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Espinola N, Loudet CI, Luxardo R, Moreno C, Kyaw MH, Spinardi J, Mendoza CF, Carballo CM, Dantas AC, Abalos MG, Ballivian J, Navarro E, Bardach A. COVID-19 Disease and Economic Burden to Healthcare Systems in Adults in Six Latin American Countries Before Nationwide Vaccination Program: Ministry of Health Database Assessment and Literature Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2025; 22:669. [PMID: 40427786 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph22050669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2024] [Revised: 03/06/2025] [Accepted: 03/28/2025] [Indexed: 05/29/2025]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic imposed a substantial burden on healthcare systems worldwide, yet reliable data on COVID-19 morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs in Latin America remain limited. This study explored the disease and economic burden of COVID-19 in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, and Peru during the pre-vaccination period. Using national databases and a systematic review of the literature, we analyzed data on adults aged 18 and older, reporting cases, death rates, years of life lost, excess mortality, and direct medical costs. Before vaccination programs began, the average COVID-19 incidence rate was 6741 per 100,000 adults. Of these, 91% were mild cases, 7% moderate/severe, and 2% critical. Among 2,201,816 hospitalizations, 27.8% required intensive care, and 17.5% required mechanical ventilation. Excess mortality ranged from 76 to 557 per 100,000, and years of life lost spanned 241,089 to 3,312,346. Direct medical costs ranged from USD 258 million to USD 10,437 million, representing 2-5% of national health expenditures. The findings highlight significant variability across countries and provide crucial insights to help policymakers to make informed decisions and allocate resources effectively to improve national strategies around surveillance, preventive and treatment strategies to control the spread of COVID-19 disease in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Espinola
- Department of Health Technology Assessment and Health Economics, Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy (IECS), Buenos Aires City C1414, Argentina
| | - Cecilia I Loudet
- Department of Health Technology Assessment and Health Economics, Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy (IECS), Buenos Aires City C1414, Argentina
| | - Rosario Luxardo
- Department of Health Technology Assessment and Health Economics, Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy (IECS), Buenos Aires City C1414, Argentina
| | - Carolina Moreno
- Department of Health Technology Assessment and Health Economics, Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy (IECS), Buenos Aires City C1414, Argentina
| | - Moe H Kyaw
- Vaccine, Medical, Pfizer Inc., New York, NY 10001, USA
| | - Julia Spinardi
- Vaccine, Medical, Emerging Markets, Pfizer Inc., Itapevi 06696-000, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Jamile Ballivian
- Department of Health Technology Assessment and Health Economics, Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy (IECS), Buenos Aires City C1414, Argentina
| | - Emiliano Navarro
- Department of Health Technology Assessment and Health Economics, Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy (IECS), Buenos Aires City C1414, Argentina
| | - Ariel Bardach
- Department of Health Technology Assessment and Health Economics, Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy (IECS), Buenos Aires City C1414, Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones Epidemiológicas y Salud Pública (CIESP-IECS), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires City C1425FQD, Argentina
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Omranikhoo H, Salari H, Keshavarz K, Rajabi M, Rezaee M. The impact of COVID-19: consequences of a 3-Year struggle in Iran. BMC Infect Dis 2025; 25:558. [PMID: 40251494 PMCID: PMC12007256 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-025-10955-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2025] [Indexed: 04/20/2025] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The disability-adjusted life year (DALY) approach gives policymakers a clear understanding of the scale of the health issue. This study aimed to estimate DALYs attributed to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) for the population of Bushehr province and, by extension, the Iranian population during the first three years of the pandemic. METHOD This retrospective study was performed to estimate the DALY of COVID-19 in Iran and Bushehr province from 2021 to 2023. The concentration index and Gini coefficient were used to measure Covid-related deaths among the counties of Bushehr provinces according to the availability of hospital beds. A one-way sensitivity analysis was also performed to account for data uncertainties. RESULT The study revealed that during the study period, there were 2,554 deaths due to COVID-19 in Bushehr province. The calculated DALYs for Bushehr province and Iran were 36,004 and 2,073,036, respectively. Among these DALYs, 99.25% were YLLs, while the remaining 0.75% were YLDs. In Bushehr province, the concentration index and calculated Gini coefficient for 2022 were 0.25 and 0.49, respectively. CONCLUSION The results revealed that the burden of COVID-19 in Iran was significantly high in 2021 and 2022. Implementing specific policies and strategies at the national level is imperative. These policies should prioritize the allocation of vital resources, improve disease surveillance systems, and optimize service delivery. Concurrently, at the provincial level, concerted efforts must be made to enhance inter-sectoral collaboration, promote health literacy, and effectively monitor processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habib Omranikhoo
- Department of Management, Economics and Health Policy, School of Health, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Hedayat Salari
- Department of Management, Economics and Health Policy, School of Health, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Khosro Keshavarz
- Health Human Resources Research Center, School of Health Management and Information Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Marziyeh Rajabi
- Health Human Resources Research Center, School of Health Management and Information Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Vice-Chancellor for Public Health, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Mehdi Rezaee
- Department of Management, Economics and Health Policy, School of Health, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran.
- Health Human Resources Research Center, School of Health Management and Information Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
- Student Research Committee, School of Health Management and Information Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, 2nd kilometer of Sadra Road - behind Amir al-Momenin (AS) burn accident hospital - Shahid Duran Sadra Campus of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7198754361, Iran.
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dos Santos CVB, Coelho LE, Goedert GT, Luz PM, Werneck GL, Villela DAM, Struchiner CJ. Disability-adjusted life years associated with COVID-19 in Brazil, 2020. PLoS One 2025; 20:e0319941. [PMID: 40146692 PMCID: PMC11949356 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0319941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2025] [Indexed: 03/29/2025] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We quantified the national- and state-level burden of COVID-19 in Brazil and its states during 2020 and contrasted it to the burden from other causes of disease and injury. METHODS We used national surveillance data on COVID-19 cases, hospitalisations and deaths between February/2020 to December/2020. We calculated disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) based on the COVID-19 consensus model and methods developed by the European Burden of Disease Network, which includes mild to moderate, severe, and critical COVID-19 cases, long covid and deaths due to COVID-19. We used Brazil DALYs estimates from the Global Burden of Disease Collaborative Network to compare the COVID-19 burden to that from other causes of disease and injury. RESULTS COVID-19's led to 5,445,785 DALYs, or 2,603 DALYs/100,000, with > 99% of the burden caused by mortality. Males accounted for the largest fraction of DALYs (3,214,905 or 59%) and DALYs per 100,000 population (140,594 or 63%). Most populated states experienced the highest DALYs. However, the DALYs per 100,000 population were higher in the states of Rio de Janeiro (4,504 DALYs/100,000), Amapá (4,106 DALYs/100,000) and Roraima (3,981 DALYs/100,000). Assuming no major changes in disease burden from other causes of disease and injury from 2019 to 2020 in Brazil, COVID-19's burden would rank as the leading cause of disability in 2020. CONCLUSIONS Compared with studies with similar methodology, our findings showed that Brazil experienced the highest COVID-19 burden (per 100,000 population) in the world. COVID-19 severely impacted Brazil's populational health in 2020, highlighting the lack of effective mitigation efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cleber Vinicius Brito dos Santos
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Instituto de Medicina Social, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lara Esteves Coelho
- Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Paula Mendes Luz
- Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Loureiro Werneck
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Instituto de Medicina Social, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto de Estudos em Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Cláudio José Struchiner
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Instituto de Medicina Social, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Escola de Matemática Aplicada, Fundação Getúlio Vargas (FGV), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Barfar E, Raei B, Daneshi S, Bagher Barahouei F, Hushmandi K. The burden of COVID-19 based on disability-adjusted life years: a systematic review of available evidence. Front Public Health 2025; 13:1401726. [PMID: 40066002 PMCID: PMC11891345 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2025.1401726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2025] [Indexed: 05/13/2025] Open
Abstract
Background The present study tries to evaluate and summarize the available evidence to provide insights into the COVID-19 burden worldwide using disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and compare the level of damage across countries during this pandemic. Method We conducted a systematic review following the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines to investigate the global burden of COVID-19. Studies were identified through searches conducted on Ovid Medline, Cochrane, Science Direct, Scopus, and PubMed databases as well as, the Google Scholar search engine. All stages of the search, study selection, qualitative assessment, and data extraction were carried out by two authors separately. Any disagreement among reviewers was resolved by discussion. Results The total DALYs incurred by COVID-19 varied widely among nations, with rates per 100,000 population ranging from approximately 5 in Korea to 5,363 in the US. Deaths due to COVID-19 could substantially impact years of life lost (YLLs), emerging as a major contributing factor to DALYs. Furthermore, unlike in high-income countries, a significant proportion of YLLs in low- and middle-income countries is associated with individuals dying at younger ages. Years lived with disability (YLDs) were also identified as a minor contributing factor to DALY estimates associated with COVID-19. Conclusion Our findings from this investigation provide valuable insights into the impacts of COVID-19 on global health that may be an important basis for assessing its global burden, facilitating international comparisons, and allocating efforts to manage the epidemic. However, challenges persist in identifying and quantifying the economic costs and non-health effects of the event on an international scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eshagh Barfar
- Health Promotion Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Behzad Raei
- Department of Health, Safety, and Environment Management, School of Public Health, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Salman Daneshi
- Department of Public Health, School of Health, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Bagher Barahouei
- M.Sc. of Health Care Management, Health Technology Assessment Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Kiavash Hushmandi
- Nephrology and Urology Research Center, Clinical Sciences Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Duque-Molina C, García-Rodríguez G, Zaragoza-Jiménez CA, Torre-Rosas ADL, Herrera-Canales M, Loera-Rosales MJ, Pérez-Cardoso AL, Villa-Reyes T, Romo-Rodríguez R, Sánchez-Morales SM, Contreras-Hernández I, Rivas-Ruiz R, Castro-Escamilla O, Ferat-Osorio E, Berlanga-Taylor AJ, Pelayo R, Bonifaz LC, Robledo-Aburto Z, Alcocer-Varela J. Impact on Fatality Rates and Years of Life Lost During the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Experience of the Mexican Public Health Incident Management Command. Arch Med Res 2025; 56:103073. [PMID: 39260120 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2024.103073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 08/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic challenged health systems worldwide. In Mexico, the Public Health Incident Management Command (COISS) strategy was implemented to improve health care for patients with COVID-19 who required hospitalization. AIM To evaluate the impact of the COISS strategy on case fatality rates (CFR) and years of life lost (YLL) in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. MATERIALS AND METHODS The COISS strategy included eight actions implemented in states with high epidemic risk (COISS states). A secondary analysis of the public database from the Mexican Ministry of Health was performed considering patients with confirmed diagnoses of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The COISS strategy effectiveness was evaluated by its impact on in-hospital CFR and YLL at the beginning (T0) and end (T1) of the third wave, and at the end of the fourth wave (T2) and compared to states without intervention (non-COISS states). RESULTS At T0, COISS states showed a higher CFR for hospitalized patients than non-COISS states, which decreased after the strategy implementation. After correction for baseline conditions, lower relative CFR at T1 and T2, compared to T0, and a protective effect in different age groups, especially in those ≥65 years, were found in hospitalized patients in COISS states. The COISS strategy was associated with lower CFR in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 at both T1 and T2. At T0, YLLs were higher in COISS states, but there were no significant differences at T1 and T2. CONCLUSIONS COISS interventions effectively reduced CFR in hospitalized patients with COVID-19, providing protection to vulnerable patients and reducing the YLL gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Célida Duque-Molina
- Unidad de Atención a la Salud, Órgano Público Descentralizado IMSS-Bienestar, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | | | | | - Miriam Jackeline Loera-Rosales
- Comisiones de Evidencia y Manejo de Riesgos, Comisón Federal para la Protección contra Riesgos Sanitarios, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Tania Villa-Reyes
- Servicios de Atención en primer nivel, Órgano Público Descentralizado, IMSS-Bienestar, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rubí Romo-Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Citómica del Cáncer Infantil, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Oriente, Delegación Puebla, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Puebla, Mexico; Consejo Nacional de Humanidades, Ciencias y Tecnologías, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Sofhya Marylett Sánchez-Morales
- Division de Investigación Clínica, Coordinación de Investigación en Salud, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Iris Contreras-Hernández
- Division de Investigación Clínica, Coordinación de Investigación en Salud, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rodolfo Rivas-Ruiz
- Division de Investigación Clínica, Coordinación de Investigación en Salud, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Octavio Castro-Escamilla
- Division de Investigación Clínica, Coordinación de Investigación en Salud, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Eduardo Ferat-Osorio
- Division de Investigación Clínica, Coordinación de Investigación en Salud, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Antonio J Berlanga-Taylor
- Unidad de Educación e Investigación en Salud, Dirección de Prestaciones Médicas, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rosana Pelayo
- Unidad de Educación e Investigación en Salud, Dirección de Prestaciones Médicas, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Laura C Bonifaz
- Coordinación de Investigación en Salud, Dirección de Prestaciones Médicas, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Zoe Robledo-Aburto
- Direccion General del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
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Silva Filho AMD, Araújo EMD, Souza IMD, Luiz ODC, Máximo G, Queiroz FDA, Cavalcante L, Nisida V. Years of Potential Life Lost due to COVID-19 according to race/color and gender in Brazil between 2020 and 2021. CIENCIA & SAUDE COLETIVA 2024; 29:e04702023. [PMID: 38451643 DOI: 10.1590/1413-81232024293.04702023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Mortality caused by the COVID-19 pandemic has impacted indicators of Years of Potential Life Lost (YPLL) worldwide. This study aimed to estimate the YPLL due to mortality caused by COVID-19, according to sex, age group, and race/color in Brazil, from March 2020 to December 2021. Deaths caused by COVID-19 were characterized, in which the rates and ratios of standardized YPLL rates, the average number of years of potential life lost (ANYPLL), and the average age at death (AAD) were estimated and compared. Overall, 13,776,969.50 potential years of life were lost, which resulted in an average loss of 22.5 potential years not lived. A greater loss of potential years of life was identified in men (58.12%) and in the age groups from 0 to 59 years in the black (58.92%) and indigenous (63.35%) populations, while in the age groups of 60 years and over, a greater loss of YPLL was observed in the white (45.89%) and yellow (53.22%) populations. Women recorded the highest ADD, with the exception of indigenous women. White men (1.63), brown men (1.59), and black men (1.61) had the highest rates when compared to white women. Although COVID-19 has a greater impact on the elderly, it was the black and indigenous populations under the age of 60 who had the greatest loss of potential years of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aloisio Machado da Silva Filho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Modelagem em Ciências da Terra e do Ambiente, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana (UEFS). Av. Transnordestina s/n, Novo Horizonte. 44036-900 Feira de Santana BA Brasil.
| | | | | | | | - Giovanni Máximo
- Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri. Diamantina MG Brasil
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-Bokaie S, Daneshi S, Bahonar A, Haghdoost A, Barfar E, Patrick Moran D. Estimating the disability adjusted life years associated with COVID-19 in Iran for the first 2 years of the pandemic. Front Public Health 2024; 11:1303549. [PMID: 38274514 PMCID: PMC10808479 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1303549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The World Health Organization (WHO) declared a pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), on 11 March 2020. Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) combine the impact of morbidity and mortality, allowing for comprehensive comparisons of the population. The purpose of this study was to estimate DALYs due to COVID-19 in Iran for the first 2 years of the pandemic. Methods DALYs were estimated as the sum of Years of Life Lost (YLLs) and Years Lived with Disability (YLDs) associated with COVID-19 in Iran from 19 February 2020 to 20 March 2022. The life expectancy for COVID-19 YLL estimations was based on the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2019 study. Results There were 15,639,243 outpatients and 1,170,602 hospitalized confirmed cases, of which 120,965 deaths were as a direct result of COVID-19. DALYs were estimated to be 2,376,552. Overall, YLL contributed to 99.34% of the DALYs, while the remaining 0.66% was attributed to YLD. Conclusion COVID-19 had a significant impact on population health in Iran during the first 2 years of the pandemic; this study provides a comprehensive depiction of COVID-19's burden and is helpful for comparing its impact with other diseases in the population and across populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saied -Bokaie
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Division of Epidemiology and Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Salman Daneshi
- Department of Public Health, School of Health, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran
| | - Alireza Bahonar
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Division of Epidemiology and Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - AliAkbar Haghdoost
- Research Center for Modeling in Health, Institute for Future Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Eshagh Barfar
- Health Promotion Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
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Di Fabio S, La Torre G. Analysis of the Economic Burden of COVID-19 on the Workers of a Teaching Hospital in the Centre of Italy: Changes in Productivity Loss and Healthcare Costs Pre and Post Vaccination Campaign. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1791. [PMID: 38140197 PMCID: PMC10747819 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11121791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Following the concerning levels of spread and severity of the infection, on 11 March 2020, the World Health Organisation declared the COVID-19 outbreak a pandemic. In response to the pandemic, governments adopted several mitigation strategies. The pandemic posed a great threat to the Italian healthcare workforce (HW), with Italy being one of the hardest-hit countries. The aim of this study is to estimate the economic burden of COVID-19 on the workforce of a teaching hospital in Central Italy. Two periods are compared: 1 March 2020-9 February 2021 vs. 10 February 2021-31 March 2022. Methods: This study is conducted from a societal perspective. The database (n = 3298) of COVID-19-confirmed cases among the HW was obtained from the occupational health office of the hospital. The first entry on the database refers to 1 March 2020. Cost data were used to assess the economic burden of COVID-19 on the hospital workforce. They include two main groups: hourly salaries and medical expenses. The cost of productivity loss, hospital admission, at-home treatments, and contact tracing and screening tests were computed for the first and second periods of the analysis. Results: The total economic burden during the first period is estimated to be around EUR 3.8 million and in the second period EUR 4 million. However, the average cost per person is smaller in the second period (EUR 1561.78) compared to the first one (EUR 5906). In both periods, the cost of productivity loss is the largest component of the economic burden (55% and 57%). The cost of hospital admission decreased by more than 60% in the second period. Conclusion: Outcomes of the analysis suggest that the economic burden of COVID-19 on the HW is higher in the first period of analysis compared to the second period. The main reason could be identified in the shift from more severe and critical confirmed cases to more asymptomatic, mild, and moderate cases. The causes of this shift are not easily detectable. Vaccination, variants of the virus, and an individual's determinants of health could all be causes of the decrease in the economic burden of COVID-19 on the HW. COVID-19 can generate a high economic burden on healthcare workers and, more generally, on HWs. However, a comprehensive estimate of the economic burden of the pandemic needs to integrate the mental health repercussions and the long-term COVID-19 that will become evident in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giuseppe La Torre
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
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Lozano A, Salcedo-Mejía F, Zakzuk J, Alvis-Zakzuk NR, Moyano-Tamara L, Serrano-Coll H, Gastelbondo B, Mattar S, Alvis-Zakzuk NJ, Alvis-Guzman N. Burden of COVID-19 in Córdoba, A Department of Colombia: Results of Disability-Adjusted Life-Years: Carga de COVID-19 en Córdoba, un Departamento de Colombia: Resultados de los Años de Vida Ajustados por Discapacidad. Value Health Reg Issues 2023; 37:9-17. [PMID: 37121135 PMCID: PMC10147312 DOI: 10.1016/j.vhri.2023.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to estimate the burden of acute COVID-19 in Córdoba, one of the most affected departments (states) in Colombia, through the estimation of disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs). METHODS DALYs were estimated based on the number of cases of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection cases reported by official Colombian sources. A transition probability matrix among severity states was calculated using data obtained from a retrospective cohort that included 1736 COVID-19 confirmed subjects living in Córdoba. RESULTS Córdoba had 120.23 deaths per 100 000 habitants during the study period (March 2020 to April 2021). Estimated total DALYs were 49 243 (2692 DALYs per 100 000 inhabitants), mostly attributed to fatal cases (99.7%). On average, 25 years of life were lost because of death by this infection. A relevant proportion of years of life lost because of COVID-19 (46.6%) was attributable to people < 60 years old and was greater in men. People ≥ 60 years old showed greater risk of progression to critical state than people between the age of 35 and 60 years (hazard ratio 2.5; 95% confidence interval 2.5-12.5) and younger than 35 years (9.1; 95% confidence interval 4.0-20.6). CONCLUSION In Córdoba, premature mortality because of COVID-19 was substantially represented by people < 60 years old and was greater in males. Our data may be representative of Latin American populations with great infection spread during the first year of the pandemic and contribute to novel methodological aspects and parameter estimations that may be useful to measure COVID-19 burden in other countries of the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Lozano
- ALZAK Foundation, Cartagena, Colombia; Grupo de Investigación en Economía de la Salud, Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia
| | | | - Josefina Zakzuk
- ALZAK Foundation, Cartagena, Colombia; Grupo de Investigación en Economía de la Salud, Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia
| | | | | | - Héctor Serrano-Coll
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas del Trópico, Universidad de Córdoba, Montería, Córdoba; Facultad de Medicina, Universidad CES, Medellín, Colombia; Instituto Colombiano de Medicina Tropical-Universidad CES, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Bertha Gastelbondo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas del Trópico, Universidad de Córdoba, Montería, Córdoba
| | - Salim Mattar
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas del Trópico, Universidad de Córdoba, Montería, Córdoba
| | - Nelson J Alvis-Zakzuk
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de la Costa, Barranquilla, Colombia; Programa de posgraduación en Epidemiología, Universidad de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil.
| | - Nelson Alvis-Guzman
- Grupo de Investigación en Economía de la Salud, Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia; Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de la Costa, Barranquilla, Colombia
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10
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Alinia C, Bolbanabad AM, Moradi G, Shokri A, Ghaderi E, Adabi J, Rezaei S, Piroozi B. Burden of COVID‐19 disease in Kurdistan province in west of Iran using disability‐adjusted life years. Health Sci Rep 2023; 6:e1154. [PMID: 36970642 PMCID: PMC10033847 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.1154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic, about seven million people were infected with the disease, of which more than 133,000 died. Health policymakers need to know the extent and magnitude of the disease burden to decide on how much to allocate resources for disease control. The results of this investigation could be helpful in this field. Methods We used the secondary data released by the Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences between February 2020 to October 2021 to estimate the age‐sex standardized disability‐adjusted life years (DALY) by the sum of the years of life lived with disability (YLD) and the years of life lost (YLL). We also applied the local and specific values of the disease utility in the calculations. Results The total DALY was estimated at 23316.5 and 1385.5 per 100,000 populations The YLD and YLL constituted 1% and 99% of the total DALY, respectively. The DALY per 100,000 populations was highest in the men and people aged more than 65 years, but the prevalence was the highest in people under the age of 40. Conclusions Compared to the findings of the “burden of disease study 2019,” the burden of COVID‐19 in Iran is ranked first and eighth among communicable and noncommunicable diseases, respectively. Although the disease affects all groups, the elderly suffer the most from it. Given the very high YLL of COVID‐19, the best strategy to reduce the burden of COVID‐19 in subsequent waves should be to focus on preventing infection in the elderly population and reducing mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrus Alinia
- Healthcare Management & Economics Department, School of Public HealthUrmia University of Medical SciencesUrmiaIran
| | - Amjad M. Bolbanabad
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Research Institute for Health DevelopmentKurdistan University of Medical SciencesSanandajIran
| | - Ghobad Moradi
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Research Institute for Health DevelopmentKurdistan University of Medical SciencesSanandajIran
| | - Azad Shokri
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Research Institute for Health DevelopmentKurdistan University of Medical SciencesSanandajIran
| | - Ebrahim Ghaderi
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Research Institute for Health DevelopmentKurdistan University of Medical SciencesSanandajIran
| | - Jalil Adabi
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Research Institute for Health DevelopmentKurdistan University of Medical SciencesSanandajIran
| | - Satar Rezaei
- School of Public HealthKermanshah University of Medical SciencesKermanshahIran
| | - Bakhtiar Piroozi
- Healthcare Management & Economics Department, School of Public HealthUrmia University of Medical SciencesUrmiaIran
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11
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Tsai HC, Yang YF, Pan PJ, Chen SC. Disease burden due to COVID-19 in Taiwan: disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) with implication of Monte Carlo simulations. J Infect Public Health 2023; 16:884-892. [PMID: 37058869 PMCID: PMC10060021 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2023.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has affected a large number of countries. Informing the public and decision makers of the COVID-19's economic burdens is essential for understanding the real pandemic impact. METHODS COVID-19 premature mortality and disability impact in Taiwan was analyzed using the Taiwan National Infectious Disease Statistics System (TNIDSS) by estimating the sex/age-specific years of life lost through death (YLLs), the number of years lived with disability (YLDs), and the disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) from January 2020 to November 2021. RESULTS Taiwan recorded 1004.13 DALYs (95% CI: 1002.75-1005.61) per 100,000 population for COVID-19, with YLLs accounting for 99.5% (95% CI: 99.3%99.6%) of all DALYs, with males suffering more from the disease than females. For population aged ≥ 70 years, the disease burdens of YLDs and YLLs were 0.1% and 99.9%, respectively. Furthermore, we found that duration of disease in critical state contributed 63.9% of the variance in DALY estimations. CONCLUSIONS The nationwide estimation of DALYs in Taiwan provides insights into the demographic distributions and key epidemiological parameter for DALYs. The essentiality of enforcing protective precautions when needed is also implicated. The higher YLLs percentage in DALYs also revealed the fact of high confirmed death rates in Taiwan. To reduce infection risks and disease, it is crucial to maintain moderate social distancing, border control, hygiene measures, and increase vaccine coverage levels.
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12
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Gebeyehu DT, East L, Wark S, Islam MS. Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) based COVID-19 health impact assessment: a systematic review. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:334. [PMID: 36793006 PMCID: PMC9929217 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-15239-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The emergence of COVID-19 has resulted in health, socio-economic, and political crises. The overall health impact of this disease can be measured by disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) which is the sum of the life years lost due to disability (YLDs) and the years life lost due to premature death (YLLs). The overarching objective of this systematic review was to identify the health burdens of COVID-19 and summarise the literature that can aid health regulators to make evidence-based decisions on COVID-19 mitigation strategies. METHODS This systematic review was conducted using the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. DALYs-based primary studies were collected from databases, manual searches, and included studies' references. The primary studies published in English language, conducted since the emergence of COVID-19, and using DALYs or its subsets (years life lost due to disability and/or years life lost due to premature death) as health impact metrics, were the inclusion criteria. The combined disability and mortality health impact of COVID-19 was measured in DALYs. The risk of bias due to literature selection, identification, and reporting processes was assessed using the Joanna Bridges Institute critical appraisal tool for cross-sectional studies, and the certainty of evidence was assessed using the GRADE Pro tool. RESULT Of the 1459 identified studies, twelve of them were eligible for inclusion in the review. The years life lost due to COVID-19 related mortality was dominant over the years life lost due to COVID-19 related disability (disability times from the onset of COVID-19 to recovery, from diseases occurrence to mortality, and the long-term consequences of COVID-19) in all included studies. The long-term consequence disability time and the pre-death disability time were not assessed by most of the reviewed articles. CONCLUSION The impact of COVID-19 on both the length and quality of life has been substantial and has been causing considerable health crises worldwide. The health burden of COVID-19 was greater than other infectious diseases. Further studies focussing on issues examining increasing preparedness for future pandemics, public sensitization, and multi-sectorial integration are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Teshome Gebeyehu
- School of Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia. .,School of Veterinary Medicine, Wollo University, 1145, Dessie, Amhara, Ethiopia.
| | - Leah East
- grid.1048.d0000 0004 0473 0844School of Nursing and Midwifery, Health, Engineering & Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Ipswich, Queensland 4305 Australia
| | - Stuart Wark
- grid.1020.30000 0004 1936 7371School of Rural Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351 Australia
| | - Md Shahidul Islam
- grid.1020.30000 0004 1936 7371School of Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351 Australia
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13
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Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) based COVID-19 health impact assessment: A systematic review protocol. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0274468. [PMID: 36094922 PMCID: PMC9467350 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0274468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background COVID-19 is a highly contagious infectious disease that emerged in 2019. This disease is causing devastating health, socio-economic, and economic crises. More specifically COVID-19 is affecting both the quality and length of human life. The overall health impact of this disease is measured by the disability-adjusted life years which is the sum of the life years lost due to disability (the effect on the health quality) and the years life lost due to premature death (effect on the length of life). The purpose of this review is to summarise DALYs-based health impact publications and produce compiled and informative literature that can aid the health regulators to make evidence-based decisions on mitigating COVID-19. Methods The review will be conducted using the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. The DALYs-based original observational and cross-sectional studies will be collected for assessing the health impact of COVID-19. Both the life quality and length impacts of COVID-19 will be reviewed. The life quality impact of COVID-19 will be measured using the life years lost due to disability (pre-recovery illness, pre-death illness, and post-acute consequences), and its impact on the length of life will be measured with years of life lost due to premature death (shortening of life expectancy). The combined health impact of COVID-19 on the quality and length of life will be measured in disability-adjusted life years. Discussion The impacts of COVID-19 on the two health outcomes (quality and length of life) will indicate the level of COVID-19 health burden. The increase or decrease of COVID-19 health impact might be due to the sample size differences of different studies and the omission of years lost due to post-acute consequences in some studies. After having a summarized systematic review health decision-makers will apply an impact-based response to COVID-19. Trail registration Systematic review registration: This protocol is pre-registered in PROSPERO with the registration number CRD42022324931.
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14
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Madzima B, Makoni T, Mugurungi O, Mudariki G, Mpofu A, Dube F, Munangaidzwa L, Taramusi I. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on people living with HIV in Zimbabwe. AFRICAN JOURNAL OF AIDS RESEARCH : AJAR 2022; 21:194-200. [PMID: 35901296 DOI: 10.2989/16085906.2022.2103004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic was reported from March 2020 in Zimbabwe. COVID-19 containment measures which included repeated lockdowns have disrupted community interactions, reduced working hours, restricted travel and restricted HIV services for people living with HIV (PLHIV), among others. The study adopted a cross-sectional design. Both qualitative and quantitative data were collected in all the 10 provinces and analysed. A sample size of 480 was calculated for the cross-sectional survey. Secondary data on HIV early warning indicators from 2018 to 2021 were extracted from 20 randomly selected health facilities and used for modelling. Mathematical modelling was conducted to assess the impact of COVID-19 on PLHIV. AIDS-related deaths increased from 20 100 in 2019 to 22 200 in 2020. In addition, there were significant years of life lost (yLLs) from premature mortality and years of life lost due to disability (yLDs) from COVID-19. Prevalence of COVID-19 among PLHIV was 4%. COVID-19 vaccination coverage was 64%, which is higher than the national average of 42%. Stress and breach of confidentiality as ARV medicines were given out in open spaces and fear of contracting COVID-19 were the perceived psychological issues. COVID-19 disrupted HIV service provision, increased AIDS-related deaths and caused psychological challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tatenda Makoni
- Zimbabwe National Network of People Living with HIV, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | | | | | - Amon Mpofu
- National AIDS Council of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Freeman Dube
- National AIDS Council of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe
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15
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Pires SM, Wyper GMA, Wengler A, Peñalvo JL, Haneef R, Moran D, Cuschieri S, Redondo HG, De Pauw R, McDonald SA, Moon L, Shedrawy J, Pallari E, Charalampous P, Devleesschauwer B, Von Der Lippe E. Burden of Disease of COVID-19: Strengthening the Collaboration for National Studies. Front Public Health 2022; 10:907012. [PMID: 35734754 PMCID: PMC9208200 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.907012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Quantifying the combined impact of morbidity and mortality is a key enabler to assessing the impact of COVID-19 across countries and within countries relative to other diseases, regions, or demographics. Differences in methods, data sources, and definitions of mortality due to COVID-19 may hamper comparisons. We describe efforts to support countries in estimating the national-level burden of COVID-19 using disability-adjusted life years. Methods The European Burden of Disease Network developed a consensus methodology, as well as a range of capacity-building activities to support burden of COVID-19 studies. These activities have supported 11 national studies so far, with study periods between January 2020 and December 2021. Results National studies dealt with various data gaps and different assumptions were made to face knowledge gaps. Still, they delivered broadly comparable results that allow for interpretation of consistencies, as well as differences in the quantified direct health impact of the pandemic. Discussion Harmonized efforts and methodologies have allowed for comparable estimates and communication of results. Future studies should evaluate the impact of interventions, and unravel the indirect health impact of the COVID-19 crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Monteiro Pires
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
- *Correspondence: Sara Monteiro Pires
| | - Grant M. A. Wyper
- Place and Wellbeing Directorate, Public Health Scotland, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Annelene Wengler
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Monitoring, Robert Koch Institute (RKI), Berlin, Germany
| | - José L. Peñalvo
- Unit of Non-Communicable Diseases, Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Romana Haneef
- Département des Maladies Infectieuses, Santé Publique France, Saint-Maurice, France
| | - Declan Moran
- School of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Sarah Cuschieri
- Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Msida, Malta
| | - Hernan G. Redondo
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Robby De Pauw
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Scott A. McDonald
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Lynelle Moon
- Health Group, Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Jad Shedrawy
- Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet (KI), Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | - Brecht Devleesschauwer
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Elena Von Der Lippe
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Monitoring, Robert Koch Institute (RKI), Berlin, Germany
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16
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Angeles MR, Wanni Arachchige Dona S, Nguyen HD, Le LKD, Hensher M. Modelling the potential acute and post-acute burden of COVID-19 under the Australian border re-opening plan. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:757. [PMID: 35421963 PMCID: PMC9009167 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-13169-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Concerns have grown that post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 may affect significant numbers of survivors. However, the analyses used to guide policy-making for Australia's national and state re-opening plans have not incorporated non-acute illness in their modelling. We, therefore, develop a model by which to estimate the potential acute and post-acute COVID-19 burden using disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) associated with the re-opening of Australian borders and the easing of other public health measures, with particular attention to longer-term, post-acute consequences and the potential impact of permanent functional impairment following COVID-19. METHODS A model was developed based on the European Burden of Disease Network protocol guideline and consensus model to estimate the burden of COVID-19 using DALYs. Data inputs were based on publicly available sources. COVID-19 infection and different scenarios were drawn from the Doherty Institute's modelling report to estimate the likely DALY losses under the Australian national re-opening plan. Long COVID prevalence, post-intensive care syndrome (PICS) and potential permanent functional impairment incidences were drawn from the literature. DALYs were calculated for the following health states: the symptomatic phase, Long COVID, PICS and potential permanent functional impairment (e.g., diabetes, Parkinson's disease, dementia, anxiety disorders, ischemic stroke). Uncertainty and sensitivity analysis were performed to examine the robustness of the results. RESULTS Mortality was responsible for 72-74% of the total base case COVID-19 burden. Long COVID and post-intensive care syndrome accounted for at least 19 and 3% of the total base case DALYs respectively. When included in the analysis, potential permanent impairment could contribute to 51-55% of total DALYs lost. CONCLUSIONS The impact of Long COVID and potential long-term post-COVID disabilities could contribute substantially to the COVID-19 burden in Australia's post-vaccination setting. As vaccination coverage increases, the share of COVID-19 burden driven by longer-term morbidity rises relative to mortality. As Australia re-opens, better estimates of the COVID-19 burden can assist with decision-making on pandemic control measures and planning for the healthcare needs of COVID-19 survivors. Our estimates highlight the importance of valuing the morbidity of post-COVID-19 sequelae, above and beyond simple mortality and case statistics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Rose Angeles
- Institute for Health Transformation, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, 221 Burwood highway, Burwood, Victoria, 3125, Australia
- Deakin Health Economics, School of Health and Social Development, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, 221 Burwood highway, Burwood, Victoria, 3125, Australia
| | - Sithara Wanni Arachchige Dona
- Institute for Health Transformation, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, 221 Burwood highway, Burwood, Victoria, 3125, Australia
- Deakin Health Economics, School of Health and Social Development, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, 221 Burwood highway, Burwood, Victoria, 3125, Australia
| | - Huong Dieu Nguyen
- Institute for Health Transformation, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, 221 Burwood highway, Burwood, Victoria, 3125, Australia
- Deakin Health Economics, School of Health and Social Development, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, 221 Burwood highway, Burwood, Victoria, 3125, Australia
| | - Long Khanh-Dao Le
- Institute for Health Transformation, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, 221 Burwood highway, Burwood, Victoria, 3125, Australia
- Deakin Health Economics, School of Health and Social Development, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, 221 Burwood highway, Burwood, Victoria, 3125, Australia
- Health economics Division, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Martin Hensher
- Institute for Health Transformation, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, 221 Burwood highway, Burwood, Victoria, 3125, Australia.
- Deakin Health Economics, School of Health and Social Development, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, 221 Burwood highway, Burwood, Victoria, 3125, Australia.
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Medical Science Precinct, 17 Liverpool Street, Hobart, Tasmania, 7000, Australia.
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17
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Wu Q, Li Q, Lu J. A One Health strategy for emerging infectious diseases based on the COVID-19 outbreak. JOURNAL OF BIOSAFETY AND BIOSECURITY 2021; 4:5-11. [PMID: 34729464 PMCID: PMC8552662 DOI: 10.1016/j.jobb.2021.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is as an emerging infectious disease (EID) that has caused the worst public health catastrophe of the 21st century thus far. In terms of impact, the COVID-19 pandemic is second only to the Spanish Flu pandemic of 1918 in modern world history. As of 7 September 2021, there have been 220 million confirmed cases of COVID-19 and more than 4.5 million deaths. EIDs pose serious public health and socio-economic risks, and 70% of EIDs originate from wildlife. Preventing development of EIDs such as COVID-19 is a pressing concern. Here, taking the COVID-19 pandemic as an example, we illustrate the disastrous effects of EIDs and assess their emergence and evolution from a One Health perspective. We propose a One Health strategy, centered on ‘moving the gates forward’, for EID prevention and control at the human–animal–environment interface. This strategy may be instructive and provide early warnings of EIDs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Wu
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Tropical Disease Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China.,One Health Center of Excellence for Research and Training, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory for Surveillance and Evaluation of Vaccines and Biological Products, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qianlin Li
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Tropical Disease Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China.,One Health Center of Excellence for Research and Training, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory for Surveillance and Evaluation of Vaccines and Biological Products, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiahai Lu
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Tropical Disease Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China.,One Health Center of Excellence for Research and Training, Guangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory for Surveillance and Evaluation of Vaccines and Biological Products, Guangzhou, China
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18
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Pascucci D, Nurchis MC, Sapienza M, Castrini F, Beccia F, D’Ambrosio F, Grossi A, Castagna C, Pezzullo AM, Zega M, Staiti D, De Simone FM, Mores N, Cambieri A, Vetrugno G, Damiani G, Laurenti P. Evaluation of the Effectiveness and Safety of the BNT162b2 COVID-19 Vaccine in the Vaccination Campaign among the Health Workers of Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182111098. [PMID: 34769618 PMCID: PMC8582885 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182111098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Health workers, especially those in patient-facing roles, had a significantly increased risk of COVID-19 infection, having serious outcomes, and risking spreading the virus to patients and staff. Vaccination campaign planning suggests allocating initial supplies of BNT162b2 vaccine to health workers given the importance of early protection to safeguard the continuity of care to patients. The aim of the study is to assess the effectiveness and safety of BNT162b2 vaccine among the health workers of Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS (FPG). The retrospective cohort study was conducted among health staff working at the FPG. Vaccination data were collected from hospital records. The primary end points were vaccine effectiveness and safety. A total of 6649 health workers were included, of whom 5162 received injections. There were 14 cases of COVID-19 with onset at least 14 days after the second dose among vaccinated health workers and 45 cases among unvaccinated ones. BNT162b2 was 91.5% effective against COVID-19 (95% credible interval, 84.7% to 95.3%). The safety profile of BNT162b2 vaccine consisted of short-term, non-serious events. The promotion and boost of the COVID-19 vaccination campaign represents a key public health measure useful to curb the spread of the pandemic especially in vulnerable contexts, such as hospitals, where health workers carry out a paramount role for the entire community, and requires further protection with a possible booster dose in view of autumn-winter 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Pascucci
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (D.P.); (M.S.); (F.C.); (F.B.); (F.D.); (A.G.); (C.C.); (A.M.P.); (D.S.); (N.M.); (G.V.); (G.D.); (P.L.)
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (M.Z.); (F.M.D.S.); (A.C.)
| | - Mario Cesare Nurchis
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (D.P.); (M.S.); (F.C.); (F.B.); (F.D.); (A.G.); (C.C.); (A.M.P.); (D.S.); (N.M.); (G.V.); (G.D.); (P.L.)
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (M.Z.); (F.M.D.S.); (A.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-063-015-4396
| | - Martina Sapienza
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (D.P.); (M.S.); (F.C.); (F.B.); (F.D.); (A.G.); (C.C.); (A.M.P.); (D.S.); (N.M.); (G.V.); (G.D.); (P.L.)
| | - Francesco Castrini
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (D.P.); (M.S.); (F.C.); (F.B.); (F.D.); (A.G.); (C.C.); (A.M.P.); (D.S.); (N.M.); (G.V.); (G.D.); (P.L.)
| | - Flavia Beccia
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (D.P.); (M.S.); (F.C.); (F.B.); (F.D.); (A.G.); (C.C.); (A.M.P.); (D.S.); (N.M.); (G.V.); (G.D.); (P.L.)
| | - Floriana D’Ambrosio
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (D.P.); (M.S.); (F.C.); (F.B.); (F.D.); (A.G.); (C.C.); (A.M.P.); (D.S.); (N.M.); (G.V.); (G.D.); (P.L.)
| | - Adriano Grossi
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (D.P.); (M.S.); (F.C.); (F.B.); (F.D.); (A.G.); (C.C.); (A.M.P.); (D.S.); (N.M.); (G.V.); (G.D.); (P.L.)
| | - Carolina Castagna
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (D.P.); (M.S.); (F.C.); (F.B.); (F.D.); (A.G.); (C.C.); (A.M.P.); (D.S.); (N.M.); (G.V.); (G.D.); (P.L.)
| | - Angelo Maria Pezzullo
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (D.P.); (M.S.); (F.C.); (F.B.); (F.D.); (A.G.); (C.C.); (A.M.P.); (D.S.); (N.M.); (G.V.); (G.D.); (P.L.)
| | - Maurizio Zega
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (M.Z.); (F.M.D.S.); (A.C.)
| | - Domenico Staiti
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (D.P.); (M.S.); (F.C.); (F.B.); (F.D.); (A.G.); (C.C.); (A.M.P.); (D.S.); (N.M.); (G.V.); (G.D.); (P.L.)
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (M.Z.); (F.M.D.S.); (A.C.)
| | - Francesco Maria De Simone
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (M.Z.); (F.M.D.S.); (A.C.)
| | - Nadia Mores
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (D.P.); (M.S.); (F.C.); (F.B.); (F.D.); (A.G.); (C.C.); (A.M.P.); (D.S.); (N.M.); (G.V.); (G.D.); (P.L.)
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (M.Z.); (F.M.D.S.); (A.C.)
| | - Andrea Cambieri
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (M.Z.); (F.M.D.S.); (A.C.)
| | - Giuseppe Vetrugno
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (D.P.); (M.S.); (F.C.); (F.B.); (F.D.); (A.G.); (C.C.); (A.M.P.); (D.S.); (N.M.); (G.V.); (G.D.); (P.L.)
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (M.Z.); (F.M.D.S.); (A.C.)
| | - Gianfranco Damiani
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (D.P.); (M.S.); (F.C.); (F.B.); (F.D.); (A.G.); (C.C.); (A.M.P.); (D.S.); (N.M.); (G.V.); (G.D.); (P.L.)
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (M.Z.); (F.M.D.S.); (A.C.)
| | - Patrizia Laurenti
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (D.P.); (M.S.); (F.C.); (F.B.); (F.D.); (A.G.); (C.C.); (A.M.P.); (D.S.); (N.M.); (G.V.); (G.D.); (P.L.)
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (M.Z.); (F.M.D.S.); (A.C.)
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19
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Khamis N, Saimy IS, Ibrahim NH, Badaruddin NK, Mohd Hassan NZA, Kusnin F, Sandhu SS, Mohamed M. Progression of the Pathway for Public Health Care during the COVID-19 Outbreak at District Health Office. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:10533. [PMID: 34639833 PMCID: PMC8507755 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph181910533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Public health activities under district health offices (DHOs) play a major role in Malaysia's fight against COVID-19. This article aims to describe and illustrate the public health activity pathway in combating the COVID-19 pandemic, and a team of public health workers who are familiar with DHO work settings was created in April 2020 for that purpose. Review of documents and the Ministry of Health's updates was carried out, followed by a series of discussions with stakeholders. Based on the steps in the outbreak investigation tasks, the flow of activities from January to May 2020 was listed in line with the phases of the country's National Movement Control Order 2020. Results show that the activities can be classified into three different sections-namely, the main action areas, category of cases, and level of care. The main process flow of activities comprised the case management and support activities. Case management flow was split into tasks for patients under investigation and persons under surveillance, while the support services existed throughout the phases. The pathways illustrate that the progression of the pandemic translated directly to changes in the pattern of activities, with additional subgroups of activities in accordance with all imposed guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noraziani Khamis
- Institute for Health Management, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Shah Alam 40170, Malaysia; (I.S.S.); (N.H.I.); (N.K.B.)
| | - Intan Syafinaz Saimy
- Institute for Health Management, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Shah Alam 40170, Malaysia; (I.S.S.); (N.H.I.); (N.K.B.)
| | - Nor Hayati Ibrahim
- Institute for Health Management, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Shah Alam 40170, Malaysia; (I.S.S.); (N.H.I.); (N.K.B.)
| | - Nur Khairah Badaruddin
- Institute for Health Management, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Shah Alam 40170, Malaysia; (I.S.S.); (N.H.I.); (N.K.B.)
| | | | - Faridah Kusnin
- Klang District Health Office, Selangor Health Department, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Klang 41200, Malaysia; (F.K.); (S.S.S.); (M.M.)
| | - Sukhvinder Singh Sandhu
- Klang District Health Office, Selangor Health Department, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Klang 41200, Malaysia; (F.K.); (S.S.S.); (M.M.)
| | - Masitah Mohamed
- Klang District Health Office, Selangor Health Department, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Klang 41200, Malaysia; (F.K.); (S.S.S.); (M.M.)
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