Trends and risk factors of global incidence, mortality, and disability of genitourinary cancers from 1990 to 2019: Systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Global and China burden of hormone-related cancers and risk factors, 1990-2021: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

BACKGROUND

Updated data on hormone-related cancers (HRCs) are crucial for their prevention, management, and treatment, aligning with the UN's Sustainable Development Goals. This study focuses on HRCs: breast, thyroid, uterine, ovarian, prostate, and testicular cancers. Despite their significance, comparative studies on these cancers are limited.

METHODS

Data for incidence, prevalence, mortality, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and years of life lost (YLLs) related to HRCs were obtained from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Statistical analyses were performed using R and Joinpoint Software. Age-standardized rates (ASR), percentage changes (1990-2021), annual percent change (APC) and average annual percent change (AAPC) are used to examine trends and risk factors associated with HRCs across various years, genders, and age groups, both in China and globally.

FINDINGS

In 2021, China reported 659450 incidence cases of six HRCs, including 527009 cases (95% UI: 398030, 684814) in females and 132442 cases (89701, 181113) in males, reflecting a 29.97% increase since 1990. Deaths attributed to HRCs totaled 176526, with 130281 cases (99207, 166654) among females and 46245 cases (33049, 62510) among males, marking an 11.07% increase during the same period. The age-standardized incidence rates (ASIR) for HRCs in China were 10.70 (38.19, 65.86) per 100,000 for females and 13.87(9.50, 18.71) for males, in contrast to global rates of 17.07(62.11, 72.57) for females and 39.21(35.75, 41.69) for males. Age-standardized death rates (ASDR) were 3.54(9.22, 15.50) for females and 5.86(4.16, 7.83) for males, compared to higher global ASDRs of 6.17(19.49, 22.98) and 13.73(12.06, 14.78),respectively. From 1990 to 2021, China and the global population saw significant increases in ASIR for most cancers, except global ovarian cancer (AAPC = -0.229). Female HRCs mortality, YLLs, and DALYs declined significantly, particularly for uterine cancer. Conversely, Chinese males experienced increased mortality, YLLs, and DALYs for breast and thyroid cancers. Testicular cancer prevalence increased among Chinese males (AAPC = 7.329). Specifically, female breast cancer mortality in China decreased from 2011 to 2014 (APC = -2.82). Uterine cancer mortality dropped sharply from 2011 to 2015 (APC = -7.91). Thyroid cancer mortality declined from 2000 to 2007 (APC = -3.54), while ovarian cancer mortality decreased from 2000 to 2004 (APC = -3.33). Male breast cancer incidence peaked around 2010, and testicular cancer incidence rose significantly from 2011 to 2015 (APC = 7.77). All above changes were statistically significant (P < 0.05). Regarding age distribution characteristics, female HRCs consistently peak in the 60-74 age group globally and in China, whereas male HRCs show greater variability. In this age bracket, female breast cancer incidence reaches 348.90 (270.60, 440.16) in China versus 483.55 (449.97, 516.08) globally, while uterine cancer rates are 71.74 (52.18, 99.03) in China compared to 151.71 (138.55, 163.03) worldwide. Similarly, ovarian cancer peaks at 39.29 (28.29, 51.02) in China and 69.95 (63.59, 75.55) globally. Prostate cancer incidence also peaks in this group, with rates of 121.87 (84.48, 168.23) in China contrasting sharply with 534.72 (491.27, 568.09) globally. Conversely, testicular cancer shows a distinct pattern, peaking in the younger age group of 25-44 years, with incidences of 5.95 (4.44, 7.85) in China and 19.21 (18.04, 20.56) globally. The 25-44 age group also remains significant for thyroid cancer, with incidences of 23.31 (17.01, 32.52) in China and 31.57 (27.61, 36.30) globally. In terms of risk factors, smoking contributed to an ASR of 0.22 (0.16, 0.27) deaths globally, while alcohol accounted for 0.39 (0.27, 0.54) deaths. In China, low physical activity resulted in an ASR of 0.18 (0.03, 0.33) deaths, where high BMI notably increased risks for female HRCs. Environmental factors significantly impacted global ovarian cancer, contributing 0.12 (0.06, 0.19) deaths, while smoking influenced prostate cancer mortality, with an ASR of 0.36 (0.16, 0.60) deaths.

INTERPRETATION

Our study reveals that rising incidence rates and age-specific patterns of female HRCs in China and globally are largely associated with shifts in lifestyle and dietary habits. To address this issue, it is essential to implement tailored prevention strategies for different cancer types and age groups and enhance management of risk factors, especially considering the growing burden of diseases affecting the elderly due to population aging.

The role of immunotherapy in targeting tumor microenvironment in genitourinary cancers

Genitourinary (GU) cancers, including renal cell carcinoma, prostate cancer, bladder cancer, and testicular cancer, represent a significant health burden and are among the leading causes of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Despite advancements in traditional treatment modalities such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgery, the complex interplay within the tumor microenvironment (TME) poses substantial hurdles to achieving durable remission and cure. The TME, characterized by its dynamic and multifaceted nature, comprises various cell types, signaling molecules, and the extracellular matrix, all of which are instrumental in cancer progression, metastasis, and therapy resistance. Recent breakthroughs in immunotherapy (IO) have opened a new era in the management of GU cancers, offering renewed hope by leveraging the body's immune system to combat cancer more selectively and effectively. This approach, distinct from conventional therapies, aims to disrupt cancer's ability to evade immune detection through mechanisms such as checkpoint inhibition, therapeutic vaccines, and adoptive cell transfer therapies. These strategies highlight the shift towards personalized medicine, emphasizing the importance of understanding the intricate dynamics within the TME for the development of targeted treatments. This article provides an in-depth overview of the current landscape of treatment strategies for GU cancers, with a focus on IO targeting the specific cell types of TME. By exploring the roles of various cell types within the TME and their impact on cancer progression, this review aims to underscore the transformative potential of IO strategies in TME targeting, offering more effective and personalized treatment options for patients with GU cancers, thereby improving outcomes and quality of life.

Tracking and analysis of benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer burden globally: 1990-2021 epidemiological trends

Background

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate cancer (PCa) are prevalent prostate conditions in middle-aged and elderly men, yet comprehensive and current epidemiological data remain scarce. This study aimed to comprehensively evaluate the global burdens of BPH and PCa from 1990 to 2021.

Methods

We analyzed data on BPH and PCa from the Global Burden of Disease 2021 database, including incidence, disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), mortality, and attributable risk factors. Estimated annual percentage changes (EAPC) were calculated to assess trends in age-standardized incidence rates (ASIR), age-standardized DALY rates (ASDR), and age-standardized mortality rates (ASMR). We also examined correlations between the burden of these conditions and socio-demographic indices (SDI).

Results

From 1990 to 2021, the incidence of BPH and PCa increased by 115.23% and 161.66%, respectively. Over the 32-year period, PCa showed a decreasing trend in ASMR and ASDR (EAPC =-0.68 and -0.83, respectively), with no significant change in ASIR. BPH burdens were highest in Eastern Europe and Asia, while PCa burdens were concentrated in high-income North America and Australasia. The highest incidence rates for BPH were in the 65-69 age group, and for PCa in those aged 85 years and older. Smoking-related DALYs and mortality among PCa patients decreased annually across all age groups throughout the study period.

Conclusions

BPH and PCa continue to pose significant global health challenges due to their increasing absolute burden. Although the relative burden of BPH remains stable and PCa shows a declining trend, strategic resource allocation based on regional epidemiological features and geographical distributions is crucial.

Global, regional, and national burden and trends of kidney cancer associated with high BMI from 1990 to 2021: Findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

BACKGROUND

Kidney cancer represents a significant health concern that profoundly impacts the well-being of individuals, particularly those with a higher Body Mass Index (BMI). Although kidney cancer's impact is substantial, there remains a paucity of comprehensive global research dedicated to elucidating the specific burden attributable to kidney cancer in association with elevated BMI levels. This study endeavors to address this gap by examining the global distribution, incidence rates, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) linked to kidney cancer as a consequence of high BMI between the years 1990 and 2021. Utilizing data sourced from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 study, the research seeks to provide a clearer understanding of how excess body weight contributes to the global kidney cancer burden.

METHODS

The methods utilized in our comprehensive analysis were grounded in kidney cancer data sourced from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 report. This data was meticulously examined to understand the distribution, incidence rates, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) pertaining to kidney cancer across 204 countries and regions. The information was stratified by age group, sex, calendar year, geographical area, and Socio-demographic Index (SDI) to provide a detailed overview of the disease's impact. To evaluate temporal trends and shifts within these metrics, we employed the Estimated Annual Percentage Change (EAPC) methodology, thereby allowing for a nuanced assessment of how kidney cancer patterns have evolved over the period studied.

RESULTS

From 1990 to 2021, the global incidence of kidney cancer associated with high Body Mass Index (BMI) witnessed a substantial increase. By 2021, it was estimated that there were approximately 720,000 new cases, a significant rise from the roughly 500,000 cases recorded in 1990. Over this period, global trends indicated rising age-standardized incidence rates (ASIRs) and disability-adjusted life years (DALY) rates for kidney cancer. The Estimated Annual Percentage Change (EAPC) for both ASIR and DALY rate was positive, indicating an upward trend in kidney cancer's global impact. Regions characterized by middle Socio-demographic Index (SDI) levels reported the highest absolute numbers of kidney cancer cases, whereas areas with high SDI levels demonstrated the highest per capita rates. Incidence rates were found to peak among middle-aged individuals. Notably, males experienced higher rates of kidney cancer compared to females across all age brackets, suggesting a gender disparity in the disease's prevalence. These findings underscore the need for targeted interventions and public health strategies aimed at addressing the growing burden of kidney cancer, particularly in populations with high BMI.

CONCLUSION

The global impact of kidney cancer associated with high BMI has expanded notably from 1990 to 2021, highlighting significant variations across different SDI regions, countries, and sexes. This increasing trend underscores the need for targeted interventions and public health strategies, particularly in regions and populations where kidney cancer prevalence is disproportionately high due to high BMI. Strengthening preventive measures and raising awareness about the risks of high BMI could help mitigate the growing burden of kidney cancer worldwide.

Global burden of prostate cancer: age-period-cohort analysis from 1990 to 2021 and projections until 2040

BACKGROUND

Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most common cancer among men worldwide. This study uses data from the 2021 Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study to estimate the global burden of prostate cancer from 1990 to 2021.

METHODS

We analyzed the incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) of prostate cancer globally from 1990 to 2021. Based on the Sociodemographic Index (SDI), we used the estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) and Age-Period-Cohort model to compare the burden of disease across different age groups and regions with varying levels of development. Finally, we used the Bayesian Age-Period-Cohort model to predict the trend of changes in the disease burden of prostate cancer by 2040.

RESULTS

In 2021, the global age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) of prostate cancer was 15.37 per 100,000, an increase from 13.69 per 100,000 in 1990. However, the age-standardized mortality rate (5.26 per 100,000) and DALY rate (95.94 per 100,000) decreased significantly compared to 1990. The burden of prostate cancer increased with age, but overall, the burden across all age groups was lower in 2021 than in 1990. The only exception was the incidence rate among individuals under 75 in 2021. High-income regions such as North America and Australia exhibited the highest burden in terms of ASIR, though there has been some reduction in recent years. Conversely, the burden of mortality and DALYs was highest in regions such as sub-Saharan Africa, West Africa, and the Caribbean, where rates have continued to rise. Correlation analysis between SDI and the EAPC of the disease burden showed a negative correlation between EAPC of prostate cancer mortality and DALYs with SDI. The APC analysis showed that in 2021, the ASIR of prostate cancer in high SDI regions was still significantly higher across all age groups compared to other regions. In regions with middle SDI and above, the age-standardized mortality rate and DALY rate decreased over time or across birth cohorts, with a faster decline in areas with higher SDI. By 2040, it is projected that the global ASIR of prostate cancer will reverse its current trend and increase, while the age-standardized mortality rate and DALY rate will continue to decline, and the counts of incidence, mortality, and DALYs will keep rising.

CONCLUSION

Although the global mortality rate and DALY rate for prostate cancer show a decreasing trend, the number of new cases, deaths, and DALYs continues to rise due to global population growth and the aging population, and the disease burden remains significant. Furthermore, there are substantial geographic disparities in the disease burden of prostate cancer. Therefore, targeted programs should be implemented to strengthen prostate cancer diagnosis and treatment in these specific regions.

Global, regional, and national burden of kidney cancer and attributable risk factors in adults aged 65 years and older from 1990 to 2021 and projections to 2040

BACKGROUND

Identifying the past and future burden of kidney cancer (KC) and its temporal trends among older adults (≥ 65 years) at global, regional, and national levels is critical for effective prevention strategies.

METHODS

The age-standardized incidence, prevalence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) were calculated using data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study from 1990 to 2021. These indicators were stratified by sex, age, and socio-demographic index (SDI). The correlation between these indicators and SDI was assessed. Temporal trends were quantified using the annual average percentage change (AAPC), and future trends from 2022 to 2040 were predicted using the Bayesian age-period-cohort (BAPC) model.

RESULTS

The global age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) of KC among older adults increased from 21.73 per 100,000 people in 1990 to 26.74 per 100,000 people in 2021, with an AAPC of 0.67%. Age-standardized DALYs rate (ASDR) remained stable, while significant increases were observed in age-standardized prevalence (AAPC = 1.24%, 95%CI: 1.14-1.34%) and mortality rate (AAPC = 0.13%, 95%CI: 0.05-0.22%). From 1990 to 2021, males consistently exhibited a higher disease burden than females, additionally, the ASIR of KC increased significantly in all age subgroups. Regions with higher SDI levels also showed a greater disease burden, while Oceania had the lowest burden of KC in 2021. The ASIR increased in almost all countries and territories. Czechia showed the highest ASIR (92.25 per 100,000 people) and ASDR (819.88 per 100,000 people). Smoking and high body mass index (BMI) remained significant risk factors for DALYs and mortality in the older population, and their effects were greatest in high SDI region. Furthermore, the burden of KC is expected to continue to decline through 2040.

CONCLUSIONS

The global burden of KC among older adults increased from 1990 to 2021, with notable regional and national variations. However, it is projected to continue to decline through 2040. The management of smoking and high BMI remain major challenges for people with KC, necessitating targeted clinical guidelines, particularly focusing on males and the older adults.

Digital Pathology Allows for Global Second Opinions for Urologic Malignancies

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

Digital pathology, the use of digital images for histopathologic diagnosis, is transforming the practice of pathology. This review discusses the ability of digital pathology to assist with second opinions for challenging cases in genitourinary pathology worldwide.

RECENT FINDINGS

While traditional pathology is limited by physical hardware such as microscopes and glass slides, digital pathology creates opportunities for the rapid sharing of diagnostic materials with colleagues and experts worldwide. This technology can greatly facilitate sharing challenging cases from low-resource areas where pathology services or subspecialty expertise are not available. As the incidence of kidney, prostate, and testicular cancer continues to increase in both high-income and developing countries, digital pathology may be the solution for expert opinions in diagnosing urologic disease worldwide.

A comparative analysis of global and Chinese trends in the burden of kidney cancer from 1990 to 2021

Kidney cancer, a prevalent malignant tumor in the urinary system, poses a significant disease burden and remains a crucial public health concern. Utilizing GBD(Global Burden of Disease)2021 data, our study examined the standardized incidence, mortality, prevalence, and DALYs(Disability Adjusted Life Years) rate of renal cancer. We calculated the [1-MIR(Mortality to Incidence Ratio)] value to assess treatment outcomes and survival rates, employed a joinpoint regression model to determine the AAPC(Average Annual Percentage Change), and conducted comparative and longitudinal analyses between China and global trends. The SII(Slope Index of Inequality) and the CI(Concentration Index) were used to assess the DALYs inequality caused by kidney cancer, and the SDI(Socio-demographic Index) was used as the basis for the ranking. Through the joinpoint regression model, we calculated the AAPC and conducted a comprehensive analysis of the disease burden of kidney cancer, evaluating its current status and changing trends. From 1990 to 2021, the age-standardized incidence rate, age-standardized mortality rate, age-standardized prevalence rate, and age-standardized DALYs rate of kidney cancer in China were lower than those the global average. However, the growth rate in China was significantly faster than the global average. The age-standardized incidence rate and prevalence rate of kidney cancer in males showed a greater increase compared to females, both in China and globally. Additionally, the age-standardized rate of kidney cancer in males was notably higher than in females, particularly among middle-aged males. The (1-MIR) of renal cancer increased from 0.36 to 0.62 in China and from 0.49 to 0.58 globally. Overall, the treatment effect of renal cancer has shown some successful outcomes. The SII decreased from 53.47 to 50.19, and the CI decreased from 0.342 to 0.289. The health inequality level of kidney cancer was significant but alleviated. From 1990 to 2021, there was a noticeable increase in the global incidence of kidney cancer. Specifically, the standardized incidence and prevalence of kidney cancer in the Chinese population saw a more rapid rise compared to the global average. Additionally, the disease burden of kidney cancer remained significantly higher in males than in females.

Global burden, trends, and disparities in kidney cancer attributable to smoking from 1990 to 2021

Purpose

Smoking is a well-established risk factor for kidney cancer. Analyzing the latest global spatio-temporal trends in the kidney cancer burden attributable to smoking is critical for informing effective public health policies.

Methods

Using data from the 2021 GBD database, we examined deaths, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), and age-standardized rate (ASR) of kidney cancer attributable to smoking across global, regional, and national levels. Trends in ASRs were assessed through estimated annual percentage change (EAPC). We conducted a cross-country analysis to evaluate disparities in the kidney cancer burden from 1990 to 2021, with absolute and relative inequalities measured by the slope index of inequality and concentration index, respectively. Correlation analysis was conducted by the Spearman rank order correlation method. Additionally, we projected age-standardized death and DALYs rates up to 2036 using Bayesian age-period-cohort (BAPC) models in R.

Results

Globally, kidney cancer deaths attributable to smoking increased by 67.64%, from 9,673 in 1990 to 16,216 in 2021. Despite this increase, the age-standardized death rate (ASDR) dropped from 0.25 to 0.19 per 100,000 (EAPC: -0.93). Similarly, the age-standardized disability-adjusted life years rate (ASDALY) decreased from 6.17 to 4.37 per 100,000 (EAPC: -1.15). Geographically, areas with a higher Socio-demographic Index (SDI) were the most affected. The positive correlation between higher SDI and increased deaths highlights the role of economic and social factors in disease prevalence. Cross-country analysis shows that while relative inequalities between groups are improving, absolute differences in health burdens continue to grow. Furthermore, projections indicate a gradual decline in ASDR and ASDALY for both sexes from 2022 to 2036.

Conclusion

Between 1990 and 2021, both the global ASDR and ASDALY attributable to smoking in kidney cancer, which are positively correlated with SDI, have declined. However, significant demographic and geographic disparities persist, with the disease burden remaining higher in older populations and regions with elevated SDI levels. Moreover, while the overall burden is projected to decline annually over the next 15 years, it is expected to remain significantly higher in men. These findings emphasize the need for region-specific health prevention strategies to reduce smoking-related kidney cancer.

Exploring Prostate Cancer Incidence Trends and Age Change in Cancer Registration Areas of Jiangsu Province, China, 2009 to 2019

(1) Background: Over the past few decades, Jiangsu Province, China, has witnessed a remarkable surge in the incidence of prostate cancer (PCa), accompanied by notable demographic shifts; (2) Methods: PCa data for Jiangsu Province from 2009 to 2019 were obtained from the Jiangsu Cancer Registry. We calculated crude and age-specific incidence rates (ASIRs), average age at onset, and age-specific composition ratios. Standardization was performed based on the Segi's world population. Birth cohorts (1929-2019) were analyzed to assess PCa incidence by birth year. Trend analysis was conducted using the Joinpoint Regression Model, and average annual percent changes (AAPCs) with corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) were computed. A linear regression model was used to analyze the relationship between the average age at diagnosis and calendar years; (3) Results: The ASIRs of PCa in Jiangsu Province increased significantly, with an AAPC of 11.25% (95%CI: 10.09%, 12.42%) from 2009 to 2019. This increase was observed across all age groups, particularly among those aged 0-59 years. Birth cohort analysis revealed a rising trend with earlier birth years showing higher incidence, notably in the 1959 cohort. In rural areas, the age-standardized average age at onset of PCa decreased from 75.45 years in 2009 to 73.39 years in 2019, and the peak age group shifted from 75-79 years in 2009 to 70-74 years in 2019; (4) Conclusions: The rising incidence of PCa in Jiangsu Province, along with an increased proportion of cases in younger age groups, highlights the need for targeted interventions.

The influence of age, period, and cohort factors on the incidence of kidney cancer in Spain 1990-2019: Evidence from the global burden of disease study

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to assess the influence of age, period, and cohort (A-P-C) factors on kidney cancer (KC) incidence trends in Spain from 1990 to 2019.

METHODS

Employing data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019, we employed joinpoint analysis to determine long-term patterns and A-P-C modelling to quantify net drift, local drift, longitudinal age curves, and rate ratios (RRs) of period and cohort effects.

RESULTS

Over the period 1990-2019, an estimated 142,811 cases of KC were diagnosed in Spain. A consistent upward trend in KC incidence was observed for both men and women, with the male-to-female ratio remaining stable at 2.6. Joinpoint analysis identified three distinct periods for men: An initial period (1990-1995) characterised by a significant increase in rates, a subsequent period (1995-2016) characterised by a slowdown in the rate of increase, and a final period (2016-2019) in which rates have plateaued. In women, 2 time periods were observed: an initial period (1990-2007) in which rates increased significantly, followed by a period of stabilization (2007-2019). Men born in the early-mid 20th century had a rising KC risk, peaking in the 1960s. Women's risk rose steadily, peaking in the late 1990s.

CONCLUSION

A-P-C analysis reveals steady KC incidence increase in both genders over three decades. This highlights the need for targeted public health policies and effective prevention strategies.

MicroRNAs in Genitourinary Malignancies: An Exciting Frontier of Cancer Diagnostics and Therapeutics

Genitourinary (GU) malignancies, including prostate, urothelial, kidney, testicular, penile, and adrenocortical cancers, comprise a significant burden of cancers worldwide. While many practice-changing advances have been made in the management of GU malignancies in the last decade, there is still significant room for improvement. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are noncoding RNAs that regulate post-transcription gene expression and which have been implicated in multiple mechanisms of carcinogenesis. Therefore, they have the potential to revolutionize personalized cancer therapy, with several ongoing preclinical and clinical studies underway to investigate their efficacy. In this review, we describe the current landscape of miRNAs as diagnostics, therapeutics, and biomarkers of response for GU malignancies, reflecting a novel frontier in cancer treatment.

Prognostic value of KLFs family genes in renal clear cell carcinoma

Numerous studies have shown that the Krüppel-like factors (KLFs) family of transcription factors regulate various eukaryotic physiological processes including the proliferation, differentiation, senescence, death, and carcinogenesis of animal cells. In addition, they are involved in the regulation of key biological processes such as cell cycle, DNA repair, and immune response. Current studies focus on investigating the role of KLFs in normal physiological conditions and the incidence and development of diseases. However002C the significance of KLFs family genes in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) remains partly understood; therefore, an in-depth investigation of their role and clinical value in this cancer is desired. The study aimed to investigate the role of KLF family genes in the incidence, development, and prognosis of ccRCC, and to identify the related potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets. The expression of KLFs in the RNA sequencing data of 613 ccRCCs from the TCGA database was analyzed using R software, and UALCAN and GEPIA assessed the expression of KLF genes in ccRCC. Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR analysis was performed using 10 pairs of paired ccRCC sample tissues and renal cancer cell lines from the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University. Overall survival (OS), progression-free interval (PFI), and disease-specific survival (DSS) of Kidney Clear Cell Carcinoma (KIRC) samples at differential expressions of KLFs in the TCGA database were analyzed using the R software, followed by generating a nomogram prediction model. GSCALite assessed the interactions of KLF genes with miRNAs and generated network maps. Protein interaction network maps of 50 neighboring genes associated with KLF mutations were analyzed using STRING with GO and KEGG functional enrichment analyses. The cBioPortal determined the probability of KLF gene mutations and their impact on OS and disease-free survival (DFS) in patients with ccRCC. Immune cell infiltration of KLFs was analyzed using TIMER. Finally, GSCALite was used to analyze the drug sensitivity and associated pathways of action of KLFs. Correlation validation using cellular experiments. KLF3/5/9/15 were significantly downregulated in ccRCC tissues, whereas KLF16/17 were upregulated compared with the adjacent tissues. Patients with high mRNA levels of KLF16/17 showed significantly lower OS, PFI, and DSS, whereas KLF3/5/9 showed a reverse trend. In patients with ccRCC, a significant correlation was observed between KLF mutations and OS and DSS. Furthermore, the correlation of KLF3/5/9 with immune cell infiltration was stronger than that of KLF15/16, while KLF17 was significantly associated with the Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) pathway. Overexpression of KLF5 inhibits the proliferative and migratory capacity of renal cancer cells (786-O and OS-RC-2), as well as their sensitivity to relevant small molecule drugs. Our research revealed the expression levels and biological significance of KLF genes in ccRCC, particularly highlighting the potential of KLF5 as a promising biomarker and therapeutic target for effective prognosis and diagnosis of ccRCC.

Global prevalence of diet low in calcium and the disease burden: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

BACKGROUND

Due to the essential role of calcium in vital biological functions, diet low in calcium (DLC) is associated with various diseases. However, there is a lack of study about the current prevalence and health burden due to DLC using reliable data sources.

METHODS

We used data from the Global Burden of Disease study 2019 (GBD 2019) to estimate the prevalence and health burden of DLC in 204 countries from 1990 to 2019, by age, sex, and sociodemographic index (SDI). The estimates were produced in DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression tool. Summary exposure value (SEV) was used to show the prevalence of DLC, while diseases adjusted life year (DALY) was used to represent the disease burden. The disease burden was estimated for DLC-induced colorectal cancer. Spearman Rank Order correlation was used for correlation analysis, and estimated annual percentage (EAPC) was used to reflect the temporal trends.

RESULTS

From 1990 to 2019, the global prevalence of DLC decreased (EAPC of SEV, -0.47; 95% CI, -0.5 to -0.43), but have increased in Oceania region and in many countries, such as United Arab Emirates, New Zealand, Japan, and France. The global DALYs associated with low in calcium were estimated to be 3.14 million (95% uncertainty interval (UI), 2.25-4.26 million) in 2019, with an age standardized rate of 38.2 (95% UI, 27.2-51.8) per 100,000. Unlike the prevalence, the global age standardized DALY rates has remained unchanged (EAPC, -0.03; 95% CI, -0.12 to 0.07), but has increased in over 80 of the 204 countries, located mainly in Asia, Africa, and South America. In all years and regions, the age standardized SEV and DALY rates were higher in male people than that in female people. The prevalence (rho = -0.823; P < 0.001) and disease burden (rho = -0.433; P < 0.001) associated with diet in low calcium were strongly correlated to SDI. The prevalence decreased with age, but the DALY rates increased with age and peaked at about 90 years. The prevalence of DLC has decreased worldwide and in most countries, but the disease burden of DLC induced colorectal cancer has increased in over 40% of countries worldwide.

CONCLUSION

Countries with low sociodemographic level and male people are more likely to experience the risk of DLC and related disease burden. Related measures in improve dietary calcium intake are in need to address diet in low calcium related health problems.

Urological cancer statistics on incidence from 1975 to 2019 and mortality from 1958 to 2022 in Japan

BACKGROUND

In Japan, comprehensive cancer statistics are collected through cancer registries. However, data on urological cancers are rarely summarized or published in research papers.

METHODS

This retrospective study was performed using publicly available statistical data on urological cancers (prostate cancer [PCa], bladder cancer [BCa], and cancers of kidney and urinary tract [except urinary bladder]) in Japan, including a summary of the Ministry's mortality statistics, cancer incidence statistics from the Regional Cancer Registries through 2015, and the National Cancer Registry statistics from 2016. We examined the incidence and mortality rates of urological cancers stratified by age groups.

RESULTS

The number of new cases of PCa, BCa, and cancers of kidney and urinary tract (except urinary bladder) in 2019 was 94,748, 23,383, and 30,458, respectively, and the number of deaths in 2022 was 13,439, 9,598, and 9,795, respectively. The incidence and mortality rates of urological cancers have consistently increased. Since 2000, there has been a noteworthy increase in the mortality rate of urological cancers among individuals aged > 85 years. The incidence and mortality rates of BCa and cancers of kidney and urinary tract (except urinary bladder) were significantly higher in males than in females.

CONCLUSIONS

Urological cancers in very elderly patients (> 85 years) will become increasingly important in the future.

Examining the trend of mortality of genitourinary system cancers in Babol, North Iran (2013-2021)

BACKGROUND

Cancers of the genitourinary system, particularly prostate, bladder, and kidney cancer, exhibit a high prevalence. Consequently, predicting the morbidity and mortality of genitourinary cancers holds great significance for future planning and implementation. This study aimed to examine the crude and age-standardized rates of mortality and the trend of genitourinary cancers over nine years in northern Iran.

METHODS

This cross-sectional study used data on the number of deaths attributed to genitourinary cancers recorded in Babol City between 2013 and 2021 through the cause of death registration and classification system. Population estimates were derived from the latest census reports. Subsequently, crude and age-standardized rates, as well as trends for genitourinary cancers, were calculated.

RESULTS

A total of 307 deaths occurred, with an average age of 75.6 ± 14.3 years due to genitourinary cancers. The crude and age-standardized rates of genitourinary cancers increased from 2.7 and 1.9 per hundred thousand people in 2013 to 7.7 and 5.9 per hundred thousand people in 2021, respectively. Over the study period, death rates significantly rose for men (P < 0.001) and remained constant for women (P = 0.444). Examination of genitourinary cancers revealed an upward trend for bladder (P = 0.012) and prostate (P = 0.012) cancers, while a stable trend was observed for kidney (P = 0.070) and testicular (P = 0.139) cancers.

CONCLUSIONS

The age-standardized rate and trend of genitourinary cancers are rising. Consequently, this study emphasizes the importance of prevention through screening programs, raising awareness, and utilizing appropriate diagnostic methods.

A Cross-Sectional Survey to Identify Sociodemographic Factors Associated with the Frequency of Urinalysis in a Representative Sample of Adults in Poland, 2024

A general urine test is considered one of the basic diagnostic tests using in healthcare. This study aimed to analyze sociodemographic factors associated with the frequency of urine testing in Poland. This cross-sectional survey was conducted using computer-assisted web interviewing (CAWI) between 1 March and 4 March 2024. A representative sample of 1113 adults in Poland (aged 18-86 years, 52.5% of whom were females) took part in the study. The survey showed that 46.3% of adults in Poland had a urinalysis in the last 12 months. One-fifth (20.7%) of the participants had a urinalysis more than a year ago but not more than 2 years ago. Moreover, 26.7% had a urinalysis performed 2-3 years ago. Among all participants, female gender (OR = 1.31 [1.01-1.68]; p < 0.05), being aged 70 years and over (OR = 2.22 [1.23-4.02]; p < 0.01), having children (OR = 1.45 [1.01-2.09]; p < 0.05), and having urologic diseases (OR = 2.34 [1.79-3.02]; p < 0.001) were significantly associated with having urinalysis in the last 12 months. Among respondents without urologic diseases, female gender (OR = 1.33 [1.02-1.74]; p < 0.05), being aged 60 years and over (p < 0.05), and being married (OR = 1.45 [1.09-1.94]; p < 0.05) were significantly associated with having a urinalysis in the last 12 months. There was no significant impact of educational level, occupational status, or financial situation on the frequency of urinalysis.

Awareness of Genitourinary Cancers Risk Factors-A 2024 Population-Based Cross-Sectional Study in Poland

Objective

This study aimed to assess the awareness of genitourinary cancers risk factors among adults in Poland and to identify factors associated with public awareness of risk factors for genitourinary cancers.

Methods

This cross-sectional survey was carried out between 1 and 4 March 2024 in a nationwide sample of 2,165 adults in Poland. Quota sampling was used. Data were collected using computer-assisted web interview (CAWI) method.

Results

Regardless of the type of cancer (kidney, bladder, or prostate cancer), a family history of cancer was the most recognized risk factor indicated by over half of respondents. Over one-third were aware that chemical exposure increases the risk for bladder cancer (39.4%) or prostate cancer (34.2%). Smoking was recognized as a risk factor for kidney cancer by 40.6% of respondents. Female gender, having higher education, being occupationally active and the presence of chronic diseases were the most important factors (p < 0.05) associated with a higher level of awareness of genitourinary cancers risk factors.

Conclusion

This study revealed gaps in public awareness of genitourinary cancers risk factors among adults in Poland, especially lifestyle-related and workplace-related risk factors.

Epidemiological characteristics of 214,063 hospital admissions to adult urological departments in Poland in 2022

Introduction

Nationwide data on urological hospitalizations may improve the quality of care. This study aimed to evaluate the epidemiological characteristics of all registered hospital admissions to adult urological departments in Poland in 2022.

Material and methods

This epidemiological retrospective analysis is based on the national registry on hospital admissions managed by the National Institute of Public Health - National Research Institute. All adult patients admitted to urological departments were included in the analysis.

Results

In 2022, 214,063 hospital admissions were recorded in Polish urological departments, 72% of the patients were male. Emergency admissions accounted for 17.6% of these admissions. There were significant differences in hospitalization rate per 100,000 population between the administrative regions (voivodeships), with extreme values recorded in the Opolskie (411.5) and Podkarpackie (987.9) voivodeships. The major causes of admission were genitourinary diseases (ICD-10: N00-N99) at 59% and cancers (ICD-10: C00-C97; D00-D48) at 36%. In general, kidney and ureteral stones (19.9%), bladder cancer (15.2%), and prostate hyperplasia (10%) were the most common causes of hospital admissions. The highest hospitalization rate per 100,000 inhabitants was observed among adults aged 60-69 and 70-79 years. A quarter of hospitalizations were one-day hospitalizations, and the mean duration of hospitalization was 2.93 days for all hospitalizations, and when excluding one-day hospitalizations 3.89 days. Epidemiological characteristics of patients and duration of hospitalization differed by cause of admission.

Conclusions

Findings from this study provide precise epidemiological data on inpatient urological care in Poland. Physicians and policymakers may use this study to evaluate and improve inpatient urological care in Poland.

Critical roles of lncRNA-mediated autophagy in urologic malignancies

Urologic oncology is a significant public health concern on a global scale. Recent research indicates that long chain non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and autophagy play crucial roles in various cancers, including urologic malignancies. This article provides a summary of the latest research findings, suggesting that lncRNA-mediated autophagy could either suppress or promote tumors in prostate, kidney, and bladder cancers. The intricate network involving different lncRNAs, target genes, and mediated signaling pathways plays a crucial role in urological malignancies by modulating the autophagic process. Dysregulated expression of lncRNAs can disrupt autophagy, leading to tumorigenesis, progression, and enhanced resistance to therapy. Consequently, targeting particular lncRNAs that control autophagy could serve as a dependable diagnostic tool and a promising prognostic biomarker in urologic oncology, while also holding potential as an effective therapeutic approach.

A population-based study on incidence trends of kidney and renal pelvis cancers in the United States over 2000-2020

Cancers of the kidney and renal pelvis are among the most prevalent types of urinary cancers. We aimed to outline the incidence trends of kidney and renal pelvis cancers by age, sex, race/ethnicity, and histology in the United States (US) from 2000 to 2020. The data was obtained from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) 22 database. The identification of patients with kidney and renal pelvis cancers with morphologies of renal cell carcinoma, nephroblastoma, sarcoma, and neuroendocrine tumor was conducted utilizing the International Classification of Diseases for Oncology version 3. The average annual percent change (AAPC) were presented. All estimates were given in the form of counts and delayed age-standardized incidence rates (ASIRs) per 100,000 people. From 2000 to 2019, a total of 490,481 cases of kidney and renal pelvic cancer were recorded across all age groups in the US. The majority of them were among Non-Hispanic Whites (NHWs) (69.75%) and those aged 55-69 years (39.96%). The ASIRs per 100,000 for kidney and pelvis cancers were 22.03 for men and 11.14 for women. Non-Hispanic Black men had the highest ASIR (24.53 [24.24, 24.81]), and increase in ASIR over the 2000-2019 period (AAPC: 2.19% [1.84, 2.84]). There was a noticeable increase in incidence of kidney and renal pelvis cancers. Individuals aged 70-84 years had the highest ASIR for kidney and renal pelvis cancers. The COVID-19 era has resulted in a significant reduction in incidence rates across all demographics.

Decomposing difference in the kidney cancer burden measures between 1990 and 2019 based on the global burden of disease study

The kidney cancer (KC) burden measures have changed dramatically in recent years due to changes in exposure to the determinants over time. We aimed to decompose the difference in the KC burden measures between 1990 and 2019. This ecological study included data on the KC burden measures as well as socio-demographic index (SDI), behavioral, dietary, and metabolic risk factors from the global burden of disease study. Non-linear multivariate decomposition analysis was applied to decompose the difference in the burden of KC. Globally, ASIR, ASMR, and ASDR of KC increased from 2.88 to 4.37, from 1.70 to 2.16, and from 46.13 to 54.96 per 100,000 people between 1990 and 2019, respectively. The global burden of KC was more concentrated in developed countries. From 1990 to 2019, the burden of KC has increased the most in Eastern European countries. More than 70% of the difference in the KC burden measures between 1990 and 2019 was due to changes in exposure to the risk factors over time. The SDI, high body mass index (BMI), and alcohol use had the greatest contribution to the difference in the KC burden measures. Changes in characteristics over time, including SDI, high BMI, and alcohol consumption, appear to be important in the evolving landscape of KC worldwide. This finding may help policymakers design policies and implement prevention programs to control and manage KC.

Matairesinoside, a novel inhibitor of TMEM16A ion channel, loaded with functional hydrogel for lung cancer treatment

The incidence and mortality rates of lung cancer have remained high for several decades, necessitating the discovery of new drugs and the development of effective treatment strategies. This study identified matairesinoside (MTS) as a potent inhibitor of TMEM16A, a novel drug target for lung cancer. Molecular simulation combined with site-directed mutagenesis experiments confirmed the key binding sites of MTS and TMEM16A. Cell experiments demonstrated that MTS significantly inhibited the growth, migration, and invasion of lung cancer cells, while inducing apoptosis. Gene knockdown and overexpression studies further revealed that TMEM16A is the target for MTS in regulating lung cancer cell growth. Western blot analysis elucidated the signaling transduction network involved in MTS-mediated regulation of lung cancer. Building upon these findings, a biodegradable self-healing functional hydrogel was developed to load MTS, aiming to enhance therapeutic efficacy and minimize side effects in vivo. Animal experiments demonstrated that the hydrogel/MTS formulation exhibited satisfactory inhibitory effects on lung cancer and mitigated the side effects associated with direct MTS injection. This study identified MTS as a potential candidate for anti-lung cancer therapy with well-defined pharmacological mechanisms. Moreover, the targeted drug delivery system utilizing the hydrogel/MTS platform offers a promising approach for lung cancer treatment.

Global, regional, and national burden of chronic kidney disease attributable to high fasting plasma glucose from 1990 to 2019: a systematic analysis from the global burden of disease study 2019

Purpose

Given the rising prevalence of high fasting plasma glucose (HFPG) over the past three decades, it is crucial to assess its global, national, and regional impact on chronic kidney disease (CKD). This study aims to investigate the burden of CKD attributed to HFPG and its distribution across various levels.

Methods and materials

The data for this research was sourced from the Global Burden of Diseases Study 2019. To estimate the burden of CKD attributed to HFPG, we utilized DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression tool. The burden was measured using age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) and age-standardized disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) rate. Correlation analysis was performed using the Spearman rank order correlation method. Temporal trends were analyzed by estimating the estimated annual percentage change (EAPC).

Results

Globally in 2019, there were a total of 487.97 thousand deaths and 13,093.42 thousand DALYs attributed to CKD attributed to HFPG, which represent a substantial increase of 153.8% and 120%, respectively, compared to 1990. Over the period from 1990 to 2019, the burden of CKD attributable to HFPG increased across all regions, with the highest increases observed in regions with high socio-demographic index (SDI) and middle SDI. Regions with lower SDI exhibited higher ASMR and age-standardized DALYs (ASDR) compared to developed nations at the regional level. Additionally, the EAPC values, which indicate the rate of increase, were significantly higher in these regions compared to developed nations. Notably, high-income North America, belonging to the high SDI regions, experienced the greatest increase in both ASMR and ASDR over the past three decades. Furthermore, throughout the years from 1990 to 2019, males bore a greater burden of CKD attributable to HFPG.

Conclusion

With an increasing population and changing dietary patterns, the burden of CKD attributed to HFPG is expected to worsen. From 1990 to 2019, males and developing regions have experienced a more significant burden. Notably, the EAPC values for both ASMR and ASDR were higher in males and regions with lower SDI (excluding high-income North America). This emphasizes the pressing requirement for effective interventions to reduce the burden of CKD attributable to HFPG.

Analysis of risk factors affecting the postoperative drainage after a laparoscopic partial nephrectomy: a retrospective study

Purpose

Laparoscopic partial nephrectomy (LPN) remains the most commonly used measure for treating localized renal cell cancer (RCC) with an increasing incidence of RCC ever since the 1990s. This study aimed to identify risk factors that affect the postoperative time of drainage and total drainage volume after LPN.

Method

The clinical data of 612 RCC patients who received LPN from January 2012 to December 2022 in our hospital, including the postoperative drainage time and total drainage volume, were retrospectively analyzed. Univariable and multivariable linear regression and correlation analyses were used to identify the correlations between 21 factors, which include gender, age, history of alcohol consumption, family history of RCC, body weight, body mass index (BMI), and operation time, postoperative drainage time, and total drainage volume.

Results

The mean time of drainage was 3.52 ± 0.71 days (range: 2 to 8 days), with an average total drainage volume of 259.83 ± 72.64 mL (range: 50 to 620 mL). Both univariable and multivariable linear regression analyses revealed several statistically significant associations. Gender (p = 0.04), age (p = 0.008), smoking history (p < 0.001), diabetes (p = 0.032), operation time (p = 0.014), and BMI (p = 0.023) were identified as significant factors associated with the time of drainage. On the other hand, age (p = 0.008), smoking history (p < 0.001), diabetes (p = 0.006), and BMI (p = 0.016) emerged as independent risk factors influencing the total drainage volume.

Conclusion

The duration of postoperative drainage was found to be associated with gender, age, smoking history, diabetes, operation time, and BMI. In contrast, the total drainage volume was primarily influenced by age, smoking history, diabetes, and high BMI following LPN. For patients with these conditions, meticulous attention to hemostasis and bleeding control is crucial during the perioperative period.

Thirty-two-year trends of cancer incidence by sex and cancer site in the Veneto Region from 1987 to 2019

Background

This observational study considers the sex-specific incidence of the most incident cancers as recorded in the population-based Veneto Regional Cancer Registry over a period of more than 30 years (1987-2019).

Methods

The Veneto Regional Cancer Registry collected data for the time interval 1987-2019. Significant changes in incidence trends calculated on age-standardized incidence rates (Annual Percent Change-APC) were identified by join point regression analysis.

Results

Overall, the incidence trend for all cancers decreased in males and remained stable in females. In nine cancer sites, the incidence trends showed consistent differences by sex (oral cavity, esophagus, colon rectum and anus, liver, larynx, lung, cutaneous malignant melanoma, bladder, and thyroid gland). Other malignancies did not show significant sex-related differences (stomach, pancreas, biliary tract, kidney/urinary tract, central nervous system, multiple myeloma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and leukemia).

Conclusion

In the period 1987-2019, this study revealed sex-related differences in cancer incidence trends. Over time, cancer incidence remained higher in males, with a decreasing epidemiological impact, plausibly resulting from prevention campaigns against environmental cancer risk factors, as tobacco and alcohol. Conversely, a significant decrease was not observed in the incidence trend in females. These findings contribute essential insights for profiling the epidemiological map of cancer in a large Italian population, allowing comparison with other European cancer epidemiology studies and providing updated data supporting sex-related primary and secondary cancer prevention strategies.

Incidence trends in prostate cancer among men in the United States from 2000 to 2020 by race and ethnicity, age and tumor stage

Purpose

To explore whether prostate cancer incidence trends from 2000 to 2020 in the United States differed by race and ethnicity, age and tumor stage; to explore racial differences in prostate cancer incidence change due to the impact of COVID-19 pandemic lockdown in 2020; and to determine if there is any high-risk population that can be targeted for prevention.

Methods

We identified 1,098,349 men who were diagnosed with incident prostate cancer at age ≥20 in 2000-2020 in 17 registries of the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program in the United States; of whom, 778,437 were non-Hispanic whites, 155,111 non-Hispanic blacks, 4,200 American Indians and Alaska Natives (AIAN), 55,267 non-Hispanic Asians/Pacific Islanders, and 105,334 Hispanics.

Results

Age-adjusted incidence rate of prostate cancer was the highest in blacks (302.6 cases per 100,000 men), followed by whites (186.6), Hispanics (153.2), AIAN (108.5), and Asians (104.9). Age-adjusted prostate cancer incidence rates dramatically decreased from 2000 to 2013 for all ethnic men. However, age-adjusted prostate cancer incidence rates increased from 2014 to 2020, in which the increasing incidence trend looked sharper in blacks and whites, flatter in Asians, and leveled in AIAN and Hispanics. Among men with local or regional stages across all years, prostate cancer incidence rate was significantly higher in blacks, but significantly lower in Hispanics, AIAN, and Asians as compared to whites. Among men in 2007-2013, the risk of distant stage prostate cancer was statistically significantly elevated in blacks (rate-ratio: 2.22, 95% CI: 2.06-2.38) and Hispanics (1.16, 1.06-1.25), not significantly different in AIAN (1.30, 0.92-1.76), but still significantly lower in Asians (0.73, 0.66-0.82) as compared to whites. There was a drop of prostate cancer incidence from 2019 to 2020 likely due to the impact of COVID-19 pandemic lockdown on the access to medical care in 2020. Overall prostate cancer incidence rate decreased by 40.4 cases per 100,000 population from 277.4 in 2019 to 237.0 in 2020 for blacks, 20.9 from 164.2 to 143.3 for whites, 16.8 from 124.8 to 108.0 for Hispanics, 14.9 from 101.7 to 86.8 for AIAN, and 12.6 from 88.4 to 75.8 for Asians.

Conclusion

The decreasing trend of prostate cancer incidence from 2000 to 2013 was statistically significant for all ethnic men. There was an increasing prostate cancer incidence from 2014 to 2020. Age-adjusted incidence rate of prostate cancer was the highest in blacks, followed by whites, Hispanics, AIAN, and Asians, regardless of age groups, tumor stages, and time periods. There will also be a need to monitor and investigate the prostate cancer incidence trend during and after COVID-19 pandemic season.

Urinary MicroRNAs as Biomarkers of Urological Cancers: A Systematic Review

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are emerging as biomarkers for the detection and prognosis of cancers due to their inherent stability and resilience. To summarize the evidence regarding the role of urinary miRNAs (umiRNAs) in the detection, prognosis, and therapy of genitourinary cancers, we performed a systematic review of the most important scientific databases using the following keywords: (urinary miRNA) AND (prostate cancer); (urinary miRNA) AND (bladder cancer); (urinary miRNA) AND (renal cancer); (urinary miRNA) AND (testicular cancer); (urinary miRNA) AND (urothelial cancer). Of all, 1364 articles were screened. Only original studies in the English language on human specimens were considered for inclusion in our systematic review. Thus, a convenient sample of 60 original articles was identified. UmiRNAs are up- or downregulated in prostate cancer and may serve as potential non-invasive molecular biomarkers. Several umiRNAs have been identified as diagnostic biomarkers of urothelial carcinoma and bladder cancer (BC), allowing us to discriminate malignant from nonmalignant forms of hematuria. UmiRNAs could serve as therapeutic targets or recurrence markers of non-muscle-invasive BC and could predict the aggressivity and prognosis of muscle-invasive BC. In renal cell carcinoma, miRNAs have been identified as predictors of tumor detection, aggressiveness, and progression to metastasis. UmiRNAs could play an important role in the diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy of urological cancers.