Ginger Bioactives: A Comprehensive Review of Health Benefits and Potential Food Applications

Bactericidal action of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) extract against Escherichia coli through synergistic modulation of the AcrAB-TolC efflux pump and inhibition of peptidoglycan synthesis: In vitro and in silico approaches

The emergence of multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli is considered a severe threat to global health, largely attributed to the bacterium's ability to expel antibiotics via efflux pump systems. This study explores the antibacterial efficacy of a methanol extract derived from Zingiber officinale R. (ginger), a traditional medicinal spice, against an E. coli strain overexpressing the AcrAB-TolC efflux system. To evaluate the extract's efficacy, three E. coli strains were tested: AG100 (AcrAB-TolC+), AG100A (ΔAcrAB), and D22 (lpxC mutant). The ginger extract exhibited antibacterial activity against E. coli AG100A and D22, with minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentrations (MBC) of 625 μg/mL. However, the extract showed no inhibitory effect against E. coli AG100, even at 10 mg/mL, suggesting the AcrAB-TolC system plays a key role in resistance. Notably, combining the extract with an efflux pump inhibitor (EPI) strongly enhanced its bactericidal effect, reducing the MBC for AG100 to 313 μg/mL. EtBr accumulation assays confirmed that the ginger extract, in combination with EPI, amplified intracellular drug retention, peaking fluorescence within 30 min and sustaining elevated levels over 60 min. Molecular docking further revealed that bioactive compounds such as 6-shogaol strongly bind within the binding domain of AcrB homotrimer, inhibiting pump function. Additionally, cell wall biosynthesis assays demonstrated 69-75 % inhibition when the ginger extract was used at 2-fold-4-fold its MIC in the presence of EPI, further intensifying bactericidal effects. These results underscore ginger's dual-action mechanisms, highlighting its potential as an effective natural antimicrobial agent against drug-resistant E. coli.

Fusarium spp. induce diseases in ginger: nature of pathogen, pathogenesis and management

Ginger is a significant ethnobotanical and pharmacological crop consisting of potential bioactive constituents responsible for their nutraceutical value, they can have anti-inflammatory, antiobesity, antidiabetic, antinausea, antimicrobial, pain alleviation, antitumor, antioxidant and protective effects on respiratory disease, and age-related disease. Ginger possesses a substantial value, but its production and general quality are greatly harmed by various biotic and abiotic stressors, to which it is highly susceptible. Fungi are the most damaging disease-causing agents, one of the devastating fungal pathogens in ginger is Fusarium spp., a soil and seed-borne pathogen resulting in poor production, poor quality, and decreased economic returns to the farmers. It infects ginger in every stage of development and each plant part even during post-harvest storage. This review emphasizes a comprehensive understanding of the nutraceutical value of ginger compounds, and Fusarium disease in ginger with its pathogenicity. Moreover, this review elaborates on an improvement of ginger yield by the management of the Fusarium pathogen through the biological and biotechnological approach.

Magnolia essential oil: a preliminary exploration of chemical composition and its antimicrobial and antioxidant potential

In this study, the chemical composition of Magnolia essential oil (MEO) was analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results indicated that terpenoids were the primary constituents, with the main components being 1,8-cineole (44.87%), (+)-citronellal (6.93%), and linalool (29.1%). The antibacterial activity of MEO against four target bacteria was confirmed through inhibition zone assays, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) tests. The bacterial growth curve demonstrated that MEO significantly inhibited bacterial growth and effectively delayed the logarithmic growth phase. Mechanistic studies suggested that MEO primarily acts in the initial stages of bacterial growth by disrupting the bacterial cell membrane, leading to substantial leakage of intracellular materials, impairing metabolic activities, inducing lipid peroxidation, and enhancing oxidative stress, thereby inhibiting normal bacterial proliferation. Furthermore, MEO's antioxidant properties were evaluated through its scavenging effects on DPPH and hydroxyl radicals, as well as its ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). The findings revealed that MEO exhibited the strongest scavenging activity against DPPH radicals, followed by hydroxyl radical scavenging, with the FRAP results being comparatively weaker. These results suggest that MEO not only possesses potent antibacterial effects but also exhibits notable antioxidant activity, indicating potential for broader applications.

Carbon dots derived from Zingiber officinale Rosc (ginger) with hemostatic effects

Introduction

Ginger, as a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), can be used in clinical practice to treat various diseases. The product of ginger processed at high temperatures is called carbonized ginger (CG), which has a hemostatic effect that ginger originally did not have. The purpose of this study is to investigate the hemostatic effect of CG and the substances that exert hemostatic effects.

Methods

CG was prepared and successfully obtained CG carbon dots (CG-CDs) from its aqueous solution. After fully characterizing its structural information, the hemostatic effect was evaluated using mouse tail bleeding and liver injury bleeding models, and the clotting time was evaluated using capillary coagulation experiments. In addition, the hemostatic mechanism of CG-CDs was explored.

Results

The average particle size of CG-CDs was observed to be 4.07 nm and the lattice spacing was 0.216 nm. It was mainly composed of graphite structured carbon, with the main constituent elements being C, N, and O, containing functional groups such as C=N, C=O, and C-OH. The FL spectrum showed that the maximum excitation wavelength of CG-CDs was 360 nm, and the maximum emission wavelength was 470 nm. The QY of CG-CDs was calculated to be 0.45%. CG-CDs shortened bleeding time, reduced bleeding volume, and also shortened the time for blood clotting. With the increase of CG-CDs, the values of FIB gradually increased, and the PT values gradually decreased. In addition, CG-CDs increased PLT count, increased PLT activating factor TXB2, decreased 6-keto-PGF1α , increased PAI-1, and decreased t-PA.

Conclusion

CG-CDs obtained from CG has hemostatic activity, mainly by activating exogenous coagulation and co-coagulation pathways, increasing PLT count, increasing PLT activating factor TXB2, reducing 6-keto-PGF1α , increasing PAI-1, and reducing t-PA, thereby affecting the fibrinolytic system and other pathways to exert hemostatic effects.

Ginger: A Nutraceutical Supplement for Protection Against Various Cardiovascular Diseases in Clinical Trials

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are increasing in prevalence, causing significant health issues and remaining one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Medical herbs continue to be used as an alternative treatment approach for several diseases, including various CVDs. Since ancient times, certain herbs have been safely used to alleviate the risk of developing CVD and control or improve the symptoms of medical conditions, such as in cases of congestive heart failure, angina, atherosclerosis, and systolic hypertension. Ginger is one of the medicinal herbs that neutral agents use to prevent and treat various CVDs. Ginger has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory components and may improve cardiovascular risk factors. The natural components of ginger effectively inhibit inflammation, oxidative stress, and insulin resistance; may reduce fasting blood glucose, triglyceride, and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels; and prevent CVDs. Ginger can be an alternative that has lower side effects. Ginger's bioactive components may improve human blood lipid profile and decrease blood sugar levels. Further research is necessary to confirm ginger phytochemicals' efficacy and mechanism for various CVDs. The present review aims to summarize the effects of ginger's bioactive compounds on cardiovascular diseases.

Ginger leaf polyphenols mitigate β-amyloid toxicity via JNK/FOXO pathway activation in Caenorhabditis elegans

β-Amyloid (Aβ) aggregation is the major pathological feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD), resulting in oxidative stress and further exacerbating Aβ aggregation. Ginger leaf polyphenols (GLP) have been found to possess antioxidant activity, evidencing their potential in addressing AD. GLP is mainly composed of 12 polyphenols, 8 organic acids, and 6 glycosides, of which polyphenols are predominantly composed of apigenin, kaempferol, and quercetin derivatives. Moreover, GLP alleviates reproductive toxicity, longevity toxicity, and neurotoxicity induced by Aβ via regulating the antioxidase system in Caenorhabditis elegans. As shown by the network pharmacology results, GLP might activate the JNK/Foxo signaling pathway to regulate the antioxidase system, which was evidenced by the up-regulation of gene expression levels of jnk-1, daf-16, sod-3, and hsp-16.2. Overall, GLP might be a potential antioxidant for combating AD.

Copper-Induced Neurodegenerative Disorders and Therapeutic Potential of Curcumin-Loaded Nanoemulsion

Copper accumulation in neurons induces oxidative stress, disrupts mitochondrial activity, and accelerates neuronal death, which is central to the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases like Wilson disease. Standard treatments for copper toxicity, such as D-penicillamine, trientine, and chloroquine, are frequently associated with severe side effects, creating a need for safer therapeutic alternatives. To address this, we developed a curcumin-loaded nanoemulsion (CUR-NE) using the spontaneous emulsification technique, aimed at enhancing the bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy of curcumin. The optimized nanoemulsion displayed a particle size of 76.42 nm, a zeta potential of -20.4 mV, and a high encapsulation efficiency of 93.69%, with a stable and uniform structure. The in vitro tests on SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells demonstrated that CUR-NE effectively protected against copper-induced toxicity, promoting significant cellular uptake. Pharmacokinetic studies revealed that CUR-NE exhibited a longer half-life and extended circulation time compared to free curcumin. Additionally, pharmacodynamic evaluations, including biochemical assays and histopathological analysis, confirmed that CUR-NE provided superior neuroprotection in copper overload conditions. These results emphasize the ability of CUR-NE to augment the therapeutic effects of curcumin, presenting a novel approach for managing copper-induced neurodegeneration. The study highlights the effectiveness of nanoemulsion-based delivery platforms in improving chelation treatments for neurological diseases.

Phytosome-Encapsulated 6-Gingerol- and 6-Shogaol-Enriched Extracts from Zingiber officinale Roscoe Protect Against Oxidative Stress-Induced Neurotoxicity

The rising prevalence of neurodegenerative disorders underscores the urgent need for effective interventions to prevent neuronal cell death. This study evaluates the neuroprotective potential of phytosome-encapsulated 6-gingerol- and 6-shogaol-enriched extracts from Zingiber officinale Roscoe (6GS), bioactive compounds renowned for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The novel phytosome encapsulation technology employed enhances the bioavailability and stability of these compounds, offering superior therapeutic potential compared to conventional formulations. Additionally, the study investigates the role of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt)-signaling pathway, a key mediator of the neuroprotective effects of 6GS. Neurotoxicity was induced in SH-SY5Y cells (a human neuroblastoma cell line) using 200 μM of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), following pretreatment with 6GS at concentrations of 15.625 and 31.25 μg/mL. Cell viability was assessed via the MTT assay alongside evaluations of reactive oxygen species (ROS), antioxidant enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase [SOD], catalase [CAT], glutathione peroxidase [GSH-Px]), oxidative stress markers (malondialdehyde [MDA]), and molecular mechanisms involving the PI3K/Akt pathway, apoptotic factors (B-cell lymphoma-2 [Bcl-2] and caspase-3), and inflammatory markers (tumor necrosis factor-alpha [TNF-α]). The results demonstrated that 6GS significantly improved cell viability, reduced ROS, MDA, TNF-α, and caspase-3 levels, and enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities. Furthermore, 6GS treatment upregulated PI3K, Akt, and Bcl-2 expression while suppressing caspase-3 activation. Activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway by 6GS led to phosphorylated Akt-mediated upregulation of Bcl-2, promoting neuronal survival and attenuating oxidative stress and inflammation. Moreover, Bcl-2 inhibited ROS generation, further mitigating neurotoxicity. These findings suggest that phytosome encapsulation enhances the bioavailability of 6GS, which through activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway, exhibits significant neuroprotective properties. Incorporating these compounds into functional foods or dietary supplements could offer a promising strategy for addressing oxidative stress and neuroinflammation associated with neurodegenerative diseases.

Medical Students' Knowledge and Perceptions of Herbal Medicine in Saudi Arabia: Should Medical Schools Take Immediate Action?

Background

Herbal medicine is integral to Saudi Arabia's Vision 2030, which seeks to improve the healthcare system and promote alternative practices while ensuring safety through education and research. This study aims to evaluate medical students' knowledge and perceptions regarding herbal medicine in Saudi Arabia.

Methods

A cross-sectional study was conducted among medical students in three medical colleges in Saudi Arabia over a six-month period from 1 February to 31 July 2024. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the participants' characteristics, and categorical variables were reported as frequencies and percentages. A chi-square test was used to test the relationships between variables. A p-value of < 0.05 was taken to indicate statistical significance.

Results

In total, 592 participants were included in the study. Females represented 65.7% of the participants. While 72.6% of the students agreed that medical students lack proper knowledge about the use of herbal medicines, 64.9% preferred having an elective course in complementary medicine (including herbal medicine). Also, 40.9% of students use herbal medicine believing they do not require expert knowledge and can safely experiment with various herbs, and 22.3% use it because they perceive it as having no side effects due to its natural ingredients. The most reported sources of information included family and friends (53.2%), whereas traditional herbalists (Attar) were the most reported sources of herbs (49.3%). The most used herbs among medical students were ginger (83%), turmeric (48.1%), chamomile (46.3%), and myrrh (26.5%). Only 37.7% of students who used herbs had an overall good knowledge and perception of them (P = 0.001). Gender showed a significant relationship with herb use among the students: 95.4% of female students used herbs, compared with 92.6% of male students (P = 0.049).

Conclusion

A considerable proportion of medical students demonstrated insufficient knowledge and perception regarding the use of herbal medicine. To improve their understanding, it is essential to integrate comprehensive courses, organize workshops led by experts, promote research and clinical experiences, and establish patient education initiatives.

Effect of ginger extract on Korean black goat biceps femoris as a tenderizer

This study investigated the tenderization and quality characteristics of Korean black goat biceps femoris treated with ginger powder extracts (0 %, 3 %, 5 %, and 7 %). The proximate composition, pH, color, shear force, water-holding capacity, sarcomere length, fiber cross-sectional area, and sensory properties were determined and analyzed according to the concentration of the ginger powder extract. The shear force decreased significantly with increasing concentrations of ginger powder extract (P < 0.05), whereas the water-holding capacity increased (P < 0.05). The sarcomere length of black goat biceps femoris increased with increasing concentrations of ginger powder extract (P < 0.05), whereas the fiber cross-sectional area decreased (P < 0.05). Sensory evaluation of black goat biceps femoris showed that goatiness decreased with increasing concentrations of ginger powder extract (P < 0.05), and the chewiness and overall acceptability were significantly higher (P < 0.05). Therefore, 7 % was the optimal concentration for softening black goat biceps femoris with ginger powder extract. In conclusion, it was confirmed that Korean black goat biceps femoris marinated in 7 % ginger extract was softened, and it is judged that this will have a positive effect on the texture of commercial Korean black goat meat.

In Vitro Evaluation, Chemical Profiling, and In Silico ADMET Prediction of the Pharmacological Activities of Artemisia absinthium Root Extract

Artemisia absinthium L., is a plant with established pharmacological properties, but the A. absinthium root extract (AARE) remains unexplored. The aim of this study was to examine the chemical composition of AARE and assess its biological activity, which included antidiabetic, antibacterial, anticancer, and antioxidant properties. GC-MS was used to analyze the chemical components. The antioxidant activity of the total phenolic and flavonoid content was evaluated. Antibacterial activity and cytotoxic effects were identified. Enzyme inhibition experiments were performed to determine its antidiabetic potential. Molecular docking was utilized to evaluate the potential antioxidant, antibacterial, and anticancer activities of the compounds from AARE using Maestro 11.5 from the Schrödinger suite. AARE exhibited moderate antioxidant activity in DPPH (IC50: 172.41 ± 3.15 μg/mL) and ABTS (IC50: 378.94 ± 2.18 μg/mL) assays. Cytotoxicity tests on MCF-7 and HepG2 cancer cells demonstrated significant anticancer effects, with IC50 values of 150.12 ± 0.74 μg/mL and 137.11 ± 1.33 μg/mL, respectively. Apoptotic studies indicated an upregulation of pro-apoptotic genes (caspase-3, 8, 9, Bax) and a downregulation of anti-apoptotic markers (Bcl-2 and Bcl-Xl). AARE also inhibited α-amylase and α-glucosidase, suggesting potential antidiabetic effects, with IC50 values of 224.12 ± 1.17 μg/mL and 243.35 ± 1.51 μg/mL. Antibacterial assays revealed strong activity against Gram-positive bacteria. Molecular docking and pharmacokinetic analysis identified promising inhibitory effects of key AARE compounds on NADPH oxidase, E. coli Gyrase B, and Topoisomerase IIα, with favorable drug-like properties. These findings suggest AARE's potential in treating cancer, diabetes, and bacterial infections, warranting further in vivo and clinical studies.

Enhancing Antimicrobial Efficacy of Sandalwood Essential Oil Against Salmonella enterica for Food Preservation

The growing emphasis on food safety and healthier lifestyles, driven by industrial expansion and scientific priorities, has highlighted the necessity of managing harmful microorganisms to guarantee food quality. A significant challenge in this domain is the control of pathogens that are capable of forming biofilms, entering a sessile state that enhances their resistance to broad-spectrum antibiotics. Essential oils, renowned for their antibacterial properties, present a promising natural alternative for food preservation. In this study, we analyzed the chemical composition of Santalum album essential oil (SAEO) using GC-MS, identifying (Z)-α-santalol (57.1%) as the primary constituent. Antimicrobial activity was confirmed through disc diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assays against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and yeast from the genus Candida. Additionally, in situ experiments demonstrated that vapor-phase SAEO effectively inhibited Serratia marcescens on the food model, supporting its potential as a natural preservative. MBIC assays, crystal violet staining, and MALDI-TOF MS analysis on S. enterica biofilms were used to further evaluate the antibiofilm effects of SAEO. The crystal violet assay revealed a strong antibiofilm effect, while the MALDI-TOF MS analysis showed changes in the bacterial protein profiles on both glass and plastic surfaces. SAEO also showed significant anti-Salmonella activity on vacuum-packed carrot slices. SAEO outperformed the control samples. The insecticidal activity against Megabruchidius dorsalis was also studied in this work, and the best insecticidal activity was found at the highest concentrations. These findings indicate that SAEO could serve as a valuable component in food preservation, with notable antibacterial and antibiofilm benefits.

Enrichment of Breadsticks with Flavoured Oils: Chemical Composition, Antioxidant Activity and Technological and Sensory Properties

The present work compares the physical-chemical, organoleptic and antioxidant characteristics of breadsticks (Bs) prepared in the traditional way (BCs) with extra virgin olive oil (EVOO), and with mace (BMs), ginger (BGs) and turmeric (BTs) flavoured olive oil (FOO). Breadsticks' water activity (aw), pH, moisture content (U.R.), total phenol (TPC) and total flavonoid (TFC) content, colorimetric analysis and texture and sensory analysis were used to evaluate the impact of the new recipes on consumer acceptance. The radical scavenging activity was also assessed by using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazine (DPPH) and 2,2'-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate (ABTS). The use of FOO influenced breadsticks' colour with reference to the BG and BT enriched breadsticks, and some variability in free acidity values emerged from the comparison between EVOO and FOO. As expected, peroxide values increased in all enriched breadsticks. Moreover, all flavoured breadsticks were more resistant to lipid oxidation than BCs with an IP value of 92.44, 91.26 and 60.07 h, respectively, for BMs, BGs and BTs. The cooking process of the breadsticks at 180 °C for 25 min did not significantly impact the content of bioactive compounds. BMs showed the highest TPC and TFC with values of 996.32 and 534.41 mg/kg, respectively. Moreover, BMs showed the highest DPPH radical scavenging potential with a value of 393.91 µM TEAC/100 g extract, whereas BGs showed the highest ABTS radical scavenging activity (160.13 µM TEAC/100 g extract). Sensory quantitative descriptive analysis showed the most interesting parameters to be the intensity of toasting for BGs and the intensity of spiciness in BMs. Furthermore, BGs and BTs were found to have a slightly more pungent odour. From the texture assessment, the BC was the crumbliest breadstick, while greater crunchiness was found in the BG and BM samples.

Assessment of the anticancer potential of certain phenolic and flavonoid components in ginger capsules using colorectal cancer cell lines coupled with quantitative analysis

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the fourth most common cause of malignant tumor death. The development of novel, more effective drugs is desperately needed to treat CRC. Zingiber officinale is believed to possess anticancer properties due to its flavonoids and phenols. Using Soxhlet (SOXT) and maceration (MACR) techniques, the present study aimed to evaluate the amounts of quercetin, gallic acid, rutin, naringin, and caffeic acid in ginger capsules of Z. officinale. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)/ultraviolet was used for separation and quantitation. In vitro toxicity evaluation of ginger capsules on the CRC cell line HT-29 was also conducted to assess the anticancer activity of the supplement. The cell line HT-29 (HTB-38) colorectal adenocarcinoma was utilized for the antiproliferative effect of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide. Ginger herbal supplement extract at dosages of 200 and 100 μg had strong cytotoxic effects (IC50 < 50 μg/mL) on HT-29 CRC cells via MACR. This extract is comparable to the SOXT extract, which has an IC50 of less than 50 μg/mL. The anticancer effect of ginger herbal supplement formulations against CRC lines was investigated, and the results obtained from both the MACR and SOXT extraction procedures were noteworthy. The quercetin content was the highest of all the extracts according to the HPLC data.

Integrated non-targeted metabolomics and transcriptomics reveals the browning mechanism of scraped ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.)

Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) possesses a rich nutritional profile, making it a valuable ingredient for a wide range of culinary applications. After removing its outer skin, ginger can be effectively utilized in the production of pickles and other processed food products. However, following scraping, ginger undergoes a series of physiological and biochemical changes during storage, which can impact its subsequent development and utilization in food. Thus, the current study aimed to investigate the browning mechanism of scraped ginger using non-targeted metabolomics and transcriptomics. The findings revealed 149 shared differential metabolites and 639 shared differential genes among freshly scraped ginger, ginger browned for 5 days, and ginger browned for 15 days. These metabolites and genes are primarily enriched in stilbenes, diarylheptane, and gingerol biosynthesis, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, and tyrosine metabolism. Through the combined regulation of these pathways, the levels of phenolic components (such as chlorogenic acid and ferulic acid) and the ginger indicator component (6-gingerol) decreased, whereas promoting an increase in the content of coniferaldehyde and curcumin. Additionally, the activities of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and peroxidase (POD) were significantly increased (p-adjust <0.05). This study hypothesized that chlorogenic and ferulic acid undergo polymerization under the catalysis of PPO and POD, thereby exacerbating the lignification of scraped ginger. These findings offer a theoretical foundation for understanding the browning mechanism of ginger after scraping. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Ginger's quality and nutrition can change when its skin is removed. This happens due to physical and biochemical reactions during scraping. The browning that occurs affects both the taste and health benefits of ginger, we can better understand how to prevent browning and maintain ginger's quality. This research sheds light on improving ginger processing techniques for better products.

Impact of Air-Drying Temperatures on Drying Kinetics, Physicochemical Properties, and Bioactive Profile of Ginger

Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) is a perishable commodity that requires proper processing to maintain its bioactivity. This study evaluated the effect of different air-drying temperatures (50 °C, 60 °C, and 70 °C) on ginger's drying kinetics and quality attributes. For an enhanced understanding of the drying kinetics, we employed a detailed approach by combining an existing drying model (namely, Midilli) with the Arrhenius model. This combined model facilitates a thorough analysis of how temperature and time concurrently affect the moisture ratio, offering more profound insights into the drying mechanism. A higher drying rate was achieved at 70 °C, yet elevated drying temperatures could compromise the quality attributes of ginger slices. Ginger slices dried at 50 °C displayed improved physicochemical properties and less color browning. The evaluation of the bioactivity profile of resultant ginger extracts also revealed higher total phenolic contents (1875.87 ± 31.40 mg GAE/100 g) and DPPH radical scavenging activity (18.2 ± 0.9 mg TE/kg) in 50 °C treated ginger samples. Meanwhile, the hydroethanolic mixture (70% ethanol) was also reorganized with better extraction efficiency than water and MWF (a ternary blend of methanol, water, and formic acid) solution. The promising outcomes of this study endorse the influence of drying temperature on the quality characteristics and bioactive profile of ginger and the selection of suitable extraction solvents to acquire phenolic-rich extract.

Extraction of High Value Products from Zingiber officinale Roscoe (Ginger) and Utilization of Residual Biomass

Zingiber officinale Roscoe (ginger) is a plant from the Zingiberaceae family, and its extracts have been found to contain several compounds with beneficial bioactivities. Nowadays, the use of environmentally friendly and sustainable extraction methods has attracted considerable interest. The main objective of this study was to evaluate subcritical propane (scPropane), supercritical CO2 (scCO2), and supercritical CO2 with ethanol (scCO2 + EtOH) as co-solvent methods for the extraction of high value products from ginger. In addition, the reuse/recycling of the secondary biomass in a second extraction as a part of the circular economy was evaluated. Both the primary and the secondary biomass led to high yield percentages, ranging from 1.23% to 6.42%. The highest yield was observed in the scCO2 + EtOH, with biomass prior used to scCO2 extraction. All extracts presented with high similarities as far as their total phenolic contents, antioxidant capacity, and chemical composition. The most abundant compounds, identified by the two different gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) systems present, were a-zingiberene, β- sesquiphellandrene, a-farnesene, β-bisabolene, zingerone, gingerol, a-curcumene, and γ-muurolene. Interestingly, the reuse/recycling of the secondary biomass was found to be promising, as the extracts showed high antioxidant capacity and consisted of significant amounts of compounds with beneficial properties.