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Ewald S, Nasuhidehnavi A, Feng TY, Lesani M, McCall LI. The intersection of host in vivo metabolism and immune responses to infection with kinetoplastid and apicomplexan parasites. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2024; 88:e0016422. [PMID: 38299836 PMCID: PMC10966954 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00164-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYProtozoan parasite infection dramatically alters host metabolism, driven by immunological demand and parasite manipulation strategies. Immunometabolic checkpoints are often exploited by kinetoplastid and protozoan parasites to establish chronic infection, which can significantly impair host metabolic homeostasis. The recent growth of tools to analyze metabolism is expanding our understanding of these questions. Here, we review and contrast host metabolic alterations that occur in vivo during infection with Leishmania, trypanosomes, Toxoplasma, Plasmodium, and Cryptosporidium. Although genetically divergent, there are commonalities among these pathogens in terms of metabolic needs, induction of the type I immune responses required for clearance, and the potential for sustained host metabolic dysbiosis. Comparing these pathogens provides an opportunity to explore how transmission strategy, nutritional demand, and host cell and tissue tropism drive similarities and unique aspects in host response and infection outcome and to design new strategies to treat disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Ewald
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology at the Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Azadeh Nasuhidehnavi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Tzu-Yu Feng
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology at the Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Mahbobeh Lesani
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Laura-Isobel McCall
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
- Laboratories of Molecular Anthropology and Microbiome Research, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA
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Bourli P, Eslahi AV, Tzoraki O, Karanis P. Waterborne transmission of protozoan parasites: a review of worldwide outbreaks - an update 2017-2022. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2023; 21:1421-1447. [PMID: 37902200 PMCID: wh_2023_094 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2023.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
The current study presents a comprehensive review of worldwide waterborne parasitic protozoan outbreaks reported between 2017 and 2022. In total, 416 outbreaks were attributed to the waterborne transmission of parasitic protozoa. Cryptosporidium accounted for 77.4% (322) of outbreaks, while Giardia was identified as the etiological agent in 17.1% (71). Toxoplasma gondii and Naegleria fowleri were the primary causes in 1.4% (6) and 1% (4) of outbreaks, respectively. Blastocystis hominis, Cyclospora cayetanensis, and Dientamoeba fragilis were independently identified in 0.72% (3) of outbreaks. Moreover, Acanthamoeba spp., Entamoeba histolytica, Vittaforma corneae, and Enterocytozoon bieneusi were independently the causal agents in 0.24% (1) of the total outbreaks. The majority of the outbreaks (195, 47%) were reported in North America. The suspected sources for 313 (75.2%) waterborne parasitic outbreaks were recreational water and/or swimming pools, accounting for 92% of the total Cryptosporidium outbreaks. Furthermore, 25.3% of the outbreaks caused by Giardia were associated with recreational water and/or swimming pools. Developing countries are most likely to be impacted by such outbreaks due to the lack of reliable monitoring strategies and water treatment processes. There is still a need for international surveillance and reporting systems concerning both waterborne diseases and water contamination with parasitic protozoa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavlina Bourli
- School of the Environment, Department of Marine Sciences, University of the Aegean, University Hill, Mytilene, Lesvos 81100, Greece E-mail:
| | - Aida Vafae Eslahi
- Medical Microbiology Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Ourania Tzoraki
- School of the Environment, Department of Marine Sciences, University of the Aegean, University Hill, Mytilene, Lesvos 81100, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Karanis
- Medical Faculty and University Hospital, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Medical School, Department of Basic and Clinical Sciences, Anatomy Centre, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus
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Kankya C, Okello J, Wambi R, Ninsiima LR, Tubihemukama M, Kulabako CT, Asaba R, Baguma JN, Munyeme M, Muleme J. Utilization of health belief model in comprehending diarrheal disease dynamics: a case of cryptosporidiosis in Uganda. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:2008. [PMID: 36324178 PMCID: PMC9628109 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-14413-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diarrheal diseases contribute greatly to the reported global childhood mortality and morbidity with related social, economic consequences. This study was conducted to analyze the utilization of the Health Belief Model (HBM) theory to comprehend diarrheal disease dynamics in Uganda. METHODS Our study utilized a qualitative cross-sectional design among adult livestock farmers in selected farming communities. A total of 80 individuals were recruited and interviewed through Focus Discussion Groups (FDGs) (n = 6) and Key Informant Interviews (KIIs) (n = 8) to evaluate diarrheal disease dynamics. The scope of dynamics included but not limited to exposure risks, knowledge, and attitudes. Our results were presented using the five (5) constructs of the HBM. RESULTS Perceived susceptibility; communities believed that both humans and their animals are at high risk of different kinds of diarrheal infections. The farmers believed that majority of these diarrhea infections are hard to treat especially among animals. Perceived severity; farmers believed that diarrheal diseases are characterized by loss of weight, fever, emaciation, dry eyes, severe prolonged diarrhea and sudden death. Perceived barriers; limited knowledge and misconceptions about the diarrheal infections were great inhibitors to successful disease prevention and control. Self-efficacy; farmers had fear of laxity that interventions being suggested and put in place to curb diarrheal diseases such as cryptosporidiosis would wither away with time thus endemicity of the problem in the community. Modifying factors and cues to action; most of the farmers treat animals by themselves based on; probability, traditional knowledge and previous experience. CONCLUSION Sustained public health interventional activities should therefore be undertaken by both human and animal health sectors with maximum community involvement. Communities suggested the need to increase preventive measures and promote household hygiene efforts to always wash hands with soap and running water in order to reduce the burden of diarrhea diseases such as cryptosporidiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clovice Kankya
- grid.11194.3c0000 0004 0620 0548Department of Biosecurity, Ecosystems and Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P.O BOX 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Justine Okello
- grid.11194.3c0000 0004 0620 0548Department of Biosecurity, Ecosystems and Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P.O BOX 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Rogers Wambi
- grid.11194.3c0000 0004 0620 0548Department of Biosecurity, Ecosystems and Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P.O BOX 7062, Kampala, Uganda ,grid.416252.60000 0000 9634 2734Department of Clinical Laboratory, Mulago National Referral Hospital, P.O Box 7051, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Lesley Rose Ninsiima
- grid.11194.3c0000 0004 0620 0548Department of Biosecurity, Ecosystems and Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P.O BOX 7062, Kampala, Uganda ,grid.11194.3c0000 0004 0620 0548Department of Disease Control and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Makerere University, P.O BOX 7072, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Methodius Tubihemukama
- grid.11194.3c0000 0004 0620 0548Department of Biosecurity, Ecosystems and Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P.O BOX 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Christine Tricia Kulabako
- grid.11194.3c0000 0004 0620 0548Department of Biosecurity, Ecosystems and Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P.O BOX 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Richard Asaba
- grid.11194.3c0000 0004 0620 0548Department of Biosecurity, Ecosystems and Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P.O BOX 7062, Kampala, Uganda ,grid.11194.3c0000 0004 0620 0548School of Women and Gender Studies, Makerere University, P.O BOX 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - James Natweta Baguma
- grid.11194.3c0000 0004 0620 0548Department of Biosecurity, Ecosystems and Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P.O BOX 7062, Kampala, Uganda ,grid.11194.3c0000 0004 0620 0548Department of Disease Control and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Makerere University, P.O BOX 7072, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Musso Munyeme
- grid.12984.360000 0000 8914 5257Department of Disease control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, P.O BOX 32379, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - James Muleme
- grid.11194.3c0000 0004 0620 0548Department of Biosecurity, Ecosystems and Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, P.O BOX 7062, Kampala, Uganda ,grid.11194.3c0000 0004 0620 0548Department of Disease Control and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Makerere University, P.O BOX 7072, Kampala, Uganda
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Investigating the Potential Effects of COVID-19 Pandemic on Intestinal Coccidian Infections. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.16.3.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
New infectious agents pose a global threat to the healthcare system, and studies are conducted to estimate their health and epidemiological outcomes in the long run. The SARS-CoV-2 virus, which has caused the COVID-19 disease, was formerly assumed to be a respiratory virus; however, it can have serious systemic effects, affecting organs such as the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Viral RNA was reported in the stool in a subset of patients, indicating another mode of transmission and diagnosis. In COVID-19, prolonged GIT symptoms, especially diarrhea, were associated with reduced diversity and richness of gut microbiota, immunological dysregulation, and delayed viral clearance. Intestinal coccidian parasites are intracellular protozoa that are most typically transmitted to humans by oocysts found in fecally contaminated food and water. Their epidemiological relevance is coupled to opportunistic infections, which cause high morbidity and mortality among immunocompromised individuals. Among immunocompetent people, intestinal coccidia is also involved in acute diarrhea, which is usually self-limiting. Evaluating the available evidence provided an opportunity to carefully consider that; the COVID-19 virus and coccidian protozoan parasites: namely, Cryptosporidium spp., Cyclospora cayetanensis, and Isospora belli, could mutually influence each other from the microbiological, clinical, diagnostic, and elimination aspects. We further systemically highlighted the possible shared pathogenesis mechanisms, transmission routes, clinical manifestations, parasite-driven immune regulation, and intestinal microbiota alteration. Finally, we showed how this might impact developing and developed countries prevention and vaccination strategies. To the best of our knowledge, there is no review that has discussed the reciprocal effect between coccidian parasites and COVID-19 coinfection.
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Guy RA, Yanta CA, Bauman CA. Molecular identification of Cryptosporidium species in Canadian post-weaned calves and adult dairy cattle. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2022; 34:100777. [PMID: 36041794 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2022.100777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium is a zoonotic protozoan parasite that is distributed globally and impacts both human and animal health. There are over 40 species of Cryptosporidium described to date, of which four (C. parvum, C. bovis, C. ryanae and C. andersoni) are routinely reported in cattle. The goal of this study was to identify the Cryptosporidium species infecting dairy cattle from across Canada using cow fecal samples and post-weaned calf rectal swabs obtained through the Canadian National Dairy Study. A total of 353 cattle samples (117 pooled rectal fecal swabs from post-weaned calves and 236 cow fecal samples) from 175 herds across the 10 Canadian provinces were analysed by targeting Cryptosporidium's small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA or 18S) gene. Herd prevalence of Cryptosporidium was 27.4% nationally, ranging from 0% in Saskatchewan (SK) to 62% in Prince Edward Island (PE). The national prevalence of Cryptosporidium cattle infections was 15.4% in pooled rectal fecal swab samples from post-weaned calves and 16.1% in adult cows. Sanger sequence analysis of the SSU rRNA gene target revealed that C. bovis, C. andersoni and C. ryanae occurred in both adults and post-weaned calves, with C. bovis as the predominant species detected in pooled fecal swab samples of post-weaned calves (9/18, 50%) and C. andersoni as the predominant species in cows (25/38, 66%). Cryptosporidium parvum was not observed in any of the pooled rectal swab samples from post-weaned calves but was observed in one mixed infection of C. bovis/C. parvum in an adult cow. The fifth species identified in this study was C. muris and was present in two adult cows. Low concentrations of oocyst equivalents, as measured by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) of the SSU rRNA gene copy number, were observed in a subset of cattle samples. Cryptosporidium andersoni concentrations varied from province to province, with the widest range and highest counts in cows from PE. In conclusion, oocysts from Cryptosporidium species observed in this study are shed into the environment, contributing to the environmental load. However, the Cryptosporidium species in the post-weaned calves and cows found in this study pose a lower risk to the dairy cattle than if they were infected with C. parvum. Similarly, these Cryptosporidium species pose only a small risk to public health as the three species are infrequently reported in humans globally and have not been reported in Canadians to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Guy
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Ontario N1G 3W4, Canada.
| | - Christine A Yanta
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Ontario N1G 3W4, Canada
| | - Cathy A Bauman
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph N1G 2W1, Canada
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Johansen ØH, Abdissa A, Bjørang O, Zangenberg M, Sharew B, Alemu Y, Moyo S, Mekonnen Z, Langeland N, Robertson LJ, Hanevik K. Oocyst Shedding Dynamics in Children with Cryptosporidiosis: a Prospective Clinical Case Series in Ethiopia. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0274121. [PMID: 35699433 PMCID: PMC9430463 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02741-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge on the duration of Cryptosporidium oocyst shedding, and how shedding may be affected by subtypes and clinical parameters, is limited. Reduced transmission may be a secondary benefit of cryptosporidiosis treatment in high-prevalence areas. We conducted a prospective clinical case series in children of <5 years presenting with diarrhea to a health center and a hospital in Ethiopia over an 18-month period. Stool samples were collected repeatedly from children diagnosed with cryptosporidiosis for up to 60 days. Samples were examined, and Cryptosporidium shedding was quantified, using auramine phenol, immunofluorescent antibody staining, and quantitative PCR (qPCR). In addition, species determination and subtyping were used to attempt to distinguish between new infections and ongoing shedding. Duration and quantity of shedding over time were estimated by time-to-event and quantitative models (sex- and age-adjusted). We also explored how diarrheal severity, acute malnutrition, and Cryptosporidium subtypes correlated with temporal shedding patterns. From 53 confirmed cryptosporidiosis cases, a median of 4 (range 1 to 5) follow-up stool samples were collected and tested for Cryptosporidium. The median duration of oocyst shedding was 31 days (95% confidence interval [CI], 26 to 36 days) after onset of diarrhea, with similar estimates from the quantitative models (31 days, 95% CI 27 to 37 days). Genotype shift occurred in 5 cases (9%). A 10-fold drop in quantity occurred per week for the first 4 weeks. Prolonged oocyst shedding is common in a pediatric clinical population with cryptosporidiosis. We suggest that future intervention trials should evaluate both clinical efficacy and total parasite shedding duration as trial endpoints. IMPORTANCE Cryptosporidiosis is an important cause of diarrhea, malnutrition, and deaths in young children in low-income countries. The infection spreads from person to person. After infection, prolonged release of the Cryptosporidium parasite in stool (shedding) may contribute to further spread of the disease. If diagnosis and treatment are made available, diarrhea will be treated and deaths will be reduced. An added benefit may be to reduce transmission to others. However, shedding duration and its characteristics in children is not well known. We therefore investigated the duration of shedding in a group of young children who sought health care for diarrhea in a hospital and health center in Ethiopia. The study followed 53 children with cryptosporidiosis for 2 months. We found that, on average, children released the parasite for 31 days after the diarrhea episode started. Point-of-care treatment of cryptosporidiosis may therefore reduce onward spread of the Cryptosporidium parasite within communities and households.
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Affiliation(s)
- Øystein H. Johansen
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Microbiology, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg, Norway
| | - Alemseged Abdissa
- School of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Ola Bjørang
- Department of Microbiology, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg, Norway
| | - Mike Zangenberg
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Centre for Medical Parasitology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Bizuwarek Sharew
- School of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Yonas Alemu
- School of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Sabrina Moyo
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Zeleke Mekonnen
- School of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Nina Langeland
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Tropical Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Lucy J. Robertson
- Parasitology, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Kurt Hanevik
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Tropical Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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Krumkamp R, Conraths FJ, Caccio S, Schares G, Hogan B, Winter D, Jaeger A, Melhem S, Rakotozandrindrainy N, May J, Rakotozandrindrainy R, Eibach D. Clustering of Cryptosporidium species infections among sheep and cattle but not children in remote highland communities of Madagascar. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:304. [PMID: 36031635 PMCID: PMC9422120 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05434-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to identify local transmission patterns of Cryptosporidium spp. infections among livestock and humans in four extremely rural and remote highland communities in Madagascar. Methods In this cross-sectional study, households were randomly sampled throughout a 1-year study period, with one feces sample collected from each child (≤ 5 years old), sheep and cattle. Cryptosporidium spp. were identified using a nested PCR assay targeting the 18S ribosomal RNA gene. All samples positive for Cryptosporidium hominis were further subtyped by sequencing the 60-kDa glycoprotein gene (gp60). Spatial clustering methods were applied to analyze potential transmission patterns. Results In total, 252 households participated in the study, and samples from 197 children, 862 cattle and 334 sheep were collected and included in the study. Of the samples collected, 11 (5.6%) from children, 30 (3.5%) from cattle and 42 (12.6%) from sheep tested positive for Cryptosporidium spp. Very little overlap in the species distribution between human and animal infections was found. Global (overall) and local (spatially defined) clustering was observed for Cryptosporidium spp. infections in sheep and for Cryptosporidium xiaoi/bovis infections among sheep and cattle. Discussion The results of this analysis do not support the occurrence of defined disease outbreaks, rather they point to a continuous series of transmission events that are spatially aggregated. Despite the close coexistence between humans, sheep and cattle in the study area, mutual transmission was not observed. Hence, the study underlines the importance of sustained sanitation and hygiene measures to prevent cryptosporidiosis transmission among infants, since asymptomatic children serve as an infection reservoir. Similarly, the study highlights the importance of improving hygiene to reduce the transmission of Cryptosporidium spp. in livestock, an infection with serious consequences, especially in newborn calves. Graphical Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13071-022-05434-0.
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Nipa NJ, Aktar N, Hira HM, Akter F, Jahan D, Islam S, Etando A, Abdullah A, Chowdhury K, Ahmad R, Haq A, Haque M. Intestinal Parasitic Infections Among Pediatric Patients in a Metropolitan City of Bangladesh With Emphasis on Cryptosporidiosis. Cureus 2022; 14:e26927. [PMID: 35865179 PMCID: PMC9293268 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.26927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Gastrointestinal parasitic infections are one of the global health concerns in developing countries like Bangladesh. Among them, Cryptosporidium spp. plays an essential role in causing diarrhea, malnutrition, and poor cognitive function, especially in children. This study was conducted to identify the frequency of Cryptosporidium cases and other parasitic agents. Methods A cross-sectional observational study was conducted among 219 hospitalized children with diarrhea. The conventional microscopic technique was applied for parasitic detection. Particular staining (modified Ziehl-Neelsen) procedure was performed to identify oocysts of Cryptosporidium spp. A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed to determine the SSU rRNA and gp60 gene of Cryptosporidium. Results Cysts of Giardia duodenalis (2.3%), ova of Ascaris lumbricoides (1.4%,), Trichuris trichiura (0.5%), and both A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura (0.9%) were identified in samples through wet mount preparation. The distribution of Cryptosporidium spp. as detected by the staining method and nested PCR was 1.4% and 4.1%, respectively. Conclusion Factors independently associated with Cryptosporidium infection are unsafe water, lack of regular hand washing, and insufficiency of exclusive breastfeeding. This study reports, presumably for the first time, the detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts in Chattogram metropolitan city of Bangladesh.
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Human-Borne Pathogens: Are They Threatening Wild Great Ape Populations? Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9070356. [PMID: 35878373 PMCID: PMC9323791 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9070356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Human-driven activities, including agriculture, forestry, and mining, are destroying the natural habitats of wild great ape (bonobo, chimpanzee, gorilla, and orangutan) populations in Africa and Southeast Asia. The reduction in and fragmentation of wild great ape environments lead to (i) a decrease in population numbers, (ii) the isolation of current populations, and (iii) increased exposure to humans and their livestock. Consequently, the spatial overlap between humans and wild great apes might facilitate the transmission of infectious agents between them. Historically, animal-to-human pathogen transmission has attracted most of the attention of researchers and public health authorities. Only in recent years has the human-to-animal transmission pathway acquired notoriety, mainly due to conservation concerns. In this review, we examine and appraise literature-based evidence reporting wild great ape infections with viral, bacterial, parasitic, and fungal pathogens of potential anthropic nature. We select and further discuss two viral (Human Metapneumovirus and Respiratory Syncytial Virus), one bacterial (diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli), and two parasitic (Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis) pathogens causing infections in wild great ape populations for which a human origin is most likely. Gaps in knowledge and future research directions are also identified. Abstract Climate change and anthropic activities are the two main factors explaining wild great ape habitat reduction and population decline. The extent to which human-borne infectious diseases are contributing to this trend is still poorly understood. This is due to insufficient or fragmented knowledge on the abundance and distribution of current wild great ape populations, the difficulty obtaining optimal biological samples for diagnostic testing, and the scarcity of pathogen typing data of sufficient quality. This review summarises current information on the most clinically relevant pathogens of viral, bacterial, parasitic, and fungal nature for which transmission from humans to wild great apes is suspected. After appraising the robustness of available epidemiological and/or molecular typing evidence, we attempt to categorise each pathogen according to its likelihood of truly being of human origin. We further discuss those agents for which anthroponotic transmission is more likely. These include two viral (Human Metapneumovirus and Respiratory Syncytial Virus), one bacterial (diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli), and two parasitic (Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis) pathogens. Finally, we identify the main drawbacks impairing research on anthroponotic pathogen transmission in wild great apes and propose research lines that may contribute to bridging current knowledge gaps.
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Kifleyohannes T, Nødtvedt A, Debenham JJ, Tysnes KR, Terefe G, Robertson LJ. Cryptosporidium and Giardia infections in humans in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia: an unexpectedly low occurrence of anthropozoonotic transmission. Acta Trop 2022; 231:106450. [PMID: 35395229 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Enteric protozoans Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis are among the leading causes of diarrhoea in children. These parasites have particular impact in low- and middle-income countries. In these countries, people often live in close contact with their animals, highlighting the potential role of zoonotic routes of transmission in disease spread. The occurrence and species/genotypes of Cryptosporidium and Giardia duodenalis infecting humans in Tigray, Ethiopia were investigated, along with the risk associated with infection. Stool samples from 249 asymptomatic people (4-80 years of age) in four rural districts in Tigray and 58 from symptomatic young children (1-33 months) attending health centres in Mekelle, Tigray's main city, were analysed for Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts. Participants in the rural areas completed questionnaires regarding potential risk factors, with emphasis on livestock contact and sources of water. The occurrence of Cryptosporidium infection was 6% and 5% in people in the rural districts and young children from Mekelle, respectively; equivalent figures for Giardia infection were 29% and 14%. Molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium isolates revealed C. ubiquitum, subtype XIIa in a sample from rural districts, and C. hominis subtype IdA17 (1 sample) and IbA9G3 (2 samples) in infants from Mekelle with diarrhoea. For Giardia, Assemblage B predominated (22/25; 88%), but we also identified three samples with Assemblage A (AII). Our major finding was that, despite the close contact between people and livestock in our rural study sites, transmission of Cryptosporidium and Giardia between humans and their animals seems to be surprisingly uncommon. Our results are discussed in relation to other relevant studies, and also draws attention to the possibility that introduction of zoonotic species and/or subtypes, such as C. parvum, could have serious consequences for both human and animal health. As our study was conducted in Tigray, further investigation in different settings in Ethiopia could provide relevant information on transmission and zoonotic potential, and the potential for spread of zoonotic transmission. In addition, given the importance of these two parasites in causing diarrhoea in children, this information is vital for developing effective appropriate interventions against transmission that can be applied not only in Tigray or Ethiopia, but throughout Africa and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsegabirhan Kifleyohannes
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway; College of Veterinary Medicine, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia.
| | - Ane Nødtvedt
- Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - John James Debenham
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Kristoffer R Tysnes
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Getachew Terefe
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Lucy J Robertson
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
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11
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Farid A, Yousry M, Safwat G. Garlic (Allium sativum Linnaeus) improved inflammation and reduced cryptosporidiosis burden in immunocompromised mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 292:115174. [PMID: 35259443 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE For thousands of years, garlic (Allium sativum Linnaeus) has been consumed in food and health by numerous civilizations. Cryptosporidium (C.) parvum is an apicomplexan parasite that causes a gastrointestinal disease, with the most common symptoms being watery diarrhea. Although several substances have been tried for its anti-cryptosporidial action, there is no effective treatment for Cryptosporidium disease, especially in immunocompromised individuals. The present study aimed firstly to characterize the bio-active compounds in Allium sativum L. and secondly to evaluate its efficacy as a therapy for cryptosporidiosis especially in immunocompromised mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS This was accomplished by evaluating the parasitological and histopathological parameters in the experimentally infected immunocompetent and immunocompromised mice. Also, the cytokine profile during the experimental time was recorded through the measuring of T helper (h)1, Th2 and Th17 cells cytokines. Immunosuppressed mice were given 0.25 μg/g per day of dexamethasone orally, before infection with Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts, for fourteen consecutive days. Starting 10 days post infection (PI), nitazoxanide (100 mg/kg per day) or Allium sativum (50 mg/kg per day) was given orally for fourteen consecutive days. RESULTS Our results showed that oocyst shedding, on the 32nd day PI, in immunocompromised infected group treated with Allium sativum (354.11, 99.35% PR) showed a significant decrease when compared to its corresponding group treated with nitazoxanide (4369.14, 92.05% PR). On the 32nd day PI, all cytokines levels have been decreased to levels that were similar to those of their uninfected corresponding control groups; also, the histopathological changes and the loss in animals' body weight had been improved. Treatment with nitazoxanide did not result in infection clearance or a reduction in the increased cytokines' levels. CONCLUSION Allium sativum L. displayed high efficacy as a potential therapeutic agent against Cryptosporidium, which supports its traditional usage in parasite diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyaa Farid
- Zoology Dep, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Mona Yousry
- Zoology Dep, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Gehan Safwat
- Faculty of Biotechnology, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts (MSA), Giza, Egypt
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Ratnadass A, Martin T. Crop protection practices and risks associated with infectious tropical parasitic diseases. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 823:153633. [PMID: 35124028 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Two recent literature reviews have shown that: i) agroecological crop protection (ACP) practices generally reduce risks of viral zoonoses, unlike conventional (agrochemical-based) practices which tend to increase them; ii) substitution-based crop protection (CP) practices (mainly biocontrol-based) could result in fewer health risks from bacterial infectious diseases. Here, we present an analysis of the scientific literature to determine to what extent the conclusions regarding viruses or bacteria can be extended to infectious diseases caused by protozoan or helminthic parasites. This analysis of cases of both vector-transmitted and water- or food-borne parasitic diseases, shows, in terms of reduction of health risks: i) an overall negative effect arising from the use of synthetic plant protection products; ii) the relevance of substitution CP practices not strictly under the ACP banner. On the other hand, the public and veterinary health issue of antiparasitic resistance is not affected by CP practices. The positive effects at the large spatio-temporal scales of ACP approaches remain valid, although to a slightly lesser extent than for bacterial diseases and viral zoonoses, in particular through biodiversity conservation which fosters natural regulations and control, preventing the undesirable effects of synthetic pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Ratnadass
- CIRAD, UPR HortSys, F-97455 Saint-Pierre, Réunion, France; HortSys, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier, France.
| | - Thibaud Martin
- HortSys, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier, France; CIRAD, UPR HortSys, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
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13
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Essendi WM, Muleke C, Miheso M, Otachi E. Genetic diversity of Cryptosporidium species in Njoro Sub County, Nakuru, Kenya. J Parasit Dis 2022; 46:262-271. [PMID: 35299918 PMCID: PMC8901856 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-021-01444-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium spp. cause cryptosporidiosis in humans through zoonotic and anthroponotic transmission. Previous studies illustrated the significance of domestic animals as reservoirs of this parasite. Cryptosporidium occurs in Njoro River; a main source of water to humans and animals. However, there is no information on the Cryptosporidium spp. and genotypes circulating in Njoro Sub County. A total of 2174 samples from humans, cattle, chickens, sheep and goats were assessed for the presence of Cryptosporidium spp. Thirty-three positive samples were subsequently successfully sequenced and compared to Cryptosporidium sequences in the GenBank repository using NCBI's (National Center for Biotechnology Information) online BLAST (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool) algorithmic program. Sequence alignment was done using the Clustal W program and phylogenetic analysis was executed in MEGA X (Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis version X). The prevalence of cryptosporidiosis in Njoro Sub County is 6.99%. Cryptosporidium spp. present in the watershed showed great genetic diversity and nine Cryptosporidium species were recorded: Cryptosporidium parvum, Cryptosporidium hominis, Cryptosporidium ubiquitum, Cryptosporidium meleagridis, Cryptosporidium andersoni, Cryptosporidium baileyi, Cryptosporidium muris, Cryptosporidium xiaoi and Cryptosporidium viatorum. This is the first study to report the presence of C. viatorum in Kenya. Cattle is the major reservoir of zoonotic Cryptosporidium spp. while goats harbored the lowest number of species. Humans and domestic animals drink the contaminated water from Njoro River, humans are therefore, exposed to a high cryptosporidiosis risk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Charles Muleke
- Department of Biological Sciences, Egerton University, P.O. Box 536-20115, Egerton, Kenya
| | - Manfred Miheso
- Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Food Crops Research Centre Njoro, Njoro, Kenya
| | - Elick Otachi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Egerton University, P.O. Box 536-20115, Egerton, Kenya
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14
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Hijjawi N, Zahedi A, Al-Falah M, Ryan U. A review of the molecular epidemiology of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2022; 98:105212. [PMID: 35065302 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2022.105212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis are important protozoan parasites which are associated with diarrheal diseases in humans and animals worldwide. Relatively little is known about the molecular epidemiology of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis in the Middle East Countries and North Africa (MENA region). Therefore, this review aimed to inspect published genotyping and subtyping studies on Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis in the MENA region. These studies indicate that both anthroponotic and zoonotic transmission of Cryptosporidium occurs with the predominance of zoonotic transmission in most countries. Seven Cryptosporidium species were identified in humans (C. parvum, C. hominis, Cryptosporidium meleagridis, C. felis, Cryptosporidium muris, C. canis and C. bovis), with C. parvum by far being the most prevalent species (reported in 95.4% of the retrieved studies). Among C. parvum gp60 subtype families, IIa and IId predominated, suggesting potential zoonotic transmission. However, in four MENA countries (Lebanon, Israel, Egypt and Tunisia), C. hominis was the predominant species with five subtype families reported including Ia, Ib, Id, If and Ie, all of which are usually anthroponotically transmitted between humans. In animals, the majority of studies were conducted mainly on livestock and poultry, 15 species were identified (C. parvum, C. hominis, C. muris, Cryptosporidium cuniculus, C. andersoni, C. bovis, C. meleagridis, C. baileyi, C. erinacei, C. ryanae, C. felis, C. suis, Cryptosporidium galli, C. xiaoi and C. ubiquitum) with C. parvum (IIa and IId subtypes) the dominant species in livestock and C. meleagridis and C. baileyi the dominant species in poultry. With G. duodenalis, five assemblages (A, B, C, E and F) were identified in humans and six (A, B, C, E, D and F) in animals in MENA countries with assemblages A and B commonly reported in humans, and assemblages A and E dominant in livestock. This review also identified a major knowledge gap in the lack of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis typing studies in water and food sources in the MENA region. Of the few studies conducted on water sources (including drinking and tap water), ten Cryptosporidium species and four genotypes were identified, highlighting the potential role of water as the major route of Cryptosporidium spp. transmission in the region. In addition, three G. duodenalis assemblages (A, B and E) were detected in different water sources with AI, AII and BIV being the main sub-assemblages reported. More research is required in order to better understand the molecular diversity and transmission dynamics of Cryptsporidum spp. and Giardia duodenalis in humans, animals, water and food sources in MENA region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nawal Hijjawi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, The Hashemite University, P.O. Box 150459, Zarqa 13115, Jordan.
| | - Alizera Zahedi
- The Centre of Biosecurity and One Health, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | | | - Una Ryan
- The Centre of Biosecurity and One Health, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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15
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The prevalence and molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. in diarrheic pigs in southern China. Microb Pathog 2022; 165:105459. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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16
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Kifleyohannes T, Nødtvedt A, Debenham JJ, Terefe G, Robertson LJ. Cryptosporidium and Giardia in Livestock in Tigray, Northern Ethiopia and Associated Risk Factors for Infection: A Cross-Sectional Study. Front Vet Sci 2022; 8:825940. [PMID: 35097057 PMCID: PMC8795829 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.825940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The occurrence and species/genotypes of Cryptosporidium and Giardia duodenalis infecting young livestock in selected districts of Tigray, Ethiopia were investigated, along with risks associated with infection. A total of 757 faecal samples were collected from calves, lambs, and goat kids from four rural districts in Tigray, and also from calves in periurban Mekelle, Tigray's main city, and analysed for Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts. Farmers answered questionnaires regarding potential risk factors at sample collection. Immunofluorescent antibody staining was used for parasite detection, and PCR at selected genes and sequencing of positive samples was used for molecular characterisation. The occurrence of Cryptosporidium infection was 10, 9, and 4% in calves, lambs, and goat kids, respectively; equivalent figures for Giardia infection were 39, 32, and 21%. Molecular characterisation of Cryptosporidium isolates revealed C. ubiquitum, subtype XIIa in all three host species; C. ryanae in calves and goat kids; C. andersoni and C. bovis were identified only in calves, and C. xiaoi was identified in lambs. For Giardia, Assemblage E predominated in all host species, but among calf isolates we also identified a few potentially zoonotic genotypes (assemblages A (AI) and Assemblage B). Periparturient care was shown to be a particularly relevant risk factor for infection, and infections were less likely to occur under extensive management systems. Our major findings were widespread occurrence of both parasites in livestock, and the apparent lack of the most common zoonotic species. Our results are discussed in relation to other relevant studies. As our study was conducted in Tigray, further investigation in different settings in Ethiopia could provide relevant information on transmission and zoonotic potential. In addition, given the dependency on healthy animals for the livelihoods of the population of Tigray, investigation of the effect of these common parasites on livestock productivity is important.
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17
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Ryan U, Zahedi A, Feng Y, Xiao L. An Update on Zoonotic Cryptosporidium Species and Genotypes in Humans. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:3307. [PMID: 34828043 PMCID: PMC8614385 DOI: 10.3390/ani11113307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The enteric parasite, Cryptosporidium is a major cause of diarrhoeal illness in humans and animals worldwide. No effective therapeutics or vaccines are available and therefore control is dependent on understanding transmission dynamics. The development of molecular detection and typing tools has resulted in the identification of a large number of cryptic species and genotypes and facilitated our understanding of their potential for zoonotic transmission. Of the 44 recognised Cryptosporidium species and >120 genotypes, 19 species, and four genotypes have been reported in humans with C. hominis, C. parvum, C. meleagridis, C. canis and C. felis being the most prevalent. The development of typing tools that are still lacking some zoonotic species and genotypes and more extensive molecular epidemiological studies in countries where the potential for transmission is highest are required to further our understanding of this important zoonotic pathogen. Similarly, whole-genome sequencing (WGS) and amplicon next-generation sequencing (NGS) are important for more accurately tracking transmission and understanding the mechanisms behind host specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Una Ryan
- Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6152, Australia;
| | - Alireza Zahedi
- Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6152, Australia;
| | - Yaoyu Feng
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.F.); (L.X.)
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Lihua Xiao
- Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (Y.F.); (L.X.)
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
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18
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Banda B, Siwila J, Mukubesa AN, Chitanga S, Kaonga P, Changula K, Simulundu E, Saasa N, Kelly P. Cryptosporidiosis is predominantly an urban, anthroponotic infectious disease among Zambian children. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2021; 116:270-277. [PMID: 34388242 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trab121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cryptosporidium species are leading causes of diarrhoea in children and immunocompromised individuals. This study aimed to characterise Cryptosporidium species from children in rural and urban settings of Zambia. METHODS Stool samples collected from 490 children aged <5 y with diarrhoea were assessed for Cryptosporidium oocysts microscopically. A structured questionnaire was used to collect demographic and socioeconomic characteristics. Positive samples were subjected to PCR and gp60 sequence analysis. RESULTS The overall prevalence was 10% (50/490, 95% CI 7.8 to 13.2) with a peak in March, the late rainy season. Children who came from households where boiling water was not practised (OR=2.5, 95% CI 1.29 to 5.17; p=0.007) or who had experienced recurrent episodes of diarrhoea (OR=9.31, 95% CI 3.02 to 28.73; p=0.001) were more likely to have Cryptosporidium infection. Genotyping of 16 positive samples (14 from urban and 2 from rural sources) revealed Cryptosporidium hominis (14/16) and Cryptosporidium parvum (2/16). The Cryptosporidium hominis subtypes identified were Ia, Ib and Ie with subtype families IeAIIG3 (1), IbA9G3R2 (2), IaA31R3 (3), IbA9G3 (5), IaA27R3 (1), IaA30R3 (1) and Ia (1). Subtypes IbA9G3 and Ia were identified in children from a rural area. Cryptosporidium parvum subtypes were IIcA5G3R2 (1) and IIcA5G3a (1). CONCLUSIONS All isolates successfully genotyped were C. hominis or anthroponotic C. parvum, suggesting that anthroponotic transmission dominates in Lusaka and the surrounding countryside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Banda
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Joyce Siwila
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Andrew N Mukubesa
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Simbarashe Chitanga
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Patrick Kaonga
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Katendi Changula
- Department of Paraclinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Edgar Simulundu
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Ngonda Saasa
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Paul Kelly
- Tropical Gastroenterology and Nutrition group, School of Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia.,Blizard Institute, Barts & The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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Tarekegn ZS, Tigabu Y, Dejene H. Cryptosporidium infection in cattle and humans in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Parasite Epidemiol Control 2021; 14:e00219. [PMID: 34337169 PMCID: PMC8313599 DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2021.e00219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium is an intracellular coccidian parasite causing gastrointestinal disturbances resulting in diarrhoea in humans and animals. It is more frequently detected in calves and early childhood, and one of the major causes of mortality in low-income countries. National estimates of Cryptosporidium infection rate in cattle and humans are lacking in Ethiopia. Therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis estimated the prevalence and assess the risk factors of Cryptosporidium infection in cattle and humans over 20 years. Article searches were made using PubMed, HINARI, Research Gates, AJOLs and Google Scholar databases. Studies that met the inclusion criteria under the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) checklist were used. Random effects models and Inverse Variance Index were used to calculate the pooled prevalence of cryptosporidiosis and heterogeneity among studies, respectively. A total of 23 eligible studies published between 2000 and 2020 were selected for this study. The estimated pooled prevalence of cryptosporidiosis was found to be 16.2% and 11% in cattle and humans, respectively. Ten Cryptosporidium species were documented with cattle and human-based studies. C. andersoni, C. parvum, C. bovis and C. ryanae were the reported species in cattle. Similarly, in humans, seven types of Cryptosporidium species (such as C. parvum, C. hominis, C. viatorum, C. felis, C. meleagridis, C. canis and C. xiaoi) were recorded. C. parvum and C. hominis were the dominant and responsible species for human illness. Using gp60 gene locus analysis, various zoonotic C. parvum subgenotypes were determined in humans; but it was limited in anthroponotic C. hominis. In conclusion, the overall prevalence of Cryptosporidium infection in cattle and humans was high and linked with several risk factors. Thus, there is a need for further epidemiological and genetic diversity studies, and awareness of creations on the disease to provide strategies that mitigate the disease in cattle and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zewdu Seyoum Tarekegn
- Department of Paraclinical Studies, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Yeshifana Tigabu
- Department of Paraclinical Studies, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Haileyesus Dejene
- Department of Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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Hailu AW, Degarege A, Adamu H, Costa D, Villier V, Mouhajir A, Favennec L, Razakandrainibe R, Petros B. Molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. from humans in Ethiopia. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0253186. [PMID: 34115820 PMCID: PMC8195372 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0253186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Data on the distribution and genotype of Cryptosporidium species is limited in Ethiopia. This study examined the presence and genetic diversity of Cryptosporidium species circulating in Ethiopian human population. Stool samples collected from patients who visited rural (n = 94) and urban (n = 93) health centers in Wurgissa and Hawassa district, respectively, were examined for the presence of Cryptosporidium spp. using microscopy, nested PCR and real-time PCR. To detect infection with PCR, analysis of 18S ribosomal RNA was performed. Subtyping was performed by sequencing a fragment of GP60 gene. The overall prevalence of infection was 46% (n = 86) by microscope and PCR. When 48 (out of 86) PCR positive samples were genotyped, two species were identified: C. parvum (n = 40) and C. hominis (n = 8). When 15 of the 40 C. parvum isolates were subtyped, zoonotic subtypes of IIaA14G1R1 (n = 1), IIaA15G2R1 (n = 1), IIaA16G1R1 (n = 2), IIaA16G3R1 (n = 2), IIaA17G1R1 (n = 1), IIaA19G1R1 (n = 1), IIaA20G1R1 (n = 3), IIaA22G1R1 (n = 1), IIaA22G2R1 (n = 1), IIdA23G1 (n = 1) and IIdA24G1 (n = 1) were identified. When 6 of the 8 C. hominis isolates were subtyped, subtypes IaA20 (n = 5), and IdA21(n = 1) were identified. This study suggests that C. parvum and C. hominis are causes of cryptosporidiosis in human in the Wurgissa district and Hawassa in Ethiopia. Zoonotic transmission might be the main route of transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambachew W. Hailu
- Department of Microbial Cellular and Molecular Biology, Biomedical Sciences Stream Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- * E-mail:
| | - Abraham Degarege
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Public Health, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Haileeyesus Adamu
- Institute of Biotechnology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Damien Costa
- Université de Rouen Normandie, EA7510 ESCAPE, CNR Laboratoire Expert Cryptosporidioses, CHU-Rouen, Rouen, France
| | - Venceslas Villier
- Université de Rouen Normandie, EA7510 ESCAPE, CNR Laboratoire Expert Cryptosporidioses, CHU-Rouen, Rouen, France
| | - Abdelmounaim Mouhajir
- Université de Rouen Normandie, EA7510 ESCAPE, CNR Laboratoire Expert Cryptosporidioses, CHU-Rouen, Rouen, France
| | - Loic Favennec
- Université de Rouen Normandie, EA7510 ESCAPE, CNR Laboratoire Expert Cryptosporidioses, CHU-Rouen, Rouen, France
| | - Romy Razakandrainibe
- Université de Rouen Normandie, EA7510 ESCAPE, CNR Laboratoire Expert Cryptosporidioses, CHU-Rouen, Rouen, France
| | - Beyene Petros
- Department of Microbial Cellular and Molecular Biology, Biomedical Sciences Stream Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Small ruminants and zoonotic cryptosporidiosis. Parasitol Res 2021; 120:4189-4198. [PMID: 33712929 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-021-07116-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Sheep and goats are commonly infected with three Cryptosporidium species, including Cryptosporidium parvum, Cryptosporidium ubiquitum, and Cryptosporidium xiaoi, which differ from each in prevalence, geographic distribution, and public health importance. While C. parvum appears to be a dominant species in small ruminants in European countries, its occurrence in most African, Asian, and American countries appear to be limited. As a result, zoonotic infections due to contact with lambs and goat kids are common in European countries, leading to frequent reports of outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis on petting farms. In contrast, C. xiaoi is the dominant species elsewhere, and mostly does not infect humans. While C. ubiquitum is another zoonotic species, it occurs in sheep and goats at much lower frequency. Host adaptation appears to be present in both C. parvum and C. ubiquitum, consisting of several subtype families with different host preference. The host-adapted nature of C. parvum and C. ubiquitum has allowed the use of subtyping tools in tracking infection sources. This has led to the identification of geographic differences in the importance of small ruminants in epidemiology of human cryptosporidiosis. These tools have also been used effectively in linking zoonotic transmission of C. parvum between outbreak cases and the suspected animals. Further studies should be directly elucidating the reasons for differences in the distribution and public health importance of major Cryptosporidium species in sheep and goats.
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Utaaker KS, Chaudhary S, Kifleyohannes T, Robertson LJ. Global Goat! Is the Expanding Goat Population an Important Reservoir of Cryptosporidium? Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:648500. [PMID: 33748221 PMCID: PMC7977713 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.648500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Goats are a primary or additional income source for many families in resource-poor areas. Although often considered inferior to other livestock, the resilience of goats and their ability to thrive in a range of environments means that that they are of particular value. Furthermore, goats emit less methane than other livestock species. In these same areas, it is well-documented that cryptosporidiosis has a substantial impact on infant morbidity and mortality, as well as reducing child growth and development. As Cryptosporidium also causes diarrheal disease in goats, the question arises whether goats may represent a reservoir of infection to humans. Epidemiological studies regarding the potential for transmission of Cryptosporidium between goats and humans have largely concluded that Cryptosporidium species infecting goats are not zoonotic. However, these studies are mostly from developed countries, where goat husbandry is smaller, management routines differ greatly from those of developing countries, contact between goats and their owners is more limited, and cryptosporidiosis has less impact on human health. In this article, background information on goat husbandry in different countries is provided, along with information on Cryptosporidium prevalence among goats, at both the species and sub-species levels, and the potential for zoonotic transmission. The intention is to indicate data gaps that should be filled and to increase awareness of the role of goats as providers for low-income families, often living in areas where cryptosporidiosis is endemic and where appropriate baseline interventions could have a positive impact, regardless of species of goat or parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Suman Chaudhary
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Tsegabirhan Kifleyohannes
- Parasitology, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Veterinary Basic and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Lucy Jane Robertson
- Parasitology, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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