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Shaukat MN, Nazir A, Fallico B. Ginger Bioactives: A Comprehensive Review of Health Benefits and Potential Food Applications. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:2015. [PMID: 38001868 PMCID: PMC10669910 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12112015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Ginger is an herbaceous and flowering plant renowned for its rhizome, which is widely employed as both a spice and an herb. Since ancient times, ginger has been consumed in folk medicine and traditional cuisines for its favorable health effects. Different in vitro and in vivo studies have disclosed the advantageous physiological aspects of ginger, primarily due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and anti-carcinogenic properties. These health-promoting features are linked to the variety of bioactive compounds that are present in ginger. Following the advancement in consumer awareness and the industrial demand for organic antioxidants and functional ingredients, the application of ginger and its derivatives has been broadly investigated in a wide range of food products. The prominent features transmitted by ginger into different food areas are antioxidant and nutraceutical values (bakery); flavor, acceptability, and techno-functional characteristics (dairy); hedonic and antimicrobial properties (beverages); oxidative stability, tenderization, and sensorial attributes (meat); and shelf life and sensorial properties (film, coating, and packaging). This review is focused on providing a comprehensive overview of the tendencies in the application of ginger and its derivatives in the food industry and concurrently briefly discusses the beneficial aspects and processing of ginger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Nouman Shaukat
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 100, 95123 Catania, Italy;
| | - Akmal Nazir
- Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Biagio Fallico
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 100, 95123 Catania, Italy;
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2
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Zhang S, Fasina Y, Dosu G, Sang S. Absorption and Metabolism of Ginger Compounds in Broiler Chicks. J Agric Food Chem 2023; 71:13757-13767. [PMID: 37691237 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c01857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Bioavailability is critical in ensuring bioefficacy of ginger compounds, which have not been studied in chicks. In this study, day-old chicks were treated with ginger root extract at 0.0, 0.4, 0.8, 1.5, and 3.0% for 42 days. The gingerols and shogaols in chick samples were analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The primary phase-I metabolic pathway for gingerols and shogaols was the reduction of ketone groups into hydroxyl groups. Shogaols were also metabolized through thiol conjugation and hydrogenation of double-bond pathways. Within the bloodstream, gingerols and their metabolites predominantly existed as glucuronidate or sulfate conjugates. However, the levels of the free form and conjugates were comparable for shogaols. In breast meat, the quantities of both the free form and conjugates for all compounds were similar. In plasma, more than 50% of absorbed 6-gingerol (6G) and 90% of absorbed 6-shogaol underwent reduction to their respective metabolites. However, in breast meat, the percentage of reduction for absorbed 6G was less than 50%, and for absorbed 6-shogaol, it was less than 60%. Ginger compounds were absorbed into chick plasma ranging from 1.4 to 8.5 μg/mL and breast meat ranging from 7.1 to 114.6 μg/100 g across the 0.4-3.0% dose range in a dose-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuwei Zhang
- Laboratory for Functional Foods and Human Health, Center for Excellence in Post-Harvest Technologies, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081, United States
| | - Yewande Fasina
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, North Carolina 27411, United States
| | - George Dosu
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, North Carolina 27411, United States
| | - Shengmin Sang
- Laboratory for Functional Foods and Human Health, Center for Excellence in Post-Harvest Technologies, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081, United States
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Abdurrahim AE, Mazurak VC, Chen L. Gingerols synergize with anthocyanins to induce antioxidant activity in vitro. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1229015. [PMID: 37743923 PMCID: PMC10514514 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1229015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress caused by free radicals contributes to the pathogenesis of multiple chronic health conditions. Phytochemicals protect against oxidative stress; however, low bioavailability from dietary sources limits their health benefits. This study aimed to assess the effects of anthocyanins and gingerols' combination on the cellular antioxidant response of Caco-2 cells against oxidative stress. A strong synergism was observed for anthocyanin-gingerol (Ac-G) w/w combined ratios of 8:1 and 2:1 (dosages of (1 + 0.125) and (1 + 0.5) μg/mL) in the cellular antioxidant activity (CAA) and cytoprotective effects, with synergistic effect indicator (SE) values of 1.41 and 1.61, respectively. The synergism of Ac-G combinations promoted cellular antioxidant defense systems and cytoprotective effects by reducing the induced GPx enzyme activity, protecting SOD enzyme activity, reducing cellular ROS generation, increasing glutathione content, and inhibiting lipid peroxidation. Thus, Ac-G combinations showed potential in supporting the endogenous antioxidant systems to protect cells from oxidation and restore physiological redox status. The Ac-G formulation is a promising healthy option that can be developed into functional foods or nutraceutical products. Furthermore, it could help address the low bioavailability of these phenolics, as higher effects were achieved when combining the same doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amna Emhemed Abdurrahim
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Department of Food and Nutritional Science, College of Medical Technology-Misurata, Misurata, Libya
| | - Vera C. Mazurak
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Lingyun Chen
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Yuandani, Jantan I, Haque MA, Rohani AS, Nugraha SE, Salim E, Septama AW, Juwita NA, Khairunnisa NA, Nasution HR, Utami DS, Ibrahim S. Immunomodulatory effects and mechanisms of the extracts and secondary compounds of Zingiber and Alpinia species: a review. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1222195. [PMID: 37533631 PMCID: PMC10391552 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1222195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Zingiber and Alpinia species (family: Zingiberaceae) are popularly used in food as spices and flavoring agents and in ethnomedicine to heal numerous diseases, including immune-related disorders. However, their ethnomedicinal uses have not been sufficiently supported by scientific investigations. Numerous studies on the modulating effects of plants and their bioactive compounds on the different steps of the immune system have been documented. This review aimed to highlight up-to-date research findings and critically analyze the modulatory effects and mechanisms of the extracts and secondary compounds of several Zingiber and Alpinia species, namely, Zingiber officinale Roscoe, Z. cassumunar Roxb., Z. zerumbet (L.) Roscoe ex Sm., Alpinia galanga Linn., A. conchigera Griff, A. katsumadai Hayata, A. oxyphylla Miq., A. officinarum Hance, A. zerumbet (Pers.) Burtt. et Smith, and A. purpurata (Viell.) K. Schum. on the immune system, particularly via the inflammation-related signaling pathways. The immunomodulating activities of the crude extracts of the plants have been reported, but the constituents contributing to the activities have mostly not been identified. Among the extracts, Z. officinale extracts were the most investigated for their in vitro, in vivo, and clinical effects on the immune system. Among the bioactive metabolites, 6-, 8-, and 10-gingerols, 6-shogaol, and zerumbone from Zingiber species and cardamomin, 1'-acetoxychavicol acetate, yakuchinone, rutin, 1,8-cineole, and lectin from Alpinia species have demonstrated strong immunomodulating effects. More experimental studies using cell and animal models of immune-related disorders are necessary to further understand the underlying mechanisms, together with elaborate preclinical pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, bioavailability, and toxicity studies. Many of these extracts and secondary metabolites are potential candidates for clinical development in immunomodulating agents or functional foods to prevent and treat chronic inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuandani
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia
- Centre of Excellence for Chitosan and Advanced Materials, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia
| | - Ibrahim Jantan
- Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Md. Areeful Haque
- Department of Symptom Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Ade Sri Rohani
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia
| | - Sony Eka Nugraha
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia
| | - Emil Salim
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia
| | - Abdi Wira Septama
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Ingredients and Traditional Medicine, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Kawasan PUSPIPTEK Serpong, Tangerang Selatan, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Nur Aira Juwita
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia
| | | | | | - Dinda Sari Utami
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia
| | - Sarah Ibrahim
- Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
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Keosaeng K, Songoen W, Yooboon T, Bullangpoti V, Pluempanupat W. Insecticidal activity of isolated gingerols and shogaols from Zingiber officinale Roscoe rhizomes against Spodoptera spp. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Nat Prod Res 2023; 37:669-674. [PMID: 35608145 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2022.2078818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of eco-friendly plant-based insecticides is currently booming in research with an attempt to replace synthetic chemical insecticides causing tremendous adverse effects. The present work studied the insecticidal potential of ginger, an important medicinal plant. Four crude extracts from Zingiber officinale rhizomes were evaluated for their contact toxicity against second instars of Spodoptera litura, Spodoptera exigua and Spodoptera frugiperda using the topical application. The hexane extract exhibited the strongest toxicity to S. exigua with the LD50 of 9.92 and 8.40 µg/larva at 24 and 48 h posttreatment, respectively, followed by S. frugiperda. Comparative toxicity of the most abundant secondary metabolites from the hexane extract, gingerols and shogaols, against both insects concluded that 8-shogaol (5) was identified as the most active compound against S. frugiperda with the LD50 of 7.68 and 3.96 µg/larva at 24 and 48 h posttreatment, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanta Keosaeng
- Department of Chemistry and Special Research Unit for Advanced Magnetic Resonance, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Weerasak Songoen
- Department of Chemistry and Special Research Unit for Advanced Magnetic Resonance, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Thitaree Yooboon
- Animal Toxicology and Physiology Speciality Research Unit, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Vasakorn Bullangpoti
- Animal Toxicology and Physiology Speciality Research Unit, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wanchai Pluempanupat
- Department of Chemistry and Special Research Unit for Advanced Magnetic Resonance, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Esquivel-Alvarado D, Zhang S, Hu C, Zhao Y, Sang S. Using Metabolomics to Identify the Exposure and Functional Biomarkers of Ginger. J Agric Food Chem 2022; 70:12029-12040. [PMID: 36099064 PMCID: PMC9699694 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c05117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS)-based metabolomics has become an important tool to increase our understanding of how diet affects human health. However, public and commercial mass spectral libraries of dietary metabolites are limited, resulting in the greatest challenge in converting mass spectrometry data into biological insights. In this study, we constructed an LC-MS/MS ginger library as an example to demonstrate the importance of dietary libraries for discovering food biomarkers. The functional and exposure biomarkers of ginger were investigated using plasma samples from mice treated with control and ginger extract diets. Our results showed clear discrimination between the metabolome of mice on normal and ginger extract diets. Using the in-house ginger library, we identified 20 ginger metabolites that can be used as exposure biomarkers of ginger. However, without the LC-MS/MS ginger library, none of the ginger metabolites could be accurately identified based on online mass databases. In addition, ginger treatment significantly impacts the endogenous metabolome, especially the purine metabolism and phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan biosynthesis. Overall, we demonstrated that the construction of LC-MS/MS spectra dietary libraries would enhance the ability to identify potential dietary biomarkers and correlate potential health benefits associated with food consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Esquivel-Alvarado
- Laboratory for Functional Foods and Human Health, Center for Excellence in Post-Harvest Technologies, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081, United States
| | - Shuwei Zhang
- Laboratory for Functional Foods and Human Health, Center for Excellence in Post-Harvest Technologies, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081, United States
| | - Changling Hu
- Laboratory for Functional Foods and Human Health, Center for Excellence in Post-Harvest Technologies, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081, United States
| | - Yantao Zhao
- Laboratory for Functional Foods and Human Health, Center for Excellence in Post-Harvest Technologies, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081, United States
| | - Shengmin Sang
- Laboratory for Functional Foods and Human Health, Center for Excellence in Post-Harvest Technologies, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081, United States
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7
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Deng M, Yun X, Ren S, Qing Z, Luo F. Plants of the Genus Zingiber: A Review of Their Ethnomedicine, Phytochemistry and Pharmacology. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27092826. [PMID: 35566177 PMCID: PMC9103766 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27092826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Plant of the genus Zingiber (Zingiberaceae) have primarily distributed in subtropical and tropical Asia, South America and Africa. The species of this genus have been widely used as food and in folk with a long history for treating various diseases. Reports related to the phytochemistry and phytochemistry of Zingiber species are numerous, but articles on the summary of the genus Zingiber remain scarce. This review aims at presenting comprehensive information about the genus Zingiber and providing a reference for the future application by systematically reviewing the literature from 1981 to 2020. Currently, a total of 447 phytochemical constituents have been isolated and identified from this genus, in which volatile oils, diarylheptanoids, gingerols, flavonoids and terpenoids are the major components. Gingerols, which are the main functional components, are the spicy and aromatic ingredients in the Zingiber species. Extracts and single compounds from Zingiber plants have been discovered to possess numerous biological functions, such as anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antimicrobial, larvicidal, antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities. This review provides new insights into the ethnomedicine, phytochemistry and pharmacology of the genus Zingiber and brings to the forefront key findings on the functional components of this genus in food and pharmaceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Deng
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (M.D.); (S.R.)
| | - Xuan Yun
- Hunan Co-Innovation Center for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China;
| | - Shurui Ren
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (M.D.); (S.R.)
| | - Zhixing Qing
- Hunan Co-Innovation Center for Utilization of Botanical Functional Ingredients, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China;
- Correspondence: (Z.Q.); (F.L.); Tel.: +86-134-6771-5114 (Z.Q. & F.L.); Fax: +86-0731-8461-7093 (Z.Q. & F.L.)
| | - Fenglian Luo
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (M.D.); (S.R.)
- Correspondence: (Z.Q.); (F.L.); Tel.: +86-134-6771-5114 (Z.Q. & F.L.); Fax: +86-0731-8461-7093 (Z.Q. & F.L.)
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Samrat NH, Johnson JB, White S, Naiker M, Brown P. A Rapid Non-Destructive Hyperspectral Imaging Data Model for the Prediction of Pungent Constituents in Dried Ginger. Foods 2022; 11:foods11050649. [PMID: 35267285 PMCID: PMC8909893 DOI: 10.3390/foods11050649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginger is best known for its aromatic odour, spicy flavour and health-benefiting properties. Its flavour is derived primarily from two compound classes (gingerols and shogaols), with the overall quality of the product depending on the interaction between these compounds. Consequently, a robust method for determining the ratio of these compounds would be beneficial for quality control purposes. This study investigated the feasibility of using hyperspectral imaging to rapidly determine the ratio of 6-gingerol to 6-shogoal in dried ginger powder. Furthermore, the performance of several pre-processing methods and two multivariate models was explored. The best-performing models used partial least squares regression (PSLR) and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO), using multiplicative scatter correction (MSC) and second derivative Savitzky–Golay (2D-SG) pre-processing. Using the full range of wavelengths (~400–1000 nm), the performance was similar for PLSR (R2 ≥ 0.73, RMSE ≤ 0.29, and RPD ≥ 1.92) and LASSO models (R2 ≥ 0.73, RMSE ≤ 0.29, and RPD ≥ 1.94). These results suggest that hyperspectral imaging combined with chemometric modelling may potentially be used as a rapid, non-destructive method for the prediction of gingerol-to-shogaol ratios in powdered ginger samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahidul Hoque Samrat
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Bundaberg, QLD 4670, Australia; (S.W.); (P.B.)
- Institute for Future Farming Systems, Central Queensland University, Bundaberg, QLD 4670, Australia
- Correspondence:
| | - Joel B. Johnson
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, QLD 4701, Australia; (J.B.J.); (M.N.)
- Institute for Future Farming Systems, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, QLD 4701, Australia
| | - Simon White
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Bundaberg, QLD 4670, Australia; (S.W.); (P.B.)
- Institute for Future Farming Systems, Central Queensland University, Bundaberg, QLD 4670, Australia
| | - Mani Naiker
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, QLD 4701, Australia; (J.B.J.); (M.N.)
- Institute for Future Farming Systems, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, QLD 4701, Australia
| | - Philip Brown
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Bundaberg, QLD 4670, Australia; (S.W.); (P.B.)
- Institute for Future Farming Systems, Central Queensland University, Bundaberg, QLD 4670, Australia
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Pagano E, Souto EB, Durazzo A, Sharifi-Rad J, Lucarini M, Souto SB, Salehi B, Zam W, Montanaro V, Lucariello G, Izzo AA, Santini A, Romano B. Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) as a nutraceutical: Focus on the metabolic, analgesic, and antiinflammatory effects. Phytother Res 2021; 35:2403-2417. [PMID: 33278054 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Ginger (from the rizhome of Zingiber officinale Roscoe) has been widely used in ethnomedicine for the cure of several ailments. Main active ingredients include phenolic compounds named gingerols. In modern phytotherapy, ginger preparations are predominantly used to counteract nausea and vomiting in pregnant women. However, a number of other pharmacological actions of potential therapeutic interest, which might broaden the spectrum of its clinical use, have been reported. This focused review aims at giving a shot on the antinflammatory, analgesic, and metabolic actions of Zingiber officinale preparations, with a discussion on the clinical applications in knee osteoarthritis, dysmenorrhea, type‐2 diabetes, hyperlipidemia, overweight, and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ester Pagano
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Eliana B Souto
- Faculty of Pharmacy of University of Coimbra Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Coimbra, Portugal
- CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | | | - Javad Sharifi-Rad
- Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Azuay, Cuenca, Ecuador
| | | | - Selma B Souto
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital de São João, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, Porto, Portugal
| | - Bahare Salehi
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam, Iran
| | - Wissam Zam
- Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Andalus University for Medical Sciences, Tartous, Syria
| | - Vittorino Montanaro
- Divisione di Urologia P.O. di Castellammare di Stabia (Napoli), Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Lucariello
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Angelo A Izzo
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonello Santini
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Barbara Romano
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
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Mei-Yu S, Jia-Li W, Hai-Pei S, Hui Y, Pei-Dong C, Wei-Feng Y, Bei-Hua B, Li Z. Alternative processing technology for the preparation of carbonized Zingiberis Rhizoma by stir-frying with sand. Pharm Biol 2020; 58:131-137. [PMID: 31967911 PMCID: PMC7006685 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2019.1711431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Context: Carbonized ginger, a type of charry herb, has been used as a hemostatic medicine since ancient times. However, there are some serious problems such as inhomogeneous heating and emitting smoke during processing with traditional stir-frying method.Objective: To investigate the feasibility to obtain carbonized ginger by stir-frying with sand instead of stir-frying method.Materials and methods: Dried-ginger (100 g) was processed by stir-frying for 30 min at 270 ± 10 °C, or by stir-frying with sand (1:10, w/w) for 8 min at 240 ± 5 °C. The HPLC fingerprint was established for two samples. The adsorption capacity and major components including tannins, gingerols, shogaols and gingerone were quantitated by UV and HPLC, respectively. The hemostatic effect by prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) was evaluated in vitro.Results: The similarity of the two samples for HPLC fingerprints was >0.93. The sand-fried samples showed significantly higher adsorption capacity compared with the stir-fried samples (4.915 vs. 4.593 mg/g; p < 0.05) and higher contents of major components (4.698 vs. 3.930 mg/g, 1.352 vs. 1.144 mg/g, 2.419 vs. 2.095 mg/g, 0.666 vs. 0.568 mg/g and 1.083 vs. 0.911 mg/g for tannins, gingerone, 6-shogaol, 8-shogaol and 10-shogaol, respectively; p < 0.05); while no significant differences were seen for 6-gingerol, 8-gingerol and 10-gingerol (p > 0.05). The PT and APTT values were similar between the stir-fried and sand-fried test groups and significantly lower compared to controls (p < 0.05).Conclusions: The carbonizing process by stir-frying with sand is superior to the stir-frying method for carbonized ginger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Mei-Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wang Jia-Li
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shi Hai-Pei
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Hui
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chen Pei-Dong
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yao Wei-Feng
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bao Bei-Hua
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhang Li
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, and National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
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Abstract
Chemoprevention by ingested substituents is the process through which nutraceuticals and/or their bioactive components antagonize carcinogenesis. Carcinogenesis is the course of action whereby a normal cell is transformed into a neoplastic cell. This latter action involves several steps, starting with initiation and followed by promotion and progression. Driving these stages is continued oxidative stress and inflammation, which in turn, causes a myriad of aberrant gene expressions and mutations within the transforming cell population and abnormal gene expressions by the cells within the surrounding lesion. Chemoprevention of cancer with bioreactive foods or their extracted/purified components occurs primarily via normalizing these inappropriate gene activities. Various foods/agents have been shown to affect different gene expressions. In this review, we discuss how the chemoprevention activities of gingers antagonize cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F Lechner
- Retired from Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Ohio State University, Columbus 43210, OH, USA.
| | - Gary D Stoner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
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Li LL, Cui Y, Guo XH, Ma K, Tian P, Feng J, Wang JM. Pharmacokinetics and Tissue Distribution of Gingerols and Shogaols from Ginger ( Zingiber officinale Rosc.) in Rats by UPLC⁻Q-Exactive⁻HRMS. Molecules 2019; 24:E512. [PMID: 30708987 PMCID: PMC6384666 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24030512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Gingerols and shogaols are recognized as active ingredients in ginger and exhibit diverse pharmacological activities. The preclinical pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution investigations of gingerols and shogaols in rats remain less explored, especially for the simultaneous analysis of multi-components. In this study, a rapid, sensitive, selective, and reliable method using an Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography Q-Exactive High-Resolution Mass Spectrometer (UPLC-Q-Exactive⁻HRMS) was established and validated for simultaneous determination of eight compounds, including 6-gingerol, 6-shogaol, 8-gingerol, 8-shogaol, 10-gingerol, 10-shogaol, Zingerone, and 6-isodehydrogingenone in plasma and tissues of rats. The analytes were separated on a Syncronis C18 column (100 × 2.1 mm, 1.7 µm) using a gradient elution of acetonitrile and 0.1% formic acid in water at a flow rate of 0.25 mL/min at 30 °C. The method was linear for each ingredient over the investigated range with all correlation coefficients greater than 0.9910. The lowest Lower Limit of quantitation (LLOQ) was 1.0 ng/mL. The intra- and inter-day precisions (Relative Standard Deviation, RSD%) were less than 12.2% and the accuracy (relative error, RE%) ranged from -8.7% to 8.7%. Extraction recovery was 91.4⁻107.4% and the matrix effect was 86.3⁻113.4%. The validated method was successfully applied to investigate the pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of eight components after oral administration of ginger extract to rats. These results provide useful information about the pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of the multi-component bioactive ingredients of ginger in rats and will contribute to clinical practice and the evaluation of the safety of a Chinese herbal medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Ling Li
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, 156 Jinshui east Road, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Respiratory Disease Diagnosis and Treatment & Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, 156 Jinshui east Road, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
| | - Ying Cui
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, 156 Jinshui east Road, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Respiratory Disease Diagnosis and Treatment & Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, 156 Jinshui east Road, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
| | - Xing-Han Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, 156 Jinshui east Road, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
| | - Kai Ma
- Henan Province Chinese Medicine Research Institute, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
| | - Ping Tian
- Henan Province Chinese Medicine Research Institute, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
| | - Jing Feng
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, 156 Jinshui east Road, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
| | - Jun-Ming Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, 156 Jinshui east Road, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
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13
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Jin YP, Wu H, Yu HL, Pan YZ, Chen YQ, Wang KL, Zhang CC, Wang W. [Antagonism mechanism of gingerols against inflammatory effect of toxic raphides from Pinella pedatisecta]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2016; 41:1087-92. [PMID: 28875675 DOI: 10.4268/cjcmm20160619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study was to investigate the mechanism of gingerols antagonizing the inflammatory effect of toxic raphides from Pinella pedatisecta. Mice peritonitis models induced by toxic raphides from P. pedatisecta were applied to observe the effect of gingerols on inflammatory mediators PGE2 in the exudates of abdominal inflammation in mice; rats peritoneal macrophage in vitro culture models were adopted to study the anti-inflammatory effects of gingerol against toxic raphides, with TNF-α and IL-1β in supernatant as indexes. Scanning electron microscopy was used to observe the changes in surface morphology of macrophages treated by raphides and gingerols. Macrophages-neutrophils co-cultured models were used to study the antagonism of gingerols against the effect of toxic raphides' stimulation on neutrophils migration. Results showed that gingerols could significantly inhibit the production of PGE2 in the exudates of abdominal inflammation induced by toxic raphides from P. pedatisecta in mice. Gingerols could significantly inhibit the toxic raphides from P. pedatisecta to induce the release of inflammatory factors, with certain dose dependence. Scanning electron microscopy showed that gingerols could significantly inhibit phagocytosis of macrophages, cytomembrane injury, and neutrophils migration induced by toxic raphides from P. pedatisecta. The results showed that the antagonism mechanism of gingerols against the toxic raphides from P. pedatisecta may be associated with inhibiting the pro-inflammatory toxicity including macrophage activation, inflammatory factors release, and neutrophils migration.
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Ho SC, Chang YH. Comparison of Inhibitory Capacities of 6-, 8- and 10- Gingerols/Shogaols on the Canonical NLRP3 Inflammasome-Mediated IL-1β Secretion. Molecules 2018; 23:E466. [PMID: 29466287 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23020466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Endogenous noninfectious substances that mediate the nucleotide oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation and interleukin (IL)-1β secretion causes inappropriate sterile inflammation and is implicated in the pathogenesis of several chronic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, gout, atherosclerosis and Alzheimer’s disease. Consequently, dietary phytochemicals exhibiting capacities to suppress canonical NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated IL-1β secretion can be a reliable supplement to prevent such diseases. The purpose of this study was to investigate and compare the inhibitory effects of ginger phytochemicals, including 6-, 8- and 10-gingerols/shogaols on the canonical NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated IL-1β secretion in THP-1 macrophages with ordered stimulations of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP). At 20 μM, the 10-gingerol and all the shogaols significantly inhibited canonical IL-1β secretion. The shogaols had a more potent inhibitory capacity than that of corresponding gingerols. Increase of alkyl chain length impacted negatively the inhibitory activity of shogaols. Additionally, these effective ginger phytochemicals not only inhibited the LPS-primed expression of pro-IL-1β and NLRP3, but also decreased ATP-activated caspase-1. The results demonstrated that ginger phytochemicals, especially the most potent, 6-shogaol, might be promising for developing as an inhibitor of the canonical NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated IL-1β secretion and further applied in prevention of NLRP3 inflammasome-associated diseases.
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Li Z, Wang Y, Gao M, Cui W, Zeng M, Cheng Y, Li J. Nine New Gingerols from the Rhizoma of Zingiber officinale and Their Cytotoxic Activities. Molecules 2018; 23:E315. [PMID: 29393873 PMCID: PMC6017651 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23020315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nine new gingerols, including three 6-oxo-shogaol derivatives [(Z)-6-oxo-[6]-shogaol (1), (Z)-6-oxo-[8]-shogaol (2), (Z)-6-oxo-[10]-shogaol (3)], one 6-oxoparadol derivative [6-oxo-[6]-paradol (4)], one isoshogaol derivative [(E)-[4]-isoshogaol (5)], and four paradoldiene derivatives [(4E,6Z)-[4]-paradoldiene (8), (4E,6E)-[6]-paradoldiene (9), (4E,6E)-[8]-paradoldiene (10), (4E,6Z)-[8]-paradoldiene (11)], together with eight known analogues, were isolated from the rhizoma of Zingiber officinale. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic data. It was noted that the isolation of 6-oxo-shogaol derivatives represents the first report of gingerols containing one 1,4-enedione motif. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic and HRESIMS data. All the new compounds were evaluated for their cytotoxic activities against human cancer cells (MCF-7, HepG-2, KYSE-150).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zezhi Li
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
| | - Yanzhi Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Respiratory Disease Diagnosis, Treatment and New Drug Research and Development of Henan Province, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
| | - MeiLing Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
| | - Wanhua Cui
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
| | - Mengnan Zeng
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
| | - Yongxian Cheng
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Genome Stability & Disease Prevention, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| | - Juan Li
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
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16
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Schoenknecht C, Andersen G, Schmidts I, Schieberle P. Quantitation of Gingerols in Human Plasma by Newly Developed Stable Isotope Dilution Assays and Assessment of Their Immunomodulatory Potential. J Agric Food Chem 2016; 64:2269-79. [PMID: 26939769 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In a pilot study with two volunteers, the main pungent and bioactive ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) compounds, the gingerols, were quantitated in human plasma after ginger tea consumption using a newly established HPLC-MS/MS(ESI) method on the basis of stable isotope dilution assays. Limits of quantitation for [6]-, [8]-, and [10]-gingerols were determined as 7.6, 3.1, and 4.0 nmol/L, respectively. The highest plasma concentrations of [6]-, [8]-, and [10]-gingerols (42.0, 5.3, and 4.8 nmol/L, respectively) were reached 30-60 min after ginger tea intake. Incubation of activated human T lymphocytes with gingerols increased the intracellular Ca(2+) concentration as well as the IFN-γ secretion by about 20-30%. This gingerol-induced increase of IFN-γ secretion could be blocked by the specific TRPV1 antagonist SB-366791. The results of the present study point to an interaction of gingerols with TRPV1 in activated T lymphocytes leading to an augmentation of IFN-γ secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carola Schoenknecht
- Deutsche Forschungsanstalt für Lebensmittelchemie , Lise-Meitner-Straße 34, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Gaby Andersen
- Deutsche Forschungsanstalt für Lebensmittelchemie , Lise-Meitner-Straße 34, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Ines Schmidts
- Deutsche Forschungsanstalt für Lebensmittelchemie , Lise-Meitner-Straße 34, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Peter Schieberle
- Deutsche Forschungsanstalt für Lebensmittelchemie , Lise-Meitner-Straße 34, 85354 Freising, Germany
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Amran AZ, Jantan I, Dianita R, Buang F. Protective effects of the standardized extract of Zingiber officinale on myocardium against isoproterenol-induced biochemical and histopathological alterations in rats. Pharm Biol 2015; 53:1795-802. [PMID: 25868620 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2015.1008147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Ginger [Zingiber officinale Roscoe. (Zingiberaceae)] has been universally used as a spice as well as for its health benefits. OBJECTIVE The present study evaluates the protective effect of the standardized extract of ginger against isoproterenol (ISO)-induced myocardial infarction (MI) in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Wistar rats were pretreated orally with three doses of standardized ginger extract (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg of body weight) or propranolol (5 mg/mL) for 28 d prior to ISO (85 mg/kg) induced MI in two doses on days 29 and 30. The rats were sacrificed 48 h after the first induction; serum and hearts were collected for biochemical and histopathological analysis. RESULTS Gingerols and shogaols were identified and quantitatively analyzed in the extracts using validated reversed phase HPLC methods. Pretreatment with ginger extract at 400 mg/kg showed a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in all the cardiac enzyme activities, i.e., cardiac troponin I (cTnI) (0.57 ng/mL), creatine kinase MB isoenzyme (CK-MB) (10.34 pg/mL), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) (115.22 U/L), alanine transaminase (ALT) (15.79 U/L), and aspartate transaminase (AST) (46.72 U/L) when compared with ISO-control rats. There were significant rises (p < 0.05) in the activity of glutathione peroxide (GPx) (53.16 U/L), catalase (CAT) (210.41 U/L), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) (280.89 U/mL) of the pretreated rats when compared with the ISO-control. Histopathological examination showed an improvement in membrane cell integrity in pretreated rats compared with untreated rats. CONCLUSION The ethanol extract of ginger exhibited cardioprotective potential in treating myocardial injury following ISO administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athirah Z Amran
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Drug and Herbal Research Center, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia
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18
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Wu Z, Liu H, Wu B. Regioselective glucuronidation of gingerols by human liver microsomes and expressed UDP-glucuronosyltransferase enzymes: reaction kinetics and activity correlation analyses for UGT1A9 and UGT2B7. J Pharm Pharmacol 2015; 67:583-96. [PMID: 25496264 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the reaction kinetics for regioselective glucuronidation of gingerols (i.e. 6-, 8- and 10-gingerol) by human liver microsomes and expressed UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) enzymes, and to identify the main UGT enzymes involved in regioselective glucuronidation of gingerols. METHODS The rates of glucuronidation were determined by incubating the gingerols with uridine diphosphoglucuronic acid-supplemented microsomes. Kinetic parameters were derived by fitting an appropriate model to the data. Activity correlation analyses were performed to identify the main UGT enzymes contributing to hepatic metabolism of gingerols. KEY FINDINGS Glucuronidation at the 4'-OH group was much more favoured than that at 5-OH. The degree of position preference was compound-dependent; the catalytic efficiency ratios of 4'-O- to 5-O-glucuronidation were 9.1, 19.7 and 2.9 for 6-, 8- and 10-gingerol, respectively. UGT1A8 (an intestinal enzyme), UGT1A9 and UGT2B7 were the enzymes showing the highest activity towards gingerols. Formation of 5-O-glucuronide was mainly catalysed by UGT1A9. UGT2B7 was the only enzyme that generated glucuronides at both 4'-OH and 5-OH sites, although a strong position preference was observed with 4'-OH (≥80.2%). Further, activity correlation analyses indicated that UGT2B7 and UGT1A9 were primarily responsible for 4'-O-glucuronidation and 5-O-glucuronidation of gingerols in the liver, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Gingerols were metabolized by multiple hepatic and gastrointestinal UGT enzymes. Also, UGT1A9 and 2B7 were the main contributors to regioselective glucuronidation of gingerols in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhufeng Wu
- Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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Ilic NM, Dey M, Poulev A, Logendra S, Kuhn PE, Raskin I. Anti-inflammatory activity of grains of paradise (Aframomum melegueta Schum) extract. J Agric Food Chem 2014; 62:10452-7. [PMID: 25293633 PMCID: PMC4212708 DOI: 10.1021/jf5026086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The ethanolic extract of grains of paradise (Aframomum melegueta Schum, Zingiberaceae) has been evaluated for inhibitory activity on cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzyme, in vivo for the anti-inflammatory activity and expression of several pro-inflammatory genes. Bioactivity-guided fractionation showed that the most active COX-2 inhibitory compound in the extract was [6]-paradol. [6]-Shogaol, another compound from the extract, was the most active inhibitory compound in pro-inflammatory gene expression assays. In a rat paw edema model, the whole extract reduced inflammation by 49% at 1000 mg/kg. Major gingerols from the extract [6]-paradol, [6]-gingerol, and [6]-shogaol reduced inflammation by 20, 25 and 38%. respectively when administered individually at a dose of 150 mg/kg. [6]-Shogaol efficacy was at the level of aspirin, used as a positive control. Grains of paradise extract has demonstrated an anti-inflammatory activity, which is in part due to the inhibition of COX-2 enzyme activity and expression of pro-inflammatory genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nebojsa M. Ilic
- Institute
of Food Technology, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar cara Lazara 1, 21 000 Novi Sad, Serbia
- Phone: +381 21 485 3824. E-mail:
| | - Moul Dey
- Biotech
Center, Cook College, Rutgers University, 59 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901-8520, United States
| | - Alexander
A. Poulev
- Biotech
Center, Cook College, Rutgers University, 59 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901-8520, United States
| | - Sithes Logendra
- Biotech
Center, Cook College, Rutgers University, 59 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901-8520, United States
| | - Peter E. Kuhn
- Biotech
Center, Cook College, Rutgers University, 59 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901-8520, United States
| | - Ilya Raskin
- Biotech
Center, Cook College, Rutgers University, 59 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901-8520, United States
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Shao X, Lv L, Parks T, Wu H, Ho CT, Sang S. Quantitative analysis of ginger components in commercial products using liquid chromatography with electrochemical array detection. J Agric Food Chem 2010; 58:12608-14. [PMID: 21090746 PMCID: PMC3446752 DOI: 10.1021/jf1029256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
For the first time, a sensitive reversed-phase HPLC electrochemical array method has been developed for the quantitative analysis of 8 major ginger components ([6]-, [8]-, and [10]-gingerol, [6]-, [8]-, and [10]-shogaol, [6]-paradol, and [1]-dehydrogingerdione) in 11 ginger-containing commercial products. This method was valid with unrivaled sensitivity as low as 7.3-20.2 pg of limit of detection and a range of 14.5-40.4 pg for the limit of quantification. The levels of 8 ginger components in 11 different commercial products were quantified by use of this method. The results found that both levels and ratios among the 8 compounds vary greatly in commercial products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Shao
- Center for Excellence in Post-Harvest Technologies, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, North Carolina Research Campus, 500 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081, USA
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, 65 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Lishuang Lv
- Center for Excellence in Post-Harvest Technologies, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, North Carolina Research Campus, 500 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081, USA
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Ginling College, Nanjing Normal University, 122 Ninghai Road, Nanjing 210097, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tiffany Parks
- Center for Excellence in Post-Harvest Technologies, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, North Carolina Research Campus, 500 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081, USA
| | - Hou Wu
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, 65 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Chi-Tang Ho
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, 65 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Shengmin Sang
- Center for Excellence in Post-Harvest Technologies, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, North Carolina Research Campus, 500 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081, USA
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Zick SM, Ruffin MT, Djuric Z, Normolle D, Brenner DE. Quantitation of 6-, 8- and 10- Gingerols and 6-Shogaol in Human Plasma by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Electrochemical Detection. Int J Biomed Sci 2010; 6:233-240. [PMID: 21072137 PMCID: PMC2975369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Zingiber officinale is one of the most commonly used spices. We developed a method to determine the main pungent ginger constituents, 6-, 8- and 10-gingerols and 6-shogaol in human plasma. Quantitation was achieved using a reversed-phase C(18) column using high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. The assay was linear from 0.1 to 5.0 μg/mL. The within-day coefficients of variation for the assay at 5.0 μg/mL were ≤ 5% for all analytes. The recovery of all four analytes was ≥99% for at 5.0 μg/mL. The lower limit of quantitation was 0.1 μg/mL except for 10-gingerol which was 0.25 μg/mL. Currently, there is no analytical method for detecting pungent ginger constituents in human plasma. This HPLC method allows for the detection of all four of ginger's pungent constituents simultaneously in a relatively short run time of 25 minutes. This method should be useful for determining plasma levels of 6-, 8-, 10-gingerol and 6-shogaol in phase I clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanna M. Zick
- University of Michigan, Department of Family Medicine, 24 Frank Lloyd Wright Drive, P.O. Box 385, Lobby M, Ann Arbor, MI 48106, USA;
| | - Mack T. Ruffin
- University of Michigan, Department of Family Medicine, 24 Frank Lloyd Wright Drive, P.O. Box 385, Lobby M, Ann Arbor, MI 48106, USA;
| | - Zora Djuric
- University of Michigan, Department of Family Medicine, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, CCGC 6-303, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0944, USA;
| | - Daniel Normolle
- University of Michigan, Department of Radiation Oncology, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, CCGC 6-303, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0944, USA;
| | - Dean E. Brenner
- University of Michigan, Department of Internal Medicine, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, CCGC 6-303, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0944, USA
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Ilic N, Schmidt BM, Poulev A, Raskin I. Toxicological evaluation of grains of paradise (Aframomum melegueta) [Roscoe] K. Schum. J Ethnopharmacol 2010; 127:352-356. [PMID: 19883745 PMCID: PMC3815460 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2009.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2008] [Revised: 10/16/2009] [Accepted: 10/23/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta [Roscoe] K. Schum.) seeds are used in West Africa as a remedy for variety of ailments such as stomach ache, snakebite, diarrhea and they have reported anti-inflammatory properties. Additionally, the seeds contain gingerols and related compounds that may be useful against cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and inflammation. AIM OF STUDY A 28-day sub-chronic toxicity study in male and female Sprague-Dawley rats was conducted to evaluate the safety of a Grains of Paradise extract. MATERIALS AND METHODS An ethanolic extract of the seeds was evaluated for toxicological effect on rats. RESULTS A dose-related increase in absolute and relative liver weights was observed in males and females dosed with 450 and 1500 mg/kg. There was a corresponding increase in alkaline phosphatase with no signs of steatosis or cirrhosis. At the same doses, there was a significant decrease in blood glucose in male rats. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that Grains of Paradise extract may be useful as a treatment for diabetes, however liver toxicity should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nebojsa Ilic
- Phytomedics, Inc., 1085 Cranbury South River Rd., Suite # 8 Jamesburg, N J 08831, USA
| | - Barbara M. Schmidt
- Biotech Center, Cook College, Rutgers University, 59 Dudley Rd., New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Alexander Poulev
- Biotech Center, Cook College, Rutgers University, 59 Dudley Rd., New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Ilya Raskin
- Biotech Center, Cook College, Rutgers University, 59 Dudley Rd., New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
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Mahady GB, Pendland SL, Yun GS, Lu ZZ, Stoia A. Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) and the gingerols inhibit the growth of Cag A+ strains of Helicobacter pylori. Anticancer Res 2003; 23:3699-702. [PMID: 14666666 PMCID: PMC3761965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ginger root (Zingiber officinale) has been used traditionally for the treatment of gastrointestinal ailments such as motion sickness, dyspepsia and hyperemesis gravidarum, and is also reported to have chemopreventative activity in animal models. The gingerols are a group of structurally related polyphenolic compounds isolated from ginger and known to be the active constituents. Since Helicobacter pylori (HP) is the primary etiological agent associated with dyspepsia, peptic ulcer disease and the development of gastric and colon cancer, the anti-HP effects of ginger and its constituents were tested in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS A methanol extract of the dried powdered ginger rhizome, fractions of the extract and the isolated constituents, 6-,8-,10-gingerol and 6-shogoal, were tested against 19 strains of HP, including 5 CagA+ strains. RESULTS The methanol extract of ginger rhizome inhibited the growth of all 19 strains in vitro with a minimum inhibitory concentration range of 6.25-50 micrograms/ml. One fraction of the crude extract, containing the gingerols, was active and inhibited the growth of all HP strains with an MIC range of 0.78 to 12.5 micrograms/ml and with significant activity against the CagA+ strains. CONCLUSION These data demonstrate that ginger root extracts containing the gingerols inhibit the growth of H. pylori CagA+ strains in vitro and this activity may contribute to its chemopreventative effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gail B Mahady
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, PAHO/WHO Collaborating Centre for Traditional Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood St, MC 877, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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Dedov VN, Tran VH, Duke CC, Connor M, Christie MJ, Mandadi S, Roufogalis BD. Gingerols: a novel class of vanilloid receptor (VR1) agonists. Br J Pharmacol 2002; 137:793-8. [PMID: 12411409 PMCID: PMC1573550 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0704925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2002] [Revised: 08/05/2002] [Accepted: 08/13/2002] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
1. Gingerols, the pungent constituents of ginger, were synthesized and assessed as agonists of the capsaicin-activated VR1 (vanilloid) receptor. 2. [6]-Gingerol and [8]-gingerol evoked capsaicin-like intracellular Ca(2+) transients and ion currents in cultured DRG neurones. These effects of gingerols were blocked by capsazepine, the VR1 receptor antagonist. 3. The potency of gingerols increased with increasing size of the side chain and with the overall hydrophobicity in the series. 4. We conclude that gingerols represent a novel class of naturally occurring VR1 receptor agonists that may contribute to the medicinal properties of ginger, which have been known for centuries. The gingerol structure may be used as a template for the development of drugs acting as moderately potent activators of the VR1 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim N Dedov
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sydney, Sydney, N.S.W. 2006, Australia
| | - Van H Tran
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sydney, Sydney, N.S.W. 2006, Australia
| | - Colin C Duke
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sydney, Sydney, N.S.W. 2006, Australia
| | - Mark Connor
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Sydney, Sydney, N.S.W. 2006, Australia
| | - MacDonald J Christie
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Sydney, Sydney, N.S.W. 2006, Australia
| | - Sravan Mandadi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sydney, Sydney, N.S.W. 2006, Australia
| | - Basil D Roufogalis
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sydney, Sydney, N.S.W. 2006, Australia
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