1
|
Faubert A, Bohsina R, You E, Hébert M, Griffith M, Aubin MJ. Diagnostic Accuracy of Conjunctival Rt-Pcr in Sars-Cov-2: A Systematic Review and Diagnostic Accuracy Meta-Analysis. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2024:1-12. [PMID: 38687292 DOI: 10.1080/09273948.2023.2272200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To study the positivity rate of conjunctival realtime polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) testing for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). DESIGN Systematic review and diagnostic accuracy meta-analysis. METHODS MEDLINE and EMBASE were queried using medical subject headings terms. Diagnostic accuracy meta-analyses and forest plots were obtained using the RevMan software. RESULTS After deduplication, appraisal of abstract titles and full-text analysis of 1441 articles, 42 articles with 3351 COVID-19 patients were included in this review. Of these, 412 conjunctival swabs/Schirmer paper strips tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR. The pooled sensitivity of the RT-PCR tests across the 24 studies with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 patients was 10.3%. CONCLUSIONS Only 1 in 10 RT-PCR tests performed on conjunctival swabs were positive for SARS-CoV-2. Although this suggests that SARS-CoV-2 is likely present and detectable in the conjunctiva, this detection method has low diagnostic potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Faubert
- University Ophthalmology Center, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital (HMR), Canada
| | - R Bohsina
- University Ophthalmology Center, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital (HMR), Canada
| | - E You
- University Ophthalmology Center, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital (HMR), Canada
| | - M Hébert
- University Ophthalmology Center, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital (HMR), Canada
| | - M Griffith
- University Ophthalmology Center, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital (HMR), Canada
| | - M J Aubin
- University Ophthalmology Center, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital (HMR), Canada
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li X, Li X, Kang B, Eom Y, Lee HK, Kim DH, Zhong J, Song JS. Effects of particulate matter exposure on the expression of the SARS-CoV-2 ACE2 receptor in ocular surface tissues and cells. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:8768-8780. [PMID: 38180673 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-31607-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) has been reported to be one of the risk factor for COVID-19 caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). However, although the ocular surface is deeply affected by both PM exposure and SARS-COV-2 infection, no studies have investigated the effects of PM exposure on the ocular route of SARS-COV-2 infection. To this end, we explored the effects of PM on the expression of SARS-COV-2-associated receptors and proteins in ocular surface. Herein, short- and long-term PM-exposed rat models were established by topically administering PM for 3 and 10 days, respectively. Immortalized human corneal epithelial cells (HCECs) and human conjunctival epithelial cells (HCjECs) were exposed to PM. ACE2, TMPRSS2, CD147, and ADAM17 expression levels were measured by western blot analysis. Our results show that short-term PM exposure had little effect on the expressions of ACE2, TMPRSS2, and CD147 in ocular surface tissues. However, long-term PM exposure decreased the ACE2 expression in conjunctival tissues and increased the CD147 expression in corneal or conjunctival tissues. PM exposure reduced the ACE2 expression by increasing the ADAM17 expression and ACE2 shedding level in HCECs and HCjECs. Our findings suggest that long-term PM exposure down-regulate the expression of the SARS-CoV-2 receptor ACE2 in conjunctival tissues through ADAM17-dependent ACE2 shedding. However, long-term PM exposure up-regulates the expression of another SARS-CoV-2 receptor CD147 in ocular surface tissues, accompanied by ocular surface damage and cytotoxicity. This study provides a new insight into uncovering potential risk factors for infection with SARS-CoV-2 via the ocular route.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangzhe Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Xuemin Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Korea University College of Medicine, 80, Guro-Dong, Guro-Gu, Seoul, 152-703, South Korea
| | - Boram Kang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Korea University College of Medicine, 80, Guro-Dong, Guro-Gu, Seoul, 152-703, South Korea
| | - Youngsub Eom
- Department of Ophthalmology, Korea University College of Medicine, 80, Guro-Dong, Guro-Gu, Seoul, 152-703, South Korea
| | - Hyung Keun Lee
- Institute of Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dong Hyun Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Korea University College of Medicine, 80, Guro-Dong, Guro-Gu, Seoul, 152-703, South Korea
| | - Jingxiang Zhong
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Dongguan, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jong Suk Song
- Department of Ophthalmology, Korea University College of Medicine, 80, Guro-Dong, Guro-Gu, Seoul, 152-703, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Singh P, Hernandez‐Rauda R, Peña‐Rodas O. Preventative and therapeutic potential of animal milk components against COVID-19: A comprehensive review. Food Sci Nutr 2023; 11:2547-2579. [PMID: 37324885 PMCID: PMC10261805 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The global pandemic of COVID-19 is considered one of the most catastrophic events on earth. During the pandemic, food ingredients may play crucial roles in preventing infectious diseases and sustaining people's general health and well-being. Animal milk acts as a super food since it has the capacity to minimize the occurrence of viral infections due to inherent antiviral properties of its ingredients. SARS-CoV-2 virus infection can be prevented by immune-enhancing and antiviral properties of caseins, α-lactalbumin, β-lactoglobulin, mucin, lactoferrin, lysozyme, lactoperoxidase, oligosaccharides, glycosaminoglycans, and glycerol monolaurate. Some of the milk proteins (i.e., lactoferrin) may work synergistically with antiviral medications (e.g., remdesivir), and enhance the effectiveness of treatment in this disease. Cytokine storm during COVID-19 can be managed by casein hydrolyzates, lactoferrin, lysozyme, and lactoperoxidase. Thrombus formation can be prevented by casoplatelins as these can inhibit human platelet aggregation. Milk vitamins (i.e., A, D, E, and B complexes) and minerals (i.e., Ca, P, Mg, Zn, and Se) can have significantly positive effects on boosting the immunity and health status of individuals. In addition, certain vitamins and minerals can also act as antioxidants, anti-inflammatory, and antivirals. Thus, the overall effect of milk might be a result of synergistic antiviral effects and host immunomodulator activities from multiple components. Due to multiple overlapping functions of milk ingredients, they can play vital and synergistic roles in prevention as well as supportive agents during principle therapy of COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Parminder Singh
- Department of Animal Husbandry AmritsarGovernment of PunjabAmritsarIndia
| | - Roberto Hernandez‐Rauda
- Laboratorio de Inocuidad de AlimentosUniversidad Doctor Andres BelloSan SalvadorEl Salvador, América Central
| | - Oscar Peña‐Rodas
- Laboratorio de Inocuidad de AlimentosUniversidad Doctor Andres BelloSan SalvadorEl Salvador, América Central
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Susiyanti M, Daniel H, Faridah D, Devona DA, Pramitha P, Bela B, Haryanto B, Barliana JD, Estu D, Victor AA, Putri ND, Candra J, Sutandi N, Sitorus RS. Incidence and clinical characteristic of ocular surface manifestation: an evaluation of conjunctival swab results in Corona Virus 2019 (COVID-19) patients in Jakarta, Indonesia. J Ophthalmic Inflamm Infect 2023; 13:20. [PMID: 37097586 PMCID: PMC10127182 DOI: 10.1186/s12348-023-00343-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to investigate the spectrum of ocular characteristics and viral presence in the conjunctival swab of patients with COVID-19. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, fifty-three patients were recruited from two COVID-19 referral hospitals in Jakarta (Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital and Persahabatan Hospital) from July 2020 to March 2021. The inclusion criteria were patients who were suspected of or confirmed cases of COVID-19 with or without ocular symptoms. Demographic data, history of COVID-19 exposure, underlying medical condition, systemic symptoms, ocular symptoms, supporting laboratory results, reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) of naso-oropharyngeal (NOP) swab and conjunctival swab were collected. RESULTS Fifty-three patients who were suspected, probable or confirmed cases of Covid-19 were included. Forty-six out of 53 patients (86.79%) tested positive for either Covid-19 antibody rapid test or naso-oropharyngeal (NOP) swab. Forty-two patients tested positive for NOP swab. Fourteen out of 42 patients (33.33%) experienced symptoms of ocular infection including red eye, epiphora, itchy eyes, and eye discharge. None of these patients were tested positive for conjunctival swab. Two out of 42 patients (4.76%), who were tested positive for conjunctival swab, did not experience any ocular symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Establishing the relationship between Covid-19 infection, ocular symptoms, and presence of SARS-CoV-2 virus on the ocular surface proves to be challenging. In Covid-19 patients, ocular symptoms did not warrant a positive conjunctival swab result. On the contrary, a patient without ocular symptoms can also have detectable presence of SARS-CoV-2 virus on the ocular surface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Made Susiyanti
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Cipto Mangunkusumo National Referral Hospital, Jalan Kimia No. 8-10, Jakarta, 10320, Indonesia
| | - Hisar Daniel
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Cipto Mangunkusumo National Referral Hospital, Jalan Kimia No. 8-10, Jakarta, 10320, Indonesia
| | - Diah Faridah
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Persahabatan Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Dinda Arken Devona
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Persahabatan Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Pradnya Pramitha
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Persahabatan Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Budiman Bela
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Cipto Mangunkusumo National Referral Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Budi Haryanto
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Persahabatan Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Julie Dewi Barliana
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Cipto Mangunkusumo National Referral Hospital, Jalan Kimia No. 8-10, Jakarta, 10320, Indonesia
| | - Dian Estu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Cipto Mangunkusumo National Referral Hospital, Jalan Kimia No. 8-10, Jakarta, 10320, Indonesia
| | - Andi Arus Victor
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Cipto Mangunkusumo National Referral Hospital, Jalan Kimia No. 8-10, Jakarta, 10320, Indonesia
| | - Nina Dwi Putri
- Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Cipto Mangunkusumo National Referral Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Julius Candra
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Cipto Mangunkusumo National Referral Hospital, Jalan Kimia No. 8-10, Jakarta, 10320, Indonesia
| | - Nathania Sutandi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Cipto Mangunkusumo National Referral Hospital, Jalan Kimia No. 8-10, Jakarta, 10320, Indonesia
| | - Rita S Sitorus
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Cipto Mangunkusumo National Referral Hospital, Jalan Kimia No. 8-10, Jakarta, 10320, Indonesia.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ocular tropism of SARS-CoV-2 in animal models with retinal inflammation via neuronal invasion following intranasal inoculation. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7675. [PMID: 36509737 PMCID: PMC9743116 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35225-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although ocular manifestations are reported in patients with COVID-19, consensus on ocular tropism of SARS-CoV-2 is lacking. Here, we infect K18-hACE2 transgenic mice with SARS-CoV-2 using various routes. We observe ocular manifestation and retinal inflammation with production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the eyes of intranasally (IN)-infected mice. Intratracheal (IT) infection results in dissemination of the virus from the lungs to the brain and eyes via trigeminal and optic nerves. Ocular and neuronal invasions are confirmed using intracerebral (IC) infection. Notably, the eye-dropped (ED) virus does not cause lung infection and becomes undetectable with time. Ocular and neurotropic distribution of the virus in vivo is evident in fluorescence imaging with an infectious clone of SARS-CoV-2-mCherry. The ocular tropic and neuroinvasive characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 are confirmed in wild-type Syrian hamsters. Our data can improve the understanding regarding viral transmission and clinical characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 and help in improving COVID-19 control procedures.
Collapse
|
6
|
Chen W, Shao Y, Peng X, Liang B, Xu J, Xing D. Review of preclinical data of PF-07304814 and its active metabolite derivatives against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1035969. [PMID: 36438815 PMCID: PMC9691842 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1035969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Main protease (Mpro) is a superior target for anti-SARS-COV-2 drugs. PF-07304814 is a phosphate ester prodrug of PF-00835231 that is rapidly metabolized into the active metabolite PF-00835231 by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and then suppresses SARS-CoV-2 replication by inhibiting Mpro. PF-07304814 increased the bioavailability of PF-00835231 by enhancing plasma protein binding (PPB). P-glycoprotein (P-gp) inhibitors and cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) inhibitors increased the efficacy of PF-00835231 by suppressing its efflux from target cells and metabolism, respectively. The life cycle of SARS-CoV-2 is approximately 4 h. The mechanisms and efficacy outcomes of PF-00835231 occur simultaneously. PF-00835231 can inhibit not only cell infection (such as Vero E6, 293T, Huh-7.5, HeLa+angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), A549+ACE2, and MRC-5) but also the human respiratory epithelial organ model and animal model infection. PF-07304814 exhibits a short terminal elimination half-life and is cleared primarily through renal elimination. There were no significant adverse effects of PF-07304814 administration in rats. Therefore, PF-07304814 exhibits good tolerability, pharmacology, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, and safety in preclinical trials. However, the Phase 1 data of PF-07304814 were not released. The Phase 2/3 trial of PF-07304814 was also suspended. Interestingly, the antiviral activities of PF-00835231 derivatives (compounds 5–22) are higher than, similar to, or slightly weaker than those of PF-00835231. In particular, compound 22 exhibited the highest potency and had good safety and stability. However, the low solubility of compound 22 limits its clinical application. Prodrugs, nanotechnology and salt form drugs may solve this problem. In this review, we focus on the preclinical data of PF-07304814 and its active metabolite derivatives to hopefully provide knowledge for researchers to study SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wujun Chen
- Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao Cancer Institute, Qingdao, China
| | - Yingchun Shao
- Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao Cancer Institute, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaojin Peng
- Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao Cancer Institute, Qingdao, China
| | - Bing Liang
- Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao Cancer Institute, Qingdao, China
| | - Jiazhen Xu
- Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao Cancer Institute, Qingdao, China
- *Correspondence: Jiazhen Xu, ; Dongming Xing,
| | - Dongming Xing
- Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao Cancer Institute, Qingdao, China
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Jiazhen Xu, ; Dongming Xing,
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
IgA-Based Secretory Response in Tears of COVID-19 Patients: A Potential Biomarker of Pro-Inflammatory State in Course of SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11101098. [PMID: 36297155 PMCID: PMC9610380 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11101098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal immunity, including secretory IgA (sIgA), plays an important role in the early defence against SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, a comprehensive evaluation of the local immune response in tears in relation to blood antibody reservoirs has not yet been conducted. A total of 179 symptomatic laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 patients were included in this single-centre study. Conjunctival swabs were analysed by a reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA. In parallel, tear samples collected by Schirmer test strips and plasma samples were analysed by ELISA to detect anti-S1 IgA levels. The concentrations of selected inflammatory cytokines in tears were determined by a magnetic bead assay. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 sIgA was present in the tears of 81 (45.25%) confirmed COVID-19 patients, and the tear IgA levels were correlated with the plasma IgA levels (Rs = +0.29, p = 0.0003). SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the conjunctival sac was identified in 18 COVID-19 patients (10%). Positive correlations between the tear IgA level and the concentrations of several cytokines TNF-α (Rs = +0.23, p = 0.002), IL-1β (Rs = +0.25, p < 0.001), IL-2 (Rs = +0.20, p = 0.007), IL-4 (Rs = +0.16, p = 0.04), IL-5 (Rs = +0.36, p < 0.001), IL-6 (Rs = +0.32, p < 0.001), IL-8 (Rs = +0.31, p < 0.001), VEGF (Rs = +0.25, p < 0.001) and GM-CSF (Rs = +0.27, p < 0.001) were also found. Quantitative tear film-based sIgA could potentially serve as a rapid and easily accessible biomarker of external mucosal immunity to SARS-CoV-2. The concentration of sIgA is directly related to individual host immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Collapse
|
8
|
Pitak-Arnnop P, Tangmanee C, Meningaud JP, Neff A. Is orbital wall fracture associated with SARS-CoV-2 ocular surface contamination in asymptomatic COVID-19 patients? Int Ophthalmol 2022; 43:1369-1374. [PMID: 36152172 PMCID: PMC9510495 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-022-02535-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Objectives To assess the relationship between orbital wall fractures connecting to paranasal sinuses (OWF-PNS) and SARS-CoV-2 ocular surface contamination (SARS-CoV-2-OSC) in asymptomatic COVID-19 patients. Methods This was a prospective case–control study enrolling two asymptomatic COVID-19 patient cohorts with vs. without OWF-PNS in the case–control ratio of 1:4. All subjects were treated in a German level 1 trauma center during a one-year interval. The main predictor variable was the presence of OWF-PNS (case/control); cases with preoperative conjunctival positivity of SARS-CoV-2 were excluded to rule out the possibility of viral dissemination via the lacrimal gland and/or the nasolacrimal system. The main outcome variable was laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2-OSC (yes/no). Descriptive and bivariate statistics were computed with a statistically significant P ≤ 0.05. Results The samples comprised 11 cases and 44 controls (overall: 27.3% females; mean age, 52.7 ± 20.3 years [range, 19–85]). There was a significant association between OWF-PNS and SARS-CoV-2-OSC (P = 0.0001; odds ratio = 20.8; 95% confidence interval = 4.11–105.2; R-squared = 0.38; accuracy = 85.5%), regardless of orbital fracture location (orbital floor vs. medial wall versus both; P = 1.0). Conclusions Asymptomatic COVID-19 patients with OWF-PNS are associated with a considerable and almost 21-fold increase in the risk of SARS-CoV-2-OSC, in comparison with those without facial fracture. This could suggest that OWF-PNS is the viral source, requiring particular attention during manipulation of ocular/orbital tissue to prevent viral transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Poramate Pitak-Arnnop
- Faculty of Medicine, Philipps-University of Marburg, and Department of Oral and Craniomaxillofacial Plastic Surgery, UKGM GmbH, University Hospital of Marburg, Baldingerstraße, 35043, Marburg, Germany.
| | - Chatpong Tangmanee
- Department of Statistics, Chulalongkorn University Business School, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jean-Paul Meningaud
- Department of Plastic, Faculty of Medicine, Reconstructive, Esthetic and Maxillofacial Surgery, Henri Mondor University Hospital, AP-HPUniversity Paris-Est Créteil Val de Marne (Paris XII), Créteil, France
| | - Andreas Neff
- Faculty of Medicine, Philipps-University of Marburg, and Department of Oral and Craniomaxillofacial Plastic Surgery, UKGM GmbH, University Hospital of Marburg, Baldingerstraße, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
A Systematic Literature Review and Bibliometric Analysis of Ophthalmology and COVID-19 Research. J Ophthalmol 2022; 2022:8195228. [PMID: 35646394 PMCID: PMC9133895 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8195228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This review is proposed to summarize the updates on COVID-19 and ophthalmology along with the bibliometric features of articles that have been published since the beginning of the COVID-19 outbreak. The databases, including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, were searched using "Coronavirus," "COVID-19," "SARS-CoV-2," "pandemic," "ophthalmology," "ophthalmic," and "eye" keywords. All published articles except commentaries, errata, and corrigenda up to April 2021 were included. Titles and abstracts were screened, and ophthalmology-focused articles were collected. The bibliographic information of the articles, such as the name and country of the first author, type of study, date of publication, language, and journal name, were extracted. Included studies were assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) critical appraisal checklist. After systematic searching, 2,669 distinct articles were screened by title/abstract, and 1,174 ophthalmology-focused articles were selected to be reviewed. Ophthalmology-focused publications accounted for less than 0.5 percent of the total COVID-19-related articles. Most of the articles were published in the Indian Journal of Ophthalmology, and the main publication type was "original article." Almost 88% of the publications were in English. There was a decline in the publication rate during the initial months of 2021 compared with the middle and last months of 2020. Most of the publications were affiliated with the United States of America. However, Singapore and the United Kingdom were the countries with the highest number of publications after population adjustment. Furthermore, a comprehensive review on major topics including SARS-CoV-2 ocular tropism, ophthalmic manifestations, ocular complications due to COVID-19 treatment strategies, the pandemic effect on ophthalmology care and operations, myopia progression during the pandemic, and telemedicine was conducted.
Collapse
|
10
|
Silva J, Patricio F, Patricio-Martínez A, Santos-López G, Cedillo L, Tizabi Y, Limón ID. Neuropathological Aspects of SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Significance for Both Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:867825. [PMID: 35592266 PMCID: PMC9111171 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.867825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence suggests that SARS-CoV-2 entry into the central nervous system can result in neurological and/or neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, routes of SARS-Cov-2 entry into the brain via neuroinvasive pathways such as transcribrial, ocular surface or hematogenous system are discussed. It is argued that SARS-Cov-2-induced cytokine storm, neuroinflammation and oxidative stress increase the risk of developing neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Further studies on the effects of SARS-CoV-2 and its variants on protein aggregation, glia or microglia activation, and blood-brain barrier are warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Silva
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Felipe Patricio
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Aleidy Patricio-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Gerardo Santos-López
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular y Virología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Oriente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Atlixco, Mexico
| | - Lilia Cedillo
- Centro de Detección Biomolecular, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Yousef Tizabi
- Department of Pharmacology, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Ilhuicamina Daniel Limón
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Gallo V, Giansanti F, Arienzo A, Antonini G. Antiviral properties of whey proteins and their activity against SARS-CoV-2 infection. J Funct Foods 2022; 89:104932. [PMID: 35003332 PMCID: PMC8723829 DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2022.104932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Native and chemically modified whey proteins and their peptide derivatives are encountering the interest of nutraceutical and pharmaceutical industries, due to the numerous properties, ranging from antimicrobial to immunological and antitumorigenic, that result in the possibility to employ milk and its protein components in a wide range of treatment and prevention strategies. Importantly, whey proteins were found to exert antiviral actions against different enveloped and non-enveloped viruses. Recently, the scientific community is focusing on these proteins, especially lactoferrin, since in vitro studies have demonstrated that they exert an important antiviral activity also against SARS-CoV-2. Up-to date, several studies are investigating the efficacy of lactoferrin and other whey proteins in vivo. Aim of this review is to shed light on the most relevant findings concerning the antiviral properties of whey proteins and their potential applications in human health, focussing on their application in prevention and treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Gallo
- Department of Sciences, Roma Tre University, Rome 00146, Italy
| | - Francesco Giansanti
- Interuniversity Consortium INBB - Biostructures and Biosystems National Institute, Rome 00136, Italy
- Department of Health, Life and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila I-67100, Italy
| | - Alyexandra Arienzo
- Department of Sciences, Roma Tre University, Rome 00146, Italy
- Interuniversity Consortium INBB - Biostructures and Biosystems National Institute, Rome 00136, Italy
| | - Giovanni Antonini
- Department of Sciences, Roma Tre University, Rome 00146, Italy
- Interuniversity Consortium INBB - Biostructures and Biosystems National Institute, Rome 00136, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Chaurasia S, Rudraprasad D, Senagari JR, Reddy SL, Kandhibanda S, Mohamed A, Basu S, Garg P, Joseph J. Clinical Utility of COVID-19 Real Time-Polymerase Chain Reaction Testing of Ocular Tissues of Non-COVID-19 Cornea Donors Deemed Suitable for Corneal Retrieval and Transplantation. Cornea 2022; 41:238-242. [PMID: 34852410 DOI: 10.1097/ico.0000000000002874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in human postmortem ocular tissues of asymptomatic donors and its implications on our eye banking protocols. METHODS The expression of SARS-CoV-2 RNA was assessed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction in corneal rims and conjunctival tissues from 100 donors who were found suitable for transplantation as per the donor screening guidelines of the Global Alliance of Eye Bank Associations. The donor's clinical history and cause of death were assessed for secondary analysis. RESULTS Of 200 ocular tissues (100 corneal and 100 conjunctival) from the same 1 eye of 100 surgical-intended donors, between September 2020 and April 2021, the overall positivity rate for SARS-CoV-2 was ∼1% (2/200). Both the ocular samples that tested positive were conjunctival biopsies (2/100, 2%), whereas corneal samples were negative (0/100, 0%) in both donors. The causes of donor death were trauma in 51 donors, suicide in 33, cardiac arrest in 7, electric shock in 5, metabolic cause in 2, malignancy in 1, and snake bite in 1. None of the donors had a medical history suggestive of COVID infection or possible contact. None of the recipients from the donors were reported to have any systemic adverse event after keratoplasty until the follow-up of 6 weeks. CONCLUSIONS The overall prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 was 1% (2% for conjunctival and 0% for corneal samples, P value = 0.5) in the donors who were found suitable for cornea recovery and transplantation. The findings of exceptionally low positive rates in our samples validate the criticality of history-based donor screening and do not support the necessity of postmortem PCR testing as a criterion for procurement and subsequent use for corneal transplantation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sunita Chaurasia
- The Cornea Institute, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
- Ramayamma International Eye Bank, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
| | | | | | | | | | - Ashik Mohamed
- Ophthalmic Biophysics, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India; and
| | - Sayan Basu
- The Cornea Institute, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
- Center for Ocular Regeneration, Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
| | - Prashant Garg
- The Cornea Institute, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
| | - Joveeta Joseph
- Jhaveri Microbiology Center, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Locas A, Brassard J, Rose-Martel M, Lambert D, Green A, Deckert A, Illing M. Comprehensive Risk Pathway of the Qualitative Likelihood of Human Exposure to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 from the Food Chain. J Food Prot 2022; 85:85-97. [PMID: 34499732 PMCID: PMC9906280 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-21-218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT A group of experts from all Canadian federal food safety partners was formed to monitor the potential issues relating to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) food contamination, to gather and consider all of the relevant evidence and to determine the impact for Canadian food safety. A comprehensive risk pathway was generated to consider the likelihood of a SARS-CoV-2 contamination event at any of the relevant steps of the food processing and handling chain and the potential for exposure and transmission of the virus to the consumer. The scientific evidence was reviewed and assessed for each event in the pathway, taking into consideration relevant elements that could increase or mitigate the risk of contamination. The advantage of having an event-wise contextualization of the SARS-CoV-2 transmission pathway through the food chain is that it provides a systematic and consistent approach to evaluate any new data and communicate its importance and impact. The pathway also increases the objectivity and consistency of the assessment in a rapidly evolving and high-stakes situation. Based on our review and analysis, there is currently no comprehensive epidemiological evidence of confirmed cases of SARS-CoV-2, or its known variants, causing coronavirus disease 2019 from transmission through food or food packaging. Considering the remote possibility of exposure through food, the likelihood of exposure by ingestion or contact with mucosa is considered negligible to very low, and good hygiene practices during food preparation should continue to be followed. HIGHLIGHTS
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annie Locas
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 1400 Merivale, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0Y9,Author for correspondence. Tel: 613-773-6539
| | - Julie Brassard
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 3600 Casavant Boulevard West, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada J2S 8E3
| | - Megan Rose-Martel
- Health Canada, 251 Sir Frederick Banting Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0K9
| | - Dominic Lambert
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 3400 Casavant Boulevard West, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada J2S 8E3
| | - Alyssa Green
- Public Health Agency of Canada, 370 Speedvale Avenue West, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1H 7M7
| | - Anne Deckert
- Public Health Agency of Canada, 370 Speedvale Avenue West, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1H 7M7
| | - Michelle Illing
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 1400 Merivale, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0Y9
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Secret hiding places in the eye and beyond: what about after SARS-CoV-2 infection? Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2021; 259:3815-3816. [PMID: 34342684 PMCID: PMC8328996 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-021-05323-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
|
15
|
Petrillo F, Chianese A, De Bernardo M, Zannella C, Galdiero M, Reibaldi M, Avitabile T, Boccia G, Galdiero M, Rosa N, Franci G. Inhibitory Effect of Ophthalmic Solutions against SARS-CoV-2: A Preventive Action to Block the Viral Transmission? Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9081550. [PMID: 34442628 PMCID: PMC8401441 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9081550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2020, a global pandemic was declared following the spread of SARS-CoV-2, the pathogen responsible for COVID-19. The risk of infection is high due to the ease of transmission, which can occur orally, through droplets, or via contact with contaminated surfaces and objects. It has also been demonstrated that the ocular surface can constitute a transmission route, especially in hospital settings, where health care workers can become a dangerous source of infection. In order to increase prevention and reduce the spread of the virus on the ocular surface, the antiviral activity of already-marketed eye drops against SARS-CoV-2 was evaluated. Iodim, Ozodrop, Septavis, and Dropsept were tested against SARS-CoV-2 in plaque-assay experiments at different stimulation times. Furthermore, the expression levels of early and late genes were evaluated through molecular assays. Results indicated that three of the four ophthalmic solutions showed a considerable dose-dependent inhibition of viral replication, highlighting their use as potential antiviral drugs against SARS-CoV-2 and preventing other ocular infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Petrillo
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (F.P.); (T.A.)
| | - Annalisa Chianese
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (A.C.); (C.Z.); (M.G.); (M.G.)
| | - Maddalena De Bernardo
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (M.D.B.); (G.B.)
| | - Carla Zannella
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (A.C.); (C.Z.); (M.G.); (M.G.)
| | - Marilena Galdiero
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (A.C.); (C.Z.); (M.G.); (M.G.)
| | - Michele Reibaldi
- Department of Surgical Science, Eye Clinic, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy;
| | - Teresio Avitabile
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (F.P.); (T.A.)
| | - Giovanni Boccia
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (M.D.B.); (G.B.)
| | - Massimiliano Galdiero
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (A.C.); (C.Z.); (M.G.); (M.G.)
| | - Nicola Rosa
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (M.D.B.); (G.B.)
- Correspondence: (N.R.); (G.F.)
| | - Gianluigi Franci
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (M.D.B.); (G.B.)
- Correspondence: (N.R.); (G.F.)
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Agca O, Sayin O. The importance of tears stability in SARS-CoV-2 transmission: COVID-19 prevalance in dry eye patients. J Fr Ophtalmol 2021; 44:1115-1120. [PMID: 34294456 PMCID: PMC8264519 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfo.2021.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Objective To investigate whether dry eye disease (DED) is a risk factor for COVID-19. Method In this retrospective cohort study, patients who were diagnosed with DED by an ophthalmologist and whose Schirmer test was less than 5 mm were identified. Patients who missed follow-up examinations, patients with malignancy, Human Immunodeficiency Virus patients and patients having undergone bone marrow transplantation were excluded. Among the DED patients, patients with positive SARS-CoV-2 PCR tests were identified on October 11, 2020. Subsequently, patients were divided into four age groups (25–49; 50–64; 65–79; and 80+). The COVID-19 prevalence per 100,000 people was determined for each age group, and risk analysis was performed by comparing this with the general population in Turkey. Results In total, 10,023 DED patients were identified and included in the study. Among these, the PCR test was positive in 359 patients. The COVID-19 prevalence per 100,000 population in DED patients was calculated as 3581.7, while according to the Ministry of Health data, it was 524.7 in the general Turkish population. The odds ratio of DED patients versus the general population was 6.62 (P < 0.001) (7.66 in the 25–49 group; 6.59 in the 50–64 group; 6.23 in the 65–79 group; and 7.24 in the 80+ age group). Conclusions The present study showed a high COVID-19 prevalence in DED patients compared to the general population. These findings support the concept that the ocular surface may be a gateway for SARS-CoV-2 and that the tear film is important part of the immune system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O Agca
- Departmant of Ophthalmology, Konya City Hospital, Konya, Turkey.
| | - O Sayin
- Departmant of Ophthalmology, Konya City Hospital, Konya, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|