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Hu Y, Huang Y, Jiang Y, Weng L, Cai Z, He B. The Different Shades of Thermogenic Adipose Tissue. Curr Obes Rep 2024:10.1007/s13679-024-00559-y. [PMID: 38607478 DOI: 10.1007/s13679-024-00559-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW By providing a concise overview of adipose tissue types, elucidating the regulation of adipose thermogenic capacity in both physiological contexts and chronic wasting diseases (a protracted hypermetabolic state that precipitates sustained catabolism and consequent progressive corporeal atrophy), and most importantly, delving into the ongoing discourse regarding the role of adipose tissue thermogenic activation in chronic wasting diseases, this review aims to provide researchers with a comprehensive understanding of the field. RECENT FINDINGS Adipose tissue, traditionally classified as white, brown, and beige (brite) based on its thermogenic activity and potential, is intricately regulated by complex mechanisms in response to exercise or cold exposure. This regulation is adipose depot-specific and dependent on the duration of exposure. Excessive thermogenic activation of adipose tissue has been observed in chronic wasting diseases and has been considered a pathological factor that accelerates disease progression. However, this conclusion may be confounded by the detrimental effects of excessive lipolysis. Recent research also suggests that such activation may play a beneficial role in the early stages of chronic wasting disease and provide potential therapeutic effects. A more comprehensive understanding of the changes in adipose tissue thermogenesis under physiological and pathological conditions, as well as the underlying regulatory mechanisms, is essential for the development of novel interventions to improve health and prevent disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunwen Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Yijie Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Yangjing Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Lvkan Weng
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China.
| | - Zhaohua Cai
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China.
| | - Ben He
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China.
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Shi H, Hao X, Sun Y, Zhao Y, Wang Y, Cao X, Gong Z, Ji S, Lu J, Yan Y, Yu X, Luo X, Wang J, Wang H. Exercise-inducible circulating extracellular vesicle irisin promotes browning and the thermogenic program in white adipose tissue. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2024; 240:e14103. [PMID: 38288566 DOI: 10.1111/apha.14103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
AIM Exercise can reduce body weight and promote white fat browning, but the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. This study investigated the role of fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 (FNDC5)/Irisin, a hormone released from exercising muscle, in the browning of white fat in circulating extracellular vesicles (EVs). METHODS Mice were subjected to a 4 weeks of running table exercise, and fat browning was analyzed via histology, protein blotting and qPCR. Circulating EVs were extracted by ultrahigh-speed centrifugation, and ELISA was used to measure the irisin concentration in the circulating EVs. Circulating EVs that differentially expressed irisin were applied to adipocytes, and the effect of EV-irisin on adipocyte energy metabolism was analyzed by immunofluorescence, protein blotting, and cellular oxygen consumption rate analysis. RESULTS During sustained exercise, the mice lost weight and developed fat browning. FNDC5 was induced, cleaved, and secreted into irisin, and irisin levels subsequently increased in the plasma during exercise. Interestingly, irisin was highly expressed in circulating EVs that effectively promoted adipose browning. Mechanistically, the circulating EV-irisin complex is transported intracellularly by the adipocyte membrane receptor integrin αV, which in turn activates the AMPK signaling pathway, which is dependent on mitochondrial uncoupling protein 1 to cause mitochondrial plasmonic leakage and promote heat production. After inhibition of the AMPK signaling pathway, the effects of the EV-irisin on promoting fat browning were minimal. CONCLUSION Exercise leads to the accumulation of circulating EV-irisin, which enhances adipose energy metabolism and thermogenesis and promotes white fat browning in mice, leading to weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, P.R. China
| | - Xiaojing Hao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, P.R. China
| | - Yaqin Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, P.R. China
| | - Yating Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, P.R. China
| | - Yue Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, P.R. China
| | - Xiaorui Cao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, P.R. China
| | - Zeen Gong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, P.R. China
| | - Shusen Ji
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, P.R. China
| | - Jiayin Lu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, P.R. China
| | - Yi Yan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, P.R. China
| | - Xiuju Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, P.R. China
| | - Xiaomao Luo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, P.R. China
| | - Juan Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Haidong Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, P.R. China
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Cicatiello AG, Nappi A, Franchini F, Nettore IC, Raia M, Rocca C, Angelone T, Dentice M, Ungaro P, Macchia PE. The histone methyltransferase SMYD1 is induced by thermogenic stimuli in adipose tissue. Epigenomics 2024; 16:359-374. [PMID: 38440863 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2023-0381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Aim: To study the expression of histone methyltransferase SMYD1 in white adipose tissue (WAT) and brown adipose tissue and during differentiation of preadipocytes to white and beige phenotypes. Methods: C57BL/6J mice fed a high-fat diet (and exposed to cold) and 3T3-L1 cells stimulated to differentiate into white and beige adipocytes were used. Results: SMYD1 expression increased in WAT of high-fat diet fed mice and in WAT and brown adipose tissue of cold-exposed mice, suggesting its role in thermogenesis. SMYD1 expression was higher in beige adipocytes than in white adipocytes, and its silencing leads to a decrease in mitochondrial content and in Pgc-1α expression. Conclusion: These data suggest a novel role for SMYD1 as a positive regulator of energy control in adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annunziata G Cicatiello
- Department of Clinical Medicine & Surgery, University of Naples 'Federico II', 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Annarita Nappi
- Department of Clinical Medicine & Surgery, University of Naples 'Federico II', 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Fabiana Franchini
- Department of Clinical Medicine & Surgery, University of Naples 'Federico II', 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Immacolata C Nettore
- Department of Clinical Medicine & Surgery, University of Naples 'Federico II', 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Maddalena Raia
- CEINGE, Biotecnologie Avanzate S.c.a.r.l., 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Carmine Rocca
- Laboratory of Cellular & Molecular Cardiovascular Pathophysiology, Department of Biology, Ecology & Earth Sciences (DiBEST), University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, 87036, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Tommaso Angelone
- Laboratory of Cellular & Molecular Cardiovascular Pathophysiology, Department of Biology, Ecology & Earth Sciences (DiBEST), University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, 87036, Cosenza, Italy
- National Institute of Cardiovascular Research (I.N.R.C.), 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Monica Dentice
- Department of Clinical Medicine & Surgery, University of Naples 'Federico II', 80131, Naples, Italy
- CEINGE, Biotecnologie Avanzate S.c.a.r.l., 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Paola Ungaro
- National Research Council - Institute for Experimental Endocrinology & Oncology 'Gaetano Salvatore', 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Paolo E Macchia
- Department of Clinical Medicine & Surgery, University of Naples 'Federico II', 80131, Naples, Italy
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4
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Torabi A, Reisi J, Kargarfard M, Mansourian M. Differences in the Impact of Various Types of Exercise on Irisin Levels: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int J Prev Med 2024; 15:11. [PMID: 38563037 PMCID: PMC10982734 DOI: 10.4103/ijpvm.ijpvm_76_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Irisin, a myokine that is responsive to exercise, induces significant changes in subcutaneous adipose tissue. By promoting the browning of white fat tissue, it enhances energy expenditure, thereby addressing overweight and obesity. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to compare the effects of different types of physical exercises on irisin levels in overweight and obese adults. Methods Specifically, the review focused on studies involving obese or overweight individuals who participated in exercise training for a minimum of 8 weeks, with measured and reported changes in serum irisin levels compared to a control group. Data were collected from four databases (Google Scholar, ISI Web of Science Core Collection, PubMed, and Scopus). The risk of bias was assessed using the Begg and Egger tests, and the results were synthesized. Results Initial searches identified 560 titles, out of which only seven met the criteria for inclusion in the systematic review. Statistical analysis demonstrated a significant increase in serum irisin concentration (SMD = 0.957, P = 0.005) among obese and overweight individuals who engaged in exercise, compared to the passive control group. High-intensity interval training (HIIT) (SMD = 1.229, P < 0.001) had a more pronounced effect on increasing serum irisin levels than other exercise protocols. Furthermore, the effectiveness of exercise varied based on the participants' weight status (significant changes for overweight individuals; P < 0.001 and insignificant changes for obese individuals; P = 0.1), age (significant changes for those under 40 years old; P < 0.001 and insignificant changes for those over 40 years old; P = 0.322), and gender (significant changes for men; P < 0.001 and insignificant changes for women; P = 0.285). Conclusions Consequently, exercise can elevate serum irisin levels, leading to alterations in adipose tissue phenotype and thermogenesis, ultimately contributing to weight reduction in obese and overweight individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atefe Torabi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Jalil Reisi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mehdi Kargarfard
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Marjan Mansourian
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Bian X, Wang Q, Wang Y, Lou S. The function of previously unappreciated exerkines secreted by muscle in regulation of neurodegenerative diseases. Front Mol Neurosci 2024; 16:1305208. [PMID: 38249295 PMCID: PMC10796786 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1305208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The initiation and progression of neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), distinguished by compromised nervous system integrity, profoundly disrupt the quality of life of patients, concurrently exerting a considerable strain on both the economy and the social healthcare infrastructure. Exercise has demonstrated its potential as both an effective preventive intervention and a rehabilitation approach among the emerging therapeutics targeting NDs. As the largest secretory organ, skeletal muscle possesses the capacity to secrete myokines, and these myokines can partially improve the prognosis of NDs by mediating the muscle-brain axis. Besides the well-studied exerkines, which are secreted by skeletal muscle during exercise that pivotally exert their beneficial function, the physiological function of novel exerkines, e.g., apelin, kynurenic acid (KYNA), and lactate have been underappreciated previously. Herein, this review discusses the roles of these novel exerkines and their mechanisms in regulating the progression and improvement of NDs, especially the significance of their functions in improving NDs' prognoses through exercise. Furthermore, several myokines with potential implications in ameliorating ND progression are proposed as the future direction for investigation. Elucidation of the function of exerkines secreted by skeletal muscle in the regulation of NDs advances the understanding of its pathogenesis and facilitates the development of therapeutics that intervene in these processes to cure NDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuepeng Bian
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Yibing Wang
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Shujie Lou
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
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Ige S, Alaoui K, Al-Dibouni A, Dallas ML, Cagampang FR, Sellayah D, Chantler PD, Boateng SY. Leptin-dependent differential remodeling of visceral and pericardial adipose tissue following chronic exercise and psychosocial stress. FASEB J 2024; 38:e23325. [PMID: 38117486 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202300269rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is driven by an imbalance between caloric intake and energy expenditure, causing excessive storage of triglycerides in adipose tissue at different sites around the body. Increased visceral adipose tissue (VAT) is associated with diabetes, while pericardial adipose tissue (PAT) is associated with cardiac pathology. Adipose tissue can expand either through cellular hypertrophy or hyperplasia, with the former correlating with decreased metabolic health in obesity. The aim of this study was to determine how VAT and PAT remodel in response to obesity, stress, and exercise. Here we have used the male obese Zucker rats, which carries two recessive fa alleles that result in the development of hyperphagia with reduced energy expenditure, resulting in morbid obesity and leptin resistance. At 9 weeks of age, a group of lean (Fa/Fa or Fa/fa) Zucker rats (LZR) and obese (fa/fa) Zucker rats (OZR) were treated with unpredictable chronic mild stress or exercise for 8 weeks. To determine the phenotype for PAT and VAT, tissue cellularity and gene expression were analyzed. Finally, leptin signaling was investigated further using cultured 3T3-derived adipocytes. Tissue cellularity was determined following hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, while qPCR was used to examine gene expression. PAT adipocytes were significantly smaller than those from VAT and had a more beige-like appearance in both LZR and OZR. In the OZR group, VAT adipocyte cell size increased significantly compared with LZR, while PAT showed no difference. Exercise and stress resulted in a significant reduction in VAT cellularity in OZR, while PAT showed no change. This suggests that PAT cellularity does not remodel significantly compared with VAT. These data indicate that the extracellular matrix of PAT is able to remodel more readily than in VAT. In the LZR group, exercise increased insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1) in PAT but was decreased in the OZR group. In VAT, exercise decreased IRS1 in LZR, while increasing it in OZR. This suggests that in obesity, VAT is more responsive to exercise and subsequently becomes less insulin resistant compared with PAT. Stress increased PPAR-γ expression in the VAT but decreased it in the PAT in the OZR group. This suggests that in obesity, stress increases adipogenesis more significantly in the VAT compared with PAT. To understand the role of leptin signaling in adipose tissue remodeling mechanistically, JAK2 autophosphorylation was inhibited using 5 μM 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexabromocyclohexane (Hex) in cultured 3T3-derived adipocytes. Palmitate treatment was used to induce cellular hypertrophy. Hex blocked adipocyte hypertrophy in response to palmitate treatment but not the increase in lipid droplet size. These data suggest that leptin signaling is necessary for adipocyte cell remodeling, and its absence induces whitening. Taken together, our data suggest that leptin signaling is necessary for adipocyte remodeling in response to obesity, exercise, and psychosocial stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Ige
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Kaouthar Alaoui
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Alaa Al-Dibouni
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Mark L Dallas
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Felino R Cagampang
- Institute of Developmental Sciences, Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Dyan Sellayah
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Paul D Chantler
- School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Samuel Y Boateng
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
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7
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Bódis K, Breuer S, Crepzia-Pevzner A, Zaharia OP, Schön M, Saatmann N, Altenhofen D, Springer C, Szendroedi J, Wagner R, Al-Hasani H, Roden M, Pesta D, Chadt A. Impact of physical fitness and exercise training on subcutaneous adipose tissue beiging markers in humans with and without diabetes and a high-fat diet-fed mouse model. Diabetes Obes Metab 2024; 26:339-350. [PMID: 37869933 DOI: 10.1111/dom.15322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Exercise training induces white adipose tissue (WAT) beiging and improves glucose homeostasis and mitochondrial function in rodents. This could be relevant for type 2 diabetes in humans, but the effect of physical fitness on beiging of subcutaneous WAT (scWAT) remains unclear. This translational study investigates if beiging of scWAT associates with physical fitness in healthy humans and recent-onset type 2 diabetes and if a voluntary running wheel intervention is sufficient to induce beiging in mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS Gene expression levels of established beiging markers were measured in scWAT biopsies of humans with (n = 28) or without type 2 diabetes (n = 28), stratified by spiroergometry into low (L-FIT; n = 14 each) and high physical fitness (H-FIT; n = 14 each). High-fat diet-fed FVB/N mice underwent voluntary wheel running, treadmill training or no training (n = 8 each group). Following the training intervention, mitochondrial respiration and content of scWAT were assessed by high-resolution respirometry and citrate synthase activity, respectively. RESULTS Secreted CD137 antigen (Tnfrsf9/Cd137) expression was three-fold higher in glucose-tolerant H-FIT than in L-FIT, but not different between H-FIT and L-FIT with type 2 diabetes. In mice, both training modalities increased Cd137 expression and enhanced mitochondrial content without changing respiration in scWAT. Treadmill but not voluntary wheel running led to improved whole-body insulin sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS Higher physical fitness and different exercise interventions associated with higher gene expression levels of the beiging marker CD137 in healthy humans and mice on a high-fat diet. Humans with recent-onset type 2 diabetes show an impaired adipose tissue-specific response to physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kálmán Bódis
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Saida Breuer
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), München-Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Assja Crepzia-Pevzner
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), München-Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Oana-Patricia Zaharia
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Martin Schön
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Nina Saatmann
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Delsi Altenhofen
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), München-Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christian Springer
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), München-Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Julia Szendroedi
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine I and Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Joint Heidelberg-IDC Transnational Diabetes Program, Inner Medicine I, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Robert Wagner
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Hadi Al-Hasani
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), München-Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Michael Roden
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Dominik Pesta
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Preventive Medicine (CEDP), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Alexandra Chadt
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), München-Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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8
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Huang Z, Gu C, Zhang Z, Arianti R, Swaminathan A, Tran K, Battist A, Kristóf E, Ruan HB. Supraclavicular brown adipocytes originate from Tbx1+ myoprogenitors. PLoS Biol 2023; 21:e3002413. [PMID: 38048357 PMCID: PMC10721186 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) dissipates energy as heat, contributing to temperature control, energy expenditure, and systemic homeostasis. In adult humans, BAT mainly exists in supraclavicular areas and its prevalence is associated with cardiometabolic health. However, the developmental origin of supraclavicular BAT remains unknown. Here, using genetic cell marking in mice, we demonstrate that supraclavicular brown adipocytes do not develop from the Pax3+/Myf5+ epaxial dermomyotome that gives rise to interscapular BAT (iBAT). Instead, the Tbx1+ lineage that specifies the pharyngeal mesoderm marks the majority of supraclavicular brown adipocytes. Tbx1Cre-mediated ablation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) or PR/SET Domain 16 (PRDM16), components of the transcriptional complex for brown fat determination, leads to supraclavicular BAT paucity or dysfunction, thus rendering mice more sensitive to cold exposure. Moreover, human deep neck BAT expresses higher levels of the TBX1 gene than subcutaneous neck white adipocytes. Taken together, our observations reveal location-specific developmental origins of BAT depots and call attention to Tbx1+ lineage cells when investigating human relevant supraclavicular BAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zan Huang
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Chenxin Gu
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Zengdi Zhang
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Rini Arianti
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Aneesh Swaminathan
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Kevin Tran
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Alex Battist
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Endre Kristóf
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Hai-Bin Ruan
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
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9
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Ortiz GU, de Freitas EC. Physical activity and batokines. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2023; 325:E610-E620. [PMID: 37819193 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00160.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Brown and beige adipose tissue share similar functionality, being both tissues specialized in producing heat through nonshivering thermogenesis and also playing endocrine roles through the release of their secretion factors called batokines. This review elucidates the influence of physical exercise, and myokines released in response, on the regulation of thermogenic and secretory functions of these adipose tissues and discusses the similarity of batokines actions with physical exercise in the remodeling of adipose tissue. This adipose tissue remodeling promoted by autocrine and paracrine batokines or physical exercise seems to optimize its functionality associated with better health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Ueta Ortiz
- Department of Health Sciences, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo-FMRP USP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ellen Cristini de Freitas
- Department of Health Sciences, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo-FMRP USP, São Paulo, Brazil
- School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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10
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Esaki N, Matsui T, Tsuda T. Lactate induces the development of beige adipocytes via an increase in the level of reactive oxygen species. Food Funct 2023; 14:9725-9733. [PMID: 37817572 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo03287f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have indicated that lactate acts as a signaling molecule in various tissues. We previously demonstrated that intake of an amino acid mixture combined with exercise synergistically induced beige adipocyte formation in inguinal white adipose tissue (iWAT) in mice. Moreover, plasma lactate levels remained significantly elevated in the amino acid mixture + exercise group even 16 h after exercise, indicating that a lactate-mediated pathway may be involved in the induction of beige adipocyte formation. Against this background, we hypothesized that oral intake of lactate would induce beige adipocyte formation via the lactate signaling pathway without exercise. Furthermore, if oral intake of lactate can produce the same effect as exercise, lactate might be used as a food-derived exercise replacement-factor. Oral intake of lactate (100 mM in drinking water) for 4 weeks significantly induced beige adipocyte formation in iWAT in mice as well as a significant elevation of lactate transporter (monocarboxylic acid transporter 1; MCT1) and lactate dehydrogenase B levels. Administration of lactate to adipocytes significantly increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) and superoxide levels and the NADH/NAD+ ratio. The induction of lactate-mediated uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) expression and ROS production were significantly suppressed by antioxidant treatment or inhibition of MCT1. However, UCP1 induction was not significantly affected by the inhibition of lactate receptor (hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 1). These findings suggest that lactate-mediated ROS production induces beige adipocyte formation, and thus oral intake of lactate may confer some benefits of exercise without the need to perform exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Esaki
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology and Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan.
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School of Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Toshiro Matsui
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School of Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Takanori Tsuda
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology and Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan.
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11
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Barayan D, Abdullahi A, Knuth CM, Khalaf F, Rehou S, Screaton RA, Jeschke MG. Lactate shuttling drives the browning of white adipose tissue after burn. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2023; 325:E180-E191. [PMID: 37406182 PMCID: PMC10396278 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00084.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
High levels of plasma lactate are associated with increased mortality in critically injured patients, including those with severe burns. Although lactate has long been considered a waste product of glycolysis, it was recently revealed that it acts as a potent inducer of white adipose tissue (WAT) browning, a response implicated in mediating postburn cachexia, hepatic steatosis, and sustained hypermetabolism. Despite the clinical presentation of hyperlactatemia and browning in burns, whether these two pathological responses are linked is currently unknown. Here, we report that elevated lactate plays a causal signaling role in mediating adverse outcomes after burn trauma by directly promoting WAT browning. Using WAT obtained from human burn patients and mouse models of thermal injury, we show that the induction of postburn browning is positively correlated with a shift toward lactate import and metabolism. Furthermore, daily administration of l-lactate is sufficient to augment burn-induced mortality and weight loss in vivo. At the organ level, increased lactate transport amplified the thermogenic activation of WAT and its associated wasting, thereby driving postburn hepatic lipotoxicity and dysfunction. Mechanistically, the thermogenic effects of lactate appeared to result from increased import through MCT transporters, which in turn increased intracellular redox pressure, [NADH/NAD+], and expression of the batokine, FGF21. In fact, pharmacological inhibition of MCT-mediated lactate uptake attenuated browning and improved hepatic function in mice after injury. Collectively, our findings identify a signaling role for lactate that impacts multiple aspects of postburn hypermetabolism, necessitating further investigation of this multifaceted metabolite in trauma and critical illness.NEW & NOTEWORTHY To our knowledge, this study was the first to investigate the role of lactate signaling in mediating white adipose tissue browning after burn trauma. We show that the induction of browning in both human burn patients and mice is positively correlated with a shift toward lactate import and metabolism. Daily l-lactate administration augments burn-induced mortality, browning, and hepatic lipotoxicity in vivo, whereas pharmacologically targeting lactate transport alleviates burn-induced browning and improves liver dysfunction after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia Barayan
- Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Abdikarim Abdullahi
- Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Carly M Knuth
- Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Fadi Khalaf
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sarah Rehou
- Ross Tilley Burn Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert A Screaton
- Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marc G Jeschke
- Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Ross Tilley Burn Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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12
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Stroh AM, Stanford KI. Exercise-induced regulation of adipose tissue. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2023; 81:102058. [PMID: 37295241 PMCID: PMC10524364 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2023.102058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Exercise induces various beneficial whole-body adaptations and can delay the onset of obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. While many of the beneficial effects of exercise on skeletal muscle and the cardiovascular system have been well established, recent studies have highlighted the role of exercise-induced improvements to adipose tissue that affect metabolic and whole-body health. Studies investigating exercise-induced adaptations of white adipose tissue (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT) demonstrate modifications to glucose uptake, mitochondrial activity, and endocrine profile, and a beiging of WAT in rodents. This review discusses recent studies of the exercise-induced adaptations to WAT and BAT and their implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Stroh
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA. https://twitter.com/@AndrewStroh
| | - Kristin I Stanford
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA.
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13
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Yong HEJ, Watkins OC, Mah TKL, Cracknell-Hazra VKB, Pillai RA, Selvam P, Islam MO, Sharma N, Cazenave-Gassiot A, Bendt AK, Wenk MR, Godfrey KM, Lewis RM, Chan SY. Increasing maternal age associates with lower placental CPT1B mRNA expression and acylcarnitines, particularly in overweight women. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1166827. [PMID: 37275238 PMCID: PMC10232777 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1166827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Older pregnant women have increased risks of complications including gestational diabetes and stillbirth. Carnitine palmitoyl transferase (CPT) expression declines with age in several tissues and is linked with poorer metabolic health. Mitochondrial CPTs catalyze acylcarnitine synthesis, which facilitates fatty acid oxidization as fuel. We hypothesized that the placenta, containing maternally-inherited mitochondria, shows an age-related CPT decline that lowers placental acylcarnitine synthesis, increasing vulnerability to pregnancy complications. We assessed CPT1A, CPT1B, CPT1C and CPT2 mRNA expression by qPCR in 77 placentas and quantified 10 medium and long-chain acylcarnitines by LC-MS/MS in a subset of 50 placentas. Older maternal age associated with lower expression of placental CPT1B, but not CPT1A, CPT1C or CPT2. CPT1B expression positively associated with eight acylcarnitines and CPT1C with three acylcarnitines, CPT1A negatively associated with nine acylcarnitines, while CPT2 did not associate with any acylcarnitine. Older maternal age associated with reductions in five acylcarnitines, only in those with BMI≥ 25 kg/m2, and not after adjusting for CPT1B expression. Our findings suggest that CPT1B is the main transferase for placental long-chain acylcarnitine synthesis, and age-related CPT1B decline may underlie decreased placental metabolic flexibility, potentially contributing to pregnancy complications in older women, particularly if they are overweight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah E. J. Yong
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Oliver C. Watkins
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tania K. L. Mah
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Victoria K. B. Cracknell-Hazra
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Reshma Appukuttan Pillai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Preben Selvam
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mohammad O. Islam
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Neha Sharma
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Amaury Cazenave-Gassiot
- Department of Biochemistry and Precision Medicine Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore Lipidomics Incubator, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Anne K. Bendt
- Singapore Lipidomics Incubator, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Markus R. Wenk
- Department of Biochemistry and Precision Medicine Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore Lipidomics Incubator, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Keith M. Godfrey
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Rohan M. Lewis
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Institute of Developmental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Shiao-Yng Chan
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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14
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Cardoso ELDS, Cahuê F, Miranda IEF, Sant'Anna MDL, Andrade CBV, Barbosa RAQ, Ortiga-Carvalho TM, Vaisman M, Salerno VP. Combined effects of intermittent fasting with swimming-based high intensity intermittent exercise training in Wistar rats. Tissue Cell 2023; 82:102099. [PMID: 37141748 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2023.102099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
High caloric intake and physical inactivity are known precursors to the development of several chronic metabolic diseases. For obesity and sedentarism, High Intensity Intermittent Exercise (HIIE) and Intermittent Fasting (IF) have emerged as individual strategies to attenuate their negative effects by improving metabolism. To study their combined effects, Wistar male rats (n = 74, 60 days old) were divided into four groups: Sedentary Control (C), swimming-based HIIE only (HIIE), Intermittent Fasting only (IF), and swimming-based HIIE associated with Intermittent Fasting (HIIE/IF). Over an eight-week period swimming performance, body composition, weight and feeding behavior were analyzed. The final morphology of white adipose tissue showed a significant reduction in adipocyte size consistent with a higher number of cells per area in exercised animals (vs C and IF, p < 0.05), which also displayed characteristics of browning through UCP-1 levels and CD31 staining. These results suggest that the increased performance in the HIIE/IF group is, in part, by modifications of WAT metabolism through the browning process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Everton Luis Dos Santos Cardoso
- Departamento de Biociência do Exercício, Escola de Educação Física e Desporto, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, (EEFD)/UFRJ, Brazil; Departamento de Endocrinologia Médica, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho/(HUCFF)/UFRJ, Brazil
| | - Fábio Cahuê
- Departamento de Biociência do Exercício, Escola de Educação Física e Desporto, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, (EEFD)/UFRJ, Brazil; Instituto de Nutrição Josué de Castro, UFRJ, Brazil
| | - Iordan Emanuel Ferreira Miranda
- Departamento de Biociência do Exercício, Escola de Educação Física e Desporto, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, (EEFD)/UFRJ, Brazil; Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, (IBCCF)/UFRJ, Brazil
| | | | - Cherley Borba Vieira Andrade
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, (IBCCF)/UFRJ, Brazil; Departamento de Histologia e Embriologia, Universidade Estadual do Rio de Janeiro, (IBRAG)/UERJ, Brazil
| | - Raiana Andrade Quintanilha Barbosa
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, (IBCCF)/UFRJ, Brazil; Centro de Tecnologia Celular, Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Mário Vaisman
- Departamento de Endocrinologia Médica, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho/(HUCFF)/UFRJ, Brazil
| | - Verônica Pinto Salerno
- Departamento de Biociência do Exercício, Escola de Educação Física e Desporto, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, (EEFD)/UFRJ, Brazil.
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15
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Blackwell JA, Stanford KI. Exercise-induced intertissue communication: adipose tissue and the heart. CURRENT OPINION IN PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 31:100626. [PMID: 36588657 PMCID: PMC9802643 DOI: 10.1016/j.cophys.2022.100626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Exercise leads to numerous beneficial whole-body effects and can protect against the development of obesity, cardiometabolic, and neurodegenerative diseases. Recent studies have highlighted the importance of inter-organ crosstalk with a focus on secretory factors that mediate communication among organs, including adipose tissue and the heart. Studies investigating the effects of exercise on brown adipose tissue (BAT) and white adipose tissue (WAT) demonstrated that adipokines are released in response to exercise and act on the heart to decrease inflammation, alter gene expression, increase angiogenesis, and improve cardiac function. This review discusses the exercise-induced adaptations to BAT and WAT and how these adaptations affect heart health and function, while highlighting the importance of tissue crosstalk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jade A. Blackwell
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute; Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH
| | - Kristin I. Stanford
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute; Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH
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16
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Ziqubu K, Dludla PV, Moetlediwa MT, Nyawo TA, Pheiffer C, Jack BU, Nkambule B, Mazibuko-Mbeje SE. Disease progression promotes changes in adipose tissue signatures in type 2 diabetic (db/db) mice: The potential pathophysiological role of batokines. Life Sci 2023; 313:121273. [PMID: 36521548 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.121273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Unlike the white adipose tissue (WAT) which mainly stores excess energy as fat, brown adipose tissue (BAT) has become physiologically important and therapeutically relevant for its prominent role in regulating energy metabolism. The current study makes use of an established animal model of type 2 diabetes (T2D) db/db mice to determine the effect of the disease progression on adipose tissue morphology and gene regulatory signatures. Results showed that WAT and BAT from db/db mice display a hypertrophied phenotype that is consistent with increased expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokine, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (Tnf-α). Moreover, BAT from both db/db and non-diabetic db/+ control mice displayed an age-related impairment in glucose homeostasis, inflammatory profile, and thermogenic regulation, as demonstrated by reduced expression of genes like glucose transporter (Glut-4), adiponectin (AdipoQ), and uncoupling protein 1 (Ucp-1). Importantly, gene expression of the batokines regulating sympathetic neurite outgrowth and vascularization, including bone morphogenic protein 8b (Bmp8b), fibroblast growth factor 21 (Fgf-21), neuregulin 4 (Nrg-4) were altered in BAT from db/db mice. Likewise, gene expression of meteorin-like (Metrnl), growth differentiation factor 15 (Gdt-15), and C-X-C motif chemokine-14 (Cxcl-14) regulating pro- and anti-inflammation were altered. This data provides some new insights into the pathophysiological mechanisms involved in BAT hypertrophy (or whitening) and the disturbances of batokines during the development and progression of T2D. However, these are only preliminary results as additional experiments are necessary to confirm these findings in other experimental models of T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khanyisani Ziqubu
- Department of Biochemistry, North-West University, Mmabatho 2745, South Africa
| | - Phiwayinkosi V Dludla
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa
| | - Marakiya T Moetlediwa
- Department of Biochemistry, North-West University, Mmabatho 2745, South Africa; Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa
| | - Thembeka A Nyawo
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; Centre for Cardio-Metabolic Research in Africa, Division of Medical Physiology, University of Stellenbosch, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa
| | - Carmen Pheiffer
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; Centre for Cardio-Metabolic Research in Africa, Division of Medical Physiology, University of Stellenbosch, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Health Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Babalwa U Jack
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa
| | - Bongani Nkambule
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa
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17
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Zhu Y, Qi Z, Ding S. Exercise-Induced Adipose Tissue Thermogenesis and Browning: How to Explain the Conflicting Findings? Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13142. [PMID: 36361929 PMCID: PMC9657384 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) has been widely studied in targeting against metabolic diseases such as obesity, type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance due to its role in nutrient metabolism and energy regulation. Whether exercise promotes adipose tissue thermogenesis and browning remains controversial. The results from human and rodent studies contradict each other. In our opinion, fat thermogenesis or browning promoted by exercise should not be a biomarker of health benefits, but an adaptation under the stress between body temperature regulation and energy supply and expenditure of multiple organs. In this review, we discuss some factors that may contribute to conflicting experimental results, such as different thermoneutral zones, gender, training experience and the heterogeneity of fat depots. In addition, we explain that a redox state in cells potentially causes thermogenesis heterogeneity and different oxidation states of UCP1, which has led to the discrepancies noted in previous studies. We describe a network by which exercise orchestrates the browning and thermogenesis of adipose tissue with total energy expenditure through multiple organs (muscle, brain, liver and adipose tissue) and multiple pathways (nerve, endocrine and metabolic products), providing a possible interpretation for the conflicting findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yupeng Zhu
- The Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention (Ministry of Education), East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
- School of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
- Sino-French Joint Research Center of Sport Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Zhengtang Qi
- The Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention (Ministry of Education), East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
- School of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Shuzhe Ding
- The Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention (Ministry of Education), East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
- Sino-French Joint Research Center of Sport Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
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18
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Machado SA, Pasquarelli-do-Nascimento G, da Silva DS, Farias GR, de Oliveira Santos I, Baptista LB, Magalhães KG. Browning of the white adipose tissue regulation: new insights into nutritional and metabolic relevance in health and diseases. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2022; 19:61. [PMID: 36068578 PMCID: PMC9446768 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-022-00694-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissues are dynamic tissues that play crucial physiological roles in maintaining health and homeostasis. Although white adipose tissue and brown adipose tissue are currently considered key endocrine organs, they differ functionally and morphologically. The existence of the beige or brite adipocytes, cells displaying intermediary characteristics between white and brown adipocytes, illustrates the plastic nature of the adipose tissue. These cells are generated through white adipose tissue browning, a process associated with augmented non-shivering thermogenesis and metabolic capacity. This process involves the upregulation of the uncoupling protein 1, a molecule that uncouples the respiratory chain from Adenosine triphosphate synthesis, producing heat. β-3 adrenergic receptor system is one important mediator of white adipose tissue browning, during cold exposure. Surprisingly, hyperthermia may also induce beige activation and white adipose tissue beiging. Physical exercising copes with increased levels of specific molecules, including Beta-Aminoisobutyric acid, irisin, and Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), which induce adipose tissue browning. FGF21 is a stress-responsive hormone that interacts with beta-klotho. The central roles played by hormones in the browning process highlight the relevance of the individual lifestyle, including circadian rhythm and diet. Circadian rhythm involves the sleep-wake cycle and is regulated by melatonin, a hormone associated with UCP1 level upregulation. In contrast to the pro-inflammatory and adipose tissue disrupting effects of the western diet, specific food items, including capsaicin and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, and dietary interventions such as calorie restriction and intermittent fasting, favor white adipose tissue browning and metabolic efficiency. The intestinal microbiome has also been pictured as a key factor in regulating white tissue browning, as it modulates bile acid levels, important molecules for the thermogenic program activation. During embryogenesis, in which adipose tissue formation is affected by Bone morphogenetic proteins that regulate gene expression, the stimuli herein discussed influence an orchestra of gene expression regulators, including a plethora of transcription factors, and chromatin remodeling enzymes, and non-coding RNAs. Considering the detrimental effects of adipose tissue browning and the disparities between adipose tissue characteristics in mice and humans, further efforts will benefit a better understanding of adipose tissue plasticity biology and its applicability to managing the overwhelming burden of several chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Azevedo Machado
- Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Cell Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | | | - Debora Santos da Silva
- Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Cell Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Ribeiro Farias
- Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Cell Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Igor de Oliveira Santos
- Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Cell Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Luana Borges Baptista
- Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Cell Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Kelly Grace Magalhães
- Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Cell Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasília, DF, Brazil.
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19
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Parada-Sánchez SG, Macias-Cervantes MH, Pérez-Vázquez V, Vargas-Ortiz K. The effects of different types of exercise on circulating irisin levels in healthy individuals and in people with overweight, metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. Physiol Res 2022. [DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.934896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Irisin is a myokine secreted during exercise. It has drawn the attention of researchers as it regulates several effects of exercise that are considered beneficial. It has also been proposed as a therapeutic tool to treat metabolic disorders. In recent years, the effect of different types of training on circulating irisin has been studied in large populations. An overall beneficial result has been shown, however, the outcome of the investigations has raised some controversy. Herein we evaluated the existing literature on the effects of different types of training on the circulating irisin levels in healthy subjects and in those displaying different metabolic condition. We conducted queries in the PubMed and Web of Science databases for literature published between January 2010 and January 2021. Thirty-seven original articles were retrieved and they were included in this review. Any letter to the editor, meta-analyses, reviews, and systematic review articles were excluded. From these 37 articles, 19 of them reported increased levels of circulating irisin. The interventions encompassed aerobic, resistance, combined, circuit, and interval training types. Such increase of circulating irisin was reported for healthy subjects and for those displaying different metabolic condition. A training that is steadily kept with a moderate to high intensity, including that characterized by brief highly intense intervals, were distinguishable from the rest. Nevertheless, the training effectiveness as evaluated by the increased circulating irisin levels depends on the subject’s metabolic condition and age.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - K Vargas-Ortiz
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Guanajuato, Campus León, Guanajuato, México.
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Radugin FM, Timkina NV, Karonova TL. Metabolic properties of irisin in health and in diabetes mellitus. OBESITY AND METABOLISM 2022. [DOI: 10.14341/omet12899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Irisin is a polypeptide hormone of muscle tissue (myokine), the synthesis and secretion of which increase against the background of physical exertion, which plays a significant role in the metabolism of fat, muscle and bone tissues. It is known that irisin promotes the transformation of white adipose tissue into brown adipose tissue. It has also been experimentally proven that the introduction of irisin contributed to an increase in bone mass and the prevention of osteoporosis and muscular atrophy. There are works indicating a positive effect of irisin in the functioning of bone, fat and muscle tissues in humans. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is an independent risk factor for osteoporotic fractures and the development of specific diabetic myopathy, at the cellular level similar to the aging of muscle tissue, and type 2 diabetes is also associated with the presence of obesity. Thus, it is of particular interest to study the effect of irisin on the state of bone, muscle and adipose tissues and glucose homeostasis in patients with diabetes. This literature review highlights the biological functions of irisin in healthy people and patients with DM.
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Factors Associated with White Fat Browning: New Regulators of Lipid Metabolism. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147641. [PMID: 35886989 PMCID: PMC9325132 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian adipose tissue can be divided into white and brown adipose tissue based on its colour, location, and cellular structure. Certain conditions, such as sympathetic nerve excitement, can induce the white adipose adipocytes into a new type of adipocytes, known as beige adipocytes. The process, leading to the conversion of white adipocytes into beige adipocytes, is called white fat browning. The dynamic balance between white and beige adipocytes is closely related to the body’s metabolic homeostasis. Studying the signal transduction pathways of the white fat browning might provide novel ideas for the treatment of obesity and alleviation of obesity-related glucose and lipid metabolism disorders. This article aimed to provide an overview of recent advances in understanding white fat browning and the role of BAT in lipid metabolism.
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Vints WAJ, Levin O, Fujiyama H, Verbunt J, Masiulis N. Exerkines and long-term synaptic potentiation: Mechanisms of exercise-induced neuroplasticity. Front Neuroendocrinol 2022; 66:100993. [PMID: 35283168 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2022.100993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Physical exercise may improve cognitive function by modulating molecular and cellular mechanisms within the brain. We propose that the facilitation of long-term synaptic potentiation (LTP)-related pathways, by products induced by physical exercise (i.e., exerkines), is a crucial aspect of the exercise-effect on the brain. This review summarizes synaptic pathways that are activated by exerkines and may potentiate LTP. For a total of 16 exerkines, we indicated how blood and brain exerkine levels are altered depending on the type of physical exercise (i.e., cardiovascular or resistance exercise) and how they respond to a single bout (i.e., acute exercise) or multiple bouts of physical exercise (i.e., chronic exercise). This information may be used for designing individualized physical exercise programs. Finally, this review may serve to direct future research towards fundamental gaps in our current knowledge regarding the biophysical interactions between muscle activity and the brain at both cellular and system levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter A J Vints
- Department of Health Promotion and Rehabilitation, Lithuanian Sports University, Sporto str. 6, LT-44221 Kaunas, Lithuania; Department of Rehabilitation Medicine Research School CAPHRI, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands; Centre of Expertise in Rehabilitation and Audiology, Adelante Zorggroep, P.O. Box 88, 6430 AB Hoensbroek, the Netherlands.
| | - Oron Levin
- Department of Health Promotion and Rehabilitation, Lithuanian Sports University, Sporto str. 6, LT-44221 Kaunas, Lithuania; Movement Control & Neuroplasticity Research Group, Group Biomedical Sciences, Catholic University Leuven, Tervuursevest 101, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium.
| | - Hakuei Fujiyama
- Department of Psychology, Murdoch University, 90 South St., WA 6150 Perth, Australia; Centre for Healthy Ageing, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, 90 South St., WA 6150 Perth, Australia; Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, 90 South St., WA 6150 Perth, Australia.
| | - Jeanine Verbunt
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine Research School CAPHRI, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands; Centre of Expertise in Rehabilitation and Audiology, Adelante Zorggroep, P.O. Box 88, 6430 AB Hoensbroek, the Netherlands.
| | - Nerijus Masiulis
- Department of Health Promotion and Rehabilitation, Lithuanian Sports University, Sporto str. 6, LT-44221 Kaunas, Lithuania; Department of Rehabilitation, Physical and Sports Medicine, Institute of Health Science, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, M. K. Čiurlionio Str. 21, LT-03101 Vilnius, Lithuania.
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Kim JH, Yu SM, Son JW. Human Tissue-Engineered Skeletal Muscle: A Tool for Metabolic Research. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul) 2022; 37:408-414. [PMID: 35798547 PMCID: PMC9262682 DOI: 10.3803/enm.2022.302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is now regarded as an endocrine organ based on its secretion of myokines and exerkines, which, in response to metabolic stimuli, regulate the crosstalk between the skeletal muscle and other metabolic organs in terms of systemic energy homeostasis. This conceptual basis of skeletal muscle as a metabolically active organ has provided insights into the potential role of physical inactivity and conditions altering muscle quality and quantity in the development of multiple metabolic disorders, including insulin resistance, obesity, and diabetes. Therefore, it is important to understand human muscle physiology more deeply in relation to the pathophysiology of metabolic diseases. Since monolayer cell lines or animal models used in conventional research differ from the pathophysiological features of the human body, there is increasing need for more physiologically relevant in vitro models of human skeletal muscle. Here, we introduce recent studies on in vitro models of human skeletal muscle generated from adult myogenic progenitors or pluripotent stem cells and summarize recent progress in the development of three-dimensional (3D) bioartificial muscle, which mimics the physiological complexity of native skeletal muscle tissue in terms of maturation and functionality. We then discuss the future of skeletal muscle 3D-organoid culture technology in the field of metabolic research for studying pathological mechanisms and developing personalized therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hoon Kim
- Center for Advanced Bio-Molecular Recognition, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung-Min Yu
- Center for Advanced Bio-Molecular Recognition, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jang Won Son
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Bucheon St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Korea
- Corresponding author: Jang Won Son Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Bucheon St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 327 Sosa-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon 14647, Korea Tel: +82-32-340-7040, Fax: +82-32-340-2025, E-mail:
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Kim YJ, Kim HJ, Lee SG, Kim DH, In Jang S, Go HS, Lee WJ, Seong JK. Aerobic exercise for eight weeks provides protective effects towards liver and cardiometabolic health and adipose tissue remodeling under metabolic stress for one week: A study in mice. Metabolism 2022; 130:155178. [PMID: 35227728 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2022.155178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relationship between exercise training and health benefits is under thorough investigation. However, the effects of exercise training on the maintenance of metabolic health are unclear. METHODS Our experimental design involved initial exercise training followed by a high-fat diet (HFD) challenge. Eight-week-old male was trained under voluntary wheel running aerobic exercise for eight weeks to determine the systemic metabolic changes induced by exercise training and whether such changes persisted even after discontinuing exercise. The mice were given either a normal chow diet (NCD) or HFD ad libitum for one week after discontinuation of exercise (CON-NCD, n = 29; EX-NCD, n = 29; CON-HFD, n = 30; EX-HFD, n = 31). RESULTS Our study revealed that metabolic stress following the transition to an HFD in mice that discontinued training failed to reverse the aerobic exercise training-induced improvement in metabolism. We report that the mice subjected to exercise training could better counteract weight gain, adipose tissue hypertrophy, insulin resistance, fatty liver, and mitochondrial dysfunction in response to an HFD compared with untrained mice. This observation could be attributed to the fact that exercise enhances the browning of white fat, whole-body oxygen uptake, and heat generation. Furthermore, we suggest that the effects of exercise persist due to PPARα-FGF21-FGFR1 mechanisms, although additional pathways cannot be excluded and require further research. Although our study suggests the preventive potential of exercise, appropriate human trials are needed to demonstrate the efficacy in subjects who cannot perform sustained exercise; this may provide an important basis regarding human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youn Ju Kim
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology and Genomics, BK21 Program for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; The Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Korea Mouse Phenotyping Center (KMPC), Seoul National University, 08826 Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Jin Kim
- The Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Korea Mouse Phenotyping Center (KMPC), Seoul National University, 08826 Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Gyu Lee
- Korea Mouse Phenotyping Center (KMPC), Seoul National University, 08826 Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Do Hyun Kim
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology and Genomics, BK21 Program for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; The Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Korea Mouse Phenotyping Center (KMPC), Seoul National University, 08826 Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Su In Jang
- Korea Mouse Phenotyping Center (KMPC), Seoul National University, 08826 Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Sun Go
- Korea Mouse Phenotyping Center (KMPC), Seoul National University, 08826 Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Jun Lee
- Korea Mouse Phenotyping Center (KMPC), Seoul National University, 08826 Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Je Kyung Seong
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology and Genomics, BK21 Program for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; The Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Korea Mouse Phenotyping Center (KMPC), Seoul National University, 08826 Seoul, Republic of Korea; Interdisciplinary Program for Bioinformatics, Program for Cancer Biology, BIO-MAX/N-Bio Institute, Seoul National University, 08826 Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Abstract
Physical activity and its sustained and purposeful performance-exercise-promote a broad and diverse set of metabolic and cardiovascular health benefits. Regular exercise is the most effective way to improve cardiorespiratory fitness, a measure of one's global cardiovascular, pulmonary and metabolic health, and one of the strongest predictors of future health risk. Here, we describe how exercise affects individual organ systems related to cardiometabolic health, including the promotion of insulin and glucose homeostasis through improved efficiency in skeletal muscle glucose utilization and enhanced insulin sensitivity; beneficial changes in body composition and adiposity; and improved cardiac mechanics and vascular health. We subsequently identify knowledge gaps that remain in exercise science, including heterogeneity in exercise responsiveness. While the application of molecular profiling technologies in exercise science has begun to illuminate the biochemical pathways that govern exercise-induced health promotion, much of this work has focused on individual organ systems and applied single platforms. New insights into exercise-induced secreted small molecules and proteins that impart their effects in distant organs ("exerkines") highlight the need for an integrated approach towards the study of exercise and its global effects; efforts that are ongoing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Prashant Rao
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Jeremy M. Robbins
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
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Strength training alters the tissue fatty acids profile and slightly improves the thermogenic pathway in the adipose tissue of obese mice. Sci Rep 2022; 12:6913. [PMID: 35484170 PMCID: PMC9050661 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10688-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a disease characterized by the exacerbated increase of adipose tissue. A possible way to decrease the harmful effects of excessive adipose tissue is to increase the thermogenesis process, to the greater energy expenditure generated by the increase in heat in the body. In adipose tissue, the thermogenesis process is the result of an increase in mitochondrial work, having as substrate H+ ions, and which is related to the increased activity of UCP1. Evidence shows that stress is responsible for increasing the greater induction of UCP1 expression via β-adrenergic receptors. It is known that physical exercise is an important implement for sympathetic stimulation promoting communication between norepinephrine/epinephrine with membrane receptors. Thus, the present study investigates the influence of short-term strength training (STST) on fatty acid composition, lipolysis, lipogenesis, and browning processes in the subcutaneous adipose tissue (sWAT) of obese mice. For this, Swiss mice were divided into three groups: lean control, obesity sedentary, and obese strength training (OBexT). Obese animals were fed a high-fat diet for 14 weeks. Trained obese animals were submitted to 7 days of strength exercise. It was demonstrated that STST sessions were able to reduce fasting glycemia. In the sWAT, the STST was able to decrease the levels of the long-chain fatty acids profile, saturated fatty acid, and palmitic fatty acid (C16:0). Moreover, it was showed that STST did not increase protein levels responsible for lipolysis, the ATGL, ABHD5, pPLIN1, and pHSL. On the other hand, the exercise protocol decreased the expression of the lipogenic enzyme SCD1. Finally, our study demonstrated that the STST increased browning process-related genes such as PGC-1α, PRDM16, and UCP1 in the sWAT. Interestingly, all these biomolecular mechanisms have been observed independently of changes in body weight. Therefore, it is concluded that short-term strength exercise can be an effective strategy to initiate morphological changes in sWAT.
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Scheel AK, Espelage L, Chadt A. Many Ways to Rome: Exercise, Cold Exposure and Diet-Do They All Affect BAT Activation and WAT Browning in the Same Manner? Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094759. [PMID: 35563150 PMCID: PMC9103087 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery of functional brown adipose tissue (BAT) in adult humans and the possibility to recruit beige cells with high thermogenic potential within white adipose tissue (WAT) depots opened the field for new strategies to combat obesity and its associated comorbidities. Exercise training as well as cold exposure and dietary components are associated with the enhanced accumulation of metabolically-active beige adipocytes and BAT activation. Both activated beige and brown adipocytes increase their metabolic rate by utilizing lipids to generate heat via non-shivering thermogenesis, which is dependent on uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Non-shivering thermogenesis elevates energy expenditure and promotes a negative energy balance, which may ameliorate metabolic complications of obesity and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) such as insulin resistance (IR) in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. Despite the recent advances in pharmacological approaches to reduce obesity and IR by inducing non-shivering thermogenesis in BAT and WAT, the administered pharmacological compounds are often associated with unwanted side effects. Therefore, lifestyle interventions such as exercise, cold exposure, and/or specified dietary regimens present promising anchor points for future disease prevention and treatment of obesity and T2DM. The exact mechanisms where exercise, cold exposure, dietary interventions, and pharmacological treatments converge or rather diverge in their specific impact on BAT activation or WAT browning are difficult to determine. In the past, many reviews have demonstrated the mechanistic principles of exercise- and/or cold-induced BAT activation and WAT browning. In this review, we aim to summarize not only the current state of knowledge on the various mechanistic principles of diverse external stimuli on BAT activation and WAT browning, but also present their translational potential in future clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K. Scheel
- Institute for Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, German Diabetes Center (DDZ), Leibniz-Center for Diabetes Research at the Heinrich Heine University, Medical Faculty, Düsseldorf, Auf’m Hennekamp 65, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany; (A.K.S.); (L.E.)
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Partner Düsseldorf, München-Neuherberg, 85764 München, Germany
| | - Lena Espelage
- Institute for Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, German Diabetes Center (DDZ), Leibniz-Center for Diabetes Research at the Heinrich Heine University, Medical Faculty, Düsseldorf, Auf’m Hennekamp 65, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany; (A.K.S.); (L.E.)
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Partner Düsseldorf, München-Neuherberg, 85764 München, Germany
| | - Alexandra Chadt
- Institute for Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, German Diabetes Center (DDZ), Leibniz-Center for Diabetes Research at the Heinrich Heine University, Medical Faculty, Düsseldorf, Auf’m Hennekamp 65, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany; (A.K.S.); (L.E.)
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Partner Düsseldorf, München-Neuherberg, 85764 München, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +49-211-3382-577/430
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Kurgan N, Islam H, Matusiak JBL, Baranowski BJ, Stoikos J, Fajardo VA, MacPherson REK, Gurd BJ, Klentrou P. Subcutaneous adipose tissue sclerostin is reduced and Wnt signaling is enhanced following 4-weeks of sprint interval training in young men with obesity. Physiol Rep 2022; 10:e15232. [PMID: 35312183 PMCID: PMC8935536 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Sclerostin is a Wnt/β-catenin antagonist, mainly secreted by osteocytes, and most known for its role in reducing bone formation. Studies in rodents suggest sclerostin can also regulate adipose tissue mass and metabolism, representing bone-adipose tissue crosstalk. Exercise training has been shown to reduce plasma sclerostin levels; but the effects of exercise on sclerostin and Wnt/β-catenin signaling specifically within adipose tissue has yet to be examined. The purpose of this study was to examine subcutaneous WAT (scWAT) sclerostin content and Wnt signaling in response to exercise training in young men with obesity. To this end, 7 male participants (BMI = 35 ± 4; 25 ± 4 years) underwent 4 weeks of sprint interval training (SIT) involving 4 weekly sessions consisting of a 5-min warmup, followed by 8 × 20 s intervals at 170% of work rate at VO2peak , separated by 10 s of rest. Serum and scWAT were sampled at rest both pre- and post-SIT. Despite no changes in serum sclerostin levels, we found a significant decrease in adipose sclerostin content (-37%, p = 0.04), an increase in total β-catenin (+52%, p = 0.03), and no changes in GSK3β serine 9 phosphorylation. There were also concomitant reductions in serum TNF-α (-0.36 pg/ml, p = 0.03) and IL-6 (-1.44 pg/ml, p = 0.05) as well as an increase in VO2peak (+5%, p = 0.03) and scWAT COXIV protein content (+95%, p = 0.04). In conclusion, scWAT sclerostin content was reduced and β-catenin content was increased following SIT in young men with excess adiposity, suggesting a role of sclerostin in regulating human adipose tissue in response to exercise training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel Kurgan
- Department of KinesiologyBrock UniversitySt. CatharinesOntarioCanada
- Centre for Bone and Muscle HealthBrock UniversitySt. CatharinesOntarioCanada
| | - Hashim Islam
- School of Health and Exercise SciencesUniversity of British Columbia OkanaganKelownaBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | | | - Bradley J. Baranowski
- Centre for Bone and Muscle HealthBrock UniversitySt. CatharinesOntarioCanada
- Department of Health SciencesBrock UniversitySt. CatharinesOntarioCanada
| | - Joshua Stoikos
- Department of KinesiologyBrock UniversitySt. CatharinesOntarioCanada
- Centre for Bone and Muscle HealthBrock UniversitySt. CatharinesOntarioCanada
| | - Val A. Fajardo
- Department of KinesiologyBrock UniversitySt. CatharinesOntarioCanada
- Centre for Bone and Muscle HealthBrock UniversitySt. CatharinesOntarioCanada
| | | | - Brendon J. Gurd
- Department of KinesiologyQueens UniversityKingstonOntarioCanada
| | - Panagiota Klentrou
- Department of KinesiologyBrock UniversitySt. CatharinesOntarioCanada
- Centre for Bone and Muscle HealthBrock UniversitySt. CatharinesOntarioCanada
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Mohammad Rahimi GR, Hejazi K, Hofmeister M. The effect of exercise interventions on Irisin level: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. EXCLI JOURNAL 2022; 21:524-539. [PMID: 36110558 PMCID: PMC9441678 DOI: 10.17179/excli2022-4703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Irisin is a hormone that is offered to be a hopeful remedial target in obesity and type 2 diabetes. It has received striking attention recently, whereas, the interactions between exercise training and irisin are still unclear. Therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis investigated the impacts of exercise interventions on circulating irisin in adults. A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, CINAHL, MEDLINE, Cochrane, Google Scholar, and Scopus up to July 15, 2021. Twenty-four studies, which assessed a total of 921 participants were included and analyzed using a random-effects model to estimate weighted mean differences (MD) with 95 % confidence intervals (CI). Overall, data revealed that exercise training significantly increased circulating irisin (MD: 0.01, 95 % CI: 0.00, 0.01, p = 0.005), and declined insulin (MD: -2.09, 95 % CI: -2.81, -1.37, p < 0.00001), glucose (MD: -12.89, 95 % CI: -16.52, -9.26, p < 0.00001), and insulin resistance (MD: -0.89, 95 % CI: -1.15, -0.62, p < 0.00001). Subgroup analysis revealed that irisin raised significantly when resistance training (p = 0.04) and combined training (p = 0.002) were applied, and for the type 2 diabetes and prediabetes (p = 0.002 for both) groups. Moreover, subgroup analysis by the type of intervention demonstrated that insulin reduced when aerobic training (p < 0.00001) and combined training (p = 0.0003) were employed, but glucose and HOMA-IR reduced after all three types of exercise training. These findings demonstrate that exercise interventions may produce ameliorations in circulating irisin. Further long-term studies are required to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Keyvan Hejazi
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, Iran,*To whom correspondence should be addressed: Keyvan Hejazi, Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, Iran; Tel: +98 (51) 344012620, E-mail:
| | - Martin Hofmeister
- Department Food and Nutrition, Consumer Center of the German Federal State of Bavaria, Munich, Germany
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Bonfante ILP, Duft RG, Mateus KCDS, Trombeta JCDS, Finardi EAR, Ramkrapes APB, Brunelli DT, Mori MADS, Chacon-Mikahil MPT, Velloso LA, Cavaglieri CR. Acute/Chronic Responses of Combined Training on Serum Pro-thermogenic/Anti-inflammatory Inducers and Its Relation With Fed and Fasting State in Overweight Type 2 Diabetic Individuals. Front Physiol 2022; 12:736244. [PMID: 35126168 PMCID: PMC8811167 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.736244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Concentrations of pro-thermogenic/anti-inflammatory inductors are influenced by fed/fasting, sedentary/trained states, and metabolic pattern. However, there is a lack of information on the interactions of these conditions, especially in humans. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the chronic and acute training responses as well as the fed/fasted states of serum pro-thermogenic/anti-inflammatory inducers in overweight type 2 diabetics individuals. Fifteen individuals with type 2 diabetes [body mass index (BMI): 29.61 ± 3.60 kg/m2; age: 50.67 ± 3.97 years] participated in the study. In the pre- and post-experimental periods, baseline clinical parameters analyses were performed. Pro-thermogenic/anti-inflammatory inductors were evaluated pre/post-baseline and before, shortly after, and after 30′ and 60′ in the first and last sessions of a 16-week combined training (CT) period. These inducers were also compared for fasting and feeding before and after the training period. CT has improved baseline physical fitness, metabolic pattern, and it has also increased interleukin (IL)33 and FNDC5/irisin. In the first training session, there was a decrease in IL4, IL13, and IL33, besides an increase in FNDC5/irisin, and natriuretic peptides. In the last training session, there was an increase in natriuretic peptides and bone morphogenic protein 4 (BMP4). Differences in responses between the first and last training sessions were observed at certain post-session times for IL4, IL33, and natriuretic peptides, always with higher concentrations occurring in the last session. In evaluating the area under the curve (AUC) of the first and last training session, FNDC5/irisin, natriuretics peptides, and meteorin-like showed increased areas in the last training session. The pre-training fed state showed an increase in IL4 and IL33, while in fasting there was an increase in meteorin-like, natriuretic peptides, and FNDC5/irisin. In the post-training, IL4, IL13, and IL33 were increased in the fed state, while meteorin-like, natriuretic peptides, and FNDC5/irisin remained increased in the fast. Adaptation to physical training and a better metabolic pattern favor an improvement in the acute secretory pattern in part of pro-thermogenic and anti-inflammatory substances analyzed. The fed and fasting states also interfere differently in these substances, where fasting interferes with the increase of myokines, while the fed state induces an increase in interleukins.Clinical Trial Registration: [http://www.ensaiosclinicos.gov.br/rg/RBR-62n5qn/], identifier [U1111-1202-1476].
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Luiz Padilha Bonfante
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of São Paulo, Hortolândia Campus, Hortolândia, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Ivan Luiz Padilha Bonfante,
| | - Renata Garbellini Duft
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Ana Paula Boito Ramkrapes
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Diego Trevisan Brunelli
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Alves da Silva Mori
- Laboratory of Aging Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | | | - Licio Augusto Velloso
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Regina Cavaglieri
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
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Alizadeh Pahlavani H. Possible roles of exercise and apelin against pregnancy complications. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:965167. [PMID: 36093083 PMCID: PMC9452694 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.965167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of maternal obesity during pregnancy is associated with the risk of gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, and cardiomyopathy. Environmental factors such as active lifestyles and apelin may lead to beneficial changes. In rats, apelin and exercise (45 to 65% VO2max for 6 to 9 weeks) during pregnancy increase brown adipose tissue (BAT) proteins such as Cidea, Elovl3, UCP1, PRDM16, and PGC-1α in males and females fetuses, while white adipose tissue (WAT) is reduced. In humans and animals, apelin and exercise stimulate the expression of the glucose transporters (GLUT1/2/4) in the muscle and adipose tissue through the PI3K/Akt and AMPK pathways. Hence, exercise and apelin may are known as regulators of energy metabolism and be anti-obesity and anti-diabetic properties. In mice, exercise also creates a short-term hypoxic environment in the pregnant mother, activating HIF-1, VEGF, and VEGFR, and increasing angiogenesis. Exercise and apelin also increase vasodilation, angiogenesis, and suppression of inflammation through the L-arginine/eNOS/NO pathway in humans. Exercise can stimulate the ACE2-Ang-(1-7)-Mas axis in parallel with inhibiting the ACE-Ang II-AT1 pathway. Exercise and apelin seem to prevent preeclampsia through these processes. In rats, moderate-intensity exercise (60 to 70% VO2max for 8 weeks) and apelin/APJ also may prevent pathological hypertrophy in pregnancy by activating the PI3K/Akt/mTOR/p70S6K pathway, PI3k-Akt-ERK1/2-p70S6K pathway, and the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. Since pre-clinical studies have been more on animal models, future research with scientific guidelines should pay more attention to human specimens. In future research, time factors such as the first, second, and third trimesters of pregnancy and the intensity and duration of exercise are important variables that should be considered to determine the optimal intensity and duration of exercise.
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Abstract
Physical exercise can be effective in preventing or ameliorating various diseases, including diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer. However, not everyone may be able to participate in exercise due to illnesses, age-related frailty, or difficulty in long-term behavior change. An alternative option is to utilize pharmacological interventions that mimic the positive effects of exercise training. Recent studies have identified signaling pathways associated with the benefits of physical activity and discovered exercise mimetics that can partially simulate the systemic impact of exercise. This review describes the molecular targets for exercise mimetics and their effect on skeletal muscle and other tissues. We will also discuss the potential advantages of using natural products as a multi-targeting agent for mimicking the health-promoting effects of exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Jin Jang
- Major of Food Science & Technology, Seoul Women’s University, Seoul 01797, Korea
| | - Sanguine Byun
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
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Weinzierl A, Harder Y, Schmauss D, Ampofo E, Menger MD, Laschke MW. Improved Vascularization and Survival of White Compared to Brown Adipose Tissue Grafts in the Dorsal Skinfold Chamber. Biomedicines 2021; 10:biomedicines10010023. [PMID: 35052704 PMCID: PMC8772698 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Fat grafting is a frequently applied procedure in plastic surgery for volume reconstruction. Moreover, the transplantation of white adipose tissue (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT) increasingly gains interest in preclinical research for the treatment of obesity-related metabolic defects. Therefore, we herein directly compared the vascularization capacity and survival of WAT and BAT grafts. For this purpose, size-matched grafts isolated from the inguinal WAT pad and the interscapular BAT depot of C57BL/6N donor mice were syngeneically transplanted into the dorsal skinfold chamber of recipient animals. The vascularization and survival of the grafts were analyzed by means of intravital fluorescence microscopy, histology, and immunohistochemistry over an observation period of 14 days. WAT grafts showed an identical microvascular architecture and functional microvessel density as native WAT. In contrast, BAT grafts developed an erratic microvasculature with a significantly lower functional microvessel density when compared to native BAT. Accordingly, they also contained a markedly lower number of CD31-positive microvessels, which was associated with a massive loss of perilipin-positive adipocytes. These findings indicate that in contrast to WAT grafts, BAT grafts exhibit an impaired vascularization capacity and survival, which may be due to their higher metabolic demand. Hence, future studies should focus on the establishment of strategies to improve the engraftment of transplanted BAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Weinzierl
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Surgery, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany; (E.A.); (M.D.M.); (M.W.L.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Yves Harder
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Ospedale Regionale di Lugano, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale (EOC), 6900 Lugano, Switzerland; (Y.H.); (D.S.)
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Schmauss
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Ospedale Regionale di Lugano, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale (EOC), 6900 Lugano, Switzerland; (Y.H.); (D.S.)
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Emmanuel Ampofo
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Surgery, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany; (E.A.); (M.D.M.); (M.W.L.)
| | - Michael D. Menger
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Surgery, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany; (E.A.); (M.D.M.); (M.W.L.)
| | - Matthias W. Laschke
- Institute for Clinical and Experimental Surgery, Saarland University, 66421 Homburg, Germany; (E.A.); (M.D.M.); (M.W.L.)
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Nintou E, Karligiotou E, Vliora M, Fatouros IG, Jamurtas AZ, Sakellaridis N, Dimas K, Flouris AD. Effects of In Vitro Muscle Contraction on Thermogenic Protein Levels in Co-Cultured Adipocytes. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11111227. [PMID: 34833103 PMCID: PMC8625343 DOI: 10.3390/life11111227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The crosstalk between the exercising muscle and the adipose tissue, mediated by myokines and metabolites, derived from both tissues during exercise has created a controversy between animal and human studies with respect to the impact of exercise on the browning process. The aim of this study was to investigate whether co-culturing of C2C12 myotubes and 3T3-L1 adipocytes under the stimuli of electrical pulse stimulation (EPS) mimicking muscle contraction can impact the expression of UCP1, PGC-1a, and IL-6 in adipocytes, therefore providing evidence on the direct crosstalk between adipocytes and stimulated muscle cells. In the co-cultured C2C12 cells, EPS increased the expression of PGC-1a (p = 0.129; d = 0.73) and IL-6 (p = 0.09; d = 1.13) protein levels. When EPS was applied, we found that co-culturing led to increases in UCP1 (p = 0.044; d = 1.29) and IL-6 (p = 0.097; d = 1.13) protein expression in the 3T3-L1 adipocytes. The expression of PGC-1a increased by EPS but was not significantly elevated after co-culturing (p = 0.448; d = 0.08). In vitro co-culturing of C2C12 myotubes and 3T3-L1 adipocytes under the stimuli of EPS leads to increased expression of thermogenic proteins. These findings indicate changes in the expression pattern of proteins related to browning of adipose tissue, supporting the use of this in vitro model to study the crosstalk between adipocytes and contracting muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Nintou
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, 42100 Trikala, Greece; (E.N.); (E.K.); (M.V.); (I.G.F.); (A.Z.J.)
| | - Eleni Karligiotou
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, 42100 Trikala, Greece; (E.N.); (E.K.); (M.V.); (I.G.F.); (A.Z.J.)
| | - Maria Vliora
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, 42100 Trikala, Greece; (E.N.); (E.K.); (M.V.); (I.G.F.); (A.Z.J.)
| | - Ioannis G. Fatouros
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, 42100 Trikala, Greece; (E.N.); (E.K.); (M.V.); (I.G.F.); (A.Z.J.)
| | - Athanasios Z. Jamurtas
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, 42100 Trikala, Greece; (E.N.); (E.K.); (M.V.); (I.G.F.); (A.Z.J.)
| | - Nikos Sakellaridis
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 341500 Larissa, Greece; (N.S.); (K.D.)
| | - Konstantinos Dimas
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 341500 Larissa, Greece; (N.S.); (K.D.)
| | - Andreas D. Flouris
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, 42100 Trikala, Greece; (E.N.); (E.K.); (M.V.); (I.G.F.); (A.Z.J.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +30-2431-047-072
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Human Brown Adipose Tissue and Metabolic Health: Potential for Therapeutic Avenues. Cells 2021; 10:cells10113030. [PMID: 34831253 PMCID: PMC8616549 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity-associated metabolic abnormalities comprise a cluster of conditions including dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases that has affected more than 650 million people all over the globe. Obesity results from the accumulation of white adipose tissues mainly due to the chronic imbalance of energy intake and energy expenditure. A variety of approaches to treat or prevent obesity, including lifestyle interventions, surgical weight loss procedures and pharmacological approaches to reduce energy intake and increase energy expenditure have failed to substantially decrease the prevalence of obesity. Brown adipose tissue (BAT), the primary source of thermogenesis in infants and small mammals may represent a promising therapeutic target to treat obesity by promoting energy expenditure through non-shivering thermogenesis mediated by mitochondrial uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1). Since the confirmation of functional BAT in adult humans by several groups, approximately a decade ago, and its association with a favorable metabolic phenotype, intense interest on the significance of BAT in adult human physiology and metabolic health has emerged within the scientific community to explore its therapeutic potential for the treatment of obesity and metabolic diseases. A substantially decreased BAT activity in individuals with obesity indicates a role for BAT in the setting of human obesity. On the other hand, BAT mass and its prevalence correlate with lower body mass index (BMI), decreased age and lower glucose levels, leading to a lower incidence of cardio-metabolic diseases. The increased cold exposure in adult humans with undetectable BAT was associated with decreased body fat mass and increased insulin sensitivity. A deeper understanding of the role of BAT in human metabolic health and its interrelationship with body fat distribution and deciphering proper strategies to increase energy expenditure, by either increasing functional BAT mass or inducing white adipose browning, holds the promise for possible therapeutic avenues for the treatment of obesity and associated metabolic disorders.
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Szczerbinski L, Taylor MA, Puchta U, Konopka P, Paszko A, Citko A, Szczerbinski K, Goscik J, Gorska M, Larsen S, Kretowski A. The Response of Mitochondrial Respiration and Quantity in Skeletal Muscle and Adipose Tissue to Exercise in Humans with Prediabetes. Cells 2021; 10:cells10113013. [PMID: 34831236 PMCID: PMC8616473 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Mitochondrial dysfunction has been implicated in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes, but its contribution to the early stages of dysglycemia remains poorly understood. By collecting a high-resolution stage-based spectrum of dysglycemia, our study fills this gap by evaluating derangement in both the function and quantity of mitochondria. We sampled mitochondria in skeletal muscle and subcutaneous adipose tissues of subjects with progressive advancement of dysglycemia under a three-month exercise intervention. Methods: We measured clinical metabolic parameters and gathered skeletal muscle and adipose tissue biopsies before and after the three-month exercise intervention. We then assayed the number of mitochondria via citrate synthase (CS) activity and functional parameters with high-resolution respirometry. Results: In muscle, there were no differences in mitochondrial quantity or function at baseline between normoglycemics and prediabetics. However, the intervention caused improvement in CS activity, implying an increase in mitochondrial quantity. By contrast in adipose tissue, baseline differences in CS activity were present, with the lowest CS activity coincident with impaired fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance (IFG + IGT). Finally, CS activity, but few of the functional metrics, improved under the intervention. Conclusions: We show that in prediabetes, no differences in the function or amount of mitochondria (measured by CS activity) in skeletal muscle are apparent, but in adipose tissue of subjects with IFG + IGT, a significantly reduced activity of CS was observed. Finally, metabolic improvements under the exercise correlate to improvements in the amount, rather than function, of mitochondria in both tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz Szczerbinski
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Sklodowskiej-Curie 24A, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland; (U.P.); (K.S.); (M.G.); (A.K.)
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, Sklodowskiej-Curie 24A, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland; (M.A.T.); (P.K.); (A.P.); (A.C.); (J.G.); (S.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-85-831-8150
| | - Mark Alan Taylor
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, Sklodowskiej-Curie 24A, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland; (M.A.T.); (P.K.); (A.P.); (A.C.); (J.G.); (S.L.)
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at San Francisco, 1450 3rd St., San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Urszula Puchta
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Sklodowskiej-Curie 24A, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland; (U.P.); (K.S.); (M.G.); (A.K.)
| | - Paulina Konopka
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, Sklodowskiej-Curie 24A, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland; (M.A.T.); (P.K.); (A.P.); (A.C.); (J.G.); (S.L.)
| | - Adam Paszko
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, Sklodowskiej-Curie 24A, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland; (M.A.T.); (P.K.); (A.P.); (A.C.); (J.G.); (S.L.)
| | - Anna Citko
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, Sklodowskiej-Curie 24A, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland; (M.A.T.); (P.K.); (A.P.); (A.C.); (J.G.); (S.L.)
| | - Karol Szczerbinski
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Sklodowskiej-Curie 24A, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland; (U.P.); (K.S.); (M.G.); (A.K.)
| | - Joanna Goscik
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, Sklodowskiej-Curie 24A, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland; (M.A.T.); (P.K.); (A.P.); (A.C.); (J.G.); (S.L.)
| | - Maria Gorska
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Sklodowskiej-Curie 24A, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland; (U.P.); (K.S.); (M.G.); (A.K.)
| | - Steen Larsen
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, Sklodowskiej-Curie 24A, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland; (M.A.T.); (P.K.); (A.P.); (A.C.); (J.G.); (S.L.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Adam Kretowski
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Sklodowskiej-Curie 24A, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland; (U.P.); (K.S.); (M.G.); (A.K.)
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, Sklodowskiej-Curie 24A, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland; (M.A.T.); (P.K.); (A.P.); (A.C.); (J.G.); (S.L.)
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Exercise mimetics: harnessing the therapeutic effects of physical activity. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2021; 20:862-879. [PMID: 34103713 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-021-00217-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Exercise mimetics are a proposed class of therapeutics that specifically mimic or enhance the therapeutic effects of exercise. Increased physical activity has demonstrated positive effects in preventing and ameliorating a wide range of diseases, including brain disorders such as Alzheimer disease and dementia, cancer, diabetes and cardiovascular disease. This article discusses the molecular mechanisms and signalling pathways associated with the beneficial effects of physical activity, focusing on effects on brain function and cognitive enhancement. Emerging therapeutic targets and strategies for the development of exercise mimetics, particularly in the field of central nervous system disorders, as well as the associated opportunities and challenges, are discussed.
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Exercise-Mediated Browning of White Adipose Tissue: Its Significance, Mechanism and Effectiveness. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111512. [PMID: 34768943 PMCID: PMC8583930 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
As a metabolic organ, adipose tissue plays an important role in regulating metabolism. In adults, most adipose tissue is white adipose tissue (WAT), and excessive expansion of WAT will lead to obesity. It is worth noting that exercise can reduce the fat mass. There is also a lot of evidence that exercise can promote the browning of WAT, which is beneficial for metabolic homeostasis. Multiple factors, including reactive oxygen species (ROS), metabolites, nervous system, exerkines and lipolysis can facilitate exercise-mediated browning of WAT. In this review, the roles and the underlying mechanisms of exercise-mediated browning of WAT are summarized. The effects of different styles of exercise on the browning of WAT are also discussed, with the aim to propose better exercise strategies to enhance exercise-mediated browning of WAT, so as to promote metabolic health. Finally, the different reactivity of WAT at different anatomical sites to exercise-mediated browning is reviewed, which may provide potential suggestion for people with different fat loss needs.
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Kojima T, Esaki N, Tsuda T. Combination of Exercise and Intake of Amino Acid Mixture Synergistically Induces Beige Adipocyte Formation in Mice. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2021; 67:225-233. [PMID: 34470997 DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.67.225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Exercise combined with dietary factors may have significant effects on the suppression of body fat accumulation. Several trials suggest that amino acid mixtures containing alanine, arginine, and phenylalanine (ARF) combined with exercise can significantly reduce body fat accumulation in overweight adults and high-fat diet-induced obesity in mice. We therefore hypothesized that combining ARF and exercise would significantly induce beige adipocyte formation and that this would contribute to reducing body weight, whereas administration of ARF or exercise alone would not. Administration of ARF (1 g/kg body weight, daily) combined with exercise (5 sessions per week) for 4 wk significantly induced formation of beige adipocytes in inguinal white adipose tissue (iWAT) in mice, although ARF or exercise alone did not. Metabolomic analysis showed that plasma lactate concentration was significantly elevated in the exercise+ARF group relative to the exercise group. Furthermore, lactate dehydrogenase B, which increases redox stress by converting lactate to pyruvate in iWAT and triggers induction of uncoupling protein 1 expression was significantly upregulated in iWAT of the exercise+ARF group. These findings demonstrate the unique effect of ARF combined with exercise for inducing beige adipocyte formation, which may be associated with the suggested lactate-mediated pathway. Appropriate mixtures of amino acids could be used as a dietary supplement before exercise and contributed to increasing energy expenditures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Kojima
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology and Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University
| | - Nana Esaki
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology and Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University
| | - Takanori Tsuda
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology and Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University
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Maharjan BR, Martinez‐Huenchullan SF, Mclennan SV, Twigg SM, Williams PF. Exercise induces favorable metabolic changes in white adipose tissue preventing high-fat diet obesity. Physiol Rep 2021; 9:e14929. [PMID: 34405572 PMCID: PMC8371352 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Diet and/or exercise are cost effective interventions to treat obesity. However, it is unclear if the type of exercise undertaken can prevent the onset of obesity and if it can act through different effects on fat depots. In this study we did not allow obesity to develop so we commenced the high-fat diet (HFD) and exercise programs concurrently and investigated the effect of endurance exercise (END) and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on changes in cellular adipogenesis, thermogenesis, fibrosis, and inflammatory markers in three different fat depots, on a HFD and a chow diet. This was to assess the effectiveness of exercise to prevent the onset of obesity-induced changes. Mice fed with chow or HFD (45% kcal fat) were trained and performed either END or HIIT for 10 weeks (3 x 40 min sessions/week). In HFD mice, both exercise programs significantly prevented the increase in body weight (END: 17%, HIIT: 20%), total body fat mass (END: 46%, HIIT: 50%), increased lean mass as a proportion of body weight (Lean mass/BW) by 14%, and improved insulin sensitivity by 22%. Further evidence of the preventative effect of exercise was seen significantly decreased markers for adipogenesis, inflammation, and extracellular matrix accumulation in both subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and epididymal adipose tissue (EPI). In chow, no such marked effects were seen with both the exercise programs on all the three fat depots. This study establishes the beneficial effect of both HIIT and END exercise in preventing metabolic deterioration, collagen deposition, and inflammatory responses in fat depots, resulting in an improved whole body insulin resistance in HFD mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babu R. Maharjan
- Greg Brown Diabetes & Endocrinology LaboratorySydney Medical SchoolUniversity of SydneySydneyAustralia
- Department of BiochemistryPatan Academy of Health SciencesSchool of MedicineLalitpurNepal
| | - Sergio F. Martinez‐Huenchullan
- Greg Brown Diabetes & Endocrinology LaboratorySydney Medical SchoolUniversity of SydneySydneyAustralia
- Faculty of MedicineSchool of Physical TherapyUniversidad Austral de ChileValdiviaChile
| | - Susan V. Mclennan
- Greg Brown Diabetes & Endocrinology LaboratorySydney Medical SchoolUniversity of SydneySydneyAustralia
- New South Wales Health PathologySydneyAustralia
- Department of EndocrinologyRoyal Prince Alfred HospitalSydneyAustralia
| | - Stephen M. Twigg
- Greg Brown Diabetes & Endocrinology LaboratorySydney Medical SchoolUniversity of SydneySydneyAustralia
- Department of EndocrinologyRoyal Prince Alfred HospitalSydneyAustralia
| | - Paul F. Williams
- Greg Brown Diabetes & Endocrinology LaboratorySydney Medical SchoolUniversity of SydneySydneyAustralia
- New South Wales Health PathologySydneyAustralia
- Department of EndocrinologyRoyal Prince Alfred HospitalSydneyAustralia
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Maak S, Norheim F, Drevon CA, Erickson HP. Progress and Challenges in the Biology of FNDC5 and Irisin. Endocr Rev 2021; 42:436-456. [PMID: 33493316 PMCID: PMC8284618 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnab003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In 2002, a transmembrane protein-now known as FNDC5-was discovered and shown to be expressed in skeletal muscle, heart, and brain. It was virtually ignored for 10 years, until a study in 2012 proposed that, in response to exercise, the ectodomain of skeletal muscle FNDC5 was cleaved, traveled to white adipose tissue, and induced browning. The wasted energy of this browning raised the possibility that this myokine, named irisin, might mediate some beneficial effects of exercise. Since then, more than 1000 papers have been published exploring the roles of irisin. A major interest has been on adipose tissue and metabolism, following up the major proposal from 2012. Many studies correlating plasma irisin levels with physiological conditions have been questioned for using flawed assays for irisin concentration. However, experiments altering irisin levels by injecting recombinant irisin or by gene knockout are more promising. Recent discoveries have suggested potential roles of irisin in bone remodeling and in the brain, with effects potentially related to Alzheimer's disease. We discuss some discrepancies between research groups and the mechanisms that are yet to be determined. Some important questions raised in the initial discovery of irisin, such as the role of the mutant start codon of human FNDC5 and the mechanism of ectodomain cleavage, remain to be answered. Apart from these specific questions, a promising new tool has been developed-mice with a global or tissue-specific knockout of FNDC5. In this review, we critically examine the current knowledge and delineate potential solutions to resolve existing ambiguities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Maak
- Institute of Muscle Biology and Growth, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Frode Norheim
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Christian A Drevon
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Boateng SY, Olfert IM, Chantler PD. Role of Perivascular Adipose Tissue and Exercise on Arterial Function with Obesity. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2021; 49:188-196. [PMID: 33831902 PMCID: PMC8195847 DOI: 10.1249/jes.0000000000000251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Adipose tissue and arterial dysfunction are common in the obese state. Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) plays an important role in mediating arterial health, and with obesity, the PVAT dysfunction negatively affects arterial health. Exercise training exerts direct and beneficial effects on PVAT, providing an additional and novel pathway by which exercise can improve arterial health in diseased populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Y Boateng
- Biological Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, UK
| | - I. Mark Olfert
- Department of Human Performance, Division of Exercise Physiology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, USA
- West Virginia Clinical and Translational Science Institute (WVCTSI), Morgantown, WV
| | - Paul D Chantler
- Department of Human Performance, Division of Exercise Physiology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, USA
- West Virginia Clinical and Translational Science Institute (WVCTSI), Morgantown, WV
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Nigro P, Middelbeek RJW, Alves CRR, Rovira-Llopis S, Ramachandran K, Rowland LA, Møller AB, Takahashi H, Alves-Wagner AB, Vamvini M, Makarewicz NS, Albertson BG, Hirshman MF, Goodyear LJ. Exercise Training Promotes Sex-Specific Adaptations in Mouse Inguinal White Adipose Tissue. Diabetes 2021; 70:1250-1264. [PMID: 33563587 PMCID: PMC8275891 DOI: 10.2337/db20-0790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies demonstrate that adaptations to white adipose tissue (WAT) are important components of the beneficial effects of exercise training on metabolic health. Exercise training favorably alters the phenotype of subcutaneous inguinal WAT (iWAT) in male mice, including decreasing fat mass, improving mitochondrial function, inducing beiging, and stimulating the secretion of adipokines. In this study, we find that despite performing more voluntary wheel running compared with males, these adaptations do not occur in the iWAT of female mice. Consistent with sex-specific adaptations, we report that mRNA expression of androgen receptor coactivators is upregulated in iWAT from trained male mice and that testosterone treatment of primary adipocytes derived from the iWAT of male, but not female mice, phenocopies exercise-induced metabolic adaptations. Sex specificity also occurs in the secretome profile, as we identify cysteine-rich secretory protein 1 (Crisp1) as a novel adipokine that is only secreted from male iWAT in response to exercise. Crisp1 expression is upregulated by testosterone and functions to increase glucose and fatty acid uptake. Our finding that adaptations to iWAT with exercise training are dramatically greater in male mice has potential clinical implications for understanding the different metabolic response to exercise training in males and females and demonstrates the importance of investigating both sexes in studies of adipose tissue biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Nigro
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Roeland J W Middelbeek
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Christiano R R Alves
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Susana Rovira-Llopis
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Krithika Ramachandran
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Leslie A Rowland
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Andreas B Møller
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Hirokazu Takahashi
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Ana B Alves-Wagner
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Maria Vamvini
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Nathan S Makarewicz
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Brent G Albertson
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Michael F Hirshman
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Laurie J Goodyear
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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Clart LM, Welly RJ, Queathem ED, Rector RS, Padilla J, Baines CP, Kanaley JA, Lubahn DB, Vieira-Potter VJ. Role of ERβ in adipocyte metabolic response to wheel running following ovariectomy. J Endocrinol 2021; 249:223-237. [PMID: 33877054 PMCID: PMC8713017 DOI: 10.1530/joe-21-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen receptor β (ERb), one of the two major estrogen receptors, acts via genomic and non-genomic signaling pathways to affect many metabolic functions, including mitochondrial biogenesis and respiration. This study assessed the effect of ERb classical genomic activity on adipocyte-specific and -systemic metabolic responses to wheel running exercise in a rodent model of menopause. Female mice lacking the ERb DNA-binding domain (ERbDBDKO, n = 20) and WT (n = 21) littermate controls were fed a high-fat diet (HFD), ovariectomized (OVX), and randomized to control (no running wheel) and exercise (running wheel access) groups and were followed for 8 weeks. Wheel running did not confer protection against metabolic dysfunction associated with HFD+OVX in either ERbDBDKO or WT mice, despite increased energy expenditure. Unexpectedly, in the ERbDBDKO group, wheel running increased fasting insulin and surrogate measures of insulin resistance, and modestly increased adipose tissue inflammatory gene expression (P ≤ 0.05). These changes were not accompanied by significant changes in adipocyte mitochondrial respiration. It was demonstrated for the first time that female WT OVX mice do experience exercise-induced browning of white adipose tissue, indicated by a robust increase in uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) (P ≤ 0.05). However, KO mice were completely resistant to this effect, indicating that full ERb genomic activity is required for exercise-induced browning. The inability to upregulate UCP1 with exercise following OVX may have resulted in the increased insulin resistance observed in KO mice, a hypothesis requiring further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Clart
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri System, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Rebecca J Welly
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri System, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Eric D Queathem
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri System, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - R Scott Rector
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri System, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Internal Medicine-Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Missouri System, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Research Service, Truman VA Memorial Hospital, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Jaume Padilla
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri System, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri System System, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Christopher P Baines
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri System, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Jill A Kanaley
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri System, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Dennis B Lubahn
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri System, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Victoria J Vieira-Potter
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri System, Columbia, Missouri, USA
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McNeill BT, Suchacki KJ, Stimson RH. MECHANISMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: Human brown adipose tissue as a therapeutic target: warming up or cooling down? Eur J Endocrinol 2021; 184:R243-R259. [PMID: 33729178 PMCID: PMC8111330 DOI: 10.1530/eje-20-1439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Excessive accumulation of white adipose tissue leads to obesity and its associated metabolic health consequences such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Several approaches to treat or prevent obesity including public health interventions, surgical weight loss, and pharmacological approaches to reduce caloric intake have failed to substantially modify the increasing prevalence of obesity. The (re-)discovery of active brown adipose tissue (BAT) in adult humans approximately 15 years ago led to a resurgence in research into whether BAT activation could be a novel therapy for the treatment of obesity. Upon cold stimulus, BAT activates and generates heat to maintain body temperature, thus increasing energy expenditure. Activation of BAT may provide a unique opportunity to increase energy expenditure without the need for exercise. However, much of the underlying mechanisms surrounding BAT activation are still being elucidated and the effectiveness of BAT as a therapeutic target has not been realised. Research is ongoing to determine how best to expand BAT mass and activate existing BAT; approaches include cold exposure, pharmacological stimulation using sympathomimetics, browning agents that induce formation of thermogenic beige adipocytes in white adipose depots, and the identification of factors secreted by BAT with therapeutic potential. In this review, we discuss the caloric capacity and other metabolic benefits from BAT activation in humans and the role of metabolic tissues such as skeletal muscle in increasing energy expenditure. We discuss the potential of current approaches and the challenges of BAT activation as a novel strategy to treat obesity and metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben T McNeill
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Karla J Suchacki
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Roland H Stimson
- University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
- Correspondence should be addressed to R H Stimson Email
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46
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Atakan MM, Koşar ŞN, Güzel Y, Tin HT, Yan X. The Role of Exercise, Diet, and Cytokines in Preventing Obesity and Improving Adipose Tissue. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13051459. [PMID: 33922998 PMCID: PMC8145589 DOI: 10.3390/nu13051459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of obesity continues to rise worldwide despite evidence-based public health recommendations. The promise to adopt a healthy lifestyle is increasingly important for tackling this global epidemic. Calorie restriction or regular exercise or a combination of the two is accepted as an effective strategy in preventing or treating obesity. Furthermore, the benefits conferred by regular exercise to overcome obesity are attributed not only to reduced adiposity or reduced levels of circulating lipids but also to the proteins, peptides, enzymes, and metabolites that are released from contracting skeletal muscle or other organs. The secretion of these molecules called cytokines in response to exercise induces browning of white adipose tissue by increasing the expression of brown adipocyte-specific genes within the white adipose tissue, suggesting that exercise-induced cytokines may play a significant role in preventing obesity. In this review, we present research-based evidence supporting the effects of exercise and various diet interventions on preventing obesity and adipose tissue health. We also discuss the interplay between adipose tissue and the cytokines secreted from skeletal muscle and other organs that are known to affect adipose tissue and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammed Mustafa Atakan
- Division of Exercise Nutrition and Metabolism, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Hacettepe University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey; (M.M.A.); (Ş.N.K.); (Y.G.)
| | - Şükran Nazan Koşar
- Division of Exercise Nutrition and Metabolism, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Hacettepe University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey; (M.M.A.); (Ş.N.K.); (Y.G.)
| | - Yasemin Güzel
- Division of Exercise Nutrition and Metabolism, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Hacettepe University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey; (M.M.A.); (Ş.N.K.); (Y.G.)
| | - Hiu Tung Tin
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, P.O. Box 14428, Melbourne 8001, Australia;
| | - Xu Yan
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, P.O. Box 14428, Melbourne 8001, Australia;
- Sarcopenia Research Program, Australia Institute for Musculoskeletal Sciences (AIMSS), Melbourne 3021, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-3-9919-4024; Fax: +61-3-9919-5615
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Perego S, Sansoni V, Ziemann E, Lombardi G. Another Weapon against Cancer and Metastasis: Physical-Activity-Dependent Effects on Adiposity and Adipokines. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22042005. [PMID: 33670492 PMCID: PMC7922129 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22042005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Physically active behavior has been associated with a reduced risk of developing certain types of cancer and improved psychological conditions for patients by reducing anxiety and depression, in turn improving the quality of life of cancer patients. On the other hand, the correlations between inactivity, sedentary behavior, and overweight and obesity with the risk of development and progression of various cancers are well studied, mainly in middle-aged and elderly subjects. In this article, we have revised the evidence on the effects of physical activity on the expression and release of the adipose-tissue-derived mediators of low-grade chronic inflammation, i.e., adipokines, as well as the adipokine-mediated impacts of physical activity on tumor development, growth, and metastasis. Importantly, exercise training may be effective in mitigating the side effects related to anti-cancer treatment, thereby underlining the importance of encouraging cancer patients to engage in moderate-intensity activities. However, the strong need to customize and adapt exercises to a patient’s abilities is apparent. Besides the preventive effects of physically active behavior against the adipokine-stimulated cancer risk, it remains poorly understood how physical activity, through its actions as an adipokine, can actually influence the onset and development of metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Perego
- Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Milano, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, 20161 Milan, Italy; (S.P.); or
| | - Veronica Sansoni
- Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Milano, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, 20161 Milan, Italy; (S.P.); or
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0266214068
| | - Ewa Ziemann
- Department of Athletics, Strength and Conditioning, Poznań University of Physical Education, 61-871 Poznań, Poland; or
| | - Giovanni Lombardi
- Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Milano, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, 20161 Milan, Italy; (S.P.); or
- Department of Athletics, Strength and Conditioning, Poznań University of Physical Education, 61-871 Poznań, Poland; or
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Monfort-Pires M, U-Din M, Nogueira GA, de Almeida-Faria J, Sidarta-Oliveira D, Sant'Ana MR, De Lima-Júnior JC, Cintra DE, de Souza HP, Ferreira SRG, Sapienza MT, Virtanen KA, Velloso LA. Short Dietary Intervention with Olive Oil Increases Brown Adipose Tissue Activity in Lean but not Overweight Subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 106:472-484. [PMID: 33180910 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The brown adipose tissue (BAT) is a potential target for the treatment of obesity and metabolic disorders. Its activation by cold exposure or adrenergic drugs can increase systemic insulin sensitivity and improve lipid metabolism; however, little is known about the effects of specific dietary components on BAT activity. OBJECTIVES We asked if a short-term (4 weeks) dietary intervention with olive oil could modify BAT activity in lean and overweight/obese volunteers. DESIGN This was a 4-week open clinical trial in which all participants underwent a dietary intervention with extra-virgin olive oil supplementation. As the initial intake of olive oil was controlled all the participants were controls of themselves. RESULTS The intervention resulted in significant increase in blood monounsaturated fatty acid levels, which was accompanied by increased BAT activity in lean but not in overweight/obese volunteers. In the lean group, an increase in leptin was detected after the intervention, and low leptin values at the beginning of the study were predictive of greater BAT activity after intervention. In addition, increase in leptin concentration was associated with increased BAT activity. Three known endogenous mediators of BAT activity, secretin, fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), and 12,13-dihydroxy-9Z-octadecenoic acid (12,13-diHOME) were increased by intervention in lean, whereas only secretin and FGF21 were increased in subjects with excessive weight. CONCLUSION This study provides clinical evidence for the impact of monounsaturated fatty acids on BAT activity and an advance in the understanding of the beneficial health effects of olive oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Monfort-Pires
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mueez U-Din
- Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Guilherme A Nogueira
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliana de Almeida-Faria
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Davi Sidarta-Oliveira
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcella Ramos Sant'Ana
- Nutritional Genomics Laboratory, LabGeN, School of Applied Sciences, UNICAMP, Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José C De Lima-Júnior
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dennys E Cintra
- Nutritional Genomics Laboratory, LabGeN, School of Applied Sciences, UNICAMP, Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Sandra R G Ferreira
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health - University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Tatit Sapienza
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology and Oncology, Medical School of University of São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kirsi A Virtanen
- Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland (UEF), Kuopio, Finland
| | - Licio A Velloso
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Maurer SF, Dieckmann S, Lund J, Fromme T, Hess AL, Colson C, Kjølbaek L, Astrup A, Gillum MP, Larsen LH, Liebisch G, Amri EZ, Klingenspor M. No Effect of Dietary Fish Oil Supplementation on the Recruitment of Brown and Brite Adipocytes in Mice or Humans under Thermoneutral Conditions. Mol Nutr Food Res 2021; 65:e2000681. [PMID: 33274552 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202000681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE Brown and brite adipocytes within the mammalian adipose organ provide non-shivering thermogenesis and thus, have an exceptional capacity to dissipate chemical energy as heat. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) of the n3-series, abundant in fish oil, have been repeatedly demonstrated to enhance the recruitment of thermogenic capacity in these cells, consequently affecting body adiposity and glucose tolerance. These effects are scrutinized in mice housed in a thermoneutral environment and in a human dietary intervention trial. METHODS AND RESULTS Mice are housed in a thermoneutral environment eliminating the superimposing effect of mild cold-exposure on thermogenic adipocyte recruitment. Dietary fish oil supplementation in two different inbred mouse strains neither affects body mass trajectory nor enhances the recruitment of brown and brite adipocytes, both in the presence and absence of a β3-adrenoreceptor agonist imitating the effect of cold-exposure on adipocytes. In line with these findings, dietary fish oil supplementation of persons with overweight or obesity fails to recruit thermogenic adipocytes in subcutaneous adipose tissue. CONCLUSION Thus, the authors' data question the hypothesized potential of n3-PUFA as modulators of adipocyte-based thermogenesis and energy balance regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie F Maurer
- Chair for Molecular Nutritional Medicine, Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Life Sciences, Freising, 85354, Germany
- EKFZ - Else Kröner-Fresenius Center for Nutritional Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Freising, 85354, Germany
| | - Sebastian Dieckmann
- Chair for Molecular Nutritional Medicine, Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Life Sciences, Freising, 85354, Germany
- EKFZ - Else Kröner-Fresenius Center for Nutritional Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Freising, 85354, Germany
- ZIEL - Institute for Food and Health, Technical University of Munich, Freising, 85354, Germany
| | - Jens Lund
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports (NEXS), Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, DK-1958, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DK-2200, Denmark
| | - Tobias Fromme
- Chair for Molecular Nutritional Medicine, Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Life Sciences, Freising, 85354, Germany
- EKFZ - Else Kröner-Fresenius Center for Nutritional Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Freising, 85354, Germany
- ZIEL - Institute for Food and Health, Technical University of Munich, Freising, 85354, Germany
| | - Anne Lundby Hess
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports (NEXS), Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, DK-1958, Denmark
| | - Cécilia Colson
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Inserm, iBV, Nice, 06107, France
| | - Louise Kjølbaek
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports (NEXS), Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, DK-1958, Denmark
| | - Arne Astrup
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports (NEXS), Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, DK-1958, Denmark
| | - Matthew Paul Gillum
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DK-2200, Denmark
| | - Lesli Hingstrup Larsen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports (NEXS), Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, DK-1958, Denmark
| | - Gerhard Liebisch
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, 93053, Germany
| | - Ez-Zoubir Amri
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Inserm, iBV, Nice, 06107, France
| | - Martin Klingenspor
- Chair for Molecular Nutritional Medicine, Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Life Sciences, Freising, 85354, Germany
- EKFZ - Else Kröner-Fresenius Center for Nutritional Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Freising, 85354, Germany
- ZIEL - Institute for Food and Health, Technical University of Munich, Freising, 85354, Germany
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50
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Son JS, Chae SA, Wang H, Chen Y, Bravo Iniguez A, de Avila JM, Jiang Z, Zhu MJ, Du M. Maternal Inactivity Programs Skeletal Muscle Dysfunction in Offspring Mice by Attenuating Apelin Signaling and Mitochondrial Biogenesis. Cell Rep 2020; 33:108461. [PMID: 33264618 PMCID: PMC8137280 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Although maternal exercise (ME) becomes increasingly uncommon, the effects of ME on offspring muscle metabolic health remain largely undefined. Maternal mice are subject to daily exercise during pregnancy, which enhances mitochondrial biogenesis during fetal muscle development; this is correlated with higher mitochondrial content and oxidative muscle fibers in offspring muscle and improved endurance capacity. Apelin, an exerkine, is elevated due to ME, and maternal apelin administration mirrors the effect of ME on mitochondrial biogenesis in fetal muscle. Importantly, both ME and apelin induce DNA demethylation of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α (Ppargc1a) promoter and enhance its expression and mitochondrial biogenesis in fetal muscle. Such changes in DNA methylation were maintained in offspring, with ME offspring muscle expressing higher levels of PGC-1α1/4 isoforms, explaining improved muscle function. In summary, ME enhances DNA demethylation of the Ppargc1a promoter in fetal muscle, which has positive programming effects on the exercise endurance capacity and protects offspring muscle against metabolic dysfunction. Son et al. demonstrate that maternal exercise facilitates fetal muscle development, which improves muscle function and exercise endurance in offspring. Maternal administration of apelin, an exerkine, mirrors the beneficial effects of maternal exercise on mitochondrial biogenesis and fetal muscle development. These findings suggest apelin and its receptor as potential drug targets for improving fetal muscle development of sedentary mothers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Seok Son
- Nutrigenomics and Growth Biology Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA; School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Song Ah Chae
- Nutrigenomics and Growth Biology Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Hongyang Wang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanting Chen
- Nutrigenomics and Growth Biology Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | | | - Jeanene M de Avila
- Nutrigenomics and Growth Biology Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Zhihua Jiang
- Nutrigenomics and Growth Biology Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Mei-Jun Zhu
- School of Food Science, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Min Du
- Nutrigenomics and Growth Biology Laboratory, Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA; School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA.
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