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Thibonnier M, Ghosh S. Strategy for Pre-Clinical Development of Active Targeting MicroRNA Oligonucleotide Therapeutics for Unmet Medical Needs. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087126. [PMID: 37108289 PMCID: PMC10138879 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
We present here an innovative modular and outsourced model of drug research and development for microRNA oligonucleotide therapeutics (miRNA ONTs). This model is being implemented by a biotechnology company, namely AptamiR Therapeutics, in collaboration with Centers of Excellence in Academic Institutions. Our aim is to develop safe, effective and convenient active targeting miRNA ONT agents for the metabolic pandemic of obesity and metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), as well as deadly ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sujoy Ghosh
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore and Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA
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Pérez-Cruz E, Guevara-Cruz M, Ortiz-Gutiérrez S, Luna-Camacho Y, Guzmán-Aguilar R, Briceño-Sáenz G, González-Salazar L, Flores-López A. Effect of Phentermine on Hepatic Steatosis in Bariatric Surgery: A Pilot Study. Med Princ Pract 2022; 31:254-261. [PMID: 35526530 PMCID: PMC9275005 DOI: 10.1159/000524805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hepatic steatosis is associated with increased surgical complications in bariatric surgery patients. We aimed to evaluate the effect of phentermine in reducing hepatic steatosis, adipose tissue, and surgical complications in patients undergoing bariatric surgery. METHODS This was a two-arm, double-blind, randomized, controlled pilot trial of 64 adult subjects with BMI >35 kg/m2 selected for bariatric surgery randomized into phentermine group (15 mg once daily) or placebo group for 8 weeks. Both groups adhered to a hypocaloric diet (500 calories/day) and an individualized exercise program. The primary endpoint was reducing the frequency of hepatic steatosis measured by ultrasound and reducing adipose tissue through fat mass in total kilograms or percentage. Key secondary points were the prevalence of surgical complications. Baseline and final biochemical parameters and blood pressure too were assessments. RESULTS In the phentermine group, the frequency of hepatic steatosis decreased by 19%, and the percentage of patients with a normal ultrasound increased from 9% to 28% (p = 0.05). Likewise, the decrease in fat mass in kilograms was more significant in the phentermine group (56.1 kg vs. 51.8 kg, p = 0.02). A significant reduction in the HOMA-IR index was observed regardless of weight loss. No differences in surgical complications were observed between groups. Phentermine was well-tolerated; no differences were observed in the frequency of adverse events between the groups. CONCLUSIONS Phentermine decreased the proportion of individuals with hepatic steatosis by 19% and promoted a more significant fat mass loss in kilograms among candidates for bariatric surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Pérez-Cruz
- Obesity Clinic, Hospital Juárez de México, Mexico City, Mexico
- *Elizabeth Pérez-Cruz,
| | - Martha Guevara-Cruz
- Department of Physiology of Nutrition, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubiran, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | | | | | - Luis González-Salazar
- Department of Physiology of Nutrition, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubiran, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Adriana Flores-López
- Department of Physiology of Nutrition, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubiran, Mexico City, Mexico
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Wargent ET, Ahmad SJS, Lu QR, Kostenis E, Arch JRS, Stocker CJ. Leanness and Low Plasma Leptin in GPR17 Knockout Mice Are Dependent on Strain and Associated With Increased Energy Intake That Is Not Suppressed by Exogenous Leptin. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:698115. [PMID: 34646232 PMCID: PMC8503278 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.698115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that agonists of GPR17 stimulate, while antagonists inhibit feeding. However, whole body knockout of GPR17 in mice of the C57Bl/6 strain did not affect energy balance, whereas selective knockout in oligodendrocytes or pro-opiomelanocortin neurons provided protection from high fat diet-induced obesity and impaired glucose homeostasis. We reasoned that whole body knockout of GPR17 in mice of the 129 strain might elicit more marked effects because the 129 strain is more susceptible than the C57Bl/6 strain to increased sympathetic activity and less susceptible to high fat diet-induced obesity. Consistent with this hypothesis, compared to wild-type mice, and when fed on either a chow or a high fat diet, GPR17 -/- mice of the 129 strain displayed increased expression of uncoupling protein-1 in white adipose tissue, lower body weight and fat content, reduced plasma leptin, non-esterified fatty acids and triglycerides, and resistance to high fat diet-induced glucose intolerance. Not only energy expenditure, but also energy intake was raised. Administration of leptin did not suppress the increased food intake in GPR17 -/- mice of the 129 strain, whereas it did suppress food intake in GPR17 +/+ mice. The only difference between GPR17 +/- and GPR17 +/+ mice of the C57Bl/6 strain was that the body weight of the GPR17 -/- mice was lower than that of the GPR17 +/+ mice when the mice were fed on a standard chow diet. We propose that the absence of GPR17 raises sympathetic activity in mice of the 129 strain in response to a low plasma fuel supply, and that the consequent loss of body fat is partly mitigated by increased energy intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward T. Wargent
- Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Buckingham, Buckingham, United Kingdom
| | - Suhaib J. S. Ahmad
- Department of Surgery, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Qing Richard Lu
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Brain Tumor Center, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | | | - Jonathan R. S. Arch
- Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Buckingham, Buckingham, United Kingdom
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Thibonnier M, Esau C, Ghosh S, Wargent E, Stocker C. Metabolic and energetic benefits of microRNA-22 inhibition. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care 2020; 8:8/1/e001478. [PMID: 33004402 PMCID: PMC7534675 DOI: 10.1136/bmjdrc-2020-001478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We previously demonstrated in primary cultures of human subcutaneous adipocytes and in a mouse model of diet-induced obesity that specific microRNA-22-3p antagomirs produce a significant reduction of fat mass and an improvement of several metabolic parameters. These effects are related to the activation of target genes such as KDM3A, KDM6B, PPARA, PPARGC1B and SIRT1 involved in lipid catabolism, thermogenesis, insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We now report a dedicated study exploring over the course of 3 months the metabolic and energetic effects of subcutaneous administration of our first miR-22-3p antagomir drug candidate (APT-110) in adult C57BL/6 male mice. Body composition, various blood parameters and energy expenditure were measured at several timepoints between week 12 and week 27 of age. RESULTS Weekly subcutaneous injections of APT-110 for 12 weeks produced a sustained increase of energy expenditure as early as day 11 of treatment, a significant fat mass reduction, but no change of appetite nor physical activity. Insulin sensitivity as well as circulating glucose, cholesterol and leptin were improved. There was a dramatic reduction of liver steatosis after 3 months of active treatment. RNA sequencing revealed an activation of lipid metabolism pathways in a tissue-specific manner. CONCLUSIONS These original findings suggest that microRNA-22-3p inhibition could lead to a potent treatment of fat accumulation, insulin resistance, and related complex metabolic disorders such as obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sujoy Ghosh
- Centre for Computational Biology and Program in Cardiovascular & Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Edward Wargent
- Clore Laboratory, University of Buckingham, Buckingham, UK
| | - Claire Stocker
- Clore Laboratory, University of Buckingham, Buckingham, UK
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Wargent ET, Martin-Gronert MS, Cripps RL, Heisler LK, Yeo GSH, Ozanne SE, Arch JRS, Stocker CJ. Developmental programming of appetite and growth in male rats increases hypothalamic serotonin (5-HT)5A receptor expression and sensitivity. Int J Obes (Lond) 2020; 44:1946-1957. [PMID: 32719434 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-020-0643-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Though it is well established that neonatal nutrition plays a major role in lifelong offspring health, the mechanisms underpinning this have not been well defined. Early postnatal accelerated growth resulting from maternal nutritional status is associated with increased appetite and body weight. Likewise, slow growth correlates with decreased appetite and body weight. Food consumption and food-seeking behaviour are directly modulated by central serotonergic (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) pathways. This study examined the effect of a rat maternal postnatal low protein (PLP) diet on 5-HT receptor mediated food intake in offspring. METHODS Microarray analyses, in situ hybridization or laser capture microdissection of the ARC followed by RT-PCR were used to identify genes up- or down-regulated in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (ARC) of 3-month-old male PLP rats. Third ventricle cannulation was used to identify altered sensitivity to serotonin receptor agonists and antagonists with respect to food intake. RESULTS Male PLP offspring consumed less food and had lower growth rates up to 3 months of age compared with Control offspring from dams fed a normal diet. In total, 97 genes were upregulated including the 5-HT5A receptor (5-HT5AR) and 149 downregulated genes in PLP rats compared with Controls. The former obesity medication fenfluramine and the 5-HT receptor agonist 5-Carboxamidotryptamine (5-CT) significantly suppressed food intake in both groups, but the PLP offspring were more sensitive to d-fenfluramine and 5-CT compared with Controls. The effect of 5-CT was antagonized by the 5-HT5AR antagonist SB699551. 5-CT also reduced NPY-induced hyperphagia in both Control and PLP rats but was more effective in PLP offspring. CONCLUSIONS Postnatal low protein programming of growth in rats enhances the central effects of serotonin on appetite by increasing hypothalamic 5-HT5AR expression and sensitivity. These findings provide insight into the possible mechanisms through which a maternal low protein diet during lactation programs reduced growth and appetite in offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward T Wargent
- Buckingham Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Buckingham, Hunter Street, Buckingham, MK18 1EG, UK
| | - Malgorzata S Martin-Gronert
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Roselle L Cripps
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Lora K Heisler
- The Rowett, Institute, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Giles S H Yeo
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Susan E Ozanne
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Jonathan R S Arch
- Buckingham Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Buckingham, Hunter Street, Buckingham, MK18 1EG, UK
| | - Claire J Stocker
- Buckingham Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Buckingham, Hunter Street, Buckingham, MK18 1EG, UK.
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Mahú I, Barateiro A, Rial-Pensado E, Martinéz-Sánchez N, Vaz SH, Cal PMSD, Jenkins B, Rodrigues T, Cordeiro C, Costa MF, Mendes R, Seixas E, Pereira MMA, Kubasova N, Gres V, Morris I, Temporão C, Olivares M, Sanz Y, Koulman A, Corzana F, Sebastião AM, López M, Bernardes GJL, Domingos AI. Brain-Sparing Sympathofacilitators Mitigate Obesity without Adverse Cardiovascular Effects. Cell Metab 2020; 31:1120-1135.e7. [PMID: 32402266 PMCID: PMC7671941 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2020.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Anti-obesity drugs in the amphetamine (AMPH) class act in the brain to reduce appetite and increase locomotion. They are also characterized by adverse cardiovascular effects with origin that, despite absence of any in vivo evidence, is attributed to a direct sympathomimetic action in the heart. Here, we show that the cardiac side effects of AMPH originate from the brain and can be circumvented by PEGylation (PEGyAMPH) to exclude its central action. PEGyAMPH does not enter the brain and facilitates SNS activity via theβ2-adrenoceptor, protecting mice against obesity by increasing lipolysis and thermogenesis, coupled to higher heat dissipation, which acts as an energy sink to increase energy expenditure without altering food intake or locomotor activity. Thus, we provide proof-of-principle for a novel class of exclusively peripheral anti-obesity sympathofacilitators that are devoid of any cardiovascular and brain-related side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Mahú
- Obesity Laboratory, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras 2780-156, Portugal
| | - Andreia Barateiro
- Obesity Laboratory, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras 2780-156, Portugal; Neuron Glia Biology in Health and Disease, Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon 1649-028, Portugal
| | - Eva Rial-Pensado
- NeurObesity Group, Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña 15782, Spain
| | - Noelia Martinéz-Sánchez
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Sandra H Vaz
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof., Egas Moniz, Lisbon 1649-028, Portugal; Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, Lisboa 1649-028, Portugal
| | - Pedro M S D Cal
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof., Egas Moniz, Lisbon 1649-028, Portugal
| | - Benjamin Jenkins
- NIHR BRC Core Metabolomics and Lipidomics Laboratory, Wellcome Trust, MRL Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Pathology building Level 4, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Tiago Rodrigues
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof., Egas Moniz, Lisbon 1649-028, Portugal
| | - Carlos Cordeiro
- Laboratório de FT-ICR e Espectrometria de Massa Estrutural, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon 1749-016, Portugal
| | - Miguel F Costa
- Obesity Laboratory, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras 2780-156, Portugal; Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon 1049-001, Portugal
| | - Raquel Mendes
- Obesity Laboratory, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras 2780-156, Portugal
| | - Elsa Seixas
- Obesity Laboratory, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras 2780-156, Portugal
| | - Mafalda M A Pereira
- Obesity Laboratory, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras 2780-156, Portugal
| | - Nadiya Kubasova
- Obesity Laboratory, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras 2780-156, Portugal
| | - Vitka Gres
- Obesity Laboratory, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras 2780-156, Portugal
| | - Imogen Morris
- Obesity Laboratory, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras 2780-156, Portugal
| | - Carolina Temporão
- Obesity Laboratory, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras 2780-156, Portugal
| | - Marta Olivares
- Microbial Ecology, Nutrition & Health Research Unit, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, National Research Council, Valencia (IATA-CSIC), Catedratico Agustin Escardino 7, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Yolanda Sanz
- Microbial Ecology, Nutrition & Health Research Unit, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, National Research Council, Valencia (IATA-CSIC), Catedratico Agustin Escardino 7, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Albert Koulman
- NIHR BRC Core Metabolomics and Lipidomics Laboratory, Wellcome Trust, MRL Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Pathology building Level 4, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Francisco Corzana
- Departamento de Química, Universidad de La Rioja, Centro de Investigación en Síntesis Química, 26006 Logroño, Spain
| | - Ana M Sebastião
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof., Egas Moniz, Lisbon 1649-028, Portugal; Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, Lisboa 1649-028, Portugal
| | - Miguel López
- NeurObesity Group, Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña 15782, Spain
| | - Gonçalo J L Bernardes
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof., Egas Moniz, Lisbon 1649-028, Portugal; Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK.
| | - Ana I Domingos
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK; Obesity Laboratory, Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras 2780-156, Portugal; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, IGC, Oeiras, Portugal.
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Yilmaz U, Tekin S, Demir M, Cigremis Y, Sandal S. Effects of central FGF21 infusion on the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis and energy metabolism in rats. J Physiol Sci 2018; 68:781-788. [PMID: 29417398 PMCID: PMC10717191 DOI: 10.1007/s12576-018-0595-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of intracerebroventricular chronic fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) infusion on hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis, energy metabolism, food intake and body weight. Thirty male Wistar albino rats were used and divided into three groups including control, sham (vehicle) and FGF21 infused groups (n = 10). Intracerebroventricularly, FGF21 and vehicle groups were infused for 7 days with FGF21 (0.72 µg/day) and artificial cerebrospinal fluid, respectively. During the experimental period, changes in food intake and body weight were recorded daily. Serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), Triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) levels were measured using ELISA. TRH and uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) gene expressions were analyzed by using RT-PCR in hypothalamus and adipose tissues, respectively. Chronic infusion of FGF21 significantly increased serum TSH (p < 0.05), T3 (p < 0.05) and T4 (p < 0.001) levels. Additionally, hypothalamic TRH (p < 0.05) and UCP1 gene expressions (p < 0.05) in white adipose tissue were found to be higher than in the vehicle and control groups. While FGF21 infusion did not cause a significant change in food consumption, it caused a reduction in the body weight of rats (p < 0.05). Our findings indicate that FGF21 may have an effect on energy metabolism via the HPT axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umit Yilmaz
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Inonu University, 44280, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Suat Tekin
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Inonu University, 44280, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Demir
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Inonu University, 44280, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Yilmaz Cigremis
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Suleyman Sandal
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Inonu University, 44280, Malatya, Turkey.
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Graus-Nunes F, Rachid TL, de Oliveira Santos F, Barbosa-da-Silva S, Souza-Mello V. AT1 receptor antagonist induces thermogenic beige adipocytes in the inguinal white adipose tissue of obese mice. Endocrine 2017; 55:786-798. [PMID: 28012150 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-016-1213-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate whether losartan is able to induce beige adipocytes formation, focusing on the thermogenic gene expression and adipocyte remodeling in the subcutaneous white adipose tissue of diet-induced obese mice. METHODS Male C57BL/6 mice received a control diet (10% energy as lipids) or a high-fat diet (50% energy as lipids) for 10 weeks, followed by a 5-week treatment with losartan: control group, control-losartan group (10 mg/Kg/day), high-fat group and high-fat-losartan group (10 mg/Kg/day). Biochemical, morphometrical, stereological and molecular approaches were used to evaluate the outcomes. RESULTS The high-fat diet elicited overweight, insulin resistance and adipocyte hypertrophy in the high-fat group, all of which losartan rescued in the high-fat-losartan group. These effects comply with the induction of beige adipocytes within the inguinal fat pads in high-fat-losartan group as they exhibited the greatest energy expenditure among the groups along with the presence uncoupling protein 1 positive multilocular adipocytes with enhanced peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha and PR domain containing 16 mRNA levels, indicating a significant potential for mitochondrial biogenesis and adaptive thermogenesis. CONCLUSIONS Our results show compelling evidence that losartan countered diet-induced obesity in mice by enhancing energy expenditure through beige adipocytes induction. Reduced body mass, increased insulin sensitivity, decreased adipocyte size and marked expression of uncoupling protein 1 by ectopic multilocular adipocytes support these findings. The use of losartan as a coadjutant medicine to tackle obesity and its related disorders merits further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francielle Graus-Nunes
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism and Cardiovascular disease, Biomedical Centre, Institute of Biology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Tamiris Lima Rachid
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism and Cardiovascular disease, Biomedical Centre, Institute of Biology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Felipe de Oliveira Santos
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism and Cardiovascular disease, Biomedical Centre, Institute of Biology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Sandra Barbosa-da-Silva
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism and Cardiovascular disease, Biomedical Centre, Institute of Biology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Souza-Mello
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism and Cardiovascular disease, Biomedical Centre, Institute of Biology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Zietak M, Kozak LP. Bile acids induce uncoupling protein 1-dependent thermogenesis and stimulate energy expenditure at thermoneutrality in mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2016; 310:E346-54. [PMID: 26714852 PMCID: PMC4773649 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00485.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
It has been proposed that diet-induced obesity at thermoneutrality (TN; 29°C) is reduced by a UCP1-dependent thermogenesis; however, it has not been shown how UCP1-dependent thermogenesis can be activated in the absence of sympathetic activity. A recent study provides such a mechanism by showing that dietary bile acids (BAs) suppress obesity in mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) by a mechanism dependent on type 2 deiodinase (DIO2); however, neither a role for UCP1 nor the influence of sympathetic activity was properly assessed. To test whether the effects of BAs on adiposity are independent of Ucp1 and cold-activated thermogenesis, obesity phenotypes were determined in C57BL6/J.(+)/(+) (WT) and C57BL6/J.Ucp1.(-)/(-) mice (Ucp1-KO) housed at TN and fed a HFD with or without 0.5% (wt/wt) cholic acid (CA) for 9 wk. CA in a HFD reduced adiposity and hepatic lipogenesis and improved glucose tolerance in WT but not in Ucp1-KO mice and was accompanied by increases in food intake and energy expenditure (EE). In iBAT, CA increased Ucp1 mRNA and protein levels 1.5- and twofold, respectively, and increased DIO2 and TGR5 protein levels in WT mice. Despite enhanced Dio2 expression in Ucp1-KO and Ucp1-KO-CA treated mice, this did not enhance the ability of BAs to reduce obesity. By comparing the effects of BAs on WT and Ucp1-KO mice at TN, our study showed that BAs suppress diet-induced obesity by increasing EE through a mechanism dependent on Ucp1 expression, which is likely independent of adrenergic signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marika Zietak
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Leslie P Kozak
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland
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Mukherjee J, Baranwal A, Schade KN. Classification of Therapeutic and Experimental Drugs for Brown Adipose Tissue Activation: Potential Treatment Strategies for Diabetes and Obesity. Curr Diabetes Rev 2016; 12:414-428. [PMID: 27183844 PMCID: PMC5425649 DOI: 10.2174/1573399812666160517115450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Increasing efforts are being made towards pharmacologic activation of brown adipose tissue (BAT) in animals and humans for potential use in the treatment of obesity and diabetes. We and others have reported a number of animal studies using either experimental or therapeutic drugs. There are now efforts to translate these findings to human studies. The goal of this review is to evaluate the various drugs currently being used that have the potential for BAT activation. METHODS Drugs were classified into 4 classes based on their mechanism of action. Class 1 drugs include the use of β3 adrenoceptor agonists for BAT activation. Class 2 drugs include drugs that affect norepinephrine levels and activate BAT with the potential of reducing obesity. Class 3 includes activators of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ in pursuit of lowering blood sugar, weight loss and diabetes and finally Class 4 includes natural products and other emerging drugs with limited information on BAT activation and their effects on diabetes and weight loss. RESULTS Class 1 drugs are high BAT activators followed by Class 2 and 3. Some of these drugs have now been extended to diabetes and obesity animal models and human BAT studies. Drugs in Class 3 are used clinically for Type 2 diabetes, but the extent of BAT involvement is unclear. CONCLUSION Further studies on the efficacy of these drugs in diabetes and measuring their effects on BAT activation using noninvasive imaging will help in establishing a clinical role of BAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jogeshwar Mukherjee
- B140 Medical Sciences, Department of Radiological Sciences, University of California - Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-5000, USA.
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Penna-de-Carvalho A, Graus-Nunes F, Rabelo-Andrade J, Mandarim-de-Lacerda CA, Souza-Mello V. Enhanced pan-peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gene and protein expression in adipose tissue of diet-induced obese mice treated with telmisartan. Exp Physiol 2014; 99:1663-78. [PMID: 25326526 DOI: 10.1113/expphysiol.2014.081596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Telmisartan has previously been used to target obesity, showing peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) β/δ-related effects in white adipose tissue (WAT). We sought to evaluate whether telmisartan enhances gene and protein expression of all PPAR isoforms in WAT and brown adipose tissue (BAT), as well as their downstream effects upon insulin resistance, adipokine profile and adaptive thermogenesis. Male C57BL/6 mice were fed standard chow (SC; 10% lipids) or high-fat diet (HF; 50% lipids) for 10 weeks. Animals were then randomly allocated into the following four groups: SC, SC-T, HF and HF-T. Telmisartan [10 mg (kg diet)(-1)] was administered for 4 weeks in the diet. Animals in the HF group were overweight and exhibited hypertension, insulin resistance, decreased energy expenditure, a pro-inflammatory adipokine profile and abnormal fat pad mass distribution. Animals in the HF group showed decreased expression of PPARα, β/δ and γ in WAT and BAT, resulting in impaired glucose uptake and insufficient thermogenesis. Due to the improvement in the adipokine profile and enhanced insulin sensitivity with adequate insulin-stimulated glucose uptake after treatment with telmisartan, the activation of all PPAR isoforms in WAT was beneficial. In BAT, telmisartan induced sustained sympathetic activation, because the β3-adrenergic receptor was induced by PPARβ/δ, while uncoupling protein 1 was induced by PPARα to promote thermogenesis. Telmisartan exerted anti-obesity effects through higher pan-PPAR gene and protein expression. Upon PPARα, β/δ and γ (pan-PPAR) agonism in adipose tissue of obese mice, telmisartan ameliorates inflammation and insulin resistance, as well as inducing non-shivering thermogenesis. Our results point to new therapeutic targets for the control of obesity and comorbidities through pan-PPAR-related effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Penna-de-Carvalho
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Disease, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Francielle Graus-Nunes
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Disease, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Júlia Rabelo-Andrade
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Disease, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alberto Mandarim-de-Lacerda
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Disease, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Souza-Mello
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Disease, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Antiobesity and Hypolipidemic Activity of Moringa oleifera Leaves against High Fat Diet-Induced Obesity in Rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1155/2014/162914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, the methanolic extract of Moringa oleifera leaves (MEMOL) was evaluated for antiobesity activity in rats. The antiobesity potential of MEMOL was studied against high fat diet-induced obesity (HFD) in rats. In this study, chronic administration of HFD in rats produced hypercholesterolemia (116.2 ± 0.27 mg/dL), which led to an increase in the body weight (225 gr), total cholesterol, triglycerides (263.0 ± 4.69 mg/dL), and attenuation in the levels of HDL (34.51 ± 2.20 mg/dL) as well as changes in body temperature of animals. Treatment of obese rats with MEMOL for 49 days resulted in a significant (P<0.001) change in body weight, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL level along with a significant (P<0.001) increase in body temperature as compared to the HFD-induced obesity. MEMOL treated rats also showed a significant decrease in the level of liver biomarkers, organ weight, and blood glucose level. Further, rats treated with MEMOL (200 mg and 400 mg/kg) show reduced atherogenic index (1.7 ± 0.6 and 0.87 ± 0.76). The results indicate that the rats treated with Moringa oleifera (MO) have significantly attenuated the body weight without any change in the feed intake and also elicited significant thermogenic effect and to act as hypolipidemic and thermogenic property in obesity related disorders.
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Even PC. Body size, spontaneous activity and thermogenesis effects on energy expenditure: an introduction to a topic on energy metabolism. Front Physiol 2013; 4:301. [PMID: 24146654 PMCID: PMC3797956 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2013.00301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick C Even
- UMR914 Nutrition Physiology and Ingestive Behavior, AgroParisTech INRA, Paris, France
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