes and BV-2 cells expressed LRP2 mRNA detected by RT-PCR. When lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) were added to BV-2 cells, LRP2 mRNA expression and uptake of microbeads, Aβ and insulin were increased. On the other hand, LPS decreased LRP2 expression and uptake of Aβ and insulin in cultured astrocytes. Knockdown of LRP2 using siRNA attenuated the LPS- or ATRA-increased uptake of microbeads, Aβ and insulin in BV-2 cells. These results suggest that LRP2 was expressed in both astrocytes and microglia and might be involved in endocytosis activities. Adequate control of LRP2 expression and function in astrocytes and microglia might regulate Aβ and insulin levels in brain and would be a potential target in AD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsura Takano-Kawabe
- Laboratory of Integrative Physiology in Veterinary Sciences, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-58, Rinku-Ourai Kita, Izumisano, Osaka, 598-8531, Japan.
| | - Kazuyuki Matoba
- Laboratory of Integrative Physiology in Veterinary Sciences, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-58, Rinku-Ourai Kita, Izumisano, Osaka, 598-8531, Japan
| | - Yoichi Nakamura
- Laboratory of Integrative Physiology in Veterinary Sciences, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-58, Rinku-Ourai Kita, Izumisano, Osaka, 598-8531, Japan
| | - Mitsuaki Moriyama
- Laboratory of Integrative Physiology in Veterinary Sciences, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-58, Rinku-Ourai Kita, Izumisano, Osaka, 598-8531, Japan
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5
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Reid KM, Brown GC. LRPAP1 is released from activated microglia and inhibits microglial phagocytosis and amyloid beta aggregation. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1286474. [PMID: 38035103 PMCID: PMC10687467 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1286474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-associated protein 1 (LRPAP1), also known as receptor associated protein (RAP), is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperone and inhibitor of LDL receptor related protein 1 (LRP1) and related receptors. These receptors have dozens of physiological ligands and cell functions, but it is not known whether cells release LRPAP1 physiologically at levels that regulate these receptors and cell functions. We used mouse BV-2 and human CHME3 microglial cell lines, and found that microglia released nanomolar levels of LRPAP1 when inflammatory activated by lipopolysaccharide or when ER stressed by tunicamycin. LRPAP1 was found on the surface of live activated and non-activated microglia, and anti-LRPAP1 antibodies induced internalization. Addition of 10 nM LRPAP1 inhibited microglial phagocytosis of isolated synapses and cells, and the uptake of Aβ. LRPAP1 also inhibited Aβ aggregation in vitro. Thus, activated and stressed microglia release LRPAP1 levels that can inhibit phagocytosis, Aβ uptake and Aβ aggregation. We conclude that LRPAP1 release may regulate microglial functions and Aβ pathology, and more generally that extracellular LRPAP1 may be a physiological and pathological regulator of a wide range of cell functions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Guy C. Brown
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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6
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Li X, Pu X, Wang X, Wang J, Liao X, Huang Z, Yin G. A dual-targeting peptide for glioblastoma screened by phage display peptide library biopanning combined with affinity-adaptability analysis. Int J Pharm 2023; 644:123306. [PMID: 37572856 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
The obstruction of blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the poor specific targeting are still the major obstacles and challenges of targeted nano-pharmaceutical therapy for glioblastoma (GBM) up to now. It is critical to find appropriate targeting ligands that can effectively mediate the nano-pharmaceuticals to penetrate brain capillary endothelial cells (BCECs) and then specifically bind to glioblastoma cells (GCs). Herein, a dual-targeting ligand for GBM was screened by the combination of phage display peptide library biopanning and affinity-adaptability analysis. Based on the acquisition of sub-library of peptide which exhibited the specific affinity to both BCECs and GCs, a comparison parameter of relative affinity was deliberately introduced to evaluate the relative affinity of candidate peptides to U251-MG cells and bEnd.3 cells. The optimized WTW peptide (sequenced as WTWEYTK) was provided with a high relative affinity (RU/B = 2.44), implying that its high affinity to U251-MG cells and moderate affinity to bEnd.3 cells might synergistically promote its receptor-mediated internalization and transport, the dissociation from bEnd.3, and the binding to U251-MG. The results of BBB model trials in vitro showed that the BBB penetration efficiency and GBM accumulation of WTW peptide were significantly higher than those of WSL peptide, GNH peptide, and REF peptide. Results of orthotopic GBM xenograft model assays in vivo also indicated that WTW peptide had successfully penetrated the BBB and improved accumulation in GBM. The screened WTW peptide might be the potential dual-targeting ligand to motivate the advancement of GBM targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxu Li
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, PR China
| | - Ximing Pu
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, PR China
| | - Xingming Wang
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, PR China
| | - Juan Wang
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, PR China
| | - Xiaoming Liao
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, PR China
| | - Zhongbin Huang
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, PR China
| | - Guangfu Yin
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, PR China.
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7
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Israel LL, Sun T, Braubach O, Cox A, Shatalova ES, Rashid HM, Galstyan A, Grodzinski Z, Song XY, Chepurna O, Ljubimov VA, Chiechi A, Sharma S, Phebus C, Wang Y, Ljubimova JY, Black KL, Holler E. β-Amyloid targeting nanodrug for neuron-specific delivery of nucleic acids in Alzheimer's disease mouse models. J Control Release 2023; 361:636-658. [PMID: 37544515 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Delivery of therapeutic substances into the brain poses a significant challenge in the treatment of neurological disorders. This is primarily due to the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which restricts access, alongside the limited stability and distribution of these agents within the brain tissue. Here we demonstrate an efficient delivery of microRNA (miRNA) and antisense RNA preferentially to neurons compared to astroglia in the brain of healthy and Alzheimer's disease mice, via disulfide-linked conjugation with poly(ß-L-malic acid-trileucine)-copolymer a biodegradable, amphiphilic, and multivalent platform. By conjugating a D-configured (D3)-peptide (vector) for specific targeting, highly efficient delivery across the BBB is achieved through the Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein-1 (LRP-1) transcytosis pathway, amyloid beta (Aβ) peptides. Nanodrug distribution was determined by fluorescent labeling and analyzed by microscopy in neurons, astroglia, and in extracellular amyloid plaques typical for Alzheimer's disease. Whereas D-configured BBB-vectors can efficiently target neurons, L-configured (e.g., AP2-peptide) guided vector can only cross BBB but not seem to bind neurons. An analysis of post-injection fluorescence distribution, and RNA-seq followed by real-time PCR validation, confirmed a successful in vivo delivery of morpholino-miRNA-186 nanoconjugates into mouse brain. The size and fluorescence intensity of the intracellular nanodrug particulates were analyzed and verified by a competition with non-fluorescent conjugates. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) from RNA-seq were identified in the nanodrug injected mice, and the changes of selected DEGs related to Alzheimer's disease were further validated by western blot and real-time PCR. Collectively, these results demonstrated that D3-peptide-conjugated nanopolymer drug is able to achieve neuron-selective delivery of miRNA and can serve as an efficient brain delivery vehicle in Alzheimer's disease (AD) mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liron L Israel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles 90048, USA
| | - Tao Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles 90048, USA
| | - Oliver Braubach
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles 90048, USA
| | - Alysia Cox
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles 90048, USA
| | | | | | - Anna Galstyan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles 90048, USA
| | - Zachary Grodzinski
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles 90048, USA
| | - Xue Ying Song
- Cedars-Sinai Cancer Applied Genomics Shared Resource, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles 90048, USA
| | - Oksana Chepurna
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles 90048, USA
| | - Vladimir A Ljubimov
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles 90048, USA
| | - Antonella Chiechi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles 90048, USA
| | - Sachin Sharma
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles 90048, USA
| | - Connor Phebus
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles 90048, USA
| | - Yizhou Wang
- Cedars-Sinai Cancer Applied Genomics Shared Resource, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles 90048, USA
| | - Julia Y Ljubimova
- Terasaki Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, 90024, USA..
| | - Keith L Black
- Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles 90048, USA.
| | - Eggehard Holler
- Terasaki Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, 90024, USA..
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8
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Lebedenko C, Murray ME, Goncalves BG, Perez DS, Lambo DJ, Banerjee IA. Interactions of Nanoscale Self-Assembled Peptide-Based Assemblies with Glioblastoma Cell Models and Spheroids. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:12124-12143. [PMID: 37033803 PMCID: PMC10077566 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c08049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Peptide nanoassemblies have garnered remarkable importance in the development of novel nanoscale biomaterials for drug delivery into tumor cells. Taking advantage of receptor mediated recognition of two known peptides, angiopep-2 (TFFYGGSRGKRNNFKTEEY) and A-COOP-K (ACGLSGLC10 VAK) that bind to the over-expressed receptors low density lipoprotein (LRP-1) and fatty acid binding protein (FABP3) respectively, we have developed new peptide conjugates by combining the anti-inflammatory, antitumor compound azelaic acid with angiopep-2, which efficiently self-assembled into nanofibers. Those nanofibers were then functionalized with the A-COOP-K sequence and formed supramolecular hierarchical structures that were found to entrap the chemotherapeutic drug doxorubicin efficaciously. Furthermore, the nanoassemblies were found to release the drug in a dose-dependent manner and showed a stepwise increase over a period of 2 weeks under acidic conditions. Two cell lines (U-87-MG and U-138-MG) were utilized as models for glioblastoma cells grown in the presence of serum and under serum-free conditions to mimic the growth conditions of natural tumors. The drug entrapped assemblies were found to inhibit the cell proliferation of both U-87 and U-138MG glioblastoma cells. Three dimensional spheroids of different sizes were grown to mimic the tumors and evaluate the efficacy of drug release and internalization. Our results indicated that the nanoassemblies were found to have higher internalization of DOX and were well-spread throughout the spheroids grown, particularly under serum-free conditions. The nanoassemblies also displayed blood-brain barrier penetration when tested with a multicellular in vitro model. Such self-assembled nanostructures with targeting ability may provide a suitable platform for the development of new peptide-based biomaterials that can provide more insights about the mechanistic approach for drug delivery for not only 2D cell cultures but also 3D tumoroids that mimic the tumor microenvironments.
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9
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Zulijani A, Milardović A, Kovač Z, Perić B, Jakovac H. Megalin Expression in Primary Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Is Associated with the Presence of Lymph Node Metastases, Vascular Invasion, and Lower Overall Survival. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:2757-2766. [PMID: 37185704 PMCID: PMC10136934 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45040180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Megalin (LRP2) is a rapidly recycling multiligand endocytic receptor primarily expressed in polarized epithelial cells. Although megalin might be involved in tumor growth and invasiveness through several mechanisms, its role has been understudied in the field of molecular oncology so far. The present study aimed to evaluate the impact of megalin expression in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) on disease progression. Megalin expression was evaluated immunohistochemically in 63 OSCC specimens. Data obtained were retrospectively compared with patient clinicopathological features and their survival. The proportion of megalin-expressing cells in the primary OSCC tissue was significantly associated with metastatic spreading to lymph nodes, vascular invasion and lower overall survival rate. Results obtained by the study suggest that megalin can be considered as a novel molecule involved in OSCC pathogenesis, but also useful as a potential biomarker for cancer progression.
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Sizova O, John LS, Ma Q, Molldrem JJ. Multi-faceted role of LRP1 in the immune system. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1166189. [PMID: 37020553 PMCID: PMC10069629 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1166189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Graft versus host disease (GVHD) represents the major complication after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (Allo-SCT). GVHD-prone patients rely on GVHD prophylaxis (e.g. methotrexate) and generalized anti-GVHD medical regimen (glucocorticoids). New anti-GVHD therapy strategies are being constantly explored, however there is an urgent need to improve current treatment, since GVHD-related mortality reaches 22% within 5 years in patients with chronic GVHD. This review is an attempt to describe a very well-known receptor in lipoprotein studies - the low-density lipoprotein receptor related protein 1 (LRP1) - in a new light, as a potential therapeutic target for GVHD prevention and treatment. Our preliminary studies demonstrated that LRP1 deletion in donor murine T cells results in significantly lower GVHD-related mortality in recipient mice with MHC (major histocompatibility complex) -mismatched HSCT. Given the importance of T cells in the development of GVHD, there is a significant gap in scientific literature regarding LRP1's role in T cell biology. Furthermore, there is limited research interest and publications on this classical receptor molecule in other immune cell types. Herein, we endeavor to summarize existing knowledge about LRP1's role in various immune cells to demonstrate the possibility of this receptor to serve as a novel target for anti-GVHD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Sizova
- Department of Hematopoietic Biology and Malignancy, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Lisa St. John
- Department of Hematopoietic Biology and Malignancy, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Qing Ma
- Department of Hematopoietic Biology and Malignancy, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jeffrey J. Molldrem
- Department of Hematopoietic Biology and Malignancy, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
- ECLIPSE, Therapeutic Discovery Division, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: Jeffrey J. Molldrem,
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11
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The Biology and Function of Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase 2 in the Lungs. Pulm Med 2022; 2022:3632764. [PMID: 36624735 PMCID: PMC9825218 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3632764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases (TIMP) are a family of four endogenous proteins that primarily function to inhibit the activities of proteases such as the matrix metalloproteinases (MMP). Altered MMP/TIMP ratios are frequently observed in several human diseases. During aging and disease progression, the extracellular matrix (ECM) undergoes structural changes in which elastin and collagens serve an essential role. MMPs and TIMPs significantly influence the ECM. Classically, elevated levels of TIMPs are suggested to result in ECM accumulation leading to fibrosis, whereas loss of TIMP responses leads to enhanced matrix proteolysis. Here, we outline the known roles of the most abundant TIMP, TIMP2, in pulmonary diseases but also discuss future perspectives in TIMP2 research that could impact the lungs. TIMP2 directly inhibits MMPs, in particular MMP2, but TIMP2 is also required for the activation of MMP2 through its interaction with MMP14. The protease and antiprotease imbalance of MMPs and TIMPs are extensively studied in diseases but recent discoveries suggest that TIMPs, specifically, TIMP2 could play other roles in aging and inflammation processes.
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12
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Fahlke C. Membrane physiology and biophysics-Another milestone. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1081004. [PMID: 36505083 PMCID: PMC9733666 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1081004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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13
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Quintana JF, Chandrasegaran P, Sinton MC, Briggs EM, Otto TD, Heslop R, Bentley-Abbot C, Loney C, de Lecea L, Mabbott NA, MacLeod A. Single cell and spatial transcriptomic analyses reveal microglia-plasma cell crosstalk in the brain during Trypanosoma brucei infection. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5752. [PMID: 36180478 PMCID: PMC9525673 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33542-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Human African trypanosomiasis, or sleeping sickness, is caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma brucei and induces profound reactivity of glial cells and neuroinflammation when the parasites colonise the central nervous system. However, the transcriptional and functional responses of the brain to chronic T. brucei infection remain poorly understood. By integrating single cell and spatial transcriptomics of the mouse brain, we identify that glial responses triggered by infection are readily detected in the proximity to the circumventricular organs, including the lateral and 3rd ventricle. This coincides with the spatial localisation of both slender and stumpy forms of T. brucei. Furthermore, in silico predictions and functional validations led us to identify a previously unknown crosstalk between homeostatic microglia and Cd138+ plasma cells mediated by IL-10 and B cell activating factor (BAFF) signalling. This study provides important insights and resources to improve understanding of the molecular and cellular responses in the brain during infection with African trypanosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan F Quintana
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology (WCIP), University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
- School of Biodiversity, One Health, and Veterinary Medicine (SBOHVM), MVLS, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
| | - Praveena Chandrasegaran
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology (WCIP), University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- School of Biodiversity, One Health, and Veterinary Medicine (SBOHVM), MVLS, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Matthew C Sinton
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology (WCIP), University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- School of Biodiversity, One Health, and Veterinary Medicine (SBOHVM), MVLS, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Emma M Briggs
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology (WCIP), University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Institute for Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Thomas D Otto
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology (WCIP), University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- School of Infection and Immunity, MVLS, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Rhiannon Heslop
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology (WCIP), University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- School of Biodiversity, One Health, and Veterinary Medicine (SBOHVM), MVLS, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Calum Bentley-Abbot
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology (WCIP), University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- School of Biodiversity, One Health, and Veterinary Medicine (SBOHVM), MVLS, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Colin Loney
- School of Infection and Immunity, MVLS, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- MRC Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Luis de Lecea
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Neil A Mabbott
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Annette MacLeod
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology (WCIP), University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- School of Biodiversity, One Health, and Veterinary Medicine (SBOHVM), MVLS, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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14
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Leung HW, Foo G, VanDongen A. Arc Regulates Transcription of Genes for Plasticity, Excitability and Alzheimer’s Disease. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10081946. [PMID: 36009494 PMCID: PMC9405677 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10081946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The immediate early gene Arc is a master regulator of synaptic function and a critical determinant of memory consolidation. Here, we show that Arc interacts with dynamic chromatin and closely associates with histone markers for active enhancers and transcription in cultured rat hippocampal neurons. Both these histone modifications, H3K27Ac and H3K9Ac, have recently been shown to be upregulated in late-onset Alzheimer’s disease (AD). When Arc induction by pharmacological network activation was prevented using a short hairpin RNA, the expression profile was altered for over 1900 genes, which included genes associated with synaptic function, neuronal plasticity, intrinsic excitability, and signalling pathways. Interestingly, about 100 Arc-dependent genes are associated with the pathophysiology of AD. When endogenous Arc expression was induced in HEK293T cells, the transcription of many neuronal genes was increased, suggesting that Arc can control expression in the absence of activated signalling pathways. Taken together, these data establish Arc as a master regulator of neuronal activity-dependent gene expression and suggest that it plays a significant role in the pathophysiology of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gabriel Foo
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Antonius VanDongen
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Correspondence:
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15
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Joseph BB, Edeen PT, Meadows S, Binti S, Fay DS. An unexpected role for the conserved ADAM-family metalloprotease ADM-2 in Caenorhabditis elegans molting. PLoS Genet 2022; 18:e1010249. [PMID: 35639786 PMCID: PMC9187072 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Molting is a widespread developmental process in which the external extracellular matrix (ECM), the cuticle, is remodeled to allow for organismal growth and environmental adaptation. Studies in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans have identified a diverse set of molting-associated factors including signaling molecules, intracellular trafficking regulators, ECM components, and ECM-modifying enzymes such as matrix metalloproteases. C. elegans NEKL-2 and NEKL-3, two conserved members of the NEK family of protein kinases, are essential for molting and promote the endocytosis of environmental steroid-hormone precursors by the epidermis. Steroids in turn drive the cyclic induction of many genes required for molting. Here we report a role for the sole C. elegans ADAM–meltrin metalloprotease family member, ADM-2, as a mediator of molting. Loss of adm-2, including mutations that disrupt the metalloprotease domain, led to the strong suppression of molting defects in partial loss-of-function nekl mutants. ADM-2 is expressed in the epidermis, and its trafficking through the endo-lysosomal network was disrupted after NEKL depletion. We identified the epidermally expressed low-density lipoprotein receptor–related protein, LRP-1, as a candidate target of ADM-2 regulation. Whereas loss of ADM-2 activity led to the upregulation of apical epidermal LRP-1, ADM-2 overexpression caused a reduction in LRP-1 levels. Consistent with this, several mammalian ADAMs, including the meltrin ADAM12, have been shown to regulate mammalian LRP1 via proteolysis. In contrast to mammalian homologs, however, the regulation of LRP-1 by ADM-2 does not appear to involve the metalloprotease function of ADM-2, nor is proteolytic processing of LRP-1 strongly affected in adm-2 mutants. Our findings suggest a noncanonical role for an ADAM family member in the regulation of a lipoprotein-like receptor and lead us to propose that endocytic trafficking may be important for both the internalization of factors that promote molting as well as the removal of proteins that can inhibit the process. The molecular and cellular features of molting in nematodes share many similarities with cellular and developmental processes that occur in mammals. This includes the degradation and reorganization of extracellular matrix materials that surround cells, as well as the intracellular machineries that allow cells to sample and modify their environments. In the current study, we found an unexpected function for a conserved protein that cleaves other proteins on the external surface of cells. Rather than promoting molting through extracellular matrix reorganization, however, the ADM-2 protease appears to function as a negative regulator of molting. This observation can be explained in part by data showing that ADM-2 negatively regulates a cell surface receptor required for molting. Surprisingly, it appears to do so through a mechanism that does not involve proteolysis. Our data provide insights into the mechanisms controlling molting and link several conserved proteins to show how they function together during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Braveen B. Joseph
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, United States of America
| | - Phillip T. Edeen
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, United States of America
| | - Sarina Meadows
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, United States of America
| | - Shaonil Binti
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, United States of America
| | - David S. Fay
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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16
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Wu QX, Liu HQ, Wang YJ, Chen TC, Wei ZY, Chang JH, Chen TH, Seema J, Lin EC. Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer (CEST) Signal at −1.6 ppm and Its Application for Imaging a C6 Glioma Model. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10061220. [PMID: 35740241 PMCID: PMC9219881 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10061220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) signal at −1.6 ppm is attributed to the choline methyl on phosphatidylcholines and results from the relayed nuclear Overhauser effect (rNOE), that is, rNOE(−1.6). The formation of rNOE(−1.6) involving the cholesterol hydroxyl is shown in liposome models. We aimed to confirm the correlation between cholesterol content and rNOE(−1.6) in cell cultures, tissues, and animals. C57BL/6 mice (N = 9) bearing the C6 glioma tumor were imaged in a 7 T MRI scanner, and their rNOE(−1.6) images were cross-validated through cholesterol staining with filipin. Cholesterol quantification was obtained using an 18.8-T NMR spectrometer from the lipid extracts of the brain tissues from another group of mice (N = 3). The cholesterol content in the cultured cells was manipulated using methyl-β-cyclodextrin and a complex of cholesterol and methyl-β-cyclodextrin. The rNOE(−1.6) of the cell homogenates and their cholesterol levels were measured using a 9.4-T NMR spectrometer. The rNOE(−1.6) signal is hypointense in the C6 tumors of mice, which matches the filipin staining results, suggesting that their tumor region is cholesterol deficient. The tissue extracts also indicate less cholesterol and phosphatidylcholine contents in tumors than in normal brain tissues. The amplitude of rNOE(−1.6) is positively correlated with the cholesterol concentration in the cholesterol-manipulated cell cultures. Our results indicate that the cholesterol dependence of rNOE(−1.6) occurs in cell cultures and solid tumors of C6 glioma. Furthermore, when the concentration of phosphatidylcholine is carefully considered, rNOE(−1.6) can be developed as a cholesterol-weighted imaging technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Xuan Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi 62102, Taiwan; (Q.-X.W.); (H.-Q.L.); (Y.-J.W.); (Z.-Y.W.); (J.-H.C.); (T.-H.C.)
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; (T.-C.C.); (J.S.)
| | - Hong-Qing Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi 62102, Taiwan; (Q.-X.W.); (H.-Q.L.); (Y.-J.W.); (Z.-Y.W.); (J.-H.C.); (T.-H.C.)
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; (T.-C.C.); (J.S.)
| | - Yi-Jiun Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi 62102, Taiwan; (Q.-X.W.); (H.-Q.L.); (Y.-J.W.); (Z.-Y.W.); (J.-H.C.); (T.-H.C.)
| | - Tsai-Chen Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; (T.-C.C.); (J.S.)
| | - Zi-Ying Wei
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi 62102, Taiwan; (Q.-X.W.); (H.-Q.L.); (Y.-J.W.); (Z.-Y.W.); (J.-H.C.); (T.-H.C.)
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; (T.-C.C.); (J.S.)
| | - Jung-Hsuan Chang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi 62102, Taiwan; (Q.-X.W.); (H.-Q.L.); (Y.-J.W.); (Z.-Y.W.); (J.-H.C.); (T.-H.C.)
| | - Ting-Hao Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi 62102, Taiwan; (Q.-X.W.); (H.-Q.L.); (Y.-J.W.); (Z.-Y.W.); (J.-H.C.); (T.-H.C.)
| | - Jaya Seema
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; (T.-C.C.); (J.S.)
| | - Eugene C. Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi 62102, Taiwan; (Q.-X.W.); (H.-Q.L.); (Y.-J.W.); (Z.-Y.W.); (J.-H.C.); (T.-H.C.)
- Center for Nano Bio-Detection, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi 62102, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-5-272-0411 (ext. 66418); Fax: +886-5-272-1040
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17
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Paul S, Balakrishnan S, Arumugaperumal A, Lathakumari S, Syamala SS, Vijayan V, Durairaj SCJ, Arumugaswami V, Sivasubramaniam S. Importance of clitellar tissue in the regeneration ability of earthworm Eudrilus eugeniae. Funct Integr Genomics 2022; 22:1-32. [PMID: 35416560 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-022-00849-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Among the annelids, earthworms are renowned for their phenomenal ability to regenerate the lost segments. The adult earthworm Eudrilus eugeniae contains 120 segments and the body segments of the earthworm are divided into pre-clitellar, clitellar and post-clitellar segments. The present study denoted that clitellum plays vital role in the successful regeneration of the species. We have performed histological studies to identify among the three skin layers of the earthworm, which cellular layer supports the blastema formation and regeneration of the species. The histological evidences denoted that the proliferation of the longitudinal cell layer at the amputation site is crucial for the successful regeneration of the earthworm and it takes place only in the presence of an intact clitellum. Besides we have performed clitellar transcriptome analysis of the earthworm Eudrilus eugeniae to monitor the key differentially expressed genes and their associated functions and pathways controlling the clitellar tissue changes during both anterior and posterior regeneration of the earthworm. A total of 4707 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified between the control clitellum and clitellum of anterior regenerated earthworms and 4343 DEGs were detected between the control clitellum and clitellum of posterior regenerated earthworms. The functional enrichment analysis confirmed the genes regulating the muscle mass shape and structure were significantly downregulated and the genes associated with response to starvation and anterior-posterior axis specification were significantly upregulated in the clitellar tissue during both anterior and posterior regeneration of the earthworm. The RNA sequencing data of clitellum and the comparative transcriptomic analysis were helpful to understand the complex regeneration process of the earthworm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayan Paul
- Department of Biotechnology, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, Tamilnadu, 627012, India.,Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Disease, Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), Bangalore, 560065, India
| | | | - Arun Arumugaperumal
- Department of Biotechnology, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, Tamilnadu, 627012, India
| | - Saranya Lathakumari
- Department of Biotechnology, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, Tamilnadu, 627012, India
| | - Sandhya Soman Syamala
- Department of Biotechnology, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, Tamilnadu, 627012, India
| | - Vijithkumar Vijayan
- Department of Biotechnology, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, Tamilnadu, 627012, India
| | - Selvan Christyraj Jackson Durairaj
- Department of Biotechnology, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, Tamilnadu, 627012, India.,Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamilnadu, 600 119, India
| | | | - Sudhakar Sivasubramaniam
- Department of Biotechnology, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, Tamilnadu, 627012, India.
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18
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Ruiz Tejada Segura ML, Abou Moussa E, Garabello E, Nakahara TS, Makhlouf M, Mathew LS, Wang L, Valle F, Huang SSY, Mainland JD, Caselle M, Osella M, Lorenz S, Reisert J, Logan DW, Malnic B, Scialdone A, Saraiva LR. A 3D transcriptomics atlas of the mouse nose sheds light on the anatomical logic of smell. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110547. [PMID: 35320714 PMCID: PMC8995392 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The sense of smell helps us navigate the environment, but its molecular architecture and underlying logic remain understudied. The spatial location of odorant receptor genes (Olfrs) in the nose is thought to be independent of the structural diversity of the odorants they detect. Using spatial transcriptomics, we create a genome-wide 3D atlas of the mouse olfactory mucosa (OM). Topographic maps of genes differentially expressed in space reveal that both Olfrs and non-Olfrs are distributed in a continuous and overlapping fashion over at least five broad zones in the OM. The spatial locations of Olfrs correlate with the mucus solubility of the odorants they recognize, providing direct evidence for the chromatographic theory of olfaction. This resource resolves the molecular architecture of the mouse OM and will inform future studies on mechanisms underlying Olfr gene choice, axonal pathfinding, patterning of the nervous system, and basic logic for the peripheral representation of smell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayra L Ruiz Tejada Segura
- Institute of Epigenetics and Stem Cells, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Feodor-Lynen-Strasse 21, 81377 München, Germany; Institute of Functional Epigenetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | - Elisa Garabello
- Institute of Epigenetics and Stem Cells, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Feodor-Lynen-Strasse 21, 81377 München, Germany; Physics Department, University of Turin and INFN, Via P. Giuria 1, 10125 Turin, Italy; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Thiago S Nakahara
- Department of Biochemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Li Wang
- Sidra Medicine, P.O. Box 26999, Doha, Qatar
| | - Filippo Valle
- Physics Department, University of Turin and INFN, Via P. Giuria 1, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | | | - Joel D Mainland
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, 3500 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Michele Caselle
- Physics Department, University of Turin and INFN, Via P. Giuria 1, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Matteo Osella
- Physics Department, University of Turin and INFN, Via P. Giuria 1, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Stephan Lorenz
- Sidra Medicine, P.O. Box 26999, Doha, Qatar; Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Johannes Reisert
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, 3500 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Darren W Logan
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Bettina Malnic
- Department of Biochemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antonio Scialdone
- Institute of Epigenetics and Stem Cells, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Feodor-Lynen-Strasse 21, 81377 München, Germany; Institute of Functional Epigenetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Luis R Saraiva
- Sidra Medicine, P.O. Box 26999, Doha, Qatar; Monell Chemical Senses Center, 3500 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, P.O. Box 34110, Doha, Qatar.
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19
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Zhao G, Zhu Y, Hu J, Gao M, Hong Y. l-selenomethionine induces zebrafish embryo cardiovascular defects via down-regulating expression of lrp2b. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 290:133351. [PMID: 34933029 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.133351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Selenium plays crucial roles in maintaining the growth and development of vertebrates including humans. However, excessive selenium in cells will lead to developmental defects and disease. Selenium has been reported to cause severe malformation in zebrafish embryos, but there are few studies on the mechanism of selenium excess-induced cardiovascular defects. In this study, the fertilized zebrafish embryos were treated with selenium for 96 h post fertilization (hpf). Under selenium stress, wild-type embryos showed pericardial edema, heart rate decrease, ectopic accumulation of hemoglobin; fli1-eGFP transgenic zebrafish displayed intersegmental vessel injury; and myl7-eGFP transgenic zebrafish exhibited atrial area increase. RNA-seq data and qRT-PCR results indicated that the expressions of cardiovascular development genes were up-regulated in selenium-stressed embryos. The expressions of lipid metabolism-related and selenium metabolism-related genes were evaluated in embryos. Among the tested genes, the expression of lrp2b was down-regulated in both 24 hpf and 96 hpf embryos. Furthermore, lrp2b-knockdown embryos exhibited the cardiac defects similar to selenium-stress embryos, and the over-expression of lrp2b rescued the selenium-induced defects, indicating that lrp2b might play a key role in regulating selenium cardiotoxicity. In summary, our research evaluates the cardiotoxicity of excessive selenium, and reveals the molecular mechanism of cardiovascular defects in selenium-exposed zebrafish embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Zhao
- School of Life science, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Resources and Utilization of Jiangxi, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Yuejie Zhu
- School of Life science, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Resources and Utilization of Jiangxi, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Jun Hu
- School of Life science, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Resources and Utilization of Jiangxi, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Meng Gao
- School of Life science, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Resources and Utilization of Jiangxi, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Yijiang Hong
- School of Life science, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Resources and Utilization of Jiangxi, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China.
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20
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Tang MY, Gorin FA, Lein PJ. Review of evidence implicating the plasminogen activator system in blood-brain barrier dysfunction associated with Alzheimer's disease. AGEING AND NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES 2022; 2. [PMID: 35156107 PMCID: PMC8830591 DOI: 10.20517/and.2022.05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Elucidating the pathogenic mechanisms of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) to identify therapeutic targets has been the focus of many decades of research. While deposition of extracellular amyloid-beta plaques and intraneuronal neurofibrillary tangles of hyperphosphorylated tau have historically been the two characteristic hallmarks of AD pathology, therapeutic strategies targeting these proteinopathies have not been successful in the clinics. Neuroinflammation has been gaining more attention as a therapeutic target because increasing evidence implicates neuroinflammation as a key factor in the early onset of AD disease progression. The peripheral immune response has emerged as an important contributor to the chronic neuroinflammation associated with AD pathophysiology. In this context, the plasminogen activator system (PAS), also referred to as the vasculature’s fibrinolytic system, is emerging as a potential factor in AD pathogenesis. Evolving evidence suggests that the PAS plays a role in linking chronic peripheral inflammatory conditions to neuroinflammation in the brain. While the PAS is better known for its peripheral functions, components of the PAS are expressed in the brain and have been demonstrated to alter neuroinflammation and blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeation. Here, we review plasmin-dependent and -independent mechanisms by which the PAS modulates the BBB in AD pathogenesis and discuss therapeutic implications of these observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Yun Tang
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Fredric A Gorin
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.,Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Pamela J Lein
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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21
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Anami Y, Xiong W, Yamaguchi A, Yamazaki CM, Zhang N, An Z, Tsuchikama K. Homogeneous antibody-angiopep 2 conjugates for effective brain targeting. RSC Adv 2022; 12:3359-3364. [PMID: 35425350 PMCID: PMC8979263 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra08131d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody-based therapy has shown great success in the treatment of many diseases, including cancers. While antibodies and antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) have also been evaluated for central nervous system (CNS) disorders as well as brain tumors, their therapeutic efficacy can be substantially limited due to low permeability across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Thus, improving BBB permeability of therapeutic antibodies is critical in establishing this drug class as a reliable clinical option for CNS diseases. Here, we report that, compared with a conventional heterogeneous conjugation, homogeneous conjugation of the synthetic BBB shuttle peptide angiopep-2 (Ang2) to a monoclonal antibody (mAb) provides improved binding affinity for brain microvascular endothelial cells in vitro and accumulation into normal brain tissues in vivo. In a mouse model, we also demonstrate that the homogeneous anti-EGFR mAb-Ang2 conjugate administered intravenously efficiently accumulates in intracranial tumors. These findings suggest that homogeneous conjugation of BBB shuttle peptides such as Ang2 is a promising approach to enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of antibody agents for CNS diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuaki Anami
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Center at Houston Houston Texas 77054 USA
| | - Wei Xiong
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Center at Houston Houston Texas 77054 USA
| | - Aiko Yamaguchi
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Center at Houston Houston Texas 77054 USA
| | - Chisato M Yamazaki
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Center at Houston Houston Texas 77054 USA
| | - Ningyan Zhang
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Center at Houston Houston Texas 77054 USA
| | - Zhiqiang An
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Center at Houston Houston Texas 77054 USA
| | - Kyoji Tsuchikama
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Center at Houston Houston Texas 77054 USA
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Ogbodo JO, Agbo CP, Njoku UO, Ogugofor MO, Egba SI, Ihim SA, Echezona AC, Brendan KC, Upaganlawar AB, Upasani CD. Alzheimer's Disease: Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Interventions. Curr Aging Sci 2022; 15:2-25. [PMID: 33653258 DOI: 10.2174/1874609814666210302085232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia. Genetics, excessive exposure to environmental pollutants, as well as unhealthy lifestyle practices are often linked to the development of AD. No therapeutic approach has achieved complete success in treating AD; however, early detection and management with appropriate drugs are key to improving prognosis. INTERVENTIONS The pathogenesis of AD was extensively discussed in order to understand the reasons for the interventions suggested. The interventions reviewed include the use of different therapeutic agents and approaches, gene therapy, adherence to healthy dietary plans (Mediterranean diet, Okinawan diet and MIND diet), as well as the use of medicinal plants. The potential of nanotechnology as a multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary approach in the design of nano-formulations of AD drugs and the use of Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (SPIONs) as theranostic tools for early detection of Alzheimer's disease were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- John O Ogbodo
- Department of Science Laboratory Technology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Chinazom P Agbo
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Ugochi O Njoku
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | | | - Simeon I Egba
- Department of Biochemistry, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Nigeria
| | - Stella A Ihim
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | | | | | - Aman B Upaganlawar
- Department of Pharmacology, Sureshdada Shriman\'s College of Pharmacy, New Dehli, India
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Chow HH, Talbot J, Marstrand L, Lundell H, Roman Siebner H, Bach Søndergaard H, Sellebjerg F. Smoking, cardiovascular risk factors and LRP2 gene variation: Associations with disease severity, cognitive function and brain structure in primary progressive multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2021; 56:103296. [PMID: 34678704 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2021.103296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smoking, cardiovascular risk factors, and genetic factors can have adverse effects in MS. OBJECTIVE To determine if smoking after disease onset, cardiovascular risk factors, and genetic variants influence primary progressive MS (PPMS). METHOD In this cross-sectional study, smoking habits, Framingham Risk Score (FRS), genetic variants, including the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 2 (LRP2) SNP rs12988804 and MRI were collected in 60 PPMS trial participants. Disability and cognition were assessed with the Age-Related Multiple Sclerosis Severity (ARMSS) score, the Progressive-Onset MS Multiple Sclerosis Severity Score, and the Brief International Cognitive Assessment for MS. RESULTS Smoking after PPMS onset was significantly associated with higher ARMSS (95% CI 0.8-2.4, p = 0.00016) statistically significant after Bonferroni correction. Lower magnetization transfer ratio in lesions was also significantly associated with smoking after onset of PPMS after correction (95% CI -0.9--4.4, p = 0.0035). Pack-years in people who smoked after onset was likewise significantly associated with higher ARMSS score (b = 0.06 95% CI 0.02-0.09, p = 0.0021) as well as lower Symbol Digit Modalities Test scores (b = -0.40; 95% CI -0.66--0.13, p = 0.0037), both statistically significant after Bonferroni correction. The LRP2 risk allele was associated with decreased performance on the California Verbal Learning Test 2 after correction (CC vs. CT+TT 95% CI -14.2--3.4, p = 0.0018). CONCLUSION If validated, these findings suggest that intervention regarding smoking may be beneficial in PPMS. If confirmed, assessment of the LRP2 gene variant may aid in the understanding of underlying pathological mechanisms in PPMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene Højsgaard Chow
- Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Nordre Ringevej, 57 2600 Glostrup, Denmark.
| | - Jacob Talbot
- Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Nordre Ringevej, 57 2600 Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Lisbet Marstrand
- Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Nordre Ringevej, 57 2600 Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Henrik Lundell
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Copenhagen University Hospital-Hvidovre, Kettegård Alle 30 2650 Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Hartwig Roman Siebner
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Copenhagen University Hospital-Hvidovre, Kettegård Alle 30 2650 Hvidovre, Denmark; Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg, Bispebjerg Bakke 23 2400 Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute for Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B 2200 Copenhagen N Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Helle Bach Søndergaard
- Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Nordre Ringevej, 57 2600 Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Finn Sellebjerg
- Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Nordre Ringevej, 57 2600 Glostrup, Denmark; Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg, Bispebjerg Bakke 23 2400 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Zulijani A, Dekanić A, Ćabov T, Jakovac H. Metallothioneins and Megalin Expression Profiling in Premalignant and Malignant Oral Squamous Epithelial Lesions. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4530. [PMID: 34572758 PMCID: PMC8464971 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13184530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the relationship and possible interactions between metallothioneins (MTs) and megalin (LRP-2) in different grades of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and premalignant lesions of the oral mucosa (oral leukoplakia and oral lichen planus). The study included archived samples of 114 patients and control subjects. Protein expression was examined by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence, and staining quantification was performed by ImageJ software. Protein interaction in cancer tissue was tested and visualized by proximity ligation assay. Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to determine the significance of differences between each group, whereas Pearson correlation coefficient was performed to test correlation. Expression of both proteins differed significantly between each group showing the same pattern of gradual increasing from oral lichen planus to poorly differentiated OSCC. Moreover, MTs and megalin were found to co-express and interact in cancer tissue, and their expression positively correlated within the overall study group. Findings of prominent nuclear and chromosomal megalin expression suggest that it undergoes regulated intramembrane proteolysis upon MTs binding, indicating its ability to directly affect gene expression and cellular division in cancer tissue. The data obtained point to the onco-driving potential of MTs-megalin interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Zulijani
- Department of Oral Surgery, Clinical Hospital Center Rijeka, Krešimirova ul. 40, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia;
| | - Andrea Dekanić
- Department of Pathology, Clinical Hospital Center Rijeka, Krešimirova ul. 42, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia;
| | - Tomislav Ćabov
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Rijeka, Krešimirova ul. 40, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Hrvoje Jakovac
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Ul. Braće Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
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25
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Sharma RK, Calderon C, Vivas-Mejia PE. Targeting Non-coding RNA for Glioblastoma Therapy: The Challenge of Overcomes the Blood-Brain Barrier. FRONTIERS IN MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY 2021; 3:678593. [PMID: 35047931 PMCID: PMC8757885 DOI: 10.3389/fmedt.2021.678593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most malignant form of all primary brain tumors, and it is responsible for around 200,000 deaths each year worldwide. The standard therapy for GBM treatment includes surgical resection followed by temozolomide-based chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy. With this treatment, the median survival rate of GBM patients is only 15 months after its initial diagnosis. Therefore, novel and better treatment modalities for GBM treatment are urgently needed. Mounting evidence indicates that non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) have critical roles as regulators of gene expression. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs) are among the most studied ncRNAs in health and disease. Dysregulation of ncRNAs is observed in virtually all tumor types, including GBMs. Several dysregulated miRNAs and lncRNAs have been identified in GBM cell lines and GBM tumor samples. Some of them have been proposed as diagnostic and prognostic markers, and as targets for GBM treatment. Most ncRNA-based therapies use oligonucleotide RNA molecules which are normally of short life in circulation. Nanoparticles (NPs) have been designed to increase the half-life of oligonucleotide RNAs. An additional challenge faced not only by RNA oligonucleotides but for therapies designed for brain-related conditions, is the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The BBB is the anatomical barrier that protects the brain from undesirable agents. Although some NPs have been derivatized at their surface to cross the BBB, optimal NPs to deliver oligonucleotide RNA into GBM cells in the brain are currently unavailable. In this review, we describe first the current treatments for GBM therapy. Next, we discuss the most relevant miRNAs and lncRNAs suggested as targets for GBM therapy. Then, we compare the current drug delivery systems (nanocarriers/NPs) for RNA oligonucleotide delivery, the challenges faced to send drugs through the BBB, and the strategies to overcome this barrier. Finally, we categorize the critical points where research should be the focus in order to design optimal NPs for drug delivery into the brain; and thus move the Oligonucleotide RNA-based therapies from the bench to the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit K. Sharma
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR, United States
| | - Carlos Calderon
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR, United States
| | - Pablo E. Vivas-Mejia
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, PR, United States
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26
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Surface Functionalization of PLGA Nanoparticles to Increase Transport across the BBB for Alzheimer’s Disease. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11094305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder that accounts for about 60% of all diagnosed cases of dementia worldwide. Although there are currently several drugs marketed for its treatment, none are capable of slowing down or stopping the progression of AD. The role of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) plays a key role in the design of a successful treatment for this neurodegenerative disease. Nanosized particles have been proposed as suitable drug delivery systems to overcome BBB with the purpose of increasing bioavailability of drugs in the brain. Biodegradable poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles (PLGA-NPs) have been particularly regarded as promising drug delivery systems as they can be surface-tailored with functionalized molecules for site-specific targeting. In this review, a thorough discussion about the most recent functionalization strategies based on PLGA-NPs for AD and their mechanisms of action is provided, together with a description of AD pathogenesis and the role of the BBB in brain targeting.
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Dysregulation of Amphiregulin stimulates the pathogenesis of cystic lymphangioma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2019580118. [PMID: 33941693 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2019580118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Along with blood vessels, lymphatic vessels play an important role in the circulation of body fluid and recruitment of immune cells. Postnatal lymphangiogenesis commonly occurs from preexisting lymphatic vessels by sprouting, which is induced by lymphangiogenic factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGF-C). However, the key signals and cell types that stimulate pathological lymphangiogenesis, such as human cystic lymphangioma, are less well known. Here, we found that mouse dermal fibroblasts that infiltrate to sponges subcutaneously implanted express VEGF-D and sushi, Von Willebrand factor type A, EGF, and pentraxin domain containing 1 (SVEP1) in response to PDGFRβ signal. In vitro, Pdgfrb knockout (β-KO) fibroblasts had reduced expression of VEGF-D and SVEP1 and overproduced Amphiregulin. Dysregulation of these three factors was involved in the cyst-like and uneven distribution of lymphatic vessels observed in the β-KO mice. Similarly, in human cystic lymphangioma, which is one of the intractable diseases and mostly occurs in childhood, fibroblasts surrounding cystic lymphatics highly expressed Amphiregulin. Moreover, fibroblast-derived Amphiregulin could induce the expression of Amphiregulin in lymphatic endothelial cells. The dual source of Amphiregulin activated EGFR expressed on the lymphatic endothelial cells. This exacerbation cascade induced proliferation of lymphatic endothelial cells to form cystic lymphangioma. Ultimately, excessive Amphiregulin produced by fibroblasts surrounding lymphatics and by lymphatic endothelial cells per se results in pathogenesis of cystic lymphangioma and will be a fascinating therapeutic target of cystic lymphangioma.
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28
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Romeo R, Boden-El Mourabit D, Scheller A, Mark MD, Faissner A. Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein 1 (LRP1) as a Novel Regulator of Early Astroglial Differentiation. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:642521. [PMID: 33679332 PMCID: PMC7930235 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.642521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are the most abundant cell type within the central nervous system (CNS) with various functions. Furthermore, astrocytes show a regional and developmental heterogeneity traceable with specific markers. In this study, the influence of the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) on astrocytic maturation within the hippocampus was analyzed during development. Previous studies mostly focused on the involvement of LRP1 in the neuronal compartment, where the deletion caused hyperactivity and motor dysfunctions in knockout animals. However, the influence of LRP1 on glia cells is less intensively investigated. Therefore, we used a newly generated mouse model, where LRP1 is specifically deleted from GLAST-positive astrocytes co-localized with the expression of the reporter tdTomato to visualize recombination and knockout events in vivo. The influence of LRP1 on the maturation of hippocampal astrocytes was assessed with immunohistochemical stainings against stage-specific markers as well as on mRNA level with RT-PCR analysis. The examination revealed that the knockout induction caused a significantly decreased number of mature astrocytes at an early developmental timepoint compared to control animals. Additionally, the delayed maturation of astrocytes also caused a reduced activity of neurons within the hippocampus. As previous studies showed that the glial specification and maturation of astrocytes is dependent on the signaling cascades Ras/Raf/MEK/Erk and PI3K/Akt, the phosphorylation of the signaling molecules Erk1/2 and Akt was analyzed. The hippocampal tissue of LRP1-deficient animals at P21 showed a significantly decreased amount of activated Erk in comparison to control tissue leading to the conclusion that the activation of this signaling cascade is dependent on LRP1 in astrocytes, which in turn is necessary for proper maturation of astrocytes. Our results showed that the deletion of LRP1 at an early developmental timepoint caused a delayed maturation of astrocytes in the hippocampus based on an altered activation of the Ras/Raf/MEK/Erk signaling pathway. However, with ongoing development these effects were compensated and the number of mature astrocytes was comparable as well as the activity of neurons. Therefore, LRP1 acts as an early regulator of the differentiation and maturation of astrocytes within the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramona Romeo
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | | | - Anja Scheller
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine (CIPMM), University of Saarland, Homburg, Germany
| | - Melanie D Mark
- Behavioral Neuroscience, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Andreas Faissner
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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Otarigho B, Falade M, William CB. Insights from the shotgun-based proteomics analysis of Biomphalaria glabrata. Bioinformation 2021; 17:266-273. [PMID: 34393445 PMCID: PMC8340705 DOI: 10.6026/97320630017266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomphalaria glabrata is an important host in the transmission of human schistosomiasis in the Caribbean and South America. Therefore, it is of interest to analyse the proteome data of Biomphalaria glabrata hemolymph to identify immunity related proteins in host-pathogen relationship. We used shotgun proteomic and bioinformatic analyses of the non-depleted and depleted [0.5 and 0.75% Trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) depletion] hemolymph of B. glabrata (LE strain). Analysis showed 148 proteins from the hemolymph. 148 were obtained from the 0.5% TFA-depleted sample. 62 proteins follow this from the 0.75% TFA-depleted sample. However, only 59 were found from non-depleted hemolymph. A number of proteins were identified from the hemolymph of this schistosomiasis snail vector linked to immunity related functions. This provides insights to the understanding of schistosome-snail interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benson Otarigho
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, OR, Portland, USA
- Department of Biological Science, Edo University, Iyamho, Nigeria
| | - Mofolusho Falade
- Cellular Parasitology Programme, Cell Biology and Genetics Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
- University of Kentucky College of Pharmacy, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Castro-Borges William
- Departamento de Ciencias Biologicas, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biologicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
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30
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Zhou X, Smith QR, Liu X. Brain penetrating peptides and peptide-drug conjugates to overcome the blood-brain barrier and target CNS diseases. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 13:e1695. [PMID: 33470550 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Nearly one in six people worldwide suffer from disorders of the central nervous system (CNS). There is an urgent need for effective strategies to improve the success rates in CNS drug discovery and development. The lack of effective technologies for delivering drugs and genes to the brain due to the blood-brain barrier (BBB), a structural barrier that effectively blocks most neurotherapeutic agents from reaching the brain, has posed a formidable hurdle for CNS drug development. Brain-homing and brain-penetrating molecular transport vectors, such as brain permeable peptides or BBB shuttle peptides, have shown promise in overcoming the BBB and ferrying the drug molecules to the brain. The BBB shuttle peptides are discovered by phage display technology or derived from natural neurotropic proteins or certain viruses and harness the receptor-mediated transcytosis molecular machinery for crossing the BBB. Brain permeable peptide-drug conjugates (PDCs), composed of BBB shuttle peptides, linkers, and drug molecules, have emerged as a promising CNS drug delivery system by taking advantage of the endogenous transcytosis mechanism and tricking the brain into allowing these bioactive molecules to pass the BBB. Here, we examine the latest development of brain-penetrating peptide shuttles and brain-permeable PDCs as molecular vectors to deliver small molecule drug payloads across the BBB to reach brain parenchyma. Emerging knowledge of the contribution of the peptides and their specific receptors expressed on the brain endothelial cells, choice of drug payloads, the design of PDCs, brain entry mechanisms, and delivery efficiency to the brain are highlighted. This article is categorized under: Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Neurological Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhou
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Quentin R Smith
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas, USA
| | - Xinli Liu
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
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31
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Auderset L, Pitman KA, Cullen CL, Pepper RE, Taylor BV, Foa L, Young KM. Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein 1 (LRP1) Is a Negative Regulator of Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cell Differentiation in the Adult Mouse Brain. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:564351. [PMID: 33282858 PMCID: PMC7691426 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.564351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) is a large, endocytic cell surface receptor that is highly expressed by oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) and LRP1 expression is rapidly downregulated as OPCs differentiate into oligodendrocytes (OLs). We report that the conditional deletion of Lrp1 from adult mouse OPCs (Pdgfrα-CreER :: Lrp1fl/fl) increases the number of newborn, mature myelinating OLs added to the corpus callosum and motor cortex. As these additional OLs extend a normal number of internodes that are of a normal length, Lrp1-deletion increases adult myelination. OPC proliferation is also elevated following Lrp1 deletion in vivo, however, this may be a secondary, homeostatic response to increased OPC differentiation, as our in vitro experiments show that LRP1 is a direct negative regulator of OPC differentiation, not proliferation. Deleting Lrp1 from adult OPCs also increases the number of newborn mature OLs added to the corpus callosum in response to cuprizone-induced demyelination. These data suggest that the selective blockade of LRP1 function on adult OPCs may enhance myelin repair in demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loic Auderset
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Kimberley A Pitman
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Carlie L Cullen
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Renee E Pepper
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Bruce V Taylor
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Lisa Foa
- School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Kaylene M Young
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
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Jakovac H, Stašić N, Krašević M, Jonjić N, Radošević-Stašić B. Expression profiles of metallothionein-I/II and megalin/LRP-2 in uterine cervical squamous lesions. Virchows Arch 2020; 478:735-746. [PMID: 33084977 PMCID: PMC7990851 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-020-02947-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Metallothioneins (MTs) are phylogenetically old cysteine-rich proteins, which are implicated in a variety of physiological and pathological processes. Their growth-regulating, anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory functions have been attributed not only to intracellular free radical scavenging and to zinc and copper regulation but also to the ability of secreted MT to bind on surface lipoprotein receptor-megalin/LRP2, which enables the endocytosis of MT-I/II and a wide range of other functionally distinct ligands. In the present study, we analysed the expression pattern of both proteins in 55 cases of premalignant transformation of cervical squamous cells, i.e. in low- and high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL and HSIL). The data showed that in LSIL (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia CIN1; N = 25) MTs were present only in basal and parabasal cells and that megalin was only weakly expressed. In HSIL (CIN2; N = 15 and CIN 3/carcinoma in situ; N = 15), however, overexpression and co-localization of MT with megalin were found in the entire hyperplastic epithelium. Moreover, megalin immunoreactivity appeared on the glandular epithelium and vascular endothelium, as well as on lymphatic cells in stroma. Besides, multiple megalin-positive cells expressed phosphorylated Akt1, implying that MT- and/or megalin-dependent prosurvival signal transduction pathways might contribute to the development of severe cervical dysplasia. The data emphasize the diagnostic power of combined MT/megalin analysis in pre-cancer screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hrvoje Jakovac
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Rijeka, B. Branchetta 20, 51 000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Nikola Stašić
- Teaching Institute of Public Health, Primorsko-goranska County, Medical Faculty, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Maja Krašević
- Department of Pathology, Medical Faculty, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Nives Jonjić
- Department of Pathology, Medical Faculty, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Biserka Radošević-Stašić
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Rijeka, B. Branchetta 20, 51 000 Rijeka, Croatia
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Gomes JR, Lobo A, Nogueira R, Terceiro AF, Costelha S, Lopes IM, Magalhães A, Summavielle T, Saraiva MJ. Neuronal megalin mediates synaptic plasticity-a novel mechanism underlying intellectual disabilities in megalin gene pathologies. Brain Commun 2020; 2:fcaa135. [PMID: 33225275 PMCID: PMC7667529 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcaa135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Donnai-Barrow syndrome, a genetic disorder associated to LRP2 (low-density lipoprotein receptor 2/megalin) mutations, is characterized by unexplained neurological symptoms and intellectual deficits. Megalin is a multifunctional endocytic clearance cell-surface receptor, mostly described in epithelial cells. This receptor is also expressed in the CNS, mainly in neurons, being involved in neurite outgrowth and neuroprotective mechanisms. Yet, the mechanisms involved in the regulation of megalin in the CNS are poorly understood. Using transthyretin knockout mice, a megalin ligand, we found that transthyretin positively regulates neuronal megalin levels in different CNS areas, particularly in the hippocampus. Transthyretin is even able to rescue megalin downregulation in transthyretin knockout hippocampal neuronal cultures, in a positive feedback mechanism via megalin. Importantly, transthyretin activates a regulated intracellular proteolysis mechanism of neuronal megalin, producing an intracellular domain, which is translocated to the nucleus, unveiling megalin C-terminal as a potential transcription factor, able to regulate gene expression. We unveil that neuronal megalin reduction affects physiological neuronal activity, leading to decreased neurite number, length and branching, and increasing neuronal susceptibility to a toxic insult. Finally, we unravel a new unexpected role of megalin in synaptic plasticity, by promoting the formation and maturation of dendritic spines, and contributing for the establishment of active synapses, both in in vitro and in vivo hippocampal neurons. Moreover, these structural and synaptic roles of megalin impact on learning and memory mechanisms, since megalin heterozygous mice show hippocampal-related memory and learning deficits in several behaviour tests. Altogether, we unveil a complete novel role of megalin in the physiological neuronal activity, mainly in synaptic plasticity with impact in learning and memory. Importantly, we contribute to disclose the molecular mechanisms underlying the cognitive and intellectual disabilities related to megalin gene pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- João R Gomes
- Molecular Neurobiology Unit, IBMC- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.,I3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Andrea Lobo
- I3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.,Addiction Biology Group, IBMC- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Renata Nogueira
- Molecular Neurobiology Unit, IBMC- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.,I3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana F Terceiro
- I3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.,Addiction Biology Group, IBMC- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Susete Costelha
- Molecular Neurobiology Unit, IBMC- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.,I3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Igor M Lopes
- I3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.,Addiction Biology Group, IBMC- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Magalhães
- I3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.,Addiction Biology Group, IBMC- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Teresa Summavielle
- I3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.,Addiction Biology Group, IBMC- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria J Saraiva
- Molecular Neurobiology Unit, IBMC- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.,I3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
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Bres EE, Safina D, Müller J, Bedner P, Yang H, Helluy X, Shchyglo O, Jansen S, Mark MD, Esser A, Steinhäuser C, Herlitze S, Pietrzik CU, Sirko S, Manahan-Vaughan D, Faissner A. Lipoprotein receptor loss in forebrain radial glia results in neurological deficits and severe seizures. Glia 2020; 68:2517-2549. [PMID: 32579270 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The Alzheimer disease-associated multifunctional low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 is expressed in the brain. Recent studies uncovered a role of this receptor for the appropriate functioning of neural stem cells, oligodendrocytes, and neurons. The constitutive knock-out (KO) of the receptor is embryonically lethal. To unravel the receptors' role in the developing brain we generated a mouse mutant by specifically targeting radial glia stem cells of the dorsal telencephalon. The low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 lineage-restricted KO female and male mice, in contrast to available models, developed a severe neurological phenotype with generalized seizures during early postnatal development. The mechanism leading to a buildup of hyperexcitability and emergence of seizures was traced to a failure in adequate astrocyte development and deteriorated postsynaptic density integrity. The detected impairments in the astrocytic lineage: precocious maturation, reactive gliosis, abolished tissue plasminogen activator uptake, and loss of functionality emphasize the importance of this glial cell type for synaptic signaling in the developing brain. Together, the obtained results highlight the relevance of astrocytic low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 for glutamatergic signaling in the context of neuron-glia interactions and stage this receptor as a contributing factor for epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa E Bres
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.,International Graduate School of Neuroscience, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Dina Safina
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.,International Graduate School of Neuroscience, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Julia Müller
- Institute of Cellular Neurosciences, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Peter Bedner
- Institute of Cellular Neurosciences, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Honghong Yang
- Department of Neurophysiology, Medical Faculty, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Xavier Helluy
- Department of Neurophysiology, Medical Faculty, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.,Department of Psychology, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Biopsychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Olena Shchyglo
- Department of Neurophysiology, Medical Faculty, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Stephan Jansen
- Department of Neurophysiology, Medical Faculty, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Melanie D Mark
- Behavioral Neuroscience, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | | | - Christian Steinhäuser
- Institute of Cellular Neurosciences, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Stefan Herlitze
- Department of General Zoology and Neurobiology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Claus U Pietrzik
- Institute of Pathobiochemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Swetlana Sirko
- Department of Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center (BMC), Ludwig-Maximilians University, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.,Institute for Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | - Andreas Faissner
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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35
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Kepchia D, Huang L, Dargusch R, Rissman RA, Shokhirev MN, Fischer W, Schubert D. Diverse proteins aggregate in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease brain. Alzheimers Res Ther 2020; 12:75. [PMID: 32560738 PMCID: PMC7305608 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-020-00641-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND All cells accumulate insoluble protein aggregates throughout their lifespan. While many studies have characterized the canonical disease-associated protein aggregates, such as those associated with amyloid plaques, additional, undefined proteins aggregate in the brain and may be directly associated with disease and lifespan. METHODS A proteomics approach was used to identify a large subset of insoluble proteins in the mild cognitively impaired (MCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) human brain. Cortical samples from control, MCI, and AD patients were separated into detergent-soluble and detergent-insoluble fractions, and high-resolution LC/MS/MS technology was used to determine which proteins became more insoluble in the disease state. Bioinformatics analyses were used to determine if the alteration of protein aggregation between AD and control patients was associated with any specific biological process. Western blots were used to validate the proteomics data and to assess the levels of secondary protein modifications in MCI and AD. RESULTS There was a stage-dependent increase in detergent-insoluble proteins, with more extreme changes occurring in the AD cohort. Glycolysis was the most significantly overrepresented gene ontology biological process associated with the alteration of protein aggregation between AD and control patients. It was further shown that many low molecular weight proteins that were enriched in the AD brain were also highly aggregated, migrating on SDS-PAGE far above their predicted molecular masses. Glucose-6-phosphate isomerase, ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase isoenzyme L1 (UCHL1/PARK5), and the DNA damage repair enzyme KU70 were among the top insoluble proteins identified by proteomics and validated by Western blot to be increased in the insoluble fractions of both MCI and AD brain samples. CONCLUSIONS Diverse proteins became more detergent-insoluble in the brains of both MCI and AD patients compared to age-matched controls, suggesting that multiple proteins aggregate in these diseases, likely posing a direct toxic insult to neurons. Furthermore, detergent-insoluble proteins included those with important biological activities for critical cellular processes such as energetics, proteolysis, and DNA damage repair. Thus, reduced protein solubility likely promotes aggregation and limits functionality, reducing the efficiency of multiple aspects of cell physiology. Pharmaceutical interventions that increase autophagy may provide a useful therapeutic treatment to combat protein aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devin Kepchia
- Cellular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
| | - Ling Huang
- The Razavi Newman Integrative Genomics and Bioinformatics Core, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Richard Dargusch
- Cellular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Robert A Rissman
- Department of Neurosciences and Shiley-Marcos Alzheimer's Disease Research Center Neuropathology Core, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Maxim N Shokhirev
- The Razavi Newman Integrative Genomics and Bioinformatics Core, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Wolfgang Fischer
- Cellular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - David Schubert
- Cellular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
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36
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Dai C, Wang Y, Sharma G, Shen J, Velkov T, Xiao X. Polymyxins-Curcumin Combination Antimicrobial Therapy: Safety Implications and Efficacy for Infection Treatment. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9060506. [PMID: 32526966 PMCID: PMC7346118 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9060506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of antimicrobial resistance in Gram-negative bacteria poses a huge health challenge. The therapeutic use of polymyxins (i.e., colistin and polymyxin B) is commonplace due to high efficacy and limiting treatment options for multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacterial infections. Nephrotoxicity and neurotoxicity are the major dose-limiting factors that limit the therapeutic window of polymyxins; nephrotoxicity is a complication in up to ~60% of patients. The emergence of polymyxin-resistant strains or polymyxin heteroresistance is also a limiting factor. These caveats have catalyzed the search for polymyxin combinations that synergistically kill polymyxin-susceptible and resistant organisms and/or minimize the unwanted side effects. Curcumin—an FDA-approved natural product—exerts many pharmacological activities. Recent studies showed that polymyxins–curcumin combinations showed a synergistically inhibitory effect on the growth of bacteria (e.g., Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria) in vitro. Moreover, curcumin co-administration ameliorated colistin-induced nephrotoxicity and neurotoxicity by inhibiting oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammation and apoptosis. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge-base of polymyxins–curcumin combination therapy and discuss the underlying mechanisms. For the clinical translation of this combination to become a reality, further research is required to develop novel polymyxins–curcumin formulations with optimized pharmacokinetics and dosage regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongshan Dai
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No.2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.W.); (J.S.)
- Correspondence: (C.D.); (X.X.); Tel.: +86-156-5282-6026 (C.D.); +86-010-6273-3377 (X.X.)
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No.2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.W.); (J.S.)
| | - Gaurav Sharma
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA;
| | - Jianzhong Shen
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No.2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.W.); (J.S.)
| | - Tony Velkov
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, Dentistry and Health Sciences, the University of Melbourne, Parkville 3052, Australia;
| | - Xilong Xiao
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No.2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.W.); (J.S.)
- Correspondence: (C.D.); (X.X.); Tel.: +86-156-5282-6026 (C.D.); +86-010-6273-3377 (X.X.)
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37
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Nanjundaiah S, Chidambaram H, Chandrashekar M, Chinnathambi S. Role of Microglia in Regulating Cholesterol and Tau Pathology in Alzheimer's Disease. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2020; 41:651-668. [PMID: 32468440 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-020-00883-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Cholesterol, a principal constituent of the cell membrane, plays a crucial role in the brain by regulating the synaptic transmission, neuronal signaling, as well as neurodegenerative diseases. Defects in the cholesterol trafficking are associated with enhanced generation of hyperphosphorylated Tau and Amyloid-β protein. Tau, a major microtubule-associated protein in the brain, is the key regulator of the mature neuron. Abnormally hyperphosphorylated Tau hampers the major functions related to microtubule assembly by promoting neurofibrillary tangles of paired helical filaments, twisted ribbons, and straight filaments. The observed pathological changes due to impaired cholesterol and Tau protein accumulation cause Alzheimer's disease. Thus, in order to regulate the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease, regulation of cholesterol metabolism, as well as Tau phosphorylation, is essential. The current review provides an overview of (1) cholesterol synthesis in the brain, neurons, astrocytes, and microglia; (2) the mechanism involved in modulating cholesterol concentration between the astrocytes and brain; (3) major mechanisms involved in the hyperphosphorylation of Tau and amyloid-β protein; and (4) microglial involvement in its regulation. Thus, the answering key questions will provide an in-depth information on microglia involvement in managing the pathogenesis of cholesterol-modulated hyperphosphorylated Tau protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shwetha Nanjundaiah
- Neurobiology Group, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory (CSIR-NCL), Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, India
| | - Hariharakrishnan Chidambaram
- Neurobiology Group, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory (CSIR-NCL), Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Madhura Chandrashekar
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, MIT University, Loni Kalbhor, Pune, 412201, India
| | - Subashchandrabose Chinnathambi
- Neurobiology Group, Division of Biochemical Sciences, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory (CSIR-NCL), Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, 110025, India.
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38
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Hoyos-Ceballos GP, Ruozi B, Ottonelli I, Da Ros F, Vandelli MA, Forni F, Daini E, Vilella A, Zoli M, Tosi G, Duskey JT, López-Osorio BL. PLGA-PEG-ANG-2 Nanoparticles for Blood-Brain Barrier Crossing: Proof-of-Concept Study. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E72. [PMID: 31963430 PMCID: PMC7023215 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12010072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The treatment of diseases that affect the central nervous system (CNS) represents a great research challenge due to the restriction imposed by the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to allow the passage of drugs into the brain. However, the use of modified nanomedicines engineered with different ligands that can be recognized by receptors expressed in the BBB offers a favorable alternative for this purpose. In this work, a BBB-penetrating peptide, angiopep-2 (Ang-2), was conjugated to poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA)-based nanoparticles through pre- and post-formulation strategies. Then, their ability to cross the BBB was qualitatively assessed on an animal model. Proof-of-concept studies with fluorescent and confocal microscopy studies highlighted that the brain-targeted PLGA nanoparticles were able to cross the BBB and accumulated in neuronal cells, thus showing a promising brain drug delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina P. Hoyos-Ceballos
- Grupo de Investigación Ciencia de los Materiales, Instituto de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 62 No. 52–59, Medellín 050015, Colombia;
| | - Barbara Ruozi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy; (B.R.); (I.O.); (F.D.R.); (M.A.V.); (F.F.)
| | - Ilaria Ottonelli
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy; (B.R.); (I.O.); (F.D.R.); (M.A.V.); (F.F.)
| | - Federica Da Ros
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy; (B.R.); (I.O.); (F.D.R.); (M.A.V.); (F.F.)
| | - Maria Angela Vandelli
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy; (B.R.); (I.O.); (F.D.R.); (M.A.V.); (F.F.)
| | - Flavio Forni
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy; (B.R.); (I.O.); (F.D.R.); (M.A.V.); (F.F.)
| | - Eleonora Daini
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Science, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy; (E.D.); (A.V.); (M.Z.)
| | - Antonietta Vilella
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Science, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy; (E.D.); (A.V.); (M.Z.)
| | - Michele Zoli
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Science, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy; (E.D.); (A.V.); (M.Z.)
| | - Giovanni Tosi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy; (B.R.); (I.O.); (F.D.R.); (M.A.V.); (F.F.)
| | - Jason T. Duskey
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy; (B.R.); (I.O.); (F.D.R.); (M.A.V.); (F.F.)
| | - Betty L. López-Osorio
- Grupo de Investigación Ciencia de los Materiales, Instituto de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 62 No. 52–59, Medellín 050015, Colombia;
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Pardridge WM. Blood-Brain Barrier and Delivery of Protein and Gene Therapeutics to Brain. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 11:373. [PMID: 31998120 PMCID: PMC6966240 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2019.00373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and treatment of the brain in aging require the development of new biologic drugs, such as recombinant proteins or gene therapies. Biologics are large molecule therapeutics that do not cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). BBB drug delivery is the limiting factor in the future development of new therapeutics for the brain. The delivery of recombinant protein or gene medicines to the brain is a binary process: either the brain drug developer re-engineers the biologic with BBB drug delivery technology, or goes forward with brain drug development in the absence of a BBB delivery platform. The presence of BBB delivery technology allows for engineering the therapeutic to enable entry into the brain across the BBB from blood. Brain drug development may still take place in the absence of BBB delivery technology, but with a reliance on approaches that have rarely led to FDA approval, e.g., CSF injection, stem cells, small molecules, and others. CSF injection of drug is the most widely practiced approach to brain delivery that bypasses the BBB. However, drug injection into the CSF results in limited drug penetration to the brain parenchyma, owing to the rapid export of CSF from the brain to blood. A CSF injection of a drug is equivalent to a slow intravenous (IV) infusion of the pharmaceutical. Given the profound effect the existence of the BBB has on brain drug development, future drug or gene development for the brain will be accelerated by future advances in BBB delivery technology in parallel with new drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M Pardridge
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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40
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Peeney D, Fan Y, Nguyen T, Meerzaman D, Stetler-Stevenson WG. Matrisome-Associated Gene Expression Patterns Correlating with TIMP2 in Cancer. Sci Rep 2019; 9:20142. [PMID: 31882975 PMCID: PMC6934702 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56632-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM) to facilitate invasion and metastasis is a universal hallmark of cancer progression. However, a definitive therapeutic target remains to be identified in this tissue compartment. As major modulators of ECM structure and function, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are highly expressed in cancer and have been shown to support tumor progression. MMP enzymatic activity is inhibited by the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP1-4) family of proteins, suggesting that TIMPs may possess anti-tumor activity. TIMP2 is a promiscuous MMP inhibitor that is ubiquitously expressed in normal tissues. In this study, we address inconsistencies in the literature regarding the role of TIMP2 in tumor progression by analyzing co-expressed genes in tumor vs. normal tissue. Utilizing data from The Cancer Genome Atlas and Genotype-Tissue expression studies, focusing on breast and lung carcinomas, we analyzed the correlation between TIMP2 expression and the transcriptome to identify a list of genes whose expression is highly correlated with TIMP2 in tumor tissues. Bioinformatic analysis of the identified gene list highlights a core of matrix and matrix-associated genes that are of interest as potential modulators of TIMP2 function, thus ECM structure, identifying potential tumor microenvironment biomarkers and/or therapeutic targets for further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Peeney
- Extracellular Matrix Pathology Section, Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
| | - Yu Fan
- Computational Genomics and Bioinformatics Group, Center for Biomedical Informatics & Information Technology, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Trinh Nguyen
- Computational Genomics and Bioinformatics Group, Center for Biomedical Informatics & Information Technology, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Daoud Meerzaman
- Computational Genomics and Bioinformatics Group, Center for Biomedical Informatics & Information Technology, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - William G Stetler-Stevenson
- Extracellular Matrix Pathology Section, Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Johnson AA, Stolzing A. The role of lipid metabolism in aging, lifespan regulation, and age-related disease. Aging Cell 2019; 18:e13048. [PMID: 31560163 PMCID: PMC6826135 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
An emerging body of data suggests that lipid metabolism has an important role to play in the aging process. Indeed, a plethora of dietary, pharmacological, genetic, and surgical lipid‐related interventions extend lifespan in nematodes, fruit flies, mice, and rats. For example, the impairment of genes involved in ceramide and sphingolipid synthesis extends lifespan in both worms and flies. The overexpression of fatty acid amide hydrolase or lysosomal lipase prolongs life in Caenorhabditis elegans, while the overexpression of diacylglycerol lipase enhances longevity in both C. elegans and Drosophila melanogaster. The surgical removal of adipose tissue extends lifespan in rats, and increased expression of apolipoprotein D enhances survival in both flies and mice. Mouse lifespan can be additionally extended by the genetic deletion of diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1, treatment with the steroid 17‐α‐estradiol, or a ketogenic diet. Moreover, deletion of the phospholipase A2 receptor improves various healthspan parameters in a progeria mouse model. Genome‐wide association studies have found several lipid‐related variants to be associated with human aging. For example, the epsilon 2 and epsilon 4 alleles of apolipoprotein E are associated with extreme longevity and late‐onset neurodegenerative disease, respectively. In humans, blood triglyceride levels tend to increase, while blood lysophosphatidylcholine levels tend to decrease with age. Specific sphingolipid and phospholipid blood profiles have also been shown to change with age and are associated with exceptional human longevity. These data suggest that lipid‐related interventions may improve human healthspan and that blood lipids likely represent a rich source of human aging biomarkers.
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Mattei V, Manganelli V, Martellucci S, Capozzi A, Mantuano E, Longo A, Ferri A, Garofalo T, Sorice M, Misasi R. A multimolecular signaling complex including PrP C and LRP1 is strictly dependent on lipid rafts and is essential for the function of tissue plasminogen activator. J Neurochem 2019; 152:468-481. [PMID: 31602645 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Prion protein (PrPC ) localizes stably in lipid rafts microdomains and is able to recruit downstream signal transduction pathways by the interaction with promiscuous partners. Other proteins have the ability to occasionally be recruited to these specialized membrane areas, within multimolecular complexes. Among these, we highlight the presence of the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1), which was found localized transiently in lipid rafts, suggesting a different function of this receptor that through lipid raft becomes able to activate a signal transduction pathway triggered by specific ligands, including Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA). Since it has been reported that PrPC participates in the tPA-mediated plasminogen activation, in this study, we describe the role of lipid rafts in the recruitment and activation of downstream signal transduction pathways mediated by the interaction among tPA, PrPC and LRP1 in human neuroblastoma SK-N-BE2 cell line. Co-immunoprecipitation analysis reveals a consistent association between PrPC and GM1, as well as between LRP1 and GM1, indicating the existence of a glycosphingolipid-enriched multimolecular complex. In our cell model, knocking-down PrPC by siRNA impairs ERK phosphorylation induced by tPA. Moreover the alteration of the lipidic milieu of lipid rafts, perturbing the physical/functional interaction between PrPC and LRP1, inhibits this response. We show that LRP1 and PrPC , following tPA stimulation, may function as a system associated with lipid rafts, involved in receptor-mediated neuritogenic pathway. We suggest this as a multimolecular signaling complex, whose activity depends strictly on the integrity of lipid raft and is involved in the neuritogenic signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Mattei
- Biomedicine and Advanced Technologies Rieti Center, Sabina Universitas, Rieti, Italy.,Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Stefano Martellucci
- Biomedicine and Advanced Technologies Rieti Center, Sabina Universitas, Rieti, Italy.,Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Capozzi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Mantuano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.,Department of Pathology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Agostina Longo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Alberto Ferri
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, CNR, Rome, Italy.,Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, c/o CERC, Rome, Italy
| | - Tina Garofalo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Sorice
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Misasi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
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43
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Halder SK, Matsunaga H, Ueda H. Prothymosin alpha and its mimetic hexapeptide improve delayed tissue plasminogen activator-induced brain damage following cerebral ischemia. J Neurochem 2019; 153:772-789. [PMID: 31454420 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) administration beyond 4.5 h of stroke symptoms is beneficial for patients but has an increased risk of cerebral hemorrhage. Thus, increasing the therapeutic window of tPA is important for stroke recovery. We previously showed that prothymosin alpha (ProTα) or its mimetic hexapeptide (P6Q) has anti-ischemic activity. Here, we examined the beneficial effects of ProTα or P6Q against delayed tPA-induced brain damage following middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) or photochemically induced thrombosis in mice. Brain hemorrhage was observed by tPA administration during reperfusion at 4.5 and 6 h after MCAO. Co-administration of ProTα with tPA at 4.5 h inhibited hemorrhage and motor dysfunction 2-4 days, but not 7 days after MCAO. ProTα administration at 2 and 4.5 h after MCAO significantly inhibited tPA (4.5 h)-induced motor dysfunction and death more than 7 days. Administration of tPA caused the loss of tight junction proteins, zona occulden-1 and occludin, and up-regulation of matrix metalloproteinase-2/9, in a ProTα-reversible manner. P6Q administration abolished tPA (4.5 h)-induced hemorrhage and reversed tPA (6 h)-induced vascular damage and matrix metalloproteinase-2 and 9 up-regulation. Twice administrations of P6Q at 2 h alone and 6 h with tPA significantly improved motor dysfunction more than 7 days. In photochemically induced thrombosis ischemia, similar vascular leakage and neuronal damage (infarction and motor dysfunction) by late tPA (4.5 or 6 h) were also inhibited by P6Q. Thus, these studies suggest that co-administration with ProTα or P6Q would be beneficial to inhibit delayed tPA-induced hemorrhagic mechanisms in acute ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebok Kumar Halder
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic Innovation, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Hayato Matsunaga
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic Innovation, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ueda
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic Innovation, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
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44
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Pinyopornpanish K, Chattipakorn N, Chattipakorn SC. Lipocalin-2: Its perspectives in brain pathology and possible roles in cognition. J Neuroendocrinol 2019; 31:e12779. [PMID: 31393997 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Lipocalin-2 (LCN2) has been known to play an important role in pathological conditions, specifically in response to inflammation, infection and injury to cells. Recently, several research teams have been interested in investigating its association with cognition during the progression of pathology. Previous studies have demonstrated that LCN2 is not correlated with cognitive function under normal physiological conditions, although LCN2 has been negatively associated with cognition and some neuropathologies. Increasing LCN2 production is associated with reduced cognitive performance in a rodent model. However, further studies are needed to explore the potential underlying mechanisms of LCN2 on cognitive dysfunction, as well as its clinical relevance. This review aims to summarise the evidence available from in vitro, in vivo and clinical studies concerning the possible role of LCN2 on cognitive function following the onset of pathological conditions. Any contradictory evidence is also assessed and presented.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nipon Chattipakorn
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Cardiac Electrophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Siriporn C Chattipakorn
- Neurophysiology Unit, Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Cardiac Electrophysiology Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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45
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Ju S, Park S, Lim L, Choi DH, Song H. Low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 regulates cardiac hypertrophy induced by pressure overload. Int J Cardiol 2019; 299:235-242. [PMID: 31350035 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2019.07.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiac hypertrophy is associated with functional changes in cardiomyocytes, which often results in heart failure. The low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) is a large multifunctional endocytic receptor involved in many physiological and pathological processes. However, its function in the development of cardiac hypertrophy remains largely unclear. METHODS Adenoviral constructs were used for either overexpression or silencing of LRP1 in both in vitro and in vivo experiments. Cardiac function was measured using the Millar catheter. RESULTS LRP1 expression was upregulated in both transverse aortic constriction (TAC)-induced hypertrophic myocardium and catecholamine (phenylephrine (PE) and norepinephrine (NE))- and angiotensin II (AngII)-induced hypertrophic cardiomyocytes. In addition, cell surface area, protein/DNA ratio, and the mRNA levels of hypertrophic markers were significantly increased in LRP1-overexpressing cardiomyocytes without catecholamine stimulation. Conversely, LRP1 inhibition by LRP1-specific siRNA or a specific ligand-binding antagonist (RAP) significantly rescued hypertrophic effects in PE, NE, or AngII-induced cardiomyocytes. LRP1 overexpression induced PKCα, then activated ERK, resulting in cardiac hypertrophy with the downregulation of SERCA2a and calcium accumulation, which was successfully restored in both LRP1-silenced cardiomyocytes and TAC-induced hearts. CONCLUSIONS LRP1 regulates cardiac hypertrophy via the PKCα-ERK dependent signaling pathway resulting in the alteration of intracellular calcium levels, demonstrating that LRP1 might be a potential therapeutic target for cardiac hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujin Ju
- Department of Medical of Sciences, Chosun University Graduate School, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea
| | - Seulki Park
- Department of Medical of Sciences, Chosun University Graduate School, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea
| | - Leejin Lim
- Department of Medical of Sciences, Chosun University Graduate School, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea; Cancer Mutation Research Center, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hyun Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea
| | - Heesang Song
- Department of Medical of Sciences, Chosun University Graduate School, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea.
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Sutherland HG, Albury CL, Griffiths LR. Advances in genetics of migraine. J Headache Pain 2019; 20:72. [PMID: 31226929 PMCID: PMC6734342 DOI: 10.1186/s10194-019-1017-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Migraine is a complex neurovascular disorder with a strong genetic component. There are rare monogenic forms of migraine, as well as more common polygenic forms; research into the genes involved in both types has provided insights into the many contributing genetic factors. This review summarises advances that have been made in the knowledge and understanding of the genes and genetic variations implicated in migraine etiology. Findings Migraine is characterised into two main types, migraine without aura (MO) and migraine with aura (MA). Hemiplegic migraine is a rare monogenic MA subtype caused by mutations in three main genes - CACNA1A, ATP1A2 and SCN1A - which encode ion channel and transport proteins. Functional studies in cellular and animal models show that, in general, mutations result in impaired glutamatergic neurotransmission and cortical hyperexcitability, which make the brain more susceptible to cortical spreading depression, a phenomenon thought to coincide with aura symptoms. Variants in other genes encoding ion channels and solute carriers, or with roles in regulating neurotransmitters at neuronal synapses, or in vascular function, can also cause monogenic migraine, hemiplegic migraine and related disorders with overlapping symptoms. Next-generation sequencing will accelerate the finding of new potentially causal variants and genes, with high-throughput bioinformatics analysis methods and functional analysis pipelines important in prioritising, confirming and understanding the mechanisms of disease-causing variants. With respect to common migraine forms, large genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have greatly expanded our knowledge of the genes involved, emphasizing the role of both neuronal and vascular pathways. Dissecting the genetic architecture of migraine leads to greater understanding of what underpins relationships between subtypes and comorbid disorders, and may have utility in diagnosis or tailoring treatments. Further work is required to identify causal polymorphisms and the mechanism of their effect, and studies of gene expression and epigenetic factors will help bridge the genetics with migraine pathophysiology. Conclusions The complexity of migraine disorders is mirrored by their genetic complexity. A comprehensive knowledge of the genetic factors underpinning migraine will lead to improved understanding of molecular mechanisms and pathogenesis, to enable better diagnosis and treatments for migraine sufferers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi G Sutherland
- Genomics Research Centre, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation. School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Cassie L Albury
- Genomics Research Centre, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation. School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Lyn R Griffiths
- Genomics Research Centre, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation. School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
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47
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Ghazaryan A, Landfester K, Mailänder V. Protein deglycosylation can drastically affect the cellular uptake. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:10727-10737. [PMID: 31120044 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr08305c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Targeted drug delivery mediated by nanocarriers is a major issue in modern-day medicine. Upon coming in contact with biological fluids (e.g. blood), nanocarriers are rapidly covered by biomolecules (proteins, lipids, etc.) which results in the formation of a surface layer, widely known as the biomolecular corona. The biomolecular corona subsequently confers a certain biological identity to the corona-covered nanocarriers which can be crucial during their subsequent interactions with cells or other biological entities. In contrast to the proteins of the corona, little is known about the impact of the non-protein constituents of the corona, such as sugars. Here, we investigate the role of protein glycosylation of the corona in cellular uptake. We show that deglycosylation of clusterin (CLU) and apolipoprotein AI (Apo AI) significantly changes (increases and decreases, respectively) the cellular uptake of nanocarriers covered with these proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Ghazaryan
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
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Ashraf A, Alepuz Guillen JA, Aljuhani M, Hubens C, So PW. Low Cerebrospinal Fluid Levels of Melanotransferrin Are Associated With Conversion of Mild Cognitively Impaired Subjects to Alzheimer's Disease. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:181. [PMID: 30906244 PMCID: PMC6419538 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The disruption of iron metabolism and iron transport proteins have been implicated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Serum melanotransferrin (MTf), a transferrin homolog capable of reversibly binding iron, has been proposed as a biochemical marker of AD. MTf has also been shown to be elevated in iron-rich reactive microglia near amyloid plaques in AD. We examined the association of CSF MTf to hippocampal volumes and cognitive tests in 86 cognitively normal, 135 mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and 66 AD subjects. CSF was collected at baseline for MTf, Aβ, total-tau and phosphorylated-tau measurements. Serial cognitive testing with ADAS-Cog13, Rey's auditory visual learning test (RAVLT), mini-mental state examination (MMSE) were performed alongside hippocampal MRI volumetric analysis for up to 10 years after baseline measurements. High levels of baseline CSF MTf were positively associated with baseline hippocampal volume (R 2 = 22%, β = 0.202, and p = 0.017) and RAVLT scores (R 2 = 7.30%, β = -0.178, and p = 0.043) and negatively correlated to ADAS-Cog13 (R 2 = 17.3%, β = 0.247, and p = 0.003) scores in MCI subjects. Interestingly, MCI subjects that converted to AD demonstrated significantly lower levels of CSF MTf (p = 0.020) compared to MCI non-converters at baseline. We suggest the diminished CSF MTf observed in MCI-converters to AD may arise from impaired transport of MTf from blood into the brain tissue/CSF and/or increased MTf export from the CSF into the blood arising from attenuated competition with reduced levels of CSF Aβ. Further investigations are required to determine the source of CSF MTf and how brain MTf is regulated by cellular barriers, Aβ and activated microglia that surround plaques in AD pathophysiology. In conclusion, low CSF MTf may identify those MCI individuals at risk of converting to AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azhaar Ashraf
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jose Andres Alepuz Guillen
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Manal Aljuhani
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Chantal Hubens
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Po-Wah So
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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Dai C, Xiao X, Li J, Ciccotosto GD, Cappai R, Tang S, Schneider-Futschik EK, Hoyer D, Velkov T, Shen J. Molecular Mechanisms of Neurotoxicity Induced by Polymyxins and Chemoprevention. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:120-131. [PMID: 30362702 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurotoxicity is one major unwanted side-effects associated with polymyxin (i.e., colistin and polymyxin B) therapy. Clinically, colistin neurotoxicity is characterized by neurological symptoms including dizziness, visual disturbances, vertigo, confusion, hallucinations, seizures, ataxia, and facial and peripheral paresthesias. Pathologically, colistin-induced neurotoxicity is characterized by cell injury and death in neuronal cell. This Review covers our current understanding of polymyxin-induced neurotoxicity, its underlying mechanisms, and the discovery of novel neuroprotective agents to limit this neurotoxicity. In recent years, an increasing body of literature supports the notion that polymyxin-induced nerve damage is largely related to oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. P53, PI3K/Akt, and MAPK pathways are also involved in colistin-induced neuronal cell death. The activation of the redox homeostasis pathways such as Nrf2/HO-1 and autophagy have also been shown to play protective roles against polymyxin-induced neurotoxicity. These pathways have been demonstrated to be upregulated by neuroprotective agents including curcumin, rapamycin and minocycline. Further research is needed toward the development of novel polymyxin formulations in combination with neuroprotective agents to ameliorate this unwanted adverse effect during polymyxins therapy in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongshan Dai
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Xilong Xiao
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Jichang Li
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150000, P. R. China
| | - Giuseppe D. Ciccotosto
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Roberto Cappai
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Shusheng Tang
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Elena K. Schneider-Futschik
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Daniel Hoyer
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Tony Velkov
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150000, P. R. China
| | - Jianzhong Shen
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
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Jakovac H, Grubić Kezele T, Radošević-Stašić B. Expression Profiles of Metallothionein I/II and Megalin in Cuprizone Model of De- and Remyelination. Neuroscience 2018; 388:69-86. [PMID: 30025861 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Copper chelator cuprizone (CPZ) is neurotoxicant, which selectively disrupts oligodendroglial respiratory chain, leading to oxidative stress and subsequent apoptosis. Demyelination is, however, followed by spontaneous remyelination owing to the activation of intrinsic CNS repair mechanisms. To explore the participation of metallothioneins (MTs) in these processes, in this study we analyzed the expression profiles of MT-I/II and their receptor megalin (low-density lipoprotein receptor related protein-2) in the brain of mice subjected to different protocols of CPZ feeding. Experiments were performed in female C57BL/6 mice fed with 0.25% CPZ during 1, 3 and 5 weeks. They were sacrificed immediately after feeding with CPZ or 2 weeks after the withdrawal of CPZ. The data showed that CPZ-induced demyelination was followed by high astrogliosis and enhanced expression of MTs and megalin in white (corpus callosum and internal capsule) and gray matter of the brain (cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum). Moreover, in numerous cortical neurons and progenitor cells the signs of MT/megalin interactions and Akt1 phosphorylation was found supporting the hypothesis that MTs secreted from the astrocytes might directly affect the neuronal differentiation and survival. Furthermore, in mice treated with CPZ for 5 weeks the prominent MTs and megalin immunoreactivities were found on several neural stem cells and oligodendrocyte progenitors in subgranular zone of dentate gyrus and subventricular zone of lateral ventricles pointing to high modulatory effect of MTs on adult neuro- and oligodendrogenesis. The data show that MT I/II perform important cytoprotective and growth-regulating functions in remyelinating processes activated after toxic demyelinating insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hrvoje Jakovac
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Rijeka, B. Branchetta 20, 51 000 RIJEKA, Croatia
| | - Tanja Grubić Kezele
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Rijeka, B. Branchetta 20, 51 000 RIJEKA, Croatia
| | - Biserka Radošević-Stašić
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Rijeka, B. Branchetta 20, 51 000 RIJEKA, Croatia.
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