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Wen W, Su L, Gao L, Sun L, Zhou P, An Y. MsWRKY44 regulates Mg-K homeostasis of shoots and promotes alfalfa sensitivities to acid and Al stresses. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 473:134610. [PMID: 38776812 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Mg-K homeostasis is essential for plant response to abiotic stress, but its regulation remains largely unknown. MsWRKY44 cloned from alfalfa was highly expressed in leaves and petioles. Overexpression of it inhibited alfalfa growth, and promoted leaf senescence and alfalfa sensitivities to acid and Al stresses. The leaf tips, margins and interveins of old leaves occurred yellow spots in MsWRKY44-OE plants under pH4.5 and pH4.5 +Al conditions. Meanwhile, Mg-K homeostasis was substantially changed with reduction of K accumulation and increases of Mg as well as Al accumulation in shoots of MsWRKY44-OE plants. Further, MsWRKY44 was found to directly bind to the promoters of MsMGT7 and MsCIPK23, and positively activated their expression. Transiently overexpressed MsMGT7 and MsCIPK23 in tobacco leaves increased the Mg and Al accumulations but decreased K accumulation. These results revealed a novel regulatory module MsWRKY44-MsMGT7/MsCIPK23, which affects the transport and accumulation of Mg and K in shoots, and promotes alfalfa sensitivities to acid and Al stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wuwu Wen
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Liantai Su
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Li Gao
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Linjie Sun
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Peng Zhou
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Yuan An
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
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Bleša D, Matušinský P, Baláž M, Nesvadba Z, Zavřelová M. Endophyte Inoculation and Elevated Potassium Supply on Productivity, Growth and Physiological Parameters of Spring Barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.) Genotypes over Contrasting Seasons. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1168. [PMID: 38674576 PMCID: PMC11054443 DOI: 10.3390/plants13081168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, recurrent droughts have significantly affected spring barley production, reducing the quantity and quality of grain. This study aims to identify genotype-specific traits and the drought resilience of six different Hordeum vulgare L. (spring barley) genotypes, while also examining the potential of potassium application and fungal endophyte Serendipita indica inoculation to mitigate the negative effects of dry periods during the growing season. Field experiments were conducted over a three-year period from 2020 to 2022, measuring physiological, growth, and yield parameters. To get insight into the physiological state of the plants, we measured the soluble sugars content and the ratio of stable carbon isotopes in the flag leaf tissue, which reflects conditions during its formation. The dominant factors that influenced the measured parameters were the genotypes and seasons, as well as their interaction, rather than other experimental factors. The results showed that the Spitfire and Accordine varieties were the best performing in both the 2020 and 2021 seasons, as indicated by their yield. However, in the drier 2022 season, the yield of these two varieties decreased significantly (to 55% for Spitfire and to 69% for Accordine of their yield in 2021), while for the arid-region genotypes, it remained at the same level as the previous year. This study sheds light on the potential of various genotypes to withstand periods of drought and the effectiveness of using potassium application and S. indica inoculation as mitigation approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Bleša
- Agrotest Fyto, Ltd., 76701 Kroměříž, Czech Republic
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic;
| | - Pavel Matušinský
- Agrotest Fyto, Ltd., 76701 Kroměříž, Czech Republic
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Palacký University in Olomouc, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Baláž
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic;
| | - Zdeněk Nesvadba
- Gene Bank, Crop Research Institute, Drnovská 507, 16106 Praha 6 – Ruzyně, Czech Republic;
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Hualpa-Ramirez E, Carrasco-Lozano EC, Madrid-Espinoza J, Tejos R, Ruiz-Lara S, Stange C, Norambuena L. Stress salinity in plants: New strategies to cope with in the foreseeable scenario. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 208:108507. [PMID: 38467083 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
The excess of salts in soils causes stress in most plants, except for some halophytes that can tolerate higher levels of salinity. The excess of Na+ generates an ionic imbalance, reducing the K+ content and altering cellular metabolism, thus impacting in plant growth and development. Additionally, salinity in soil induces water stress due to osmotic effects and increments the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that affect the cellular structure, damaging membranes and proteins, and altering the electrochemical potential of H+, which directly affects nutrient absorption by membrane transporters. However, plants possess mechanisms to overcome the toxicity of the sodium ions, such as internalization into the vacuole or exclusion from the cell, synthesis of enzymes or protective compounds against ROS, and the synthesis of metabolites that help to regulate the osmotic potential of plants. Physiologic and molecular mechanisms of salinity tolerance in plants will be addressed in this review. Furthermore, a revision of strategies taken by researchers to confer salt stress tolerance on agriculturally important species are discussed. These strategies include conventional breeding and genetic engineering as transgenesis and genome editing by CRISPR/Cas9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efrain Hualpa-Ramirez
- Plant Molecular Biology Centre, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | | | - Ricardo Tejos
- Plant Molecular Biology Centre, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Simón Ruiz-Lara
- Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas. Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Claudia Stange
- Plant Molecular Biology Centre, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Lorena Norambuena
- Plant Molecular Biology Centre, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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Vera-Maldonado P, Aquea F, Reyes-Díaz M, Cárcamo-Fincheira P, Soto-Cerda B, Nunes-Nesi A, Inostroza-Blancheteau C. Role of boron and its interaction with other elements in plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1332459. [PMID: 38410729 PMCID: PMC10895714 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1332459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Boron (B) is an essential microelement for plants, and its deficiency can lead to impaired development and function. Around 50% of arable land in the world is acidic, and low pH in the soil solution decreases availability of several essential mineral elements, including B, magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), and potassium (K). Plants take up soil B in the form of boric acid (H3BO3) in acidic soil or tetrahydroxy borate [B(OH)4]- at neutral or alkaline pH. Boron can participate directly or indirectly in plant metabolism, including in the synthesis of the cell wall and plasma membrane, in carbohydrate and protein metabolism, and in the formation of ribonucleic acid (RNA). In addition, B interacts with other nutrients such as Ca, nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), K, and zinc (Zn). In this review, we discuss the mechanisms of B uptake, absorption, and accumulation and its interactions with other elements, and how it contributes to the adaptation of plants to different environmental conditions. We also discuss potential B-mediated networks at the physiological and molecular levels involved in plant growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Vera-Maldonado
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Agropecuarias, Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Temuco, Chile
| | - Felipe Aquea
- Laboratorio de Bioingeniería, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marjorie Reyes-Díaz
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
- Center of Plant, Soil Interaction and Natural Resources Biotechnology, Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Paz Cárcamo-Fincheira
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Braulio Soto-Cerda
- Laboratorio de Fisiología y Biotecnología Vegetal, Departamento de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Acuícolas, Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Temuco, Chile
- Nucleo de Investigación en Producción Alimentaria, Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Temuco, Chile
| | - Adriano Nunes-Nesi
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Claudio Inostroza-Blancheteau
- Laboratorio de Fisiología y Biotecnología Vegetal, Departamento de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Acuícolas, Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Temuco, Chile
- Nucleo de Investigación en Producción Alimentaria, Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Temuco, Chile
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Al-Dabbagh AH, Al-Youzbakey KT. The environmental impact of heavy metals in sediments of main valleys in the eastern side of Mosul City, Iraq. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2024; 196:216. [PMID: 38286979 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-024-12348-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Analyzing the geochemical changes in stream sediments can reveal important surface processes on Earth, like weathering, transportation, and cation exchange. The study area is located on the eastern side of Mosul, where valleys named Al-Rashediya, Al-Kharrazi, Al-Khosar, Al-Danffilli, and Al-Shor flow towards the Tigris River. These valleys' sediments contain diverse components like clay minerals, organic matter, iron oxides, carbonates, and heavy metals (H.M.s), either as part of these substances or adsorbed onto them. In this study, 36 sediment samples were gathered from these valleys. They underwent chemical analysis through X-ray fluorescence to ascertain their chemical constituents of major oxides. To understand the distribution of H.M.s in these sediments, correlation coefficient analysis and factor analysis were utilized. The study employed the geoaccumulation index (Igeo) and enrichment factor (E.F.) to evaluate sediment contamination. The results of Igeo ranged from Cr = 0.24 to 1.83, Ni = -0.92 to 0.77, Cu = -2.41 to 0.05, Zn = -1.83 to 0.89, Pb = -1.54 to 0.36, and As = -2.84 to 0.80. These findings suggest that the valley sediments are generally in the range of deficiency to minimal enrichment and moderate enrichment. However, Al-Danffilli Valley shows strong contamination levels for Cu, Zn, and Pb. The E.F. values for Cr = 3.63-12.50, Ni = 1.95-4.19, Cu = 0.69-12.36, Zn = 1.08-16.19, Pb = 1.25-62.16, and As = 0.60-1.79 indicate levels ranging from deficiency to minimal and moderate enrichment. Al-Danffilli Valley, in particular, was identified as ranging from moderate to extremely high enrichment, attributed to its location near industrial areas and its tributaries.
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Dubas E, Krzewska M, Surówka E, Kopeć P, Springer A, Janowiak F, Weigt D, Mikołajczyk SK, Telk A, Żur I. New Prospects for Improving Microspore Embryogenesis Induction in Highly Recalcitrant Winter Wheat Lines. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:363. [PMID: 38337896 PMCID: PMC10857491 DOI: 10.3390/plants13030363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Among various methods stimulating biological progress, double haploid (DH) technology, which utilizes the process of microspore embryogenesis (ME), is potentially the most effective. However, the process depends on complex interactions between many genetic, physiological and environmental variables, and in many cases, e.g., winter wheat, does not operate with the efficiency required for commercial use. Stress associated with low-temperature treatment, isolation and transfer to in vitro culture has been shown to disturb redox homeostasis and generate relatively high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), affecting microspore vitality. The aim of this study was to investigate whether controlled plant growth, specific tiller pre-treatment and culture conditions could improve the potential of microspores to cope with stress and effectively induce ME. To understand the mechanism of the stress response, hydrogen peroxide levels, total activity and the content of the most important low-molecular-weight antioxidants (glutathione and ascorbate), as well as the content of selected macro- (Mg, Ca, NA, K) and micronutrients (Mn, Zn, Fe, Cu, Mo) were determined. These analyses, combined with the cytological characteristics of the microspore suspensions, allowed us to demonstrate that an increased microspore vitality and stronger response to ME induction were associated with higher stress resistance based on more efficient ROS scavenging and nutrient management. It was shown that a modified procedure, combining a low temperature with mannitol and sodium selenate tiller pre-treatment, reduced oxidative stress and improved the effectiveness of ME in winter wheat lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Dubas
- The Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 21, 30-239 Kraków, Poland; (E.D.); (M.K.); (E.S.); (P.K.); (A.S.); (F.J.)
| | - Monika Krzewska
- The Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 21, 30-239 Kraków, Poland; (E.D.); (M.K.); (E.S.); (P.K.); (A.S.); (F.J.)
| | - Ewa Surówka
- The Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 21, 30-239 Kraków, Poland; (E.D.); (M.K.); (E.S.); (P.K.); (A.S.); (F.J.)
| | - Przemysław Kopeć
- The Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 21, 30-239 Kraków, Poland; (E.D.); (M.K.); (E.S.); (P.K.); (A.S.); (F.J.)
| | - Agnieszka Springer
- The Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 21, 30-239 Kraków, Poland; (E.D.); (M.K.); (E.S.); (P.K.); (A.S.); (F.J.)
| | - Franciszek Janowiak
- The Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 21, 30-239 Kraków, Poland; (E.D.); (M.K.); (E.S.); (P.K.); (A.S.); (F.J.)
| | - Dorota Weigt
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Poznań University of Life Sciences, 11 Dojazd St., 60-632 Poznań, Poland; (D.W.); (S.K.M.)
| | - Sylwia Katarzyna Mikołajczyk
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Poznań University of Life Sciences, 11 Dojazd St., 60-632 Poznań, Poland; (D.W.); (S.K.M.)
| | - Anna Telk
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Iwona Żur
- The Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 21, 30-239 Kraków, Poland; (E.D.); (M.K.); (E.S.); (P.K.); (A.S.); (F.J.)
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Anderson TA, Sudermann MA, DeJong DM, Francis DM, Smart CD, Mutschler MA. Detection of trait donors and QTL boundaries for early blight resistance using local ancestry inference in a library of genomic sequences for tomato. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 117:404-415. [PMID: 37856521 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
By conducting hierarchical clustering along a sliding window, we generated haplotypes across hundreds of re-sequenced genomes in a few hours. We leveraged our method to define cryptic introgressions underlying disease resistance in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) and to discover resistant germplasm in the tomato seed bank. The genomes of 9 accessions with early blight (Alternaria linariae) disease resistance were newly sequenced and analyzed together with published sequences for 770 tomato and wild species accessions, most of which are available in germplasm collections. Identification of common ancestral haplotypes among resistant germplasm enabled rapid fine mapping of recently discovered quantitative trait loci (QTL) conferring resistance and the identification of possible causal variants. The source of the early blight QTL EB-9 was traced to a vintage tomato named 'Devon Surprise'. Another QTL, EB-5, as well as resistance to bacterial spot disease (Xanthomonas spp.), was traced to Hawaii 7998. A genomic survey of all accessions forecasted EB-9-derived resistance in several heirloom tomatoes, accessions of S. lycopersicum var. cerasiforme, and S. pimpinellifolium PI 37009. Our haplotype-based predictions were validated by screening the accessions against the causal pathogen. There was little evidence of EB-5 prevalence in surveyed contemporary germplasm, presenting an opportunity to bolster tomato disease resistance by adding this rare locus. Our work demonstrates practical insights that can be derived from the efficient processing of large genome-scale datasets, including rapid functional prediction of disease resistance QTL in diverse genetic backgrounds. Finally, our work finds more efficient ways to leverage public genetic resources for crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor A Anderson
- Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, 245 Emerson Hall, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Martha A Sudermann
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, 630 West North Street, Geneva, NY, 14456, USA
| | - Darlene M DeJong
- Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, 245 Emerson Hall, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - David M Francis
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH, 44691, USA
| | - Christine D Smart
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, 630 West North Street, Geneva, NY, 14456, USA
| | - Martha A Mutschler
- Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, 245 Emerson Hall, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
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Pahal S, Srivastava H, Saxena S, Tribhuvan KU, Kaila T, Sharma S, Grewal S, Singh NK, Gaikwad K. Comparative transcriptome analysis of two contrasting genotypes provides new insights into the drought response mechanism in pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan L. Millsp.). Genes Genomics 2024; 46:65-94. [PMID: 37985548 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-023-01460-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite plant's ability to adapt and withstand challenging environments, drought poses a severe threat to their growth and development. Although pigeon pea is already quite resistant to drought, the prolonged dehydration induced by the aberrant climate poses a serious threat to their survival and productivity. OBJECTIVE Comparative physiological and transcriptome analyses of drought-tolerant (CO5) and drought-sensitive (CO1) pigeon pea genotypes subjected to drought stress were carried out in order to understand the molecular basis of drought tolerance in pigeon pea. METHODS The transcriptomic analysis allowed us to examine how drought affects the gene expression of C. cajan. Using bioinformatics tools, the unigenes were de novo assembled, annotated, and functionally evaluated. Additionally, a homology-based sequence search against the droughtDB database was performed to identify the orthologs of the DEGs. RESULTS 1102 potential drought-responsive genes were found to be differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between drought-tolerant and drought-sensitive genotypes. These included Abscisic acid insensitive 5 (ABI5), Nuclear transcription factor Y subunit A-7 (NF-YA7), WD40 repeat-containing protein 55 (WDR55), Anthocyanidin reductase (ANR) and Zinc-finger homeodomain protein 6 (ZF-HD6) and were highly expressed in the tolerant genotype. Further, GO analysis revealed that the most enriched classes belonged to biosynthetic and metabolic processes in the biological process category, binding and catalytic activity in the molecular function category and nucleus and protein-containing complex in the cellular component category. Results of KEGG pathway analysis revealed that the DEGs were significantly abundant in signalling pathways such as plant hormone signal transduction and MAPK signalling pathways. Consequently, in our investigation, we have identified and validated by qPCR a group of genes involved in signal reception and propagation, stress-specific TFs, and basal regulatory genes associated with drought response. CONCLUSION In conclusion, our comprehensive transcriptome dataset enabled the discovery of candidate genes connected to pathways involved in pigeon pea drought response. Our research uncovered a number of unidentified genes and transcription factors that could be used to understand and improve susceptibility to drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Pahal
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
- Department of Bio and Nanotechnology, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, India
| | | | - Swati Saxena
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Tanvi Kaila
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Sandhya Sharma
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Sapna Grewal
- Department of Bio and Nanotechnology, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, India.
| | - Nagendra K Singh
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Kishor Gaikwad
- ICAR-National Institute for Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.
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Houmani H, Corpas FJ. Can nutrients act as signals under abiotic stress? PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 206:108313. [PMID: 38171136 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.108313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Plant cells are in constant communication to coordinate development processes and environmental reactions. Under stressful conditions, such communication allows the plant cells to adjust their activities and development. This is due to intercellular signaling events which involve several components. In plant development, cell-to-cell signaling is ensured by mobile signals hormones, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), nitric oxide (NO), or hydrogen sulfide (H2S), as well as several transcription factors and small RNAs. Mineral nutrients, including macro and microelements, are determinant factors for plant growth and development and are, currently, recognized as potential signal molecules. This review aims to highlight the role of nutrients, particularly calcium, potassium, magnesium, nitrogen, phosphorus, and iron as signaling components with special attention to the mechanism of response against stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayet Houmani
- Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Department of Stress, Development and Signaling in Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (Spanish National Research Council, CSIC), C/Profesor Albareda, 1, 18008, Granada, Spain; Laboratory of Extremophile Plants, Center of Biotechnology of Borj Cedria, PO Box 901, 2050, Hammam-Lif, Tunisia
| | - Francisco J Corpas
- Group of Antioxidants, Free Radicals and Nitric Oxide in Biotechnology, Food and Agriculture, Department of Stress, Development and Signaling in Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín (Spanish National Research Council, CSIC), C/Profesor Albareda, 1, 18008, Granada, Spain.
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Chen B, Deng X, Ma Q, Zhao Y, Wang A, Zhang X, Zeng Q. Cadmium accumulation in brown rice (Oryza sativa L.) depends on environmental factors and nutrient transport: A three-year field study. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 903:166942. [PMID: 37690756 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) accumulation in brown rice is a complex process in agroecosystems and is influenced by multiple factors, such as climate, soil properties, and nutrient transport. However, during the Cd transport process (soil-root-straw-brown rice), it remains unclear how Cd concentration in brown rice (BCd) is causal relationship to environmental factors and nutrient transport. The differences in precipitation, soil properties, nutrient transport, and Cd transport were studied through a three-year fixed-point field trial and linked them to the standard of Cd and nutrient absorption and transport processes. The results showed that the available Cd concentration (ACd), and BCd in 2020 were lower than those in 2019 and 2021, but monthly precipitation (MP) was higher in 2020 than in 2019 and 2021. The MP and niche metrics were significantly negatively associated with ACd and BCd. However, the relationship between the form and location of different nutrient elements and Cd in roots, Cd in straws, and BCd also varied during the transport of nutrient elements and Cd from soil to root to straw to brown rice. Structural equation modelling analysis showed that nitrogen (N 15.5 %), phosphorus (P 14.1 %), silicon (Si 4.2 %), and iron (Fe 7.6 %) transport were more closely related to BCd than to potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and manganese (Mn). The increase in MP significantly inhibited the increase in BCd, whereas the MP led to a decrease in BCd by affecting the transport of N and Fe. Among them, Si, Fe, and BCd had indirect causal relationships, whereas N, P, and BCd had direct causal relationships. Particularly, P is a crucial nutrient in reducing BCd in the Cd transport process. Our results highlight a strong causal relationship between environmental factors and nutrient transport and BCd, and provide a theoretical basis for fertiliser application in Cd-contaminated agroecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Chen
- College of Environment and Ecology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Xiao Deng
- College of Environment and Ecology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Qiao Ma
- College of Environment and Ecology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Yingyue Zhao
- College of Environment and Ecology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Andong Wang
- College of Environment and Ecology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Xiaopeng Zhang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230001, China
| | - Qingru Zeng
- College of Environment and Ecology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China.
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11
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Lian W, Geng A, Wang Y, Liu M, Zhang Y, Wang X, Chen G. The Molecular Mechanism of Potassium Absorption, Transport, and Utilization in Rice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16682. [PMID: 38069005 PMCID: PMC10705939 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Potassium is essential for plant growth and development and stress adaptation. The maintenance of potassium homeostasis involves a series of potassium channels and transporters, which promote the movement of potassium ions (K+) across cell membranes and exhibit complex expression patterns and regulatory mechanisms. Rice is a major food crop in China. The low utilization rate of potassium fertilizer limits the yield and quality of rice. Elucidating the molecular mechanisms of potassium absorption, transport, and utilization is critical in improving potassium utilization efficiency in rice. Although some K+ transporter genes have been identified from rice, research on the regulatory network is still in its infancy. Therefore, this review summarizes the relevant information on K+ channels and transporters in rice, covering the absorption of K+ in the roots, transport to the shoots, the regulation pathways, the relationship between K+ and the salt tolerance of rice, and the synergistic regulation of potassium, nitrogen, and phosphorus signals. The related research on rice potassium nutrition has been comprehensively reviewed, the existing research foundation and the bottleneck problems to be solved in this field have been clarified, and the follow-up key research directions have been pointed out to provide a theoretical framework for the cultivation of potassium-efficient rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenli Lian
- Institute of Quality Standard and Monitoring Technology for Agro-Products of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Agro-Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Anjing Geng
- Institute of Quality Standard and Monitoring Technology for Agro-Products of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Agro-Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yihan Wang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Monitoring Technology for Agro-Products of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Agro-Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Minghao Liu
- Institute of Quality Standard and Monitoring Technology for Agro-Products of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Agro-Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Monitoring Technology for Agro-Products of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Agro-Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xu Wang
- Institute of Quality Standard and Monitoring Technology for Agro-Products of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Agro-Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Guang Chen
- Institute of Quality Standard and Monitoring Technology for Agro-Products of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Agro-Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products, Guangzhou 510640, China
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12
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Khan A, Shah Z, Ali S, Ahmad N, Iqbal M, Ullah A, Ayub F. Genome wide identification, structural characterization and phylogenetic analysis of High-Affinity potassium (HAK) ion transporters in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). BMC Genom Data 2023; 24:66. [PMID: 37964195 PMCID: PMC10648387 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-023-01163-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-Affinity Potassium ions represent one of the most important and large group of potassium transporters. Although HAK genes have been studied in a variety of plant species, yet, remain unexplored in common bean. RESULTS In the current study, 20 HAK genes were identified in common bean genome. Super-family "K_trans" domain was found in all PvHAK genes. Signals for localization of PvHAK proteins were detected in cell membrane. Fifty three HAKs genes, across diverse plant species, were divided into 5 groups based on sequential homology. Twelve pairs of orthologs genes were found in various plant species. PvHAKs genes were distributed unequally on 7 chromosomes with maximum number (7) mapped on chromosome 2 while only 1 PvHAK found on each chromosome 1, 4, and 6. Tandem gene duplication was witnessed in 2 paralog pairs while 1 pair exhibited segmental gene duplication. Five groups were made in PvHAK gene family based on Phylogeny. Maximum PvHAKs (10) were detected in Group-V while group-II composed of only 1 PvHAK gene. Variation was witnessed in number and size of motifs, and structure of PvHAKs associated with different groups. Light and hormone responsive elements contributed 57 and 24% share, respectively, to cis regulatory elements. qRT-PCR based results revealed significant increase in expression of all 4 PvHAK genes under low-potassium stress. CONCLUSION The current study provides valuable information for further functional characterization and uncovering the molecular mechanism associated with Potassium transportation in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afrasyab Khan
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology, Bannu, 28100, Pakistan
| | - Zamarud Shah
- Department of Biotechnology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, 23200, Pakistan.
| | - Sajid Ali
- Department of Biotechnology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, 23200, Pakistan
| | - Nisar Ahmad
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Hazara University, Mansehra, 21300, Pakistan
| | - Maaz Iqbal
- Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, University of Agriculture, Peshawar, 25130, Pakistan
| | - Arif Ullah
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology, Bannu, 28100, Pakistan
| | - Firdous Ayub
- Department of Computer Science, Women University Swabi, Swabi, 23430, Pakistan
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13
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Sun Z, Li J, Guo D, Wang T, Tian Y, Ma C, Liu X, Wang C, Zheng X. Melatonin enhances KCl salinity tolerance by maintaining K + homeostasis in Malus hupehensis. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2023; 21:2273-2290. [PMID: 37465981 PMCID: PMC10579713 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Large amounts of potash fertilizer are often applied to apple (Malus domestica) orchards to enhance fruit quality and yields, but this treatment aggravates KCl-based salinity stress. Melatonin (MT) is involved in a variety of abiotic stress responses in plants. However, its role in KCl stress tolerance is still unknown. In the present study, we determined that an appropriate concentration (100 μm) of MT significantly alleviated KCl stress in Malus hupehensis by enhancing K+ efflux out of cells and compartmentalizing K+ in vacuoles. Transcriptome deep-sequencing analysis identified the core transcription factor gene MdWRKY53, whose expression responded to both KCl and MT treatment. Overexpressing MdWRKY53 enhanced KCl tolerance in transgenic apple plants by increasing K+ efflux and K+ compartmentalization. Subsequently, we characterized the transporter genes MdGORK1 and MdNHX2 as downstream targets of MdWRKY53 by ChIP-seq. MdGORK1 localized to the plasma membrane and enhanced K+ efflux to increase KCl tolerance in transgenic apple plants. Moreover, overexpressing MdNHX2 enhanced the KCl tolerance of transgenic apple plants/callus by compartmentalizing K+ into the vacuole. RT-qPCR and LUC activity analyses indicated that MdWRKY53 binds to the promoters of MdGORK1 and MdNHX2 and induces their transcription. Taken together, our findings reveal that the MT-WRKY53-GORK1/NHX2-K+ module regulates K+ homeostasis to enhance KCl stress tolerance in apple. These findings shed light on the molecular mechanism of apple response to KCl-based salinity stress and lay the foundation for the practical application of MT in salt stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijuan Sun
- College of HorticultureQingdao Agricultural UniversityQingdaoChina
- College of Life ScienceQingdao Agricultural UniversityQingdaoChina
| | - Jianyu Li
- College of HorticultureQingdao Agricultural UniversityQingdaoChina
- Engineering Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Shandong ProvinceQingdaoChina
| | - Dianming Guo
- College of HorticultureQingdao Agricultural UniversityQingdaoChina
- Engineering Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Shandong ProvinceQingdaoChina
| | - Tianchao Wang
- College of HorticultureQingdao Agricultural UniversityQingdaoChina
- Engineering Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Shandong ProvinceQingdaoChina
| | - Yike Tian
- College of HorticultureQingdao Agricultural UniversityQingdaoChina
- Engineering Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Shandong ProvinceQingdaoChina
| | - Changqing Ma
- College of HorticultureQingdao Agricultural UniversityQingdaoChina
- Engineering Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Shandong ProvinceQingdaoChina
| | - Xiaoli Liu
- College of HorticultureQingdao Agricultural UniversityQingdaoChina
- Engineering Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Shandong ProvinceQingdaoChina
| | - Caihong Wang
- College of HorticultureQingdao Agricultural UniversityQingdaoChina
- Engineering Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Shandong ProvinceQingdaoChina
| | - Xiaodong Zheng
- College of HorticultureQingdao Agricultural UniversityQingdaoChina
- Engineering Laboratory of Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of Shandong ProvinceQingdaoChina
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14
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Aslam MM, Farhat F, Zulfiqar S, Siddiqui MA, Asim M, Sial MA. Efficiency of nitrogen, gibberellic acid and potassium on canola production under sub-tropical regions of Pakistan. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18677. [PMID: 37907585 PMCID: PMC10618472 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38997-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The global demand for crop production is rapidly growing due to the continued rise in world population. Crop productivity varies generally with soil nutrient profile and climate. The optimal use of fertilizers might help to attain higher crop yield in canola. To circumvent nutrient imbalance issues in soil, two separate field trials were conducted to determine (a) the best source of nitrogen (N) between ammonium sulfate (NH4)2SO4) and ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3), (b) significance of gibberellic acid (GA3) and potassium (K), in an attempt to enhance canola yield and yield attributes. Both experiments were carried out in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates. The nitrogen source in the form of NH4)2SO4 (0, 10, 20 and 30 kg/ha) and NH4NO3 (0, 50, 75 and 100 kg/ha) was applied in the rhizosphere after 3 and 7 weeks of sowing, referred to as experiment 1 (E1). In another separate experiment (E2), the canola crop was sprayed with four level of GA3 (0, 10, 15, 30 g/ha) and K (0, 2.5, 3.5, 6 g/ha) individually or in combination by using hydraulic spryer, 30 days after sowing (DAS). The data was collected at different growth stages of canola and analyzed statistically. The E1 trail showed that N fortification in the form of NH4NO3 (100 kg/ha) and (NH4)2SO4 (30 kg/ha) had a positive effect on the plant height, number of branches, fruiting zone, seed yield per plant, seed yield per hectare of canola except oil percentage. Moreover, canola plants (E2) also displayed a significant improvement on all studied features with high doses of GA3 (30 g/ha) and K (6 g/ha) individualy and in combined form. The correlation coefficient analysis of (NH4)2SO4 and NH4NO3 was highly significant to plant height, number of branches, fruiting zone, seed yield per plant, seed yield per hectare of canola In a nutshell, compared to both source of N, NH4NO3 was more efficient and readily available source of N. GA3 being a growth elicitor and potassium as a micronutrient serve as potential source to improve yield and to manage nutrient profile of canola.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fozia Farhat
- Department of Botany, Government College Women University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Saman Zulfiqar
- Department of Botany, The Government Sadiq College Women University, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | | | - Muhammad Asim
- Plant Science Division, Pakistan Agricultural Research Council (PARC), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Mahboob Ali Sial
- Nuclear Institute of Agriculture (NIA), Tando Jam, 70060, Sindh, Pakistan
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15
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Mulet JM, Porcel R, Yenush L. Modulation of potassium transport to increase abiotic stress tolerance in plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:5989-6005. [PMID: 37611215 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Potassium is the major cation responsible for the maintenance of the ionic environment in plant cells. Stable potassium homeostasis is indispensable for virtually all cellular functions, and, concomitantly, viability. Plants must cope with environmental changes such as salt or drought that can alter ionic homeostasis. Potassium fluxes are required to regulate the essential process of transpiration, so a constraint on potassium transport may also affect the plant's response to heat, cold, or oxidative stress. Sequencing data and functional analyses have defined the potassium channels and transporters present in the genomes of different species, so we know most of the proteins directly participating in potassium homeostasis. The still unanswered questions are how these proteins are regulated and the nature of potential cross-talk with other signaling pathways controlling growth, development, and stress responses. As we gain knowledge regarding the molecular mechanisms underlying regulation of potassium homeostasis in plants, we can take advantage of this information to increase the efficiency of potassium transport and generate plants with enhanced tolerance to abiotic stress through genetic engineering or new breeding techniques. Here, we review current knowledge of how modifying genes related to potassium homeostasis in plants affect abiotic stress tolerance at the whole plant level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose M Mulet
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Valencia, Spain
| | - Rosa Porcel
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Valencia, Spain
| | - Lynne Yenush
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Valencia, Spain
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16
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Manzoor M, Khan MZ, Ahmad S, Alqahtani MD, Shabaan M, Sarwar S, Hameed MA, Zulfiqar U, Hussain S, Ali MF, Ahmad M, Haider FU. Optimizing Sugarcane Growth, Yield, and Quality in Different Ecological Zones and Irrigation Sources Amidst Environmental Stressors. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3526. [PMID: 37895990 PMCID: PMC10609903 DOI: 10.3390/plants12203526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
The imbalanced use of fertilizers and irrigation water, particularly supplied from groundwater, has adversely affected crop yield and harvest quality in sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.). In this experiment, we evaluated the impact of potassium (K) and micronutrients [viz. Zinc (Zn), Iron (Fe), and Boron (B)] application and irrigation water from two sources, viz. canal, and tube well water on sugarcane growth, yield, and cane quality under field trails. Water samples from Mardan (canal water) and Rahim Yar Khan (tube well water) were analyzed for chemical and nutritional attributes. The results revealed that tube well water's electrical conductivity (EC) was three-fold that of canal water. Based on the EC and total dissolved salts (TDS), 83.33% of the samples were suitable for irrigation, while the sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) indicated only a 4.76% fit and a 35.71% marginal fit compared with canal water. Furthermore, the application of K along with B, Fe, and Zn had led to a significant increase in cane height (12.8%, 9.8%, and 10.6%), cane girth (15.8%, 15.6%, and 11.6%), cane yield (13.7%, 12.3%, and 11.5%), brix contents (14%, 12.2%, and 13%), polarity (15.4%, 1.4%, and 14%), and sugar recovery (7.3%, 5.9%, and 6%) in the tube well irrigation system. For the canal water system, B, Fe, and Zn increased cane height by 15.3%, 13.42%, and 11.6%, cane girth by 13.9%, 9.9%, and 6.5%, cane yield by 42.9%, 43.5%, and 42%, brix content by 10.9%, 7.7%, and 8%, polarity by 33.4%, 28%, and 30%, and sugar recovery by 4.0%, 3.9%, and 2.0%, respectively, compared with sole NPK application. In conclusion, the utilization of tube well water in combination with canal water has shown better results in terms of yield and quality compared with the sole application of canal water. In addition, the combined application of K and B significantly improved sugarcane yields compared with Zn and Fe, even with marginally suitable irrigation water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Manzoor
- Land Resources Research Institute, National Agricultural Research Centre, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan; (M.M.); (M.Z.K.); (M.S.); (S.S.); (M.A.H.)
| | - Muhammad Zameer Khan
- Land Resources Research Institute, National Agricultural Research Centre, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan; (M.M.); (M.Z.K.); (M.S.); (S.S.); (M.A.H.)
| | - Sagheer Ahmad
- Pakistan Agricultural Research Council, Islamabad 45500, Pakistan;
| | - Mashael Daghash Alqahtani
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Shabaan
- Land Resources Research Institute, National Agricultural Research Centre, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan; (M.M.); (M.Z.K.); (M.S.); (S.S.); (M.A.H.)
| | - Sair Sarwar
- Land Resources Research Institute, National Agricultural Research Centre, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan; (M.M.); (M.Z.K.); (M.S.); (S.S.); (M.A.H.)
| | - Muhammad Asad Hameed
- Land Resources Research Institute, National Agricultural Research Centre, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan; (M.M.); (M.Z.K.); (M.S.); (S.S.); (M.A.H.)
| | - Usman Zulfiqar
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
| | - Sadam Hussain
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (S.H.); (M.F.A.)
| | - Muhammad Fraz Ali
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China; (S.H.); (M.F.A.)
| | - Muhammad Ahmad
- Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan;
| | - Fasih Ullah Haider
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China;
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
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17
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Shen L, Fan W, Li N, Wu Q, Chen D, Luan J, Zhang G, Tian Q, Jing W, Zhang Q, Zhang W. Rice potassium transporter OsHAK18 mediates phloem K + loading and redistribution. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 116:201-216. [PMID: 37381632 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
High-affinity K+ transporters/K+ uptake permeases/K+ transporters (HAK/KUP/KT) are important pathways mediating K+ transport across cell membranes, which function in maintaining K+ homeostasis during plant growth and stress response. An increasing number of studies have shown that HAK/KUP/KT transporters play crucial roles in root K+ uptake and root-to-shoot translocation. However, whether HAK/KUP/KT transporters also function in phloem K+ translocation remain unclear. In this study, we revealed that a phloem-localized rice HAK/KUP/KT transporter, OsHAK18, mediated cell K+ uptake when expressed in yeast, Escherichia coli and Arabidopsis. It was localized at the plasma membrane. Disruption of OsHAK18 rendered rice seedlings insensitive to low-K+ (LK) stress. After LK stress, some WT leaves showed severe wilting and chlorosis, whereas the corresponding leaves of oshak18 mutant lines (a Tos17 insertion line and two CRISPR lines) remained green and unwilted. Compared with WT, the oshak18 mutants accumulated more K+ in shoots but less K+ in roots after LK stress, leading to a higher shoot/root ratio of K+ per plant. Disruption of OsHAK18 does not affect root K+ uptake and K+ level in xylem sap, but it significantly decreases phloem K+ concentration and inhibits root-to-shoot-to-root K+ (Rb+ ) translocation in split-root assay. These results reveal that OsHAK18 mediates phloem K+ loading and redistribution, whose disruption is in favor of shoot K+ retention under LK stress. Our findings expand the understanding of HAK/KUP/KT transporters' functions and provide a promising strategy for improving rice tolerance to K+ deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Like Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Wenxia Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Na Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Qi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Di Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Junxia Luan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Gangao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Quanxiang Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Wen Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Qun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Wenhua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
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18
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Wu Q, Feng Z, Tsukagoshi H, Yang M, Ao Y, Fujiwara T, Kamiya T. Early differentiation of Casparian strip mediated by nitric oxide is required for efficient K transport under low K conditions in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 116:467-477. [PMID: 37422899 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
The Casparian strip (CS) is a cell wall modification made of lignin that functions as an apoplastic barrier in the root endodermis to restrict nutrient and water transport between the soil and stele. CS formation is affected by nutritional conditions, and its physiological roles have been discussed. This study found that low K condition affects CS permeability, lignin deposition, and MYB36 mRNA accumulation. To understand the mechanism underlying these findings, we focused on nitric oxide (NO). NO is known to act as a signaling molecule and participates in cell wall synthesis, especially for lignin composition. However, the mechanism by which NO affects lignin deposition and corrects CS formation in the plant roots remains unclear. Through combining fluorescent observation with histological stains, we demonstrated that the root endodermal cell lignification response to low-potassium (K) conditions is mediated by NO through the MYB36-associated lignin-polymerizing pathway. Furthermore, we discovered the noteworthy ability of NO to maintain nutrient homeostasis for adaptation to low K conditions by affecting the correct apoplastic barrier formation of CS. Collectively, our results suggest that NO is required for the lignification and apoplastic barrier formation in the root endodermis during adaptation to low K conditions, which revealing the novel physiological roles of CS under low nutrient conditions and making a significant contribution to CS biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wu
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Zhihang Feng
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Hironaka Tsukagoshi
- Faculty of Agriculture, Meijo University, 1-501 Shiogamaguchi, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Aichi, Japan
| | - Miaoyan Yang
- Suzhou Chien-Shiung Institute of Technology, Suzhou, 215411, China
| | - Yan Ao
- Suzhou Chien-Shiung Institute of Technology, Suzhou, 215411, China
| | - Toru Fujiwara
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Takehiro Kamiya
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
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19
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Kanno S, Martin L, Vallier N, Chiarenza S, Nobori T, Furukawa J, Nussaume L, Vavasseur A, Leonhardt N. Xylem K + loading modulates K + and Cs + absorption and distribution in Arabidopsis under K +-limited conditions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1040118. [PMID: 37810384 PMCID: PMC10557132 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1040118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Potassium (K+) is an essential macronutrient for plant growth. The transcriptional regulation of K+ transporter genes is one of the key mechanisms by which plants respond to K+ deficiency. Among the HAK/KUP/KT transporter family, HAK5, a high-affinity K+ transporter, is essential for root K+ uptake under low external K+ conditions. HAK5 expression in the root is highly induced by low external K+ concentration. While the molecular mechanisms of HAK5 regulation have been extensively studied, it remains unclear how plants sense and coordinates K+ uptake and translocation in response to changing environmental conditions. Using skor mutants, which have a defect in root-to-shoot K+ translocation, we have been able to determine how the internal K+ status affects the expression of HAK5. In skor mutant roots, under K+ deficiency, HAK5 expression was lower than in wild-type although the K+ concentration in roots was not significantly different. These results reveal that HAK5 is not only regulated by external K+ conditions but it is also regulated by internal K+ levels, which is in agreement with recent findings. Additionally, HAK5 plays a major role in the uptake of Cs+ in roots. Therefore, studying Cs+ in roots and having more detailed information about its uptake and translocation in the plant would be valuable. Radioactive tracing experiments revealed not only a reduction in the uptake of 137Cs+ and 42K+in skor mutants compared to wild-type but also a different distribution of 137Cs+ and 42K+ in tissues. In order to gain insight into the translocation, accumulation, and repartitioning of both K+ and Cs+ in plants, long-term treatment and split root experiments were conducted with the stable isotopes 133Cs+ and 85Rb+. Finally, our findings show that the K+ distribution in plant tissues regulates root uptake of K+ and Cs+ similarly, depending on HAK5; however, the translocation and accumulation of the two elements are different.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satomi Kanno
- AixMarseille University, French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS), Bioscience and Biotechnology Institute of Aix-Marseille (BIAM), Saint-Paul Lez Durance, France
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Institute for Advanced Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Ludovic Martin
- AixMarseille University, French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS), Bioscience and Biotechnology Institute of Aix-Marseille (BIAM), Saint-Paul Lez Durance, France
| | - Natacha Vallier
- AixMarseille University, French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS), Bioscience and Biotechnology Institute of Aix-Marseille (BIAM), Saint-Paul Lez Durance, France
| | - Serge Chiarenza
- AixMarseille University, French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS), Bioscience and Biotechnology Institute of Aix-Marseille (BIAM), Saint-Paul Lez Durance, France
| | - Tatsuya Nobori
- AixMarseille University, French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS), Bioscience and Biotechnology Institute of Aix-Marseille (BIAM), Saint-Paul Lez Durance, France
| | - Jun Furukawa
- Institute for Advanced Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- Center for Research in Isotopes and Environmental Dynamics, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Laurent Nussaume
- AixMarseille University, French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS), Bioscience and Biotechnology Institute of Aix-Marseille (BIAM), Saint-Paul Lez Durance, France
| | - Alain Vavasseur
- AixMarseille University, French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS), Bioscience and Biotechnology Institute of Aix-Marseille (BIAM), Saint-Paul Lez Durance, France
| | - Nathalie Leonhardt
- AixMarseille University, French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS), Bioscience and Biotechnology Institute of Aix-Marseille (BIAM), Saint-Paul Lez Durance, France
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20
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Mangena P. Cell Mutagenic Autopolyploidy Enhances Salinity Stress Tolerance in Leguminous Crops. Cells 2023; 12:2082. [PMID: 37626892 PMCID: PMC10453822 DOI: 10.3390/cells12162082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Salinity stress affects plant growth and development by causing osmotic stress and nutrient imbalances through excess Na+, K+, and Cl- ion accumulations that induce toxic effects during germination, seedling development, vegetative growth, flowering, and fruit set. However, the effects of salt stress on growth and development processes, especially in polyploidized leguminous plants, remain unexplored and scantly reported compared to their diploid counterparts. This paper discusses the physiological and molecular response of legumes towards salinity stress-based osmotic and ionic imbalances in plant cells. A multigenic response involving various compatible solutes, osmolytes, ROS, polyamines, and antioxidant activity, together with genes encoding proteins involved in the signal transduction, regulation, and response mechanisms to this stress, were identified and discussed. This discussion reaffirms polyploidization as the driving force in plant evolution and adaptation to environmental stress constraints such as drought, feverish temperatures, and, in particular, salt stress. As a result, thorough physiological and molecular elucidation of the role of gene duplication through induced autopolyploidization and possible mechanisms regulating salinity stress tolerance in grain legumes must be further studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phetole Mangena
- Department of Biodiversity, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Limpopo, Private Bag X1106, Sovenga 0727, South Africa
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21
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Liu G, Liu D, Zhang A, Liu H, Mia MS, Mullan D, Yan G. Identification of KASP markers and candidate genes for drought tolerance in wheat using 90K SNP array genotyping of near-isogenic lines targeting a 4BS quantitative trait locus. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2023; 136:190. [PMID: 37584740 PMCID: PMC10432333 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-023-04438-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE This study identified a novel SNP and developed a highly efficient KASP marker for drought tolerance in wheat by genotyping NILs targeting a major QTL for drought tolerance using an SNP array and validation with commercial varieties. Common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is an important winter crop worldwide and a typical allopolyploid with a large and complex genome. With global warming, the environmental volatility and incidence of drought in wheat-producing areas will increase. Molecular markers for drought tolerance are urgently needed to enhance drought tolerance breeding. Here, we genotyped four near-isogenic line (NIL) pairs targeting a major QTL qDSI.4B.1 on wheat chromosome arm 4BS for drought tolerance using the 90K SNP Illumina iSelect array and discovered a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) (Excalibur_c100336_106) with consistent genotype-phenotype associations among all four NIL pairs and their parents. Then, we converted the SNP into a Kompetitive Allele-Specific PCR (KASP) marker, with an accuracy of 100% for the four NIL pairs and their parents and as high as 81.8% for the 44 tested wheat lines with known phenotypes collected from Australia and China. Two genes near this SNP were suggested as candidate genes for drought tolerance in wheat after checking the Chinese Spring reference genome annotation version 1.1. One gene, TraesCS4B02G085300, encodes an F-box protein reportedly related to the ABA network, a main pathway for drought tolerance, and another gene, TraesCS4B02G085400, encodes a calcineurin-like metallophos-phoesterase transmembrane protein, which participates in Ca2+-dependent phosphorylation regulatory system. Based on this work and previous research on pre-harvest sprouting, we established a quick and efficient general SQV-based approach for KASP marker development, integrating genotyping by SNP arrays (S) using NILs targeting major QTL for a specific trait (Q) and validating them with commercial varieties (V). The identified SNP and developed KASP marker could be applied to marker-assisted selection in drought breeding, and further study of the candidate genes may improve our understanding of drought tolerance in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guannan Liu
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment and The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009 Australia
| | - Dongcheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, College of Agronomy, Hebei Agriculture University, Baoding, 071000 Hebei China
| | - Aimin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, College of Agronomy, Hebei Agriculture University, Baoding, 071000 Hebei China
| | - Hui Liu
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment and The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009 Australia
| | - Md Sultan Mia
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment and The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009 Australia
| | - Daniel Mullan
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment and The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009 Australia
- InterGrain Pty. Ltd., 19 Ambitious Link, Bibra Lake, WA 6163 Australia
| | - Guijun Yan
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment and The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009 Australia
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22
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Dubey SM, Fendrych M, Serre NB. Relative Membrane Potential Measurements Using DISBAC 2(3) Fluorescence in Arabidopsis thaliana Primary Roots. Bio Protoc 2023; 13:e4778. [PMID: 37497461 PMCID: PMC10367083 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.4778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In vivo microscopy of plants with high-frequency imaging allows observation and characterization of the dynamic responses of plants to stimuli. It provides access to responses that could not be observed by imaging at a given time point. Such methods are particularly suitable for the observation of fast cellular events such as membrane potential changes. Classical measurement of membrane potential by probe impaling gives quantitative and precise measurements. However, it is invasive, requires specialized equipment, and only allows measurement of one cell at a time. To circumvent some of these limitations, we developed a method to relatively quantify membrane potential variations in Arabidopsis thaliana roots using the fluorescence of the voltage reporter DISBAC2(3). In this protocol, we describe how to prepare experiments for agar media and microfluidics, and we detail the image analysis. We take an example of the rapid plasma membrane depolarization induced by the phytohormone auxin to illustrate the method. Relative membrane potential measurements using DISBAC2(3) fluorescence increase the spatio-temporal resolution of the measurements and are non-invasive and suitable for live imaging of growing roots. Studying membrane potential with a more flexible method allows to efficiently combine mature electrophysiology literature and new molecular knowledge to achieve a better understanding of plant behaviors. Key features Non-invasive method to relatively quantify membrane potential in plant roots. Method suitable for imaging seedlings root in agar or liquid medium. Straightforward quantification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiv Mani Dubey
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Matyáš Fendrych
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Nelson Bc Serre
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, École normale supérieure de Lyon, Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRAE), Lyon, France
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23
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Li L, Wang Y, Yu C, Li S, Lin T, Han S, Zhu T, Li S. Seasonal changes in the abundance Fusarium proliferatium, microbial endophytes and nutrient levels in the roots of hybrid bamboo Bambusa pervariabilis × Dendrocalamopsis grandis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1185449. [PMID: 37538062 PMCID: PMC10394707 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1185449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Plant root pathogens invade the soil around plant roots, disturbing the systemic balance, reducing plant defenses, and causing severe disease. At present, there are few studies on the severity of plant diseases caused by pathogen invasion in different seasons and how pathogens affect root microecology. In this study, we compared the levels of nutrients in the root tissues of the two groups of plants. We used 16S and ITS amplicon sequencing with Illumina NovaSeq 6000 to compare seasonal changes in the composition and structure of microbial communities from healthy roots of bamboo Bambusa pervariabilis × Dendrocalamopsis grandis and roots infected by the soilborne pathogen Fusarium proliferatum. We have found that the invasion of the pathogen led to a substantial decrease in nutrient elements in bamboo roots, except for nitrogen. The pathogen presence correlated with seasonal changes in the bamboo root microbiome and decreased bacterial richness in diseased plants. The root microbial community structure of healthy plants was more stable than that of their diseased counterparts. Furthermore, we identified the lesion area and relative abundance of F. proliferatum were significant predictors of disease progression. The potassium tissue content and the disease lesion area were identified as factors linked with the observed changes in the bamboo root microbiome. This study provides a theoretical foundation for understanding the seasonal dynamics F. proliferatum, an economically important soilborne pathogen of hybrid bamboo grown in Sichuan Province, China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Li
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yaxuan Wang
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Cailin Yu
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shuying Li
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tiantian Lin
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shan Han
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tianhui Zhu
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shujiang Li
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- National Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Forest Resources Conservation and Ecological Safety on the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, Chengdu, China
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24
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Assmann SM, Chou HL, Bevilacqua PC. Rock, scissors, paper: How RNA structure informs function. THE PLANT CELL 2023; 35:1671-1707. [PMID: 36747354 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koad026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
RNA can fold back on itself to adopt a wide range of structures. These range from relatively simple hairpins to intricate 3D folds and can be accompanied by regulatory interactions with both metabolites and macromolecules. The last 50 yr have witnessed elucidation of an astonishing array of RNA structures including transfer RNAs, ribozymes, riboswitches, the ribosome, the spliceosome, and most recently entire RNA structuromes. These advances in RNA structural biology have deepened insight into fundamental biological processes including gene editing, transcription, translation, and structure-based detection and response to temperature and other environmental signals. These discoveries reveal that RNA can be relatively static, like a rock; that it can have catalytic functions of cutting bonds, like scissors; and that it can adopt myriad functional shapes, like paper. We relate these extraordinary discoveries in the biology of RNA structure to the plant way of life. We trace plant-specific discovery of ribozymes and riboswitches, alternative splicing, organellar ribosomes, thermometers, whole-transcriptome structuromes and pan-structuromes, and conclude that plants have a special set of RNA structures that confer unique types of gene regulation. We finish with a consideration of future directions for the RNA structure-function field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Assmann
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Center for RNA Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Hong-Li Chou
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Philip C Bevilacqua
- Center for RNA Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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25
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Usman J, Begum S. SOC stocks prediction on the basis of spatial and temporal variation in soil properties by using partial least square regression. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7949. [PMID: 37193734 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34607-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Global warming is a wide-scale problem and soil carbon sequestration is its local scale, natural solution. Role of soil as carbon sink has been researched extensively but the knowledge regarding the role of soil variables in predicting soil carbon uptake and its retention is scarce. The current study predicts SOC stocks in the topsoil of Islamabad-Rawalpindi region keeping the soil properties as explanatory variables and applying the partial least square regression model on two different seasons' datasets. Samples collected from the twin cities of Islamabad and Rawalpindi were tested for soil color, texture, moisture-content, SOM, bulk density, soil pH, EC, SOC, sulphates, nitrates, phosphates, fluorides, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, and heavy metals (nickel, chromium, cadmium, copper and manganese) by applying standard protocols. Afterwards, PLSR was applied to predict the SOC-stocks. Although, current SOC stocks, ranged from 2.4 to 42.5 Mg/hectare, but the outcomes of PLSR projected that if soil variables remain unaltered, the SOC stocks would be likely to get concentrated around 10 Mg/hectare in the region. The study also identified variable importance for both seasons' datasets so that noisy variables in the datasets could be ruled out in future researches and precise and accurate estimations could be made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jawaria Usman
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Fatima Jinnah Women University, Rawalpindi, 46000, Pakistan
| | - Shaheen Begum
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Fatima Jinnah Women University, Rawalpindi, 46000, Pakistan.
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26
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Barbafieri M, Bretzel F, Scartazza A, Di Baccio D, Rosellini I, Grifoni M, Pini R, Clementi A, Franchi E. Response to Hypersalinity of Four Halophytes Growing in Hydroponic Floating Systems: Prospects in the Phytomanagement of High Saline Wastewaters and Extreme Environments. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:plants12091737. [PMID: 37176795 PMCID: PMC10181242 DOI: 10.3390/plants12091737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Hypersaline environments occur naturally worldwide in arid and semiarid regions or in artificial areas where the discharge of highly saline wastewaters, such as produced water (PW) from oil and gas industrial setups, has concentrated salt (NaCl). Halophytes can tolerate high NaCl concentrations by adopting ion extrusion and inclusion mechanisms at cell, tissue, and organ levels; however, there is still much that is not clear in the response of these plants to salinity and completely unknown issues in hypersaline conditions. Mechanisms of tolerance to saline and hypersaline conditions of four different halophytes (Suaeda fruticosa (L.) Forssk, Halocnemum strobilaceum (Pall.) M. Bieb., Juncus maritimus Lam. and Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steudel) were assessed by analysing growth, chlorophyll fluorescence and photosynthetic pigment parameters, nutrients, and sodium (Na) uptake and distribution in different organs. Plants were exposed to high saline (257 mM or 15 g L-1 NaCl) and extremely high or hypersaline (514, 856, and 1712 mM or 30, 50, and 100 g L-1 NaCl) salt concentrations in a hydroponic floating culture system for 28 days. The two dicotyledonous S. fruticosa and H. strobilaceum resulted in greater tolerance to hypersaline concentrations than the two monocotyledonous species J. maritimus and P. australis. Plant biomass and major cation (K, Ca, and Mg) distributions among above- and below-ground organs evidenced the osmoprotectant roles of K in the leaves of S. fruticosa, and of Ca and Mg in the leaves and stem of H. strobilaceum. In J. maritimus and P. australis the rhizome modulated the reduced uptake and translocation of nutrients and Na to shoot with increasing salinity levels. S. fruticosa and H. strobilaceum absorbed and accumulated elevated Na amounts in the aerial parts at all the NaCl doses tested, with high bioaccumulation (from 0.5 to 8.3) and translocation (1.7-16.2) factors. In the two monocotyledons, Na increased in the root and rhizome with the increasing concentration of external NaCl, dramatically reducing the growth in J. maritimus at both 50 and 100 g L-1 NaCl and compromising the survival of P. australis at 30 g L-1 NaCl and over after two weeks of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meri Barbafieri
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems, National Research Council of Italy (IRET-CNR), Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesca Bretzel
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems, National Research Council of Italy (IRET-CNR), Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Andrea Scartazza
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems, National Research Council of Italy (IRET-CNR), Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Daniela Di Baccio
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems, National Research Council of Italy (IRET-CNR), Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Irene Rosellini
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems, National Research Council of Italy (IRET-CNR), Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Martina Grifoni
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems, National Research Council of Italy (IRET-CNR), Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Roberto Pini
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems, National Research Council of Italy (IRET-CNR), Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Alice Clementi
- Eni S.p.A., Subsurface and Wells R&D Projects, Via Maritano 26, San Donato Milanese, 20097 Milan, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Franchi
- Eni S.p.A., R&D Environmental &Biological Laboratories, Via Maritano 26, San Donato Milanese, 20097 Milan, Italy
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27
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Miśkiewicz J, Burdach Z, Trela Z, Siemieniuk A, Karcz W. Multifractal Analysis of the Influence of Indole-3-Acetic Acid on Fast-Activating Vacuolar (FV) Channels of Beta vulgaris L. Taproot Cells. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:406. [PMID: 37103833 PMCID: PMC10141395 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13040406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, the multifractal properties of the ion current time series in the fast-activating vacuolar (FV) channels of Beta vulgaris L. taproot cells were investigated. These channels are permeable for only monovalent cations and mediate K+ at very low concentrations of cytosolic Ca2+ and large voltages of either polarity. Using the patch clamp technique, the currents of the FV channels in red beet taproot vacuoles were recorded and analysed by using the multifractal detrended fluctuation analysis (MFDFA) method. The activity of the FV channels depended on the external potential and was sensitive to the auxin. It was also shown that the singularity spectrum of the ion current in the FV channels is non-singular, and the multifractal parameters, i.e., the generalised Hurst exponent and the singularity spectrum, were modified in the presence of IAA. Taking into account the obtained results, it can be suggested that the multifractal properties of fast-activating vacuolar (FV) K+ channels, indicating the existence of long-term memory, should be taken into account in the molecular mechanism of the auxin-induced growth of plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janusz Miśkiewicz
- Institute of Theoretical Physics, University of Wrocław, 50-204 Wrocław, Poland
- Physics and Biophysics Department, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Burdach
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-032 Katowice, Poland
| | - Zenon Trela
- Physics and Biophysics Department, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Siemieniuk
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-032 Katowice, Poland
| | - Waldemar Karcz
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-032 Katowice, Poland
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28
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De Rosa A, McGaughey S, Magrath I, Byrt C. Molecular membrane separation: plants inspire new technologies. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 238:33-54. [PMID: 36683439 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Plants draw up their surrounding soil solution to gain water and nutrients required for growth, development and reproduction. Obtaining adequate water and nutrients involves taking up both desired and undesired elements from the soil solution and separating resources from waste. Desirable and undesirable elements in the soil solution can share similar chemical properties, such as size and charge. Plants use membrane separation mechanisms to distinguish between different molecules that have similar chemical properties. Membrane separation enables distribution or retention of resources and efflux or compartmentation of waste. Plants use specialised membrane separation mechanisms to adapt to challenging soil solution compositions and distinguish between resources and waste. Coordination and regulation of these mechanisms between different tissues, cell types and subcellular membranes supports plant nutrition, environmental stress tolerance and energy management. This review considers membrane separation mechanisms in plants that contribute to specialised separation processes and highlights mechanisms of interest for engineering plants with enhanced performance in challenging conditions and for inspiring the development of novel industrial membrane separation technologies. Knowledge gained from studying plant membrane separation mechanisms can be applied to developing precision separation technologies. Separation technologies are needed for harvesting resources from industrial wastes and transitioning to a circular green economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annamaria De Rosa
- Division of Plant Science, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, 2601, ACT, Acton, Australia
| | - Samantha McGaughey
- Division of Plant Science, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, 2601, ACT, Acton, Australia
| | - Isobel Magrath
- Division of Plant Science, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, 2601, ACT, Acton, Australia
| | - Caitlin Byrt
- Division of Plant Science, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, 2601, ACT, Acton, Australia
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29
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Chai M, Li R, Li B, Wu H, Yu L. Responses of mangrove (Kandelia obovata) growth, photosynthesis, and rhizosphere soil properties to microplastic pollution. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 189:114827. [PMID: 36931158 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.114827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we used Kandelia obovata to explore the toxicities of three typical MPs in mangroves: polyethylene, polypropylene, and polyvinylchloride. MPs were mixed into soils at 5 % (w/w) for cultivation in mangrove tide-tank system. Plant growth and soil characteristics were determined after 12 months. The results showed that MPs multiply restricted root growth, leaf ionome, chlorophyll concentration, and photosynthetic efficiency, changed leaf photochemical efficiency and excited energy distribution. Polyethylene and polypropylene MPs with 150 μm sizes significantly reduced leaf and root biomass. As for soil properties, all MPs mainly reduced bulk density but improved porosity, with 600 μm polyethylene resulting in 1.4 g cm-3 bulk density and 55.1 % porosity. This study represent the first paper highlighting that MPs negatively affect mangrove plants by affecting plant growth, leaf ionome, and photosynthesis, which may be related with the changed soil properties, especially reduced bulk density and improved porosity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minwei Chai
- School of Environment and Energy, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Ruili Li
- School of Environment and Energy, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China.
| | - Bing Li
- Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Hailun Wu
- School of Environment and Energy, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Lingyun Yu
- School of Environment and Energy, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
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Ndou N, Rakgotho T, Nkuna M, Doumbia IZ, Mulaudzi T, Ajayi RF. Green Synthesis of Iron Oxide (Hematite) Nanoparticles and Their Influence on Sorghum bicolor Growth under Drought Stress. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1425. [PMID: 37050053 PMCID: PMC10096534 DOI: 10.3390/plants12071425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Drought is a major abiotic stress that confronts plant growth and productivity, thus compromising food security. Plants use physiological and biochemical mechanisms to cope with drought stress, but at the expense of growth. Green-synthesized nanoparticles (NPs) have gained great attention in agriculture due to their environmental friendliness and affordability while serving as potential biofertilizers. This study investigates the role of hematite (αFe2O3) NPs, synthesized from Aspalathus linearis (rooibos), to improve Sorghum bicolor growth under drought stress. About 18 nm, spherical, and highly agglomerated hematite (αFe2O3) NPs were obtained. Sorghum seeds were primed with 5, 10, and 15 mg/L αFe2O3 NPs, and, after seven days of germination, the seedlings were transferred into potting soil, cultivated for fourteen days, and were subsequently water deprived (WD) for a further seven days. A reduction in plant height (78%), fresh (FW; 35%) and dry (DW; 36%) weights, and chlorophyll (chl) content ((total chl (81%), chla (135%), and chlb (1827%)) was observed in WD plants, and this correlated with low nutrients (Mg, Si, P, and K) and alteration in the anatomic structure (epidermis and vascular bundle tissues). Oxidative damage was observed as deep blue (O2●-) and brown (H2O2) spots on the leaves of WD plants, in addition to a 25% and 40% increase in oxidative stress markers (H2O2 and MDA) and osmolytes (proline and total soluble sugars), respectively. Seed priming with 10 mg/L αFe2O3 NPs improved plant height (70%), FW (56%), DW (34%), total Chl (104%), chla (160%) and chlb (1936%), anatomic structure, and nutrient distribution. Priming with 10 mg/L αFe2O3 NPs also protected sorghum plants from drought-induced oxidative damage by reducing ROS formation and osmolytes accumulation and prevented biomolecule degradation. The study concludes that green synthesized hematite NPs positively influenced sorghum growth and prevented oxidative damage of biomolecules by improving nutrient uptake and osmoregulation under drought stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nzumbululo Ndou
- Life Sciences Building, Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa
- SensorLab, Department of Chemical Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa
| | - Tessia Rakgotho
- Life Sciences Building, Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa
- SensorLab, Department of Chemical Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa
| | - Mulisa Nkuna
- Life Sciences Building, Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa
| | - Ibrahima Zan Doumbia
- Life Sciences Building, Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa
| | - Takalani Mulaudzi
- Life Sciences Building, Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa
| | - Rachel Fanelwa Ajayi
- SensorLab, Department of Chemical Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa
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Shabaan M, Asghar HN, Akhtar MJ, Saleem MF. Assessment of cumulative microbial respiration and their ameliorative role in sustaining maize growth under salt stress. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 196:33-42. [PMID: 36689831 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Cumulative microbial respiration reflects microbial activities and their potential to support plant growth, where salt tolerant rhizobacteria can optimize their respiration, and ensure plant survival under salt stress. We evaluated cumulative microbial respiration of different salt tolerant rhizobacterial strains at different salinity levels, and checked their ability to sustain plant growth under natural saline conditions by using maize as test crop. Our results revealed that at the highest EC level (10 dS m-1), strain 'SUA-14' performed significantly better, and exhibited the greatest cumulative respiration (4.2 fold) followed by SHM-13 (3.8 fold), as compared to un-inoculated control. Moreover, results of the field trial indicated a similar trend, where significant improvements in shoot fresh weight (59%), root fresh weight (80%), shoot dry weight (56%), root dry weight (1.4 fold), leaf area (1.9 fold), straw yield (41%), cob diameter (33%), SPAD value (84%), yield (99%), relative water contents (91%), flavonoid (55%), 1000 grain weight (∼100%), soluble sugars (41%) and soluble proteins (45%) were observed due to inoculation of strain 'SUA-14' as compared to un-inoculated control. Similarly, substantial decline in leaf Na+ (34%), Na+/K+ ratio (69%), electrolyte leakage (8%), catalase (54%), peroxidase (73%), and H2O2 (50%) activities were observed after inoculation of 'SUA-14' with a concomitant increment in the leaf K+ contents (70%) under salinity stress than un-inoculated control. Hence, among all the tested rhizobacterial isolates, 'SUA-14' served as the most efficient strain in alleviating the detrimental impacts of salinity on maize growth and yield. The 16S rRNA sequencing identified it as Acinetobacter johnsonii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Shabaan
- Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
| | - Hafiz Naeem Asghar
- Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Javed Akhtar
- Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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Salinity-Induced Cytosolic Alkaline Shifts in Arabidopsis Roots Require the SOS Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043549. [PMID: 36834961 PMCID: PMC9960406 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants have evolved elaborate mechanisms to sense, respond to and overcome the detrimental effects of high soil salinity. The role of calcium transients in salinity stress signaling is well established, but the physiological significance of concurrent salinity-induced changes in cytosolic pH remains largely undefined. Here, we analyzed the response of Arabidopsis roots expressing the genetically encoded ratiometric pH-sensor pHGFP fused to marker proteins for the recruitment of the sensor to the cytosolic side of the tonoplast (pHGFP-VTI11) and the plasma membrane (pHGFP-LTI6b). Salinity elicited a rapid alkalinization of cytosolic pH (pHcyt) in the meristematic and elongation zone of wild-type roots. The pH-shift near the plasma membrane preceded that at the tonoplast. In pH-maps transversal to the root axis, the epidermis and cortex had cells with a more alkaline pHcyt relative to cells in the stele in control conditions. Conversely, seedlings treated with 100 mM NaCl exhibited an increased pHcyt in cells of the vasculature relative to the external layers of the root, and this response occurred in both reporter lines. These pHcyt changes were substantially reduced in mutant roots lacking a functional SOS3/CBL4 protein, suggesting that the operation of the SOS pathway mediated the dynamics of pHcyt in response to salinity.
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Emerging Roles of Salicylic Acid in Plant Saline Stress Tolerance. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043388. [PMID: 36834798 PMCID: PMC9961897 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the most important phytohormones is salicylic acid (SA), which is essential for the regulation of plant growth, development, ripening, and defense responses. The role of SA in plant-pathogen interactions has attracted a lot of attention. Aside from defense responses, SA is also important in responding to abiotic stimuli. It has been proposed to have great potential for improving the stress resistance of major agricultural crops. On the other hand, SA utilization is dependent on the dosage of the applied SA, the technique of application, and the status of the plants (e.g., developmental stage and acclimation). Here, we reviewed the impact of SA on saline stress responses and the associated molecular pathways, as well as recent studies toward understanding the hubs and crosstalk between SA-induced tolerances to biotic and saline stress. We propose that elucidating the mechanism of the SA-specific response to various stresses, as well as SA-induced rhizosphere-specific microbiome modeling, may provide more insights and support in coping with plant saline stress.
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Saha J, Chaudhuri D, Kundu A, Bhattacharya S, Roy S, Giri K. Phylogenetic, structural, functional characterisation and effect of exogenous spermidine on rice ( Oryza sativa) HAK transporters under salt stress. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2023; 50:160-182. [PMID: 36031595 DOI: 10.1071/fp22059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The HAK (High-affinity K+ ) family members mediate K+ transport that confers normal plant growth and resistance against unfavourable environmental conditions. Rice (Oryza sativa L.) HAK transporters have been extensively investigated for phylogenetic analyses with other plants species with very few of them functionally characterised. But very little information is known about their evolutionary aspects, overall structural, functional characterisation, and global expression pattern of the complete HAK family members in response to salt stress. In this study, 27 rice transporters were phylogenetically clustered with different dicot and monocot family members. Subsequently, the exon-intron structural patterns, conserved motif analyses, evolutionary divergence based different substitution matrix, orthologous-paralogous relationships were studied elaborately. Structural characterisations included a comparative study of secondary and tertiary structure, post-translational modifications, correspondence analyses, normal mode analyses, K+ /Na+ binding affinities of each of the OsHAK gene members. Global expression profile under salt stress showed clade-specific expression pattern of the proteins. Additionally, five OsHAK genes were chosen for further expression analyses in root and shoot tissues of two rice varieties during short-term salinity in the presence and absence of exogenous spermidine. All the information can be used as first-hand data for dissecting the administrative role of rice HAK transporters under various abiotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayita Saha
- Department of Botany, Rabindra Mahavidyalaya, Champadanga, Hooghly, West Bengal, India; and Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, 86/1 College Street, Kolkata 700073, West Bengal, India
| | - Dwaipayan Chaudhuri
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, 86/1 College Street, Kolkata 700073, West Bengal, India
| | - Anirban Kundu
- Plant Genomics and Bioinformatics Laboratory, P.G. Department of Botany, Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Centenary College (Autonomous), Rahara, Kolkata 700118, West Bengal, India
| | - Saswati Bhattacharya
- Department of Botany, Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Government College, New Town, Rajarhat, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Sudipta Roy
- Department of Botany, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia, West Bengal, India
| | - Kalyan Giri
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, 86/1 College Street, Kolkata 700073, West Bengal, India
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Mariotti B, Martini S, Raddi S, Ugolini F, Oliet JA, Jacobs DF, Maltoni A. Cultivation Using Coir Substrate and P or K Enriched Fertilizer Provides Higher Resistance to Drought in Ecologically Diverse Quercus Species. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:525. [PMID: 36771610 PMCID: PMC9920752 DOI: 10.3390/plants12030525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Nursery cultivation practices can be modified to increase resistance to water stress in forest seedlings following field establishment, which may be increasingly important under climate change. We evaluated the morphological (survival, growth) and physiological (chlorophyll fluorescence, leaf water potential) responses to water stress for three ecologically diverse Quercus species (Q. robur, Q. pubescens, and Q. ilex) with varying traits resulting from the combination of growing media (peat, coir) and fertilization (standard, P-enriched, K-enriched). For all species under water stress, seedlings grown in coir had generally higher growth than those grown in peat. Seedlings fertilized with P performed better, particularly for survival; conversely, K fertilization resulted in inconsistent findings. Such results could be explained by a combination of factors. P fertilization resulted in higher P accumulation in seedlings, while no K accumulation was observed in K fertilized seedlings. As expected, the more drought-sensitive species, Q. robur, showed the worst response, while Q. pubescens had a drought resistance equal or better to Q. ilex despite being classified as intermediate in drought resistance in Mediterranean environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Mariotti
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agrarie, Alimentari, Ambientali e Forestali—DAGRI, Università di Firenze, Via San Bonaventura 13, 50145 Firenze, Italy
| | - Sofia Martini
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agrarie, Alimentari, Ambientali e Forestali—DAGRI, Università di Firenze, Via San Bonaventura 13, 50145 Firenze, Italy
| | - Sabrina Raddi
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agrarie, Alimentari, Ambientali e Forestali—DAGRI, Università di Firenze, Via San Bonaventura 13, 50145 Firenze, Italy
| | - Francesca Ugolini
- Istituto per la Bioeconomia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Juan A. Oliet
- Departamento de Sistemas y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Douglass F. Jacobs
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Hardwood Tree Improvement and Regeneration Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Alberto Maltoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agrarie, Alimentari, Ambientali e Forestali—DAGRI, Università di Firenze, Via San Bonaventura 13, 50145 Firenze, Italy
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Li KL, Tang RJ, Wang C, Luan S. Potassium nutrient status drives posttranslational regulation of a low-K response network in Arabidopsis. Nat Commun 2023; 14:360. [PMID: 36690625 PMCID: PMC9870859 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-35906-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Under low-potassium (K+) stress, a Ca2+ signaling network consisting of calcineurin B-like proteins (CBLs) and CBL-interacting kinases (CIPKs) play essential roles. Specifically, the plasma membrane CBL1/9-CIPK pathway and the tonoplast CBL2/3-CIPK pathway promotes K+ uptake and remobilization, respectively, by activating a series of K+ channels. While the dual CBL-CIPK pathways enable plants to cope with low-K+ stress, little is known about the early events that link external K+ levels to the CBL-CIPK proteins. Here we show that K+ status regulates the protein abundance and phosphorylation of the CBL-CIPK-channel modules. Further analysis revealed low K+-induced activation of VM-CBL2/3 happened earlier and was required for full activation of PM-CBL1/9 pathway. Moreover, we identified CIPK9/23 kinases to be responsible for phosphorylation of CBL1/9/2/3 in plant response to low-K+ stress and the HAB1/ABI1/ABI2/PP2CA phosphatases to be responsible for CBL2/3-CIPK9 dephosphorylation upon K+-repletion. Further genetic analysis showed that HAB1/ABI1/ABI2/PP2CA phosphatases are negative regulators for plant growth under low-K+, countering the CBL-CIPK network in plant response and adaptation to low-K+ stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Lun Li
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Ren-Jie Tang
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Sheng Luan
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
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Tan L, Waqas M, Rehman A, Rashid MAR, Fiaz S, Manzoor H, Azeem F. Computational analysis and expression profiling of potassium transport-related gene families in mango ( Mangifera indica) indicate their role in stress response and fruit development. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 13:1102201. [PMID: 36756234 PMCID: PMC9899903 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1102201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Mango (Mangifera indica) fruit is known for its taste, health benefits, and drought tolerance. Potassium (K+) is one of the most abundant ions in a plant cell. It is important for various biological functions related to plant growth, development, and flowering/fruiting. It significantly contributes to fruit yield, quality, and drought tolerance in plants. However, molecular mechanisms comprising K+ transport in mango are least known. In the present study, 37 members of K+ transport-related genes (PTGs) were identified in mango, which include 22 K+ transporters (16 HAKs, 1 HKT, and 6 KEAs) and 15 K+ channels (6 TPKs and 8 Shakers). All PTGs were predicted to be expressed at the plasma membrane and possess characteristic motifs and domains. Phylogenetic analysis identified a strong kinship of PTGs among Oryza sativa, Arabidopsis thaliana, Cicer arietinum, Malus domestica, and M. indica. The promoter analysis identified 60 types of cis-elements related to various biological processes. RNA-seq-based expression profiling identified that MiTPK1.2, MiHAK1, MiHAK2.1, HAK6.1, and MiAKT1.1 were most upregulated in roots and that MiKEA2, MiAKT2, and MiAKT1 were upregulated in leaves. Moreover, MiAKT6, MiHAK1.1, MiKAT2, MiKAT2.1, MiHKT1, MiTPK1.1, MiHAK7, and MiHAK12 were highly expressed during the five growth stages of mango fruit. The current study is the first comprehensive report on K+ transport system in tropical fruits. Therefore, it will provide the foundation knowledge for the functional characterization of K+ genes in mango and related plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Tan
- Haikou Experimental Station, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Muhammad Waqas
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Rehman
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Sajid Fiaz
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, The University of Haripur, Haripur, Pakistan
| | - Hamid Manzoor
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Farrukh Azeem
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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Haque US, Elias SM, Jahan I, Seraj ZI. Functional genomic analysis of K + related salt-responsive transporters in tolerant and sensitive genotypes of rice. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 13:1089109. [PMID: 36743539 PMCID: PMC9893783 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1089109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Salinity is a complex environmental stress that affects the growth and production of rice worldwide. But there are some rice landraces in coastal regions that can survive in presence of highly saline conditions. An understanding of the molecular attributes contributing to the salinity tolerance of these genotypes is important for developing salt-tolerant high yielding modern genotypes to ensure food security. Therefore, we investigated the role and functional differences of two K+ salt-responsive transporters. These are OsTPKa or Vacuolar two-pore potassium channel and OsHAK_like or a hypothetical protein of the HAK family. These transporters were selected from previously identified QTLs from the tolerant rice landrace genotype (Horkuch) and sensitive genotype (IR29). METHODS In silico comparative sequence analysis of the promoter sequences of two these genes between Horkuch and IR29 was done. Real-Time expression of the selected genes in leaves and roots of IR29 (salt-sensitive), I-14 and I-71 (Recombinant Inbred Lines of IR29(♀)× Horkuch), Horkuch and Pokkali (salt-tolerant) under salt-stress at different time points was analyzed. For further insight, OsTPKa and OsHAK_like were chosen for loss-of-function genomic analysis in Horkuch using the CRISPR/Cas9 tool. Furthermore, OsTPKa was chosen for cloning into a sensitive variety by Gateway technology to observe the effect of gain-of-function. RESULTS The promoter sequences of the OsTPKa and OsHAK_like genes showed some significant differences in promoter sequences which may give a survival advantage to Horkuch under salt-stress. These two genes were also found to be overexpressed in tolerant varieties (Horkuch and Pokkali). Moreover, a coordinated expression pattern between these two genes was observed in tolerant Horkuch under salt-stress. Independently transformed plants where the expression of these genes was significantly lowered, performed poorly in physiological tests for salinity tolerance. On the other hand, positively transformed T0 plants with the OsTPKa gene from Horkuch consistently showed growth advantage under both control and salt stress. DISCUSSION The poor performance of the transgenic plants with the down-regulated genes OsTPKa and OsHAK_like under salt stress supports the assumption that OsTPKa and OsHAK_like play important roles in defending the rice landrace Horkuch against salt stress, minimizing salt injury, and maintaining plant growth. Moreover, the growth advantage provided by overexpression of the vacuolar OsTPKa K+ transporter, particularly under salt stress reconfirms its important role in providing salt tolerance. The QTL locus from Horkuch containing these two transporters maybe bred into commercial rice to produce high-yielding salt tolerant rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umme Sabrina Haque
- Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sabrina M. Elias
- Department of Life Sciences, Independent University Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Israt Jahan
- Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Zeba I. Seraj
- Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Manoj KM, Gideon DA, Bazhin NM, Tamagawa H, Nirusimhan V, Kavdia M, Jaeken L. Na,K-ATPase: A murzyme facilitating thermodynamic equilibriums at the membrane-interface. J Cell Physiol 2023; 238:109-136. [PMID: 36502470 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The redox metabolic paradigm of murburn concept advocates that diffusible reactive species (DRS, particularly oxygen-centric radicals) are mainstays of physiology, and not mere pathological manifestations. The murburn purview of cellular function also integrates the essential principles of bioenergetics, thermogenesis, homeostasis, electrophysiology, and coherence. In this context, any enzyme that generates/modulates/utilizes/sustains DRS functionality is called a murzyme. We have demonstrated that several water-soluble (peroxidases, lactate dehydrogenase, hemogoblin, etc.) and membrane-embedded (Complexes I-V in mitochondria, Photosystems I/II in chloroplasts, rhodopsin/transducin in rod cells, etc.) proteins serve as murzymes. The membrane protein of Na,K-ATPase (NKA, also known as sodium-potassium pump) is the focus of this article, owing to its centrality in neuro-cardio-musculo electrophysiology. Herein, via a series of critical queries starting from the geometric/spatio-temporal considerations of diffusion/mass transfer of solutes in cells to an update on structural/distributional features of NKA in diverse cellular systems, and from various mechanistic aspects of ion-transport (thermodynamics, osmoregulation, evolutionary dictates, etc.) to assays/explanations of inhibitory principles like cardiotonic steroids (CTS), we first highlight some unresolved problems in the field. Thereafter, we propose and apply a minimalist murburn model of trans-membrane ion-differentiation by NKA to address the physiological inhibitory effects of trans-dermal peptide, lithium ion, volatile anesthetics, confirmed interfacial DRS + proton modulators like nitrophenolics and unsaturated fatty acid, and the diverse classes of molecules like CTS, arginine, oximes, etc. These explanations find a pan-systemic connectivity with the inhibitions/uncouplings of other membrane proteins in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelath Murali Manoj
- Satyamjayatu: The Science & Ethics Foundation, Kulappully, Shoranur-2, Kerala, India
| | - Daniel A Gideon
- Satyamjayatu: The Science & Ethics Foundation, Kulappully, Shoranur-2, Kerala, India
| | - Nikolai M Bazhin
- Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Hirohisa Tamagawa
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Gifu University, Gifu City, Japan
| | - Vijay Nirusimhan
- Satyamjayatu: The Science & Ethics Foundation, Kulappully, Shoranur-2, Kerala, India
| | - Mahendra Kavdia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Laurent Jaeken
- Department of Industrial Sciences and Technology, Karel de Grote-Hogeschool, Antwerp University Association, Antwerp, Belgium
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Kamali-Andani N, Fallah S, Peralta-Videa JR, Golkar P. Selenium nanoparticles reduce Ce accumulation in grains and ameliorate yield attributes in mung bean (Vigna radiata) exposed to CeO 2. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 316:120638. [PMID: 36370974 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Exposure of crops to CeO2 nanoparticles (nCeO2) in agricultural environments impact crop quality and human health. In this regard, the effects of selenium nanoparticles (nSe) on the yield and quality of Vigna radiata (L.) exposed to nCeO2 were investigated. The experiment was carried out as a factorial with two factors: NPs (nCeO2, and nSe) as factor one and concentrations as factor two [(0, 250, 500 and 1000 mg/L nCeO2; 0, 25, 50 and 75 mg/L nSe)]. Nanoparticles were foliar applied to 45-day old mung bean shoot in two steps and one-week interval. At 250-1000 mg/L, nCeO2 increased P, protein and Ce accumulation in grain. Additionally, at 1000 mg/L, the nCeO2, significantly decreased seed number, yield, Fe, and Zn storage in seeds. Conversely, at 25 and 50 mg/L, nSe stimulated the growth and yield of mung bean, and significantly increased P, Fe, Zn, and Se in seeds, but reduced the protein content in seeds. The Se25+Ce250 and Se50+Ce250 significantly increased pod number, seed number, grain weight, yield, Fe, Zn and Se storage in grains. In contrast, the Ce accumulation in seeds decreased in all combination treatments (nCeO2 + nSe) compared to their respective single nCeO2 treatments. Moreover, in the plants exposed to high nCeO2 concentrations, nSe application resulted in undamaged vacuoles, less starch granules' accumulation, significant yield improvement, and elevated Fe, Se, and Zn in seeds. Data suggest that selenium nanoparticles prevent nCeO2 stress in mung bean and improve grain production and quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najmeh Kamali-Andani
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Sina Fallah
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran.
| | - Jose R Peralta-Videa
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Chemistry and Computer Science Building, The University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Ave., El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
| | - Pooran Golkar
- Department of Natural Resources, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156-83111, Iran. Research Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Isfahan, University of Technology, Iran
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Anil Kumar S, Kaniganti S, Hima Kumari P, Sudhakar Reddy P, Suravajhala P, P S, Kishor PBK. Functional and biotechnological cues of potassium homeostasis for stress tolerance and plant development. Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev 2022:1-44. [PMID: 36469501 DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2022.2143317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Potassium (K+) is indispensable for the regulation of a plethora of functions like plant metabolism, growth, development, and abiotic stress responses. K+ is associated with protein synthesis and entangled in the activation of scores of enzymes, stomatal regulation, and photosynthesis. It has multiple transporters and channels that assist in the uptake, efflux, transport within the cell as well as from soil to different tissues, and the grain filling sites. While it is implicated in ion homeostasis during salt stress, it acts as a modulator of stomatal movements during water deficit conditions. K+ is reported to abate the effects of chilling and photooxidative stresses. K+ has been found to ameliorate effectively the co-occurrence of drought and high-temperature stresses. Nutrient deficiency of K+ makes leaves necrotic, leads to diminished photosynthesis, and decreased assimilate utilization highlighting the role it plays in photosynthesis. Notably, K+ is associated with the detoxification of reactive oxygen species (ROS) when plants are exposed to diverse abiotic stress conditions. It is irrefutable now that K+ reduces the activity of NADPH oxidases and at the same time maintains electron transport activity, which helps in mitigating the oxidative stress. K+ as a macronutrient in plant growth, the role of K+ during abiotic stress and the protein phosphatases involved in K+ transport have been reviewed. This review presents a holistic view of the biological functions of K+, its uptake, translocation, signaling, and the critical roles it plays under abiotic stress conditions, plant growth, and development that are being unraveled in recent times.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Anil Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Vignan's Foundation for Science, Technology & Research Deemed to be University, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Sirisha Kaniganti
- Crop transformation Laboratory, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, Hyderabad, India
| | | | - P Sudhakar Reddy
- Crop transformation Laboratory, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Suprasanna P
- Department of Biotechnology, Vignan's Foundation for Science, Technology & Research Deemed to be University, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Mumbai, Bhatan, Mumbai, India
| | - P B Kavi Kishor
- Department of Biotechnology, Vignan's Foundation for Science, Technology & Research Deemed to be University, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India
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Luo Q, Feng J, Yang G, He G. Functional characterization of BdCIPK31 in plant response to potassium deficiency stress. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2022; 192:243-251. [PMID: 36272191 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Potassium (K) is one of the most essential macronutrients for plants. However, K+ is deficient in some cultivated soils. Hence, improving the efficiencies of K+ uptake and utilization is important for agricultural production. Ca2+ signaling pathways play an important role in regulation of K+ acquisition. In the present study, BdCIPK31, a Calcineurin B-like protein interacting protein kinase (CIPK) from Brachypodium distachyon, was found to be a potential positive regulator in plant response to low K+ stress. The expression of BdCIPK31 was responsive to K+-deficiency, and overexpression of BdCIPK31 conferred enhanced tolerance to low K+ stress in transgenic tobaccos. Furthermore, BdCIPK31 was demonstrated to promote the K+ uptake in root, and could maintain normal root growth under K+-deficiency conditions. Additionally, BdCIPK31 functioned in scavenging excess reactive oxygen species (ROS), reduced oxidative damage caused by low K+ stress. Collectively, our study indicates that BdCIPK31 is a vital regulatory component in K+-acquisition system in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingchen Luo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Purification and Application of Plant Anti-Cancer Active Ingredients, Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Hubei University of Education, Wuhan, 430205, China; The Genetic Engineering International Cooperation Base of Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.
| | - Jialu Feng
- School of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430081, China; The Genetic Engineering International Cooperation Base of Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.
| | - Guangxiao Yang
- The Genetic Engineering International Cooperation Base of Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.
| | - Guangyuan He
- The Genetic Engineering International Cooperation Base of Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Chinese Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.
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He B, Hu F, Du H, Cheng J, Pang B, Chen X, Lv Y. Omics-driven crop potassium use efficiency breeding. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1076193. [PMID: 36507409 PMCID: PMC9730507 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1076193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bing He
- Institute of Germplasm Resources and Biotechnology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Fengqin Hu
- Excellence and Innovation Center, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongyang Du
- Key Laboratory of Rice Genetic Breeding of Anhui Province, Rice Research Institute, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Science, Hefei, China
| | - Junjie Cheng
- Excellence and Innovation Center, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Bingwen Pang
- Excellence and Innovation Center, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Xi Chen
- School of Agronomy and Horticulture, Jiangsu Vocational College of Agriculture and Forestry, Jurong, China
| | - Yuanda Lv
- Excellence and Innovation Center, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
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Guan P, Xie C, Zhao D, Wang L, Zheng C. SES1 is vital for seedling establishment and post-germination growth under high-potassium stress conditions in Arabidopsis thaliana. PeerJ 2022; 10:e14282. [PMID: 36340207 PMCID: PMC9632470 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The potassium ion (K+) plays an important role in maintaining plant growth and development, while excess potassium in the soil can cause stress to plants. The understanding of the molecular mechanism of plant's response to high KCl stress is still limited. Methods At the seed stage, wild type (WT) and SENSITIVE TO SALT1 (SES1) mutants were exposed to different concentrations of potassium treatments. Tolerance was assayed as we compared their performances under stress using seedling establishment rate and root length. Na+content, K+content, and K+/Na+ ratio were determined using a flame atomic absorption spectrometer. In addition, the expressions of KCl-responding genes and ER stress-related genes were also detected and analyzed using qRT-PCR. Results SES1 mutants exhibited seedling establishment defects under high potassium concentration conditions and exogenous calcium partially restored the hypersensitivity phenotype of ses1 mutants. The expression of some K+ transporter/channel genes were higher in ses1-2, and the ratio of potassium to sodium (K+/Na+) in ses1-2 roots decreased after KCl treatment compared with WT. Further analysis showed that the ER stress marker genes were dramatically induced by high K+ treatment and much higher expression levels were detected in ses1-2, indicating ses1-2 suffers a more serious ER stress than WT, and ER stress may influence the seedling establishment of ses1-2 under high KCl conditions. Conclusion These results strongly indicate that SES1 is a potassium tolerance relevant molecule that may be related to maintaining the seedling K+/Na+ balance under high potassium conditions during seedling establishment and post-germination growth. Our results will provide a basis for further studies on the biological roles of SES1 in modulating potassium uptake, transport, and adaptation to stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chen Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Dongbo Zhao
- Dezhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Dezhou, China
| | | | - Chengchao Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
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Grzebisz W, Diatta J, Barłóg P, Biber M, Potarzycki J, Łukowiak R, Przygocka-Cyna K, Szczepaniak W. Soil Fertility Clock-Crop Rotation as a Paradigm in Nitrogen Fertilizer Productivity Control. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:2841. [PMID: 36365294 PMCID: PMC9656335 DOI: 10.3390/plants11212841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The Soil Fertility Clock (SFC) concept is based on the assumption that the critical content (range) of essential nutrients in the soil is adapted to the requirements of the most sensitive plant in the cropping sequence (CS). This provides a key way to effectively control the productivity of fertilizer nitrogen (Nf). The production goals of a farm are set for the maximum crop yield, which is defined by the environmental conditions of the production process. This target can be achieved, provided that the efficiency of Nf approaches 1.0. Nitrogen (in fact, nitrate) is the determining yield-forming factor, but only when it is balanced with the supply of other nutrients (nitrogen-supporting nutrients; N-SNs). The condition for achieving this level of Nf efficiency is the effectiveness of other production factors, including N-SNs, which should be set at ≤1.0. A key source of N-SNs for a plant is the soil zone occupied by the roots. N-SNs should be applied in order to restore their content in the topsoil to the level required by the most sensitive crop in a given CS. Other plants in the CS provide the timeframe for active controlling the distance of the N-SNs from their critical range.
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Gao M, Sun Q, Zhai L, Zhao D, Lv J, Han Z, Wu T, Zhang X, Xu X, Wang Y. Genome-wide identification of apple PPI genes and a functional analysis of the response of MxPPI1 to Fe deficiency stress. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2022; 189:94-103. [PMID: 36063740 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Iron (Fe) deficiency affects plant growth and development. The proton pump interactor (PPI) in plants responds to multiple abiotic stresses, although it has not been well characterized under Fe deficiency stress. In this study, we systematically identified and analyzed the PPI gene family in apple. Three PPI candidate genes were found, and they contained 318-1349 amino acids and 3-7 introns. Under Fe deficiency stress, we analyzed the expression of all the PPI genes in roots of apple rootstock Malus xiaojinensis. Expression of the gene MD11G1247800, designated PPI1, is obviously induced by Fe deficiency treatment in M. xiaojinensis. We first cloned MxPPI1 from M. xiaojinensis and determined its subcellular localization, which indicated that it is localized in the cell membrane and nucleus in tobacco. We found that the level of expression of the MxPPI1 protein increased significantly under Fe deficiency stress in apple calli. Moreover, overexpressing MxPPI1 in apple calli enhanced the activities of ferric chelate reductase and H+-ATPase, H+ secretion, MxHA2 gene expression and total Fe content when compared with the wild type calli. We further found that MxPPI1 interacted with MxHA2 using bimolecular fluorescence complementation and luciferase complementation assays. Overall, we demonstrated that MxPPI1 interacts with MxHA2 to enhance the activity of H+-ATPase to regulate Fe absorption in M. xiaojinensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Gao
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China; Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Nutrition and Physiology), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Qiran Sun
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China; Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Nutrition and Physiology), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Longmei Zhai
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China; Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Nutrition and Physiology), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Danrui Zhao
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China; Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Nutrition and Physiology), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Jiahong Lv
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China; Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Nutrition and Physiology), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Zhenhai Han
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China; Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Nutrition and Physiology), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Ting Wu
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China; Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Nutrition and Physiology), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Xinzhong Zhang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China; Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Nutrition and Physiology), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Xuefeng Xu
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China; Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Nutrition and Physiology), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Yi Wang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China; Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Nutrition and Physiology), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, 100193, PR China.
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Sequence Characteristics and Expression Analysis of GhCIPK23 Gene in Upland Cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.). Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231912040. [PMID: 36233340 PMCID: PMC9570493 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231912040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
CIPK (calcineurin B-like-interacting protein kinase) is a kind of serine/threonine protein kinase widely existing in plants, and it plays an important role in plant growth and development and stress response. To better understand the biological functions of the GhCIPK23 gene in upland cotton, the coding sequence (CDS) of the GhCIPK23 gene was cloned in upland cotton, and its protein sequence, evolutionary relationship, subcellular localization, expression pattern and cis-acting elements in the promoter region were analyzed. Our results showed that the full-length CDS of GhCIPK23 was 1368 bp, encoding a protein with 455 amino acids. The molecular weight and isoelectric point of this protein were 50.83 KDa and 8.94, respectively. The GhCIPK23 protein contained a conserved N-terminal protein kinase domain and C-terminal regulatory domain of the CIPK gene family member. Phylogenetic tree analysis demonstrated that GhCIPK23 had a close relationship with AtCIPK23, followed by OsCIPK23, and belonged to Group A with AtCIPK23 and OsCIPK23. The subcellular localization experiment indicated that GhCIPK23 was located in the plasma membrane. Tissue expression analysis showed that GhCIPK23 had the highest expression in petals, followed by sepals, and the lowest in fibers. Stress expression analysis showed that the expression of the GhCIPK23 gene was in response to drought, salt, low-temperature and exogenous abscisic acid (ABA) treatment, and had different expression patterns under different stress conditions. Further cis-acting elements analysis showed that the GhCIPK23 promoter region had cis-acting elements in response to abiotic stress, phytohormones and light. These results established a foundation for understanding the function of GhCIPK23 and breeding varieties with high-stress tolerance in cotton.
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Wang F, Tan WF, Song W, Yang ST, Qiao S. Transcriptome analysis of sweet potato responses to potassium deficiency. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:655. [PMID: 36109727 PMCID: PMC9479357 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08870-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background As one of three essential nutrients, potassium is regarded as a main limiting factor for growth and development in plant. Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) is one of seven major food crops grown worldwide, and is both a nutrient-rich food and a bioenergy crop. It is a typical ‘K-favoring’ crop, and the level of potassium ion (K+) supplementation directly influences its production. However, little is known about the transcriptional changes in sweet potato genes under low-K+ conditions. Here, we analyzed the transcriptomic profiles of sweet potato roots in response to K+ deficiency to determine the effect of low-K+ stress on this economically important crop. Results The roots of sweet potato seedlings with or without K+ treatment were harvested and used for transcriptome analyses. The results showed 559 differently expressed genes (DEGs) in low and high K+ groups. Among the DEGs, 336 were upregulated and 223 were downregulated. These DEGs were involved in transcriptional regulation, calcium binding, redox-signaling, biosynthesis, transport, and metabolic process. Further analysis revealed previously unknow genes involved in low-K+ stress, which could be investigated further to improve low K+ tolerance in plants. Confirmation of RNA-sequencing results using qRT-PCR displayed a high level of consistency between the two experiments. Analysis showed that many auxin-, ethylene- and jasmonic acid-related genes respond to K+ deficiency, suggesting that these hormones have important roles in K+ nutrient signaling in sweet potato. Conclusions According to the transcriptome data of sweet potato, various DEGs showed transcriptional changes in response to low-K+ stress. However, the expression level of some kinases, transporters, transcription factors (TFs), hormone-related genes, and plant defense-related genes changed significantly, suggesting that they have important roles during K+ deficiency. Thus, this study identifies potential genes for genetic improvement of responses to low-K+ stress and provides valuable insight into the molecular mechanisms regulating low K+ tolerance in sweet potato. Further research is required to clarify the function of these DEGs under low-K+ stress. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-022-08870-5.
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Sodium Accumulation in Infected Cells and Ion Transporters Mistargeting in Nodules of Medicago truncatula: Two Ugly Items That Hinder Coping with Salt Stress Effects. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810618. [PMID: 36142539 PMCID: PMC9505113 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The maintenance of intracellular nitrogen-fixing bacteria causes changes in proteins’ location and in gene expression that may be detrimental to the host cell fitness. We hypothesized that the nodule’s high vulnerability toward salt stress might be due to alterations in mechanisms involved in the exclusion of Na+ from the host cytoplasm. Confocal and electron microscopy immunolocalization analyses of Na+/K+ exchangers in the root nodule showed the plasma membrane (MtNHX7) and endosome/tonoplast (MtNHX6) signal in non-infected cells; however, in mature infected cells the proteins were depleted from their target membranes and expelled to vacuoles. This mistargeting suggests partial loss of the exchanger’s functionality in these cells. In the mature part of the nodule 7 of the 20 genes encoding ion transporters, channels, and Na+/K+ exchangers were either not expressed or substantially downregulated. In nodules from plants subjected to salt treatments, low temperature-scanning electron microscopy and X-ray microanalysis revealed the accumulation of 5–6 times more Na+ per infected cell versus non-infected one. Hence, the infected cells’ inability to withstand the salt may be the integral result of preexisting defects in the localization of proteins involved in Na+ exclusion and the reduced expression of key genes of ion homeostasis, resulting in premature senescence and termination of symbiosis.
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Falsini S, Colzi I, Chelazzi D, Dainelli M, Schiff S, Papini A, Coppi A, Gonnelli C, Ristori S. Plastic is in the air: Impact of micro-nanoplastics from airborne pollution on Tillandsia usneoides (L.) L. (Bromeliaceae) as a possible green sensor. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 437:129314. [PMID: 35728311 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Due to the increasing evidence of widespread plastic pollution in the air, the impact on plants of airborne particles of polycarbonate (PC), polyethyleneterephthalate (PET), polyethylene (PE), and polyvinylchloride (PVC) was tested by administering pristine and aged airborne micro-nanoplastics (MNPs) to Tillandsia usneoides for two weeks. Here we showed that exposure to pristine MNPs, significantly reduced plant growth with respect to controls. Particularly, PVC almost halved plant development at the end of the treatment, while the other plastics exerted negative effects on growth only at the beginning of the exposure, with final stages comparable to those of controls. Plants exposed to aged MNPs showed significantly decreased growth at early stages with PC, later in the growth with PE, and even later with PET. Aged PVC did not exert a toxic effect on plants. When present, the plastic-mediated reduction in plant growth was coupled with a decrease in photosynthetic activity and alterations in the plant concentration of macro- and micronutrients. The plastic particles were showed to adhere to the plant surface and, preferentially, on the trichome wings. Our results reported, for the first time, evidence of negative effects of airborne plastic pollution on plant health, thus raising concerns for related environmental risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Falsini
- Department of Biology, Università degli Studi di Firenze, via Micheli 1, 50121 Florence, Italy
| | - Ilaria Colzi
- Department of Biology, Università degli Studi di Firenze, via Micheli 1, 50121 Florence, Italy.
| | - David Chelazzi
- Department of Chemistry and CSGI, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Marco Dainelli
- Department of Biology, Università degli Studi di Firenze, via Micheli 1, 50121 Florence, Italy
| | - Silvia Schiff
- Department of Biology, Università degli Studi di Firenze, via Micheli 1, 50121 Florence, Italy
| | - Alessio Papini
- Department of Biology, Università degli Studi di Firenze, via Micheli 1, 50121 Florence, Italy
| | - Andrea Coppi
- Department of Biology, Università degli Studi di Firenze, via Micheli 1, 50121 Florence, Italy
| | - Cristina Gonnelli
- Department of Biology, Università degli Studi di Firenze, via Micheli 1, 50121 Florence, Italy
| | - Sandra Ristori
- Department of Chemistry and CSGI, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via della Lastruccia 3-13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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