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Hu Y, Huang Y, Jiang Y, Weng L, Cai Z, He B. The Different Shades of Thermogenic Adipose Tissue. Curr Obes Rep 2024:10.1007/s13679-024-00559-y. [PMID: 38607478 DOI: 10.1007/s13679-024-00559-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW By providing a concise overview of adipose tissue types, elucidating the regulation of adipose thermogenic capacity in both physiological contexts and chronic wasting diseases (a protracted hypermetabolic state that precipitates sustained catabolism and consequent progressive corporeal atrophy), and most importantly, delving into the ongoing discourse regarding the role of adipose tissue thermogenic activation in chronic wasting diseases, this review aims to provide researchers with a comprehensive understanding of the field. RECENT FINDINGS Adipose tissue, traditionally classified as white, brown, and beige (brite) based on its thermogenic activity and potential, is intricately regulated by complex mechanisms in response to exercise or cold exposure. This regulation is adipose depot-specific and dependent on the duration of exposure. Excessive thermogenic activation of adipose tissue has been observed in chronic wasting diseases and has been considered a pathological factor that accelerates disease progression. However, this conclusion may be confounded by the detrimental effects of excessive lipolysis. Recent research also suggests that such activation may play a beneficial role in the early stages of chronic wasting disease and provide potential therapeutic effects. A more comprehensive understanding of the changes in adipose tissue thermogenesis under physiological and pathological conditions, as well as the underlying regulatory mechanisms, is essential for the development of novel interventions to improve health and prevent disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunwen Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Yijie Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Yangjing Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Lvkan Weng
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China.
| | - Zhaohua Cai
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China.
| | - Ben He
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China.
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Panda SS, Behera B, Ghosh R, Bagh B, Aich P. Antibiotic induced adipose tissue browning in C57BL/6 mice: An association with the metabolic profile and the gut microbiota. Life Sci 2024; 340:122473. [PMID: 38290571 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
AIMS The use of antibiotics affects health. The gut microbial dysbiosis by antibiotics is thought to be an essential pathway to influence health. It is important to have optimized energy utilization, in which adipose tissues (AT) play crucial roles in maintaining health. Adipocytes regulate the balance between energy expenditure and storage. While it is known that white adipose tissue (WAT) stores energy and brown adipose tissue (BAT) produces energy by thermogenesis, the role of an intermediate AT plays an important role in balancing host internal energy. In the current study, we tried to understand how treating an antibiotic cocktail transforms WAT into BAT or, more precisely, into beige adipose tissue (BeAT). METHODS Since antibiotic treatment perturbs the host microbiota, we wanted to understand the role of gut microbial dysbiosis in transforming WAT into BeAT in C57BL/6 mice. We further correlated the metabolic profile at the systemic level with this BeAT transformation and gut microbiota profile. KEY FINDINGS In the present study, we have reported that the antibiotic cocktail treatment increases the Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria while reducing the Bacteroidetes phylum. We observed that prolonged antibiotic treatment could induce the formation of BeAT in the inguinal and perigonadal AT. The correlation analysis showed an association between the gut microbiota phyla, beige adipose tissue markers, and serum metabolites. SIGNIFICANCE Our study revealed that the gut microbiota has a significant role in regulating the metabolic health of the host via microbiota-adipose axis communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Sagarika Panda
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), P.O. - Bhimpur-Padanpur, Jatni - 752050, Dist. -Khurda, Odisha, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Biplab Behera
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), P.O. - Bhimpur-Padanpur, Jatni - 752050, Dist. -Khurda, Odisha, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rahul Ghosh
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), P.O. - Bhimpur-Padanpur, Jatni - 752050, Dist. -Khurda, Odisha, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Bidraha Bagh
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), P.O. - Bhimpur-Padanpur, Jatni - 752050, Dist. -Khurda, Odisha, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Palok Aich
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), P.O. - Bhimpur-Padanpur, Jatni - 752050, Dist. -Khurda, Odisha, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.
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von Essen G, Lindsund E, Maldonado EM, Zouhar P, Cannon B, Nedergaard J. Highly recruited brown adipose tissue does not in itself protect against obesity. Mol Metab 2023; 76:101782. [PMID: 37499977 PMCID: PMC10432997 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2023.101782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The possibility to counteract the development of obesity in humans by recruiting brown or brite/beige adipose tissue (and thus UCP1) has attracted much attention. Here we examine if a diet that can activate diet-induced thermogenesis can exploit pre-enhanced amounts of UCP1 to counteract the development of diet-induced obesity. METHODS To investigate the anti-obesity significance of highly augmented amounts of UCP1 for control of body energy reserves, we physiologically increased total UCP1 amounts by recruitment of brown and brite/beige tissues in mice. We then examined the influence of the augmented UCP1 levels on metabolic parameters when the mice were exposed to a high-fat/high-sucrose diet under thermoneutral conditions. RESULTS The total UCP1 levels achieved were about 50-fold higher in recruited than in non-recruited mice. Contrary to underlying expectations, in the mice with highly recruited UCP1 and exposed to a high-fat/high-sucrose diet the thermogenic capacity of this UCP1 was completely inactivate. The mice even transiently (in an adipostat-like manner) demonstrated a higher metabolic efficiency and fat gain than did non-recruited mice. This was accomplished without altering energy expenditure or food absorption efficiency. The metabolic efficiency here was indistinguishable from that of mice totally devoid of UCP1. CONCLUSIONS Although UCP1 protein may be available, it is not inevitably utilized for diet-induced thermogenesis. Thus, although attempts to recruit UCP1 in humans may become successful as such, it is only if constant activation of the UCP1 is also achieved that amelioration of obesity development could be attained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella von Essen
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, The Arrhenius Laboratories F3, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Erik Lindsund
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, The Arrhenius Laboratories F3, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elaina M Maldonado
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, The Arrhenius Laboratories F3, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Petr Zouhar
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, The Arrhenius Laboratories F3, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden; Laboratory of Adipose Tissue Biology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, CZ-142 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Barbara Cannon
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, The Arrhenius Laboratories F3, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan Nedergaard
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, The Arrhenius Laboratories F3, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Chen YJ, Liao PX, Kuo WH, Chen CY, Ding ST, Wang MH. Assessment of Brown and Beige Adipose Tissue Activation in Mice Using PET/CT Imaging. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2662:135-145. [PMID: 37076677 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3167-6_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
In response to cold induction, brown adipose tissues (BAT) and emerged brown-like adipocytes (beige adipocytes) in subcutaneous white adipose tissues (WAT browning/beiging) are activated. Thermogenesis is increased during glucose and fatty acid uptake and metabolism in adult humans and mice. This activation of BAT or WAT beiging to generate heat helps to counteract diet-induced obesity. This protocol applies the glucose analog radiotracer 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG), coupled with positron emission tomography and computed tomography (PET/CT) scanning to evaluate cold-induced thermogenesis in the active BAT (interscapular region) and browned/beiged WAT (subcutaneous adipose region) in mice. The PET/CT scanning technique not only can quantify cold-induced glucose uptake in well-known BAT and beige-fat depots but also helps to visualize the anatomical location of novel uncharacterized mouse BAT and beige fat where cold-induced glucose uptake is high. Histological analysis is further employed to validate signals of delineated anatomical regions in PET/CT images as bona fide mouse BAT or beiged WAT fat depots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jen Chen
- Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Pei-Xin Liao
- Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Hung Kuo
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Yi Chen
- Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Torng Ding
- Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Hui Wang
- Institute of Nuclear Energy Research, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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Francis CE, Allee L, Nguyen H, Grindstaff RD, Miller CN, Rayalam S. Endocrine disrupting chemicals: Friend or foe to brown and beige adipose tissue? Toxicology 2021; 463:152972. [PMID: 34606950 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2021.152972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The effects of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs) on the current obesity epidemic is a growing field of interest. Numerous EDCs have shown the potential to alter energy metabolism, which may increase the risk of obesity, in part, through direct actions on adipose tissue. While white adipose tissue has historically been the primary focus of this work, evidence of the EDC-induced disruption of brown and beige adipose tissues continues to build. Both brown and beige fat are thermogenic adipose depots rich in mitochondria that dispense heat when activated. Due to these properties, brown and beige fat are implicated in metabolic diseases such as obesity, diabetes, and cachexia. This review delves into the current literature of different EDCs, including bisphenols, dioxins, air pollutants, phthalates, and phytochemicals. The possible implications that these EDCs have on thermogenic adipose tissues are covered. This review also introduces the possibility of using brown and beige fat as a therapeutic target organ by taking advantage of some of the properties of EDCs. Collectively, we provide a comprehensive discussion of the evidence of EDC disruption in white, brown, and beige fat and highlight gaps worthy of further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Logan Allee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Georgia Campus, Suwanee, GA, USA
| | - Helen Nguyen
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Rachel D Grindstaff
- Neuroendocrine Toxicology Brach, Public Health and Integrative Toxicology Division, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Colette N Miller
- Cardiopulmonary Immunotoxicology Branch, Public Health and Integrative Toxicology Division, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
| | - Srujana Rayalam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Georgia Campus, Suwanee, GA, USA.
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Abstract
Adipose tissue plays a pivotal role in energy storage, hormone secretion, and temperature control. Mammalian adipose tissue is largely divided into white adipose tissue and brown adipose tissue, although recent studies have discovered the existence of beige adipocytes. Adipose tissues are widespread over the whole body and each location shows distinctive metabolic features. Mice are used as a representative experimental model system in metabolic studies due to their numerous advantages. Importantly, the adipose tissues of experimental animals and humans are not perfectly matched, and each adipose tissue exhibits both similar and specific characteristics. Nevertheless, the diversity and characteristics of mouse adipose tissue have not yet been comprehensively summarized. This review summarizes diverse information about the different types of adipose tissue being studied in mouse models. The types and characteristics of adipocytes were described, and each adipose tissue was classified by type, and features such as its distribution, origin, differences from humans, and metabolic characteristics were described. In particular, the distribution of widely studied adipose tissues was illustrated so that researchers can comprehensively grasp its location. Also, the adipose tissues misused or confusingly used among researchers were described. This review will provide researchers with comprehensive information and cautions needed to study adipose tissues in mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang-Hoon Chun
- Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Inchon, 21936, Republic of Korea.
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Weiner J, Roth L, Kranz M, Brust P, Boelen A, Klöting N, Heiker JT, Blüher M, Tönjes A, Pfluger PT, Stumvoll M, Mittag J, Krause K. Leptin counteracts hypothermia in hypothyroidism through its pyrexic effects and by stabilizing serum thyroid hormone levels. Mol Metab 2021; 54:101348. [PMID: 34610354 PMCID: PMC8556519 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Thyroid hormones (TH) are essential for the homeostatic control of energy metabolism and the regulation of body temperature. The hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid (HPT) axis is regulated by negative feedback mechanisms, ensuring that TH levels are maintained at a constant level. However, the feedback mechanisms underlying the resetting of the HPT axis regulation in the control of body temperature are still not fully understood. Here, we aimed to determine the thermoregulatory response in hypothyroid mice to different environmental temperatures and the underlying mechanisms. Methods Distinct thermogenic challenges were induced in hypothyroid female C57BL/6N and leptin-deficient ob/ob mice through housing at either room temperature or thermoneutrality. The thermogenic and metabolic effects were analyzed through metabolic chambers, 18F-FDG-PET/MRI, infrared thermography, metabolic profiling, histology, gene expression and Western blot analysis. Results In hypothyroid mice maintained at room temperature, high leptin serum levels induce a pyrexic effect leading to the stabilization of body temperature through brown adipose tissue thermogenesis and white adipose tissue browning. Housing at thermoneutrality leads to the normalization of leptin levels and a reduction of the central temperature set point, resulting in decreased thermogenesis in brown and white adipose tissue and skeletal muscle and a significant decline in body temperature. Furthermore, anapyrexia in hypothyroid leptin-deficient ob/ob mice indicates that besides its pyrexic actions, leptin exerts a stimulatory effect on the HPT axis to stabilize the remaining TH serum levels in hypothyroid mice. Conclusion This study led to the identification of a previously unknown endocrine loop in which leptin acts in concert with the HPT axis to stabilize body temperature in hypothyroid mice. Thyroid hormones are essential for the regulation of body temperature. Thyroid hormone-deficient (hypothyroid) mice show distinct leptin serum concentrations in response to changes in ambient housing temperature. High leptin serum levels confer a stimulatory effect on the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis. High leptin serum level prevents fall in body temperature in hypothyroid mice at room temperature through its pyrexic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Weiner
- Medical Department III - Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Lisa Roth
- Medical Department III - Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mathias Kranz
- University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway; Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Peter Brust
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anita Boelen
- Endocrine Laboratory, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Nora Klöting
- Medical Department III - Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany; Helmholtz Zentrum München, Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - John T Heiker
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Matthias Blüher
- Medical Department III - Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany; Helmholtz Zentrum München, Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anke Tönjes
- Medical Department III - Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Paul T Pfluger
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Research Unit NeuroBiology of Diabetes, Neuherberg, Germany; Technical University of Munich (TUM), TUM School of Medicine, NeuroBiology of Diabetes, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Stumvoll
- Medical Department III - Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany; Helmholtz Zentrum München, Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jens Mittag
- Institute for Endocrinology & Diabetes/CBBM, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Kerstin Krause
- Medical Department III - Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany.
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Liu L, Zhang T, Hu J, Ma R, He B, Wang M, Wang Y. Adiponectin/SIRT1 Axis Induces White Adipose Browning After Vertical Sleeve Gastrectomy of Obese Rats with Type 2 Diabetes. Obes Surg 2020; 30:1392-403. [PMID: 31781938 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-019-04295-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE White adipose tissue (WAT) browning plays a crucial role in energy metabolism. However, it remains unclear whether WAT browning is involved in the adipose reduction following sleeve gastrectomy (SG). Adiponectin is upregulated after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery. The role of adiponectin in SG was further investigated in the current study. MATERIALS AND METHODS Diabetic Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into control, sham + libitum, sham + food restriction, and sleeve groups. Browning markers, including uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) γ, and PPARγ coactivator-1 alpha (PGC-1α), were examined 4 weeks after the operation. RESULTS UCP1, PPARγ, and PGC-1α expression were significantly higher in the sleeve group compared to the other study groups. The adipose tissue of the sleeve group exhibited tissue weight loss and additional morphological browning features. In addition, adiponectin expression in the sleeve group was significantly increased. Adiponectin upregulated the expression of the browning genes and sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. SIRT1 could increase the WAT browning levels, revealing that adiponectin induced the browning process via the upregulation of SIRT1. Furthermore, SIRT1 represented a positive regulatory feedback loop for adiponectin. SIRT1 activated adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), which can mediate WAT browning. Inhibition of the AMPK signaling pathway by dorsomorphin decreased UCP1, PPARγ, and PGC-1α expression. However, additional studies are needed to understand the relationship between adiponectin and glucose homeostasis. CONCLUSIONS Sleeve gastrectomy increased adiponectin levels, which in turn upregulated SIRT1. Thus, SIRT1 may function as an endocrine signal to mediate WAT browning.
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Rhein P, Desjardins EM, Rong P, Ahwazi D, Bonhoure N, Stolte J, Santos MD, Ovens AJ, Ehrlich AM, Sanchez Garcia JL, Ouyang Q, Yabut JM, Kjolby M, Membrez M, Jessen N, Oakhill JS, Treebak JT, Maire P, Scott JW, Sanders MJ, Descombes P, Chen S, Steinberg GR, Sakamoto K. Compound- and fiber type-selective requirement of AMPKγ3 for insulin-independent glucose uptake in skeletal muscle. Mol Metab 2021; 51:101228. [PMID: 33798773 PMCID: PMC8381060 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The metabolic master-switch AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) mediates insulin-independent glucose uptake in muscle and regulates the metabolic activity of brown and beige adipose tissue (BAT). The regulatory AMPKγ3 isoform is uniquely expressed in skeletal muscle and potentially in BAT. Herein, we investigated the role that AMPKγ3 plays in mediating skeletal muscle glucose uptake and whole-body glucose clearance in response to small-molecule activators that act on AMPK via distinct mechanisms. We also assessed whether γ3 plays a role in adipose thermogenesis and browning. Methods Global AMPKγ3 knockout (KO) mice were generated. A systematic whole-body, tissue, and molecular phenotyping linked to glucose homeostasis was performed in γ3 KO and wild-type (WT) mice. Glucose uptake in glycolytic and oxidative skeletal muscle ex vivo as well as blood glucose clearance in response to small molecule AMPK activators that target the nucleotide-binding domain of the γ subunit (AICAR) and allosteric drug and metabolite (ADaM) site located at the interface of the α and β subunit (991, MK-8722) were assessed. Oxygen consumption, thermography, and molecular phenotyping with a β3-adrenergic receptor agonist (CL-316,243) treatment were performed to assess BAT thermogenesis, characteristics, and function. Results Genetic ablation of γ3 did not affect body weight, body composition, physical activity, and parameters associated with glucose homeostasis under chow or high-fat diet. γ3 deficiency had no effect on fiber-type composition, mitochondrial content and components, or insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in skeletal muscle. Glycolytic muscles in γ3 KO mice showed a partial loss of AMPKα2 activity, which was associated with reduced levels of AMPKα2 and β2 subunit isoforms. Notably, γ3 deficiency resulted in a selective loss of AICAR-, but not MK-8722-induced blood glucose-lowering in vivo and glucose uptake specifically in glycolytic muscle ex vivo. We detected γ3 in BAT and found that it preferentially interacts with α2 and β2. We observed no differences in oxygen consumption, thermogenesis, morphology of BAT and inguinal white adipose tissue (iWAT), or markers of BAT activity between WT and γ3 KO mice. Conclusions These results demonstrate that γ3 plays a key role in mediating AICAR- but not ADaM site binding drug-stimulated blood glucose clearance and glucose uptake specifically in glycolytic skeletal muscle. We also showed that γ3 is dispensable for β3-adrenergic receptor agonist-induced thermogenesis and browning of iWAT. Loss of AMPKγ3 reduces glucose uptake in glycolytic skeletal muscle and whole-body glucose clearance with AMP-mimetic drug. γ3 is not required for muscle glucose uptake and whole-body glucose clearance with ADaM site-targeted allosteric activators. γ3 is present and forms a trimeric complex with α2 and β2 in brown adipose tissue. γ3 is dispensable for adipose thermogenesis and browning in response to a β3-adrenergic receptor agonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Rhein
- Nestlé Research, Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., EPFL Innovation Park, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland; School of Life Sciences, EPFL Innovation Park, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Eric M Desjardins
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity, and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8N3Z5, Canada; Department of Medicine and Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8N3Z5, Canada
| | - Ping Rong
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210061, China
| | - Danial Ahwazi
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2200, Denmark
| | - Nicolas Bonhoure
- Nestlé Research, Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., EPFL Innovation Park, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Jens Stolte
- Nestlé Research, Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., EPFL Innovation Park, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Matthieu D Santos
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Ashley J Ovens
- Metabolic Signalling Laboratory, St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, School of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, 3065, Australia; Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Amy M Ehrlich
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2200, Denmark
| | - José L Sanchez Garcia
- Nestlé Research, Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., EPFL Innovation Park, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Qian Ouyang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210061, China
| | - Julian M Yabut
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity, and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8N3Z5, Canada; Department of Medicine and Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8N3Z5, Canada
| | - Mads Kjolby
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mathieu Membrez
- Nestlé Research, Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., EPFL Innovation Park, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Niels Jessen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jonathan S Oakhill
- Metabolic Signalling Laboratory, St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, School of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, 3065, Australia; Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Jonas T Treebak
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2200, Denmark
| | - Pascal Maire
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, 75014, Paris, France
| | - John W Scott
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia; Protein Chemistry and Metabolism Unit, St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, VIC, 3065, Australia; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Matthew J Sanders
- Nestlé Research, Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., EPFL Innovation Park, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Descombes
- Nestlé Research, Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., EPFL Innovation Park, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Shuai Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210061, China
| | - Gregory R Steinberg
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity, and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8N3Z5, Canada; Department of Medicine and Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8N3Z5, Canada
| | - Kei Sakamoto
- Nestlé Research, Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., EPFL Innovation Park, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2200, Denmark.
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10
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Li Y, Yun K, Mu R. A review on the biology and properties of adipose tissue macrophages involved in adipose tissue physiological and pathophysiological processes. Lipids Health Dis 2020; 19:164. [PMID: 32646451 PMCID: PMC7350193 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-020-01342-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity exhibits a correlation with metabolic inflammation and endoplasmic reticulum stress, promoting the progression of metabolic disease such as diabetes, hyperlipidemia, hyperuricemia and so on. Adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs) are central players in obesity-associated inflammation and metabolic diseases. Macrophages are involved in lipid and energy metabolism and mitochondrial function in adipocytes. Macrophage polarization is accompanied by metabolic shifting between glycolysis and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. Here, this review focuses on macrophage metabolism linked to functional phenotypes with an emphasis on macrophage polarization in adipose tissue physiological and pathophysiological processes. In particular, the interplay between ATMs and adipocytes in energy metabolism, glycolysis, OXPHOS, iron handing and even interactions with the nervous system have been reviewed. Overall, the understanding of protective and pathogenic roles of ATMs in adipose tissue can potentially provide strategies to prevent and treat obesity-related metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunjia Li
- The First Clinical Medicine Faculty, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Ke Yun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Runqing Mu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, China.
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11
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Darcy J, Fang Y, McFadden S, Lynes MD, Leiria LO, Dreyfuss JM, Bussburg V, Tolstikov V, Greenwood B, Narain NR, Kiebish MA, Bartke A, Tseng YH. Integrated metabolomics reveals altered lipid metabolism in adipose tissue in a model of extreme longevity. GeroScience 2020; 42:1527-1546. [PMID: 32632845 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-020-00221-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue plays an essential role in metabolic health. Ames dwarf mice are exceptionally long-lived and display metabolically beneficial phenotypes in their adipose tissue, providing an ideal model for studying the intersection between adipose tissue and longevity. To this end, we assessed the metabolome and lipidome of adipose tissue in Ames dwarf mice. We observed distinct lipid profiles in brown versus white adipose tissue of Ames dwarf mice that are consistent with increased thermogenesis and insulin sensitivity, such as increased cardiolipin and decreased ceramide concentrations. Moreover, we identified 5-hydroxyeicosapentaenoic acid (5-HEPE), an ω-3 fatty acid metabolite, to be increased in Ames dwarf brown adipose tissue (BAT), as well as in circulation. Importantly, 5-HEPE is increased in other models of BAT activation and is negatively correlated with body weight, insulin resistance, and circulating triglyceride concentrations in humans. Together, these data represent a novel lipid signature of adipose tissue in a mouse model of extreme longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Darcy
- Joslin Diabetes Center, Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yimin Fang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Geriatric Research, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, USA
| | - Samuel McFadden
- Department of Internal Medicine, Geriatric Research, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, USA
| | - Matthew D Lynes
- Joslin Diabetes Center, Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Luiz O Leiria
- Joslin Diabetes Center, Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases (CRID), Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Jonathan M Dreyfuss
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Core, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Andrzej Bartke
- Department of Internal Medicine, Geriatric Research, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, USA
| | - Yu-Hua Tseng
- Joslin Diabetes Center, Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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12
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Abstract
Since the rediscovery of active brown and beige adipose tissues in humans a decade ago, great efforts have been made to identify the mechanisms underlying the activation and inactivation of these tissues, with the hope of designing potential strategies to fight against obesity and associated metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes. Active brown/beige fat increases the energy expenditure and is associated with reduced hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia, whereas its atrophy and inactivation have been associated with obesity and aging. Autophagy, which is the process by which intracellular components are degraded within the lysosomes, has recently emerged as an important regulatory mechanism of brown/beige fat plasticity. Studies have shown that autophagy participates in the intracellular remodeling events that occur during brown/beige adipogenesis, thermogenic activation, and inactivation. The autophagic degradation of mitochondria appears to be important for the inactivation of brown fat and the transition from beige-to-white adipose tissue. Moreover, autophagic dysregulation in adipose tissues has been associated with obesity. Thus, understanding the regulatory mechanisms that control autophagy in the physiology and pathophysiology of adipose tissues might suggest novel treatments against obesity and its associated metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montserrat Cairó
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Avda Diagonal 643, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Joan Villarroya
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Avda Diagonal 643, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08041, Barcelona, Spain.
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13
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Kaisanlahti A, Glumoff T. Browning of white fat: agents and implications for beige adipose tissue to type 2 diabetes. J Physiol Biochem 2018; 75:1-10. [PMID: 30506389 PMCID: PMC6513802 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-018-0658-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian adipose tissue is traditionally categorized into white and brown relating to their function and morphology: while white serves as an energy storage, brown adipose tissue acts as the heat generator maintaining the core body temperature. The most recently identified type of fat, beige adipocyte tissue, resembles brown fat by morphology and function but is developmentally more related to white. The synthesis of beige fat, so-called browning of white fat, has developed into a topical issue in diabetes and metabolism research. This is due to its favorable effect on whole-body energy metabolism and the fact that it can be recruited during adult life. Indeed, brown and beige adipose tissues have been demonstrated to play a role in glucose homeostasis, insulin sensitivity, and lipid metabolism—all factors related to pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. Many agents capable of initiating browning have been identified so far and tested widely in humans and animal models including in vitro and in vivo experiments. Interestingly, several agents demonstrated to have browning activity are in fact secreted as adipokines from brown and beige fat tissue, suggesting a physiological relevance both in beige adipocyte recruitment processes and in maintenance of metabolic homeostasis. The newest findings on agents driving beige fat recruitment, their mechanisms, and implications on type 2 diabetes are discussed in this review.
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MESH Headings
- Adipose Tissue, Beige/drug effects
- Adipose Tissue, Beige/metabolism
- Adipose Tissue, Beige/pathology
- Adipose Tissue, Brown/drug effects
- Adipose Tissue, Brown/metabolism
- Adipose Tissue, Brown/pathology
- Adipose Tissue, White/drug effects
- Adipose Tissue, White/metabolism
- Adipose Tissue, White/pathology
- Animals
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/drug therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/pathology
- Energy Metabolism/drug effects
- Energy Metabolism/genetics
- Glucagon-Like Peptide 1/pharmacology
- Glucose/metabolism
- Humans
- Insulin Resistance
- Leptin/pharmacology
- Lipid Metabolism/drug effects
- Lipid Metabolism/genetics
- Lipotropic Agents/pharmacology
- Melatonin/pharmacology
- Natriuretic Peptides/pharmacology
- Thermogenesis/drug effects
- Thermogenesis/genetics
- Tretinoin/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kaisanlahti
- Biocenter Oulu/Cancer Research and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, Aapistie 5, P.O. Box 5281, 90014, Oulu, Finland.
| | - T Glumoff
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Aapistie 7A, P.O Box 5400, 90014, Oulu, Finland
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14
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Panati K, Narala VR, Narasimha VR, Derangula M, Arva Tatireddigari VRR, Yeguvapalli S. Expression, purification and biological characterisation of recombinant human irisin (12.5 kDa). J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2018; 16:459-466. [PMID: 30733760 PMCID: PMC6354006 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgeb.2018.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Fibronectin type III domain containing 5 (FNDC5) is a transmembrane protein. Upon cleavage, it yields a peptide called irisin that is supposedly bind to an unknown receptor and facilitates browning of white adipose tissue (WAT). Increased levels of irisin are associated with increased levels of energy expenditure markers PGC-1α, UCP-1, besides abundance of beige adipocytes in WAT. Though varied sizes of irisin were reported in humans and rodents it is not yet clear about the actual size of the irisin produced physiologically. Hence, we cloned and expressed human irisin (32–143 aa of FNDC5) in Escherichia coli based on the proposed cleavage site that yields 12.5 kDa peptide to study its antigenicity and other biological functions in vitro. We purified recombinant human irisin (rh-irisin) to 95% homogeneity with simple purification method with a yield of 25 mg/g wet cell pellet. rh-irisin has been detected by commercially available antibodies from different sources with similar antigenicity. Biological activity of the rh-irisin was confirmed by using 3T3-L1 pre-adipocyte differentiation by Oil red O staining. Further, rh-irisin treatment on pre-adipocytes showed increased expression of markers associated with energy expenditure. As it is involved in energy expenditure process, it could be considered as potential therapeutic option for various metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalpana Panati
- Department of Biotechnology, Government College for Men, Kadapa, AP 516 004, India.,Department of Biotechnology, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, AP 517 502, India
| | | | | | - Madhavi Derangula
- Department of Zoology, Yogi Vemana University, Kadapa, AP 516 005, India
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15
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Dewal RS, Stanford KI. Effects of exercise on brown and beige adipocytes. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2018; 1864:71-78. [PMID: 29684558 PMCID: PMC6292667 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Physical exercise leads to beneficial effects in numerous tissues and organ systems and offers protection against obesity and type 2 diabetes. Recent studies have investigated the role of exercise on brown adipose tissue (BAT) and white adipose tissue (WAT), and have indicated marked adaptations to each tissue with exercise. Studies investigating the effects of exercise on BAT have produced conflicting results, with some showing an increase in the thermogenic activity of BAT and some demonstrating a decrease in the thermogenic activity of BAT. Human studies have observed a down-regulation of BAT activity (measured by a reduction in glucose uptake) in response to exercise. In WAT, exercise decreases adipocyte size, alters gene expression, and increases mitochondrial activity. Transplantation of exercise-trained subcutaneous WAT (scWAT) improves whole-body metabolic health. In rodents, exercise also results in a beiging of scWAT. Thus, exercise-induced changes to adipose tissue may be part of the mechanism by which exercise improves metabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Revati S Dewal
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Kristin I Stanford
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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16
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Zhang M, Liu Y, Zhang X. [Advances in the research of relationship between brown or beige fat and hypermetabolism after severe burn]. Zhonghua Shao Shang Za Zhi 2018; 34:178-182. [PMID: 29609280 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1009-2587.2018.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Hypermetabolism is one of the remarkable characteristics of burn injury. Prolonged hypermetabolism causes insufficient energy supply, which leads to delayed wound healing, immune system dysfunction, increased infection rate, and multi-organ failure. In recent years, it is concerned that the activation of brown or beige adipose tissue may be related to hypermetabolism in severe burn patients. Brown or beige adipose tissue could be regulated by stress hormones and some cytokines which increase and persist in high level for several months after severe burn. This paper reviews the current knowledge of brown or beige adipocytes developmental lineages, molecular regulation mechanism, and regulation of brown or beige adipocytes activation after severe burn.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Zhang
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China
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17
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Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) enables adaptive thermoregulation through heat production that is catalyzed by mitochondrial uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1). BAT is frequently studied in rodent model organisms, and recently in adult humans to treat metabolic diseases. However, complementary studies of many non-model species, which have diversified to many more ecological niches, may significantly broaden our understanding of BAT regulation and its physiological roles. This Review highlights the research on non-model organisms, which was instrumental to the discovery of BAT function, and the unique evolutionary history of BAT/UCP1 in mammalian thermogenesis. The comparative biology of BAT provides a powerful integrative approach that could identify conserved and specialized functional changes in BAT and UCP1 by considering species diversity, ecology and evolution, and by fusing multiple scientific disciplines such as physiology and biochemistry. Thus, resolving the complete picture of BAT biology may fail if comparative studies of non-model organisms are neglected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Jastroch
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center at Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany .,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany.,Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Philipps University of Marburg, D-35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Rebecca Oelkrug
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism (CBBM), University of Lübeck, D-23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Susanne Keipert
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Diabetes Center at Helmholtz Zentrum München, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
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18
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Frank AP, Palmer BF, Clegg DJ. Do estrogens enhance activation of brown and beiging of adipose tissues? Physiol Behav 2017; 187:24-31. [PMID: 28988965 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Obesity and its associated co-morbidities are worldwide public health concerns. Obesity is characterized by excessive adipose tissue accumulation; however, it is important to recognize that human and rodent adipose tissues are made up of several distinct adipose tissue sub-types. White adipose tissue (WAT) is considered the prototypical fat cell, due to its capacity and capability to store large amounts of lipid. In contrast, brown adipose tissue (BAT) oxidizes substrates to generate heat. BAT contains more mitochondria than WAT and express uncoupling protein-1 (UCP1), which mediates BAT thermogenesis. A third sub-type of adipose tissue, Brown-in-white (BRITE)/beige adipocytes arise from WAT upon adrenergic stimulation and resembles BAT functionally. The energy burning feature of BAT/beige cells, combined with evidence of an inverse-correlation between BAT/beige adipose tissue and obesity have given rise to the hypothesis that obesity may be linked to BAT/beige 'malfunction'. Females have more BAT and perhaps an enhanced capacity to beige their adipose tissue when compared to males. Multiple signal pathways are capable of activating BAT thermogenesis and beiging of WAT; here, we discuss the potential role of estrogens in enhancing and mediating these factors to enhance adipose tissue thermogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron P Frank
- Biomedical Research Division, Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Department of Biomedical Science, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Biff F Palmer
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Deborah J Clegg
- Biomedical Research Division, Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Department of Biomedical Science, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
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19
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Abstract
Regulated transcription of the uncoupling protein-1 (UCP1) gene, and subsequent UCP1 protein synthesis, is a hallmark of the acquisition of the differentiated, thermogenically competent status of brown and beige/brite adipocytes, as well as of the responsiveness of brown and beige/brite adipocytes to adaptive regulation of thermogenic activity. The 5' non-coding region of the UCP1 gene contains regulatory elements that confer tissue specificity, differentiation dependence, and neuro-hormonal regulation to UCP1 gene transcription. Two main regions-a distal enhancer and a proximal promoter region-mediate transcriptional regulation through interactions with a plethora of transcription factors, including nuclear hormone receptors and cAMP-responsive transcription factors. Co-regulators, such as PGC-1α, play a pivotal role in the concerted regulation of UCP1 gene transcription. Multiple interactions of transcription factors and co-regulators at the promoter region of the UCP1 gene result in local chromatin remodeling, leading to activation and increased accessibility of RNA polymerase II and subsequent gene transcription. Moreover, a commonly occurring A-to-G polymorphism in close proximity to the UCP1 gene enhancer influences the extent of UCP1 gene transcription. Notably, it has been reported that specific aspects of obesity and associated metabolic diseases are associated with human population variability at this site. On another front, the unique properties of the UCP1 promoter region have been exploited to develop brown adipose tissue-specific gene delivery tools for experimental purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesc Villarroya
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain; Institut de Recerca Pediàtrica Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Marion Peyrou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain; Institut de Recerca Pediàtrica Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Marta Giralt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Institut de Biomedicina (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain; Institut de Recerca Pediàtrica Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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20
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Abstract
Overweight and obesity are global health problems placing an ever-increasing demand on health care systems. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is present in significant amounts in adults. BAT has potential as a fuel for oxidation and dissipation as heat production, which makes it an attractive target for obesity therapy. BAT activation results in increased energy expenditure via thermogenesis. The role of BAT/beige adipocyte activation on whole body energy homeostasis, body weight management/regulation, and whole body glucose and lipid homeostasis remains unproven. This paper reviews knowledge on brown/beige adipocytes in energy expenditure and how it may impact obesity therapy and its comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anny Mulya
- Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, NE40, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - John P Kirwan
- Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, NE40, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; Metabolic Translational Research Center, Endocrine and Metabolism Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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21
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Abstract
The adipose tissue (AT) is multifunctional, acting as an endocrine tissue and participating in the regulation of the organism's homeostasis. Metabolic, endocrine and inflammatory mechanisms are tightly intertwined within the AT, regulating its function. Disruption of the equilibrium among these mechanisms leads to pathologies, the most common being obesity-related insulin resistance. Two types of AT exist, the white and the brown AT. Traditionally the white AT (WAT) was thought to store energy in the form of lipids, while the brown AT (BAT) was known to mediate heat generation. Recently, the 'brite' or 'beige' AT was identified, which is localized predominantly in subcutaneous WAT, but shares functional features with the BAT and is capable of heat production. The major stimulus triggering beige and brown adipogenesis is cold exposure and catecholamine signalling. However, several further signals and mechanisms exist, which can orchestrate and fine-tune beige and brown AT function. Immune cells and inflammation have emerged as regulators of beige and brown AT function. The present review will focus on the recently identified crosstalk between innate immunity and the regulation of beige and brown adipogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasileia Ismini Alexaki
- Department of Clinical Pathobiochemistry, Medical Faculty, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Triantafyllos Chavakis
- Department of Clinical Pathobiochemistry, Medical Faculty, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
- Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of the Helmholtz Center Munich at University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany
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22
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Lee P, Greenfield JR. Non-pharmacological and pharmacological strategies of brown adipose tissue recruitment in humans. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015; 418 Pt 2:184-90. [PMID: 26026310 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Revised: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Humans maintain core temperature through a complex neuroendocrine circuitry, coupling environmental thermal and nutritional cues to heat-producing and dissipating mechanisms. Up to 40% of resting energy expenditure contributes to thermal homeostasis maintenance. Recent re-discovery of thermogenic brown adipose tissue (BAT) has brought the relation between ambient temperature, thermogenesis and systemic energy and substrate metabolism to the forefront. In addition to well-known pituitary-thyroid-adrenal axis, new endocrine signals, such as FGF21 and irisin, orchestrate crosstalk between white adipose tissue (WAT), BAT and muscle, tuning non-shivering and shivering thermogenesis responses. Cold exposure modulates the endocrine milieu, and cold-induced hormones cause bioenergetics transformation sufficient to impact whole body metabolism. This review will appraise the nature of human BAT and the basis of BAT-centred therapeutics, highlighting how the interaction between hormones and adipose tissue impacts metabolic responses. Non-pharmacological and pharmacological strategies of BAT recruitment and/or fat browning for metabolic benefits will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Lee
- Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia; Department of Endocrinology, St Vincent's Hospital, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Jerry R Greenfield
- Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia; Department of Endocrinology, St Vincent's Hospital, New South Wales, Australia; Diabetes Centre, St Vincent's Hospital, New South Wales, Australia
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23
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Abstract
BACKGROUND There are numerous reports of increased energy expenditure after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery in humans and rodent models but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. In the present study we assessed at the gene expression level whether RYGB leads to recruitment of brown adipose tissue (BAT) and/or beige adipose tissue (BeAT) as a means of enhanced facultative thermogenesis and increased energy expenditure after surgery. METHODS Diet-induced obese male Wistar rats were randomized into RYGB-operated (n=10), sham-operated ad libitum fed (Sham) (n=7) or sham-operated body weight matched (BWM) to RYGB groups (n=7). At a stage of postoperatively stabilized weight reduction, BAT (interscapular), subcutaneous (inguinal) and visceral (epididymal and perirenal) white adipose tissue (WAT) depots were collected in the fasted state. Expression of thermoregulatory genes (UCP1, CIDEA and PRDM16) in BAT and WAT as well as specific markers of BeAT (Ear2 and TMEM26) in WAT was analyzed using RT-qPCR. RESULTS Compared to Sham rats, UCP1 mRNA expression in BAT was significantly reduced in BWM, but not in RYGB rats. No differences in mRNA expression were found for thermoregulatory proteins or for markers of BeAT in subcutaneous or visceral WAT depots between RYGB and Sham groups. CONCLUSION The compensatory decrease in BAT thermogenic gene expression typically associated with body weight loss is attenuated after RYGB which, as opposed to recruitment of BeAT, may contribute to overall increases in energy expenditure and weight loss maintenance after surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed K Hankir
- Integrated Research and Treatment Centre for Adiposity Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Felix Bronisch
- Integrated Research and Treatment Centre for Adiposity Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Constantin Hintschich
- Integrated Research and Treatment Centre for Adiposity Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ute Krügel
- Rudolf Boehm Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Florian Seyfried
- Department of General, Visceral, Vascular Pediatric Surgery, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Wiebke K Fenske
- Integrated Research and Treatment Centre for Adiposity Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
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24
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Abstract
In the context of obesity, white adipocyte hypertrophy and adipose tissue macrophage infiltration result in the production of pro-inflammatory adipocytokines inducing insulin resistance locally but also in distant organs and contributing to low grade inflammatory status associated with the metabolic syndrome. Visceral adipose tissue is believed to play a prominent role. Brown and beige adipose tissues are capable of energy dissipation, but also of cytokine production and their role in dysmetabolic syndrome is emerging. This review focuses on metabolic and inflammatory changes in these adipose depots and contribution to metabolic syndrome. Also we will review surgical and pharmacological procedures to target adiposity as therapeutic interventions to treat obesity-associated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Lanthier
- Laboratoire de Gastroentérologie et Hépatologie, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Service d'Hépato-Gastroentérologie, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Isabelle A Leclercq
- Laboratoire de Gastroentérologie et Hépatologie, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Service d'Hépato-Gastroentérologie, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.
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25
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Abstract
The epidemic of obesity has contributed to the rapid rise in comorbid conditions such as cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, sleep apnea, and hypertension among others. Therefore, there is a critical need to develop therapeutic strategies to reduce the prevalence of the disease. Skeletal muscle cells secrete signaling cytokines/peptides (referred to as myokines) that act in autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine fashion. Myokines have been hypothesized to contribute to the immediate and chronic benefits of exercise and may thus serve as attractive therapeutic agents for the treatment of obesity. The recent discovery of the irisin, a proposed myokine, has gained much attention over the last two years as a potential therapeutic agent. Preliminary studies demonstrated that irisin has the potential to induce "browning" of white adipocytes in mice. If these findings in mice could be translated to humans, irisin could be a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of obesity. Limitations with the available antibodies, however, have raised concerns regarding the detectability of irisin in circulation. Moreover, the gene encoding irisin, FNDC5, is expressed robustly not only in muscle but also in various white adipose tissues (WAT) in humans, raising the possibility for increased thermogenesis through autocrine mechanisms. Here we will discuss the browning of WAT, the discovery of irisin, and its potential role in improving metabolic health in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian A. Irving
- Department of Gastroenterology, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, PA USA
- Geisinger Obesity Institute, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, PA USA
- Weis Center for Research, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, PA USA
- Geisinger Obesity Institute, Geisinger Health System, 100 N. Academy Ave, Danville, PA 17868 USA
| | - Christopher D. Still
- Department of Gastroenterology, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, PA USA
- Geisinger Obesity Institute, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, PA USA
| | - George Argyropoulos
- Department of Gastroenterology, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, PA USA
- Geisinger Obesity Institute, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, PA USA
- Weis Center for Research, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, PA USA
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