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Hoseini M, Paknejad H, Sudagar M, Anvarifar H, Shekarabi SPH. Nucleotides supplementation (Nucleoforce fish™) in Caspian roach (Rutilus caspicus) diet: Growth performance, skin mucosal immune response, and resistance to salinity stress. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 146:109381. [PMID: 38246268 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
In this study, the growth, epidermal mucosal immunity, expression of growth-related genes, cross-protection, and resistance to salinity stress of Caspian roach were scrutinized in response to dietary levels of nucleotides (NT). Accordingly, 1200 fish (0.51 ± 0.01 g) were fed ad libitum with a basal diet (38.88 % crude protein and 10.04 % crude lipid in dry basis) containing incremental levels of NT at 0 (NT-0; control), 0.3 g kg-1 (NT-0.3), 0.6 g kg-1 (NT-0.6), and 1.2 g kg-1 (NT-1.2) for 8 weeks in triplicates. The growth performance was significantly increased in the fish fed with NT-0.6 and NT-1.2 diets compared to the control group (p < 0.05). A significant elevation in the growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-I gene expression was recorded in NT-added groups at 0.6 and 1.2 g kg-1 compared to the control group (p < 0.05). In contrast to the control group, feeding on NT-0.6 and NT-1.2 diets had a remarkable effect on the skin mucus soluble protein and immunoglobulin levels (p < 0.05). After the feeding trial, we examined how salinity stress (15 g/l salinity) lonely and salinity stress under non-lethal thermal shock (+10 °C) affected heat shock protein (HSP70). Then, the mRNA expression of HSP70 gene from the gill was analyzed at 0, 2, 8, and 24 h post-challenge tests. The HSP70 gene expression level was approximately up-regulated more than 2-fold in NT-6 and NT-1.2 treatments compared to the control group under the salinity stress. Altogether, this research represents that the addition of NT at 0.6 and 1.2 g kg-1 in Caspian roach diet can improve overall performance and resistance to salinity stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjan Hoseini
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Hamed Paknejad
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Sudagar
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Hossein Anvarifar
- University of Applied Science and Technology, Provincial Unit, Gorgan, Golestan, Iran
| | - Seyed Pezhman Hosseini Shekarabi
- National Research Center of Saltwater Aquatic Animals, Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute (IFSRI), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Bafq, Iran
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Dawood MAO, Gewaily M, Sewilam H. Combined effects of water salinity and ammonia exposure on the antioxidative status, serum biochemistry, and immunity of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2023; 49:1461-1477. [PMID: 37987935 PMCID: PMC10757701 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-023-01267-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Growing Nile tilapia in brackish water showed promising results, but the possibility of ammonia exposure can interrupt health status and productivity. Herein, the study tested the combined effects of water salinity and ammonia exposure on the antioxidative status, serum biochemistry, and immunity of Nile tilapia. Fish were assigned to eight groups where fish were reared in saline water (5, 10, and 15 ppt) with continuous or intermittent (every 3 days) total ammonia (TAN) exposure (5 mg TAN/L) (2 × 4 factorial design). After 30 days, the water salinity, TAN, and their interaction were markedly (P < 0.05), affecting the growth performance (final weight, weight gain, and specific growth rate) and survival rate of Nile tilapia. The growth performance and survival rate were markedly lower in tilapia grown in 15 ppt with continuous TAN exposure than in the remaining groups. The results showed that fish exposed to higher salinity levels (10 and 15 ppt) and continuous TAN exposure had a more robust antioxidative response, as evidenced by higher superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activities and lower malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in the homogenates of the gills, intestines, and livers. The gills were notably affected, with congestion of primary filaments blood vessels and degeneration or shedding of secondary filaments epithelium, especially at salinity levels of 10 and 15 ppt. Additionally, the intestines displayed hyperplasia and inflammatory cell infiltration of intestinal mucosa at 5-10 ppt salinity, degeneration and sloughing of the intestinal epithelium at 15 ppt saline water, and increased goblet cell number at salinity of 10 ppt. The study found that continuous TAN exposure had a more significant impact on the fish, especially at higher salinity levels. Water salinity, TAN, and their interaction significantly affected all measured blood bio-indicators (total, albumin, globulin, ALT, AST, creatinine, urea, glucose, and cortisol levels). The phagocytic activity and index were markedly lowered in fish reared in 15 ppt with continuous TAN exposure, while the lysozyme activity was decreased in fish grown in 5, 10, and 15 ppt with continuous TAN exposure. In conclusion, Nile tilapia showed the possibility of growth with normal health status in brackish water (5-10 ppt); however, continuous TAN exposure can impair the productivity of tilapia, especially with high salinity (15 ppt).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud A O Dawood
- The Center for Applied Research On the Environment and Sustainability, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo, 11835, Cairo, Egypt.
- Animal Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, 33516, Egypt.
| | - Mahmoud Gewaily
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, 33516, Egypt
| | - Hani Sewilam
- The Center for Applied Research On the Environment and Sustainability, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo, 11835, Cairo, Egypt.
- Department of Engineering Hydrology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
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Bortoletti M, Fonsatti E, Leva F, Maccatrozzo L, Ballarin C, Radaelli G, Caberlotto S, Bertotto D. Influence of Transportation on Stress Response and Cellular Oxidative Stress Markers in Juvenile Meagre ( Argyrosomus regius). Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3288. [PMID: 37894012 PMCID: PMC10603926 DOI: 10.3390/ani13203288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In aquaculture, the transportation of live fish is a crucial but stress-inducing practice, necessitating a thorough understanding of its impact on fish welfare. This study aimed to assess the physiological stress response of meagre (Argyrosomus regius) juveniles during a 24 h commercial transport by quantifying muscle cortisol levels using a specific radioimmunoassay. Additionally, an immunohistochemical approach was used to detect and localize the cellular distribution of oxidative-stress-related biomarkers within various tissues and organs. The results demonstrated a significant increase in muscle cortisol levels following the loading procedure, remaining elevated above basal levels throughout the 24 h transport period. This effect may be attributed to either insufficient time for recovery from the loading stress or prolonged transportation-related stress. Immunostaining for all the antibodies we examined was observed in multiple tissues and organs, but we found no notable variations among the various transport phases. In conclusion, the observed stress response appears to be mainly linked to loading stress and the transport process itself, emphasizing the importance of implementing appropriate operational procedures to safeguard fish well-being during transport. Nonetheless, the unaltered distribution of oxidative stress markers between the control and transported groups suggests that the experienced stress might be within tolerable limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Bortoletti
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science (BCA), University of Padova, Viale dell’Università 16, I-35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy; (M.B.); (E.F.); (F.L.); (L.M.); (C.B.); (D.B.)
| | - Elisa Fonsatti
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science (BCA), University of Padova, Viale dell’Università 16, I-35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy; (M.B.); (E.F.); (F.L.); (L.M.); (C.B.); (D.B.)
| | - Federico Leva
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science (BCA), University of Padova, Viale dell’Università 16, I-35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy; (M.B.); (E.F.); (F.L.); (L.M.); (C.B.); (D.B.)
| | - Lisa Maccatrozzo
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science (BCA), University of Padova, Viale dell’Università 16, I-35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy; (M.B.); (E.F.); (F.L.); (L.M.); (C.B.); (D.B.)
| | - Cristina Ballarin
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science (BCA), University of Padova, Viale dell’Università 16, I-35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy; (M.B.); (E.F.); (F.L.); (L.M.); (C.B.); (D.B.)
| | - Giuseppe Radaelli
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science (BCA), University of Padova, Viale dell’Università 16, I-35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy; (M.B.); (E.F.); (F.L.); (L.M.); (C.B.); (D.B.)
| | - Stefano Caberlotto
- Valle Cà Zuliani Società Agricola Srl, Via Pila 48, I-45018 Pila di Porto Tolle, Rovigo, Italy;
| | - Daniela Bertotto
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science (BCA), University of Padova, Viale dell’Università 16, I-35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy; (M.B.); (E.F.); (F.L.); (L.M.); (C.B.); (D.B.)
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DePasquale SW, Howell BE, Navarroli G, Jeffries KM, Cooke SJ, Wijenayake S, Jeffrey JD, Hasler CT. Are the effects of catch-and-release angling evident in changes to mRNA abundances related to metabolism, acid-base regulation and stress in lake trout ( Salvelinus namaycush) gills? CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 11:coad065. [PMID: 37637261 PMCID: PMC10452961 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coad065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Catch-and-release (C&R) angling is a conservation-oriented practice intended to reduce the impact recreational angling has on fish populations. Even though most recreationally angled fish are released, little is known about how C&R angling impacts fish at the cellular or tissue level. As the first to explore the impacts of C&R angling on mRNA abundances, our study aimed to identify how the stress of angling influenced metabolism, acid-base regulation and cellular stress in the gills of lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush). Because gills are responsible for metabolic gas exchange, are crucial sites of acid-base homeostasis and respond to stressors quickly, we hypothesized that the relative mRNA abundance of genes related to these three physiological processes would be altered after angling. We took gill samples of live lake trout at 0, 2 or 48 h after fish were angled by rod and reel, and then used quantitative PCR (qPCR) to measure the relative abundance of nine candidate mRNA transcripts. Heat shock protein 70 (hsp70) mRNA levels significantly increased over 5-fold 2 h after angling, indicating a potential activation of a cytoprotective response. However, contrary to our hypothesis, we observed no change in the relative mRNA abundance of genes related to metabolism or acid-base regulation in response to C&R angling within a 48-h period. As C&R angling can negatively impact fish populations, further use of transcript-level studies will allow us to understand the impact C&R has on specific tissues and improve our knowledge of how C&R influences overall fish health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon W DePasquale
- Department of Biology, The University of Winnipeg, 515 Portage Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, Canada R3B 2E9
| | - Bradley E Howell
- Department of Biology, The University of Winnipeg, 515 Portage Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, Canada R3B 2E9
| | - Giulio Navarroli
- Department of Biology, The University of Winnipeg, 515 Portage Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, Canada R3B 2E9
| | - Kenneth M Jeffries
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, 50 Sifton Road, Winnipeg, MB, Canada R3T 2N2
| | - Steven J Cooke
- Department of Biology and Institute of Environmental and Interdisciplinary Science, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1S 5B6
| | - Sanoji Wijenayake
- Department of Biology, The University of Winnipeg, 515 Portage Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, Canada R3B 2E9
| | - Jennifer D Jeffrey
- Department of Biology, The University of Winnipeg, 515 Portage Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, Canada R3B 2E9
| | - Caleb T Hasler
- Department of Biology, The University of Winnipeg, 515 Portage Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, Canada R3B 2E9
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Han P, Wang R, Yao T, Liu X, Wang X. Genome-wide identification of olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) SOCS genes: Involvement in immune response regulation to temperature stress and Edwardsiella tarda infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 133:108515. [PMID: 36603791 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS) gene family participates in development and immunity through negative regulation of cytokine signaling pathways. Although the immune response of SOCS gene family members has been extensively characterized in teleost, no similar study has been reported in olive flounder yet. In our present study, a total of 13 SOCSs in olive flounder were identified and characterized systematically. By querying the SOCS sequences of ten teleost fish species, we found there were exactly more members of SOCSs in fish than mammals, which indicated that there were more duplication events occurred in fish than in higher vertebrates. Phylogenetic analysis clearly illuminated that SOCS genes were highly conserved. The analysis of gene structure and motif showed SOCS proteins of olive flounder shared a high level of sequence similarity strikingly. The expression profiles of tissues and developmental stages indicated that SOCS members had a kind of specificity in temporality and spatiality. RNA-Seq analysis of temperature stress and E. Tarda infection demonstrated SOCS members were involved in inflammatory response. In a word, our results would provide a further reference for understanding the mechanism of SOCS genes in olive flounder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Han
- Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology (Ningbo University), Ministry of Education, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, China.
| | - Ruoxin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology (Ningbo University), Ministry of Education, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Tingyan Yao
- Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology (Ningbo University), Ministry of Education, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Xiumei Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, China.
| | - Xubo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology (Ningbo University), Ministry of Education, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China.
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Dawood MAO, Sewilam H. The combined effects of salinity and ammonia on the growth behavior, stress-related markers, and hepato-renal function of common carp (Cyprinus carpio). JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY. PART A, ECOLOGICAL AND INTEGRATIVE PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 339:74-82. [PMID: 36089758 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
One of the most critical factors affecting aquaculture efficiency is the capability of releasing ammonia from the water. By applying a high salinity strategy, this study provides a prompt approach for removing high ammonia levels and relieving its adverse impacts on common carp. The study investigated five groups with triplicates where the control was kept with fresh water, and the remaining four groups stressed with different salinity levels (5, 10, 15, and 20 ppt) for 8 weeks. Then fish were exposed to unionized ammonia (NH3 ) stress (0.5 ppm) for 6 h. The final weight (FBW) and weight gain (WG) showed lower values in fish stressed with 15 and 20 ppt salinity levels than fish reared in 0 and 5 ppt salinity levels (p < 0.05). The lowest FBW and WG and the highest feed conversion ratio were shown in fish grown in 20 ppt (p < 0.05). The survival rate was markedly lowered by 15 and 20 ppt salinity levels (p < 0.05), while no significant differences were observed among 0, 5, and 10 ppt salinity levels (p > 0.05). Liver condition-related indices (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase) were markedly increased in fish grown in 15 and 20 ppt before or after ammonia stress (p < 0.05). The results showed higher creatinine levels in fish raised in 15 and 20 ppt than the remaining salinity levels, with the highest value in fish of 20 ppt salinity before and after ammonia stress (p < 0.05). Markedly the blood glucose and cortisol levels were upraised in fish reared in 10, 15, and 20 ppt before and after ammonia stress (p < 0.05). The glucose level was not significantly different in fish reared in 5 ppt than 0 and 10 ppt salinity levels (p < 0.05). Generally, the blood glucose and cortisol levels were decreased markedly after ammonia stress than before ammonia stress (p < 0.05). Interestingly, total protein, albumin, and globulin levels were increased in common carp reared in different salinity levels after ammonia stress (p < 0.05). In conclusion, ammonia toxicity combined with high salinity resulted in a regulatory effect on the hepato-renal function and stress-related markers in common carp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud A O Dawood
- Animal Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt.,The Center for Applied Research on the Environment and Sustainability, The American University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hani Sewilam
- The Center for Applied Research on the Environment and Sustainability, The American University in Cairo, Cairo, Egypt.,Department of Engineering Hydrology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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Dawood MAO, Alkafafy M, Sewilam H. The antioxidant responses of gills, intestines and livers and blood immunity of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) exposed to salinity and temperature stressors. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2022; 48:397-408. [PMID: 35171388 PMCID: PMC9005402 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-022-01052-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Aquaculture activity is affected by various environmental factors, including water salinity and high temperatures. The present study investigated the impact of using varying water salinity (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 ppt) on the growth behavior, immune responses and antioxidative responses of common carp. Fish were raised under optimal conditions except for water salinity for 8 weeks; fish were then subjected to high-temperature stress (32 °C) for 48 h. The results indicated a reduced final weight (FBW), weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), condition factor (CF), feed intake and feed efficiency ratio (FER) in common carp reared in 15 and 20 ppt (p < 0.05). The lowest FBW, WG, SGR, CF, feed intake and FER values were observed in fish reared in 20 ppt water salinity (p < 0.05). In gills, the superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were markedly decreased, but malondialdehyde (MDA) levels increased in fish challenged with 15 and 20 ppt before they were subjected to heat stress (p < 0.05). After heat stress, the SOD, CAT and GPx were decreased, and the MDA increased in fish reared in varying salinity levels (p < 0.05). Before heat stress, the intestinal SOD, CAT and GPx markers were decreased by 15 and 20 ppt, while the MDA level was increased by 15 and 20 ppt (p < 0.05). Generally, heat stress lowered the SOD, CAT and GPx activity in the intestines and liver tissues but increased MDA levels in common carp stressed by varying salinity levels (p < 0.05). The most decreased lysozyme activity, SOD, CAT and GPx and increased MDA levels were observed in common carp exposed to 20 ppt before and after heat stress (p < 0.05). After heat stress, fish exposed to 15 and 20 ppt had lower NBT than the remaining groups, and fish exposed to 20 ppt had the lowest values (p < 0.05). Overall, the heat stress markedly suppressed the antioxidant and immune responses of common carp reared in hypersalinity conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud A. O. Dawood
- Animal Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt
- The Center for Applied Research On the Environment and Sustainability, The American University in Cairo, Cairo, 11835 Egypt
| | - Mohamed Alkafafy
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif, 21944 Saudi Arabia
| | - Hani Sewilam
- The Center for Applied Research On the Environment and Sustainability, The American University in Cairo, Cairo, 11835 Egypt
- Department of Engineering Hydrology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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Esam F, Khalafalla MM, Gewaily MS, Abdo S, Hassan AM, Dawood MAO. Acute ammonia exposure combined with heat stress impaired the histological features of gills and liver tissues and the expression responses of immune and antioxidative related genes in Nile tilapia. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 231:113187. [PMID: 35030526 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Ammonia exposure can be considered more stressful for aquatic animals when it coincides with high temperature. This study was conducted to detect the effects of ammonia exposure and heat stress and their interactions on the histological features of gills and liver tissues and the expression responses of immune and antioxidative related genes in Nile tilapia. Thus, 180 fish were divided into four groups (triplicates), where the first and third groups were kept in clean water without total ammonium nitrogen (TAN) exposure. At the same time, the second and fourth groups were exposed to 5 mg TAN/L. After seven days, the water temperature was raised in the third (without ammonia toxicity) and fourth (exposed with 5 mg TAN/L) groups up to 32 °C and kept under these conditions for 24 h. While the first (without ammonia toxicity) and second (exposed with 5 mg TAN/L) groups were kept under optimum water temperature (27.28 °C) then gills and liver tissues were dissected. Marked upregulation of keap1 was seen in the gills of fish exposed to ammonia/heat stress. The expression of mRNA levels for nrf2, nqo-1, cat, and gpx genes were downregulated in all stressed groups, with the lowest was recorded in the ammonia/heat stress group. The transcription of ho-1 was upregulated in the ammonia and heat stress groups while downregulated in the ammonia/heat stress group. The transcription of the complement C3 gene was downregulated in the livers of heat stress and ammonia/heat stress groups, while the lysozyme gene was downregulated in the ammonia/heat stress group. The mRNA expression levels of nf-κB, il-1β, and tnf-α genes were higher in the ammonia group than in the heat stress group. The highest transcription level of nf-κB, il-1β, tnf-α, il-8, and hsp70 genes and the lowest C3 and lysozyme genes were observed in fish exposed to ammonia/heat stress. The co-exposure to ammonia with heat stress triggered degeneration of primary and secondary gill filaments with telangiectasia and vascular congestion of secondary epithelium while, the liver showed hepatic vascular congestion and visible necrotic changes with nuclear pyknosis. In conclusion, the combined exposure of ammonia and heat stress induced oxidative stress, immunosuppression, and inflammation in Nile tilapia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Esam
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Aquatic and Fisheries Sciences, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Malik M Khalafalla
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Aquatic and Fisheries Sciences, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud S Gewaily
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh 33516, Egypt
| | - Safaa Abdo
- Department of Animal Wealth Development, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Egypt
| | - Aziza M Hassan
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud A O Dawood
- Animal Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh 33516, Egypt; The Center for Applied Research on the Environment and Sustainability, The American University in Cairo, 11835 Cairo, Egypt.
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Link K, Shved N, Serrano N, Akgül G, Caelers A, Faass O, Mouttet F, Raabe O, D’Cotta H, Baroiller JF, Eppler E. Effects of seawater and freshwater challenges on the Gh/Igf system in the saline-tolerant blackchin tilapia (Sarotherodon melanotheron). Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:976488. [PMID: 36313755 PMCID: PMC9596810 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.976488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolactin (Prl) and growth hormone (Gh) as well as insulin-like growth factor 1 (Igf1) are involved in the physiological adaptation of fish to varying salinities. The Igfs have been also ascribed other physiological roles during development, growth, reproduction and immune regulation. However, the main emphasis in the investigation of osmoregulatory responses has been the endocrine, liver-derived Igf1 route and local regulation within the liver and osmoregulatory organs. Few studies have focused on the impact of salinity alterations on the Gh/Igf-system within the neuroendocrine and immune systems and particularly in a salinity-tolerant species, such as the blackchin tilapia Sarotherodon melanotheron. This species is tolerant to hypersalinity and saline variations, but it is confronted by severe climate changes in the Saloum inverse estuary. Here we investigated bidirectional effects of increased salinity followed by its decrease on the gene regulation of prl, gh, igf1, igf2, Gh receptor and the tumor-necrosis factor a. A mixed population of sexually mature 14-month old blackchin tilapia adapted to freshwater were first exposed to seawater for one week and then to fresh water for another week. Brain, pituitary, head kidney and spleen were excised at 4 h, 1, 2, 3 and 7 days after both exposures and revealed differential expression patterns. This investigation should give us a better understanding of the role of the Gh/Igf system within the neuroendocrine and immune organs and the impact of bidirectional saline challenges on fish osmoregulation in non-osmoregulatory organs, notably the complex orchestration of growth factors and cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Link
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Institute of Evolutionary Medicine IEM, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Natallia Shved
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Institute of Evolutionary Medicine IEM, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Nabil Serrano
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Institute of Evolutionary Medicine IEM, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Gülfirde Akgül
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Institute of Evolutionary Medicine IEM, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Antje Caelers
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Faass
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Oksana Raabe
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Helena D’Cotta
- Institut des Sciences de l’Evolution de Montpellier (ISEM), Université Montpellier, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (the French National Research Institute for Sustainable Development) (IRD), Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (Practical School of Advanced Studies) (EPHE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (French National Centre for Scientific Research) (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche (Mixed Research Unit) (UMR) 5554, Montpellier, France
- UMR116-Institut des Sciences de l’Evolution de Montpellier, Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-François Baroiller
- Institut des Sciences de l’Evolution de Montpellier (ISEM), Université Montpellier, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (the French National Research Institute for Sustainable Development) (IRD), Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (Practical School of Advanced Studies) (EPHE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (French National Centre for Scientific Research) (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche (Mixed Research Unit) (UMR) 5554, Montpellier, France
- UMR116-Institut des Sciences de l’Evolution de Montpellier, Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, Montpellier, France
| | - Elisabeth Eppler
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Institute of Evolutionary Medicine IEM, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Elisabeth Eppler,
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Xu Z, Cao J, Qin X, Qiu W, Mei J, Xie J. Toxic Effects on Bioaccumulation, Hematological Parameters, Oxidative Stress, Immune Responses and Tissue Structure in Fish Exposed to Ammonia Nitrogen: A Review. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11113304. [PMID: 34828036 PMCID: PMC8614401 DOI: 10.3390/ani11113304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Ammonia nitrogen is a common environmental limiting factor in aquaculture, which can accumulate rapidly in water and reach toxic concentrations. In most aquatic environments, fish are vulnerable to the toxic effects of high levels of ammonia nitrogen exposure. It has been found that the toxic effects of ammonia nitrogen on fish are multi-mechanistic. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to explore the various toxic effects of ammonia nitrogen on fish, including oxidative stress, neurotoxicity, tissue damage and immune response. Abstract Ammonia nitrogen is the major oxygen-consuming pollutant in aquatic environments. Exposure to ammonia nitrogen in the aquatic environment can lead to bioaccumulation in fish, and the ammonia nitrogen concentration is the main determinant of accumulation. In most aquatic environments, fish are at the top of the food chain and are most vulnerable to the toxic effects of high levels of ammonia nitrogen exposure. In fish exposed to toxicants, ammonia-induced toxicity is mainly caused by bioaccumulation in certain tissues. Ammonia nitrogen absorbed in the fish enters the circulatory system and affects hematological properties. Ammonia nitrogen also breaks balance in antioxidant capacity and causes oxidative damage. In addition, ammonia nitrogen affects the immune response and causes neurotoxicity because of the physical and chemical toxicity. Thence, the purpose of this review was to investigate various toxic effects of ammonia nitrogen, including oxidative stress, neurotoxicity and immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenkun Xu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; (Z.X.); (J.C.); (W.Q.)
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center for Food Science and Engineering, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Product Processing and Preservation, Shanghai 201306, China
- Shanghai Professional Technology Service Platform on Cold Chain Equipment Performance and Energy Saving Evaluation, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Jie Cao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; (Z.X.); (J.C.); (W.Q.)
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center for Food Science and Engineering, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Product Processing and Preservation, Shanghai 201306, China
- Shanghai Professional Technology Service Platform on Cold Chain Equipment Performance and Energy Saving Evaluation, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Xiaoming Qin
- College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China;
| | - Weiqiang Qiu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; (Z.X.); (J.C.); (W.Q.)
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center for Food Science and Engineering, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Product Processing and Preservation, Shanghai 201306, China
- Shanghai Professional Technology Service Platform on Cold Chain Equipment Performance and Energy Saving Evaluation, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Jun Mei
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; (Z.X.); (J.C.); (W.Q.)
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center for Food Science and Engineering, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Product Processing and Preservation, Shanghai 201306, China
- Shanghai Professional Technology Service Platform on Cold Chain Equipment Performance and Energy Saving Evaluation, Shanghai 201306, China
- Correspondence: (J.M.); (J.X.); Tel.: +86-21-61900349 (J.M.); +86-21-61900351 (J.X.)
| | - Jing Xie
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; (Z.X.); (J.C.); (W.Q.)
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center for Food Science and Engineering, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Product Processing and Preservation, Shanghai 201306, China
- Shanghai Professional Technology Service Platform on Cold Chain Equipment Performance and Energy Saving Evaluation, Shanghai 201306, China
- Correspondence: (J.M.); (J.X.); Tel.: +86-21-61900349 (J.M.); +86-21-61900351 (J.X.)
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11
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Multi-Approach Assessment for Stress Evaluation in Rainbow Trout Females, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum, 1792) from Three Different Farms during the Summer Season. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11061810. [PMID: 34204450 PMCID: PMC8234804 DOI: 10.3390/ani11061810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood biochemistry parameters are valuable tools for monitoring fish health. Their baseline values are still undefined for a multitude of farmed fish species. In this study, changes in the blood profile of rainbow trout females (Oncorhynchus mykiss) from three farms were investigated using different biomarkers during the summer season. In the given context, the main water physicochemical parameters were investigated and twelve biochemical parameters were measured from blood samples of rainbow trout reared in the Fiad, Șoimul de Jos, and Strâmba farms. We selected these farms because the genetic background of the rainbow trout is the same, with all studied specimens coming from the Fiad farm, which has an incubation station. Forty-five samples were collected monthly (May to August) throughout summer to observe the changes in the blood profile of rainbow trout. Principal component analysis showed a clear separation both among the studied farms and months. Furthermore, significant correlations (p < 0.05) between the majority of the biochemical parameters were found, indicating that the environmental parameters can influence several blood parameters at the same time. The present study provides several useful norms for assessing the welfare of rainbow trout, indicating that the relationships among different parameters are important factors in interpreting the blood biochemical profiles.
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12
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Muscle Cortisol Levels, Expression of Glucocorticoid Receptor and Oxidative Stress Markers in the Teleost Fish Argyrosomus regius Exposed to Transport Stress. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11041160. [PMID: 33919515 PMCID: PMC8072758 DOI: 10.3390/ani11041160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Fish commercial transport is an ordinary practice in the aquaculture industry. This study aimed to investigate the effect of a 48 h transport stress on stress response of meagre (Argyrosomus regius) juveniles. Radioimmunoassay (RIA) and Real-Time PCR were used to evaluate muscle cortisol levels and to assess glucocorticoid receptor (gr) gene expression in fish muscle and liver, respectively. Presence and localization of various oxidative stress markers were investigated in different tissues by immunohistochemistry. A significant increase in muscle cortisol levels was observed after loading but a significant decrease occurred after 16 h from departure even without returning to control levels. Molecular analysis on stress response revealed an increase in muscle gr expression after fish loading that started decreasing during the travel returning to the control level at the end of the transport. Instead, no differences in liver gr expression were observed along the different sampling points. Immunostaining for heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE), nitrotyrosine (NT) and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) antibodies was detected in several organs. Notably, a higher NT immunostaining intensity was evident in skin and gills of the transported animals with respect to controls. Results demonstrated that cortisol and gr are useful indicators of stressful conditions in transported fish.
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Primary, secondary, and tertiary stress responses of juvenile seahorse Hippocampus reidi exposed to acute acid stress in brackish and seawater. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 255:110592. [PMID: 33722678 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2021.110592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Seahorse Hippocampus reidi is a vulnerable species, inhabiting estuarine and coastal waters. The safety of acidic environments for fish has been considered in terms of ocean acidification in nature and decreasing pH in intensive aquaculture systems. This study aimed to investigate the effects of acute exposition (96 h) of juvenile seahorses to different pH (5, 6, 7, and 8) in brackish (BW - salinity 11) or seawater (SW - salinity 33). For that, we studied the responses of cortisol, oxidative stress, and survival, thus covering primary, secondary, and tertiary stress responses. In SW, cortisol levels were not altered for fish maintained at pH 5 and 8. However, in BW, cortisol was higher for fish kept at pH 5. Regarding secondary stress responses, only GST activity increased with acidification in SW. However, acidification in BW caused biochemical alterations at enzymatic level (SOD, GST, GPx) and glutathione metabolism, accompanied by reduction of antioxidant capacity (TEAC) and increased lipid peroxidation (TBARS). Survival was always above 90% and it did not differ significantly among pH levels. Our results suggest that H. reidi juveniles are more vulnerable to acidic exposure in BW than in SW.
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