The Role of Curcumin in Cancer Treatment

Boosting antitumor immunity in breast cancers: Potential of adjuvants, drugs, and nanocarriers

Despite advancements in breast cancer treatment, therapeutic resistance, and tumor recurrence continue to pose formidable challenges. Therefore, a deep knowledge of the intricate interplay between the tumor and the immune system is necessary. In the pursuit of combating breast cancer, the awakening of antitumor immunity has been proposed as a compelling avenue. Tumor stroma in breast cancers contains multiple stromal and immune cells that impact the resistance to therapy and also the expansion of malignant cells. Activating or repressing these stromal and immune cells, as well as their secretions can be proposed for exhausting resistance mechanisms and repressing tumor growth. NK cells and T lymphocytes are the prominent components of breast tumor immunity that can be triggered by adjuvants for eradicating malignant cells. However, stromal cells like endothelial and fibroblast cells, as well as some immune suppressive cells, consisting of premature myeloid cells, and some subsets of macrophages and CD4+ T lymphocytes, can dampen antitumor immunity in favor of breast tumor growth and therapy resistance. This review article aims to research the prospect of harnessing the power of drugs, adjuvants, and nanoparticles in awakening the immune reactions against breast malignant cells. By investigating the immunomodulatory properties of pharmacological agents and the synergistic effects of adjuvants, this review seeks to uncover the mechanisms through which antitumor immunity can be triggered. Moreover, the current review delineates the challenges and opportunities in the translational journey from bench to bedside.

From bench to bedside: exploring curcumin-driven signaling pathways in immune cells for cancer management

The use of natural compounds as effective therapeutic agents is an expanding area of health and disease research. Curcumin, a bioactive component derived from the rhizome of the turmeric plant (Curcuma longa L.), has been primarily used in culinary applications for several centuries, but now its potential health benefits are the focus of growing scientific research. Interestingly, some studies have found that curcumin has antitumorigenic effects due to its ability to influence the tumor microenvironment and possibly promote immune system response by modulating specific signaling pathways in immune cells. The interaction of curcumin with immune cells in the field of cancer chemoprevention is a complex area of research. It has been suggested that curcumin might promote T cell recruitment, reduce neutrophil and macrophage accumulation in the tumor microenvironment, and prevent the conversion of infiltrating lymphocytes into immunosuppressive subpopulations. Thus, its possible mechanisms of action also include a shift of the immune balance toward activation by reversing the prevalence of immunosuppressive cells. With innovations and improvements in our understanding of the potential benefits of curcumin on immune cells in cancer prevention and treatment, it is important to have an overview of current findings. Therefore, in this study, we aim to provide a review of the latest discoveries regarding curcumin in the field of cancer and immune cell research.

Extremely Rapid Gelling Curcumin Silk-Tyrosine Crosslinked Hydrogels

Systemic chemotherapy is still the first-line treatment for cancer, and it's associated with toxic side effects, chemoresistance, and ultimately cancer recurrence. Rapid gelling hydrogels can overcome this limitation by providing localized delivery of anti-cancer agents to solid tumors. Silk hydrogels are extremely biocompatible and suitable for anti-cancer drug delivery, but faster gelling formulations are needed. In this study, we introduce a rapid gelling hydrogel formulation (<3 min gelling time) due to chemical crosslinking between silk fibroin and curcumin, initiated by the addition of minute quantities of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The novel observation in this study is that curcumin, while being a free-radical scavenger, also participates in accelerating silk di-tyrosine crosslinking in the presence of HRP and H2O2. Using UV-Vis, rheology, and time-lapse videos, we convincingly show that curcumin accelerates silk di-tyrosine crosslinking reaction in a concentration-dependent manner, and curcumin remains entrapped in the hydrogel post-crosslinking. FTIR results show an increase in secondary beta-sheet structures within hydrogels, with increasing concentrations of curcumin. Furthermore, we show that curcumin-silk di-tyrosine hydrogels are toxic to U2OS osteosarcoma cells, and most cancer cells are dead within short time scales of 4 h post-encapsulation.

Polyphenols and post-exercise muscle damage: a comprehensive review of literature

Recent research highlights the significant role of polyphenols in alleviating post-exercise muscle damage, thus positioning them as a valuable nutritional strategy for athletes and fitness enthusiasts. Polyphenols, naturally occurring bioactive compounds abundant in fruits, vegetables, tea, wine, and other plant-based foods, are recognized for their potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This dual mechanism is critical for combating oxidative stress and inflammation-two factors that intensify during vigorous physical activity and contribute to muscle soreness and damage. Among various polyphenols, compounds like quercetin have particularly emerged as effective agents for promoting muscle recovery and enhancing exercise performance. These protective effects are facilitated through several mechanisms, including the modulation of inflammatory pathways, acceleration of muscle repair processes, and enhancement of mitochondrial function, all of which bolster overall muscle health. As ongoing studies yield deeper insights, the potential of polyphenols to enhance athletic performance and overall health will become increasingly substantiated, leading towards their strategic incorporation into exercise nutrition protocols. Therefore, we reviewed relevant studies in order to show how efficient polyphenols can be in reducing muscle fatigue and damage and what are the exact mechanisms.

Carbohydrate polymer-based nanoparticles in curcumin delivery for cancer therapy

The application of natural products for cancer treatment has a long history. The safety and multifunctionality of naturally occurring substances have made them appropriate for cancer treatment and management. Curcumin affects multiple molecular pathways and is advantageous for treating both hematological and solid tumors. Nonetheless, the effectiveness of curcumin in vivo and in clinical studies has faced challenges due to its poor pharmacokinetic profile. Consequently, nanoparticles have been developed for the administration of curcumin in cancer treatment. The nanoparticles can enhance the distribution of curcumin in tissues and increase its therapeutic effectiveness. Furthermore, nanoparticles expand the uptake of curcumin in cancer cells, leading to increased cytotoxicity. Carbohydrate polymer-based nanoparticles provide a promising solution for the delivery of curcumin in cancer treatment by addressing its low solubility, limited bioavailability, and quick degradation. These biodegradable and biocompatible carriers, originating from polymers such as chitosan, hyaluronic acid, and alginate, protect curcumin, improving its stability and allowing for controlled release. Targeting ligands for functionalization provides selective and specific distribution to the tumor cells, enhancing therapeutic effectiveness and reducing off-target impacts. Their capacity to encapsulate curcumin with other agents allows for synergistic therapies, enhancing anticancer results even more. The adjustable characteristics of carbohydrate nanoparticles, along with their minimal toxicity, develop a revolutionary, functional and safe platform.

Dynamic Covalent Bond-Based Nanoassembly of Curcumin to Enhance the Selective Photothermal Therapy for Tumor Treatment

Introduction

Owing to the uneven distribution of photothermal agents (PTAs), photothermal therapy (PTT) can damage normal tissues. The dynamic reversible covalent bond, which can significantly improve the oxidation stability of the drug and the characteristics of responsive drug release, thus improving the conversion efficiency of the drug, is a feasible solution to enhance the selective PTT for tumor treatment.

Methods

The nanoassembly loaded curcumin (Cur) with dynamic covalent boronate and encapsulated Indocyanine Green (ICG) in the phospholipid bilayer by dynamic self-assembly.

Results

The pH-responsive dynamic covalent bond-based nanoassembly system has great selective release of drugs in the tumor microenvironment and photothermal conversion efficiency. Furthermore, LIP-C/I could increase the antitumor effect through the combination of PTT and chemotherapy (CT). The experiments in vitro and in vivo have demonstrated that LIP-C/I could enhance selective PTT for tumor treatment.

Discussion

Our nanoassembly system provides an alternative approach for enhancing selective PTT for tumor treatment using dynamic covalent boronate.

Nanohydrogel of Curcumin/Berberine Co-Crystals Induces Apoptosis via Dual Covalent/Noncovalent Inhibition of Caspases in Endometrial Cancer Cell Lines: The Synergy Between Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics

Endometrial cancer remains a significant therapeutic challenge due to drug resistance and heterogeneity. This study leverages the synergistic potential of curcumin (CUR) and berberine (BBR) co-crystals encapsulated in a nanohydrogel to address these challenges through a pharmacokinetically and pharmacodynamically targeted therapeutic strategy. The nanohydrogel formulation significantly improves the solubility, stability, and bioavailability of CUR/BBR co-crystals, optimizing their therapeutic delivery and sustained release under physiological and tumor microenvironment conditions. On the other hand, the dual inhibitory mechanism of CUR and BBR, with CUR covalently binding to the active site of caspase-3 and BBR non-covalently targeting the allosteric site, achieves enhanced apoptotic activity by disrupting both the catalytic and conformational functions of caspase-3. In vitro cytotoxicity assays demonstrate remarkable efficacy of the CUR/BBR nanohydrogel, achieving an IC50 of 12.36 μg/mL against HEC-59 endometrial cancer cells, significantly outperforming the individual components and the standard drug Camptothecin (IC50: 17.27 μg/mL). Caspase-3/7 assays confirm enhanced apoptosis induction for the nanohydrogel formulation compared to co-crystals alone and Camptothecin. Molecular dynamics simulations and binding free energy analyses further validate the synergistic interaction of CUR and BBR in their dual binding mode. This study introduces a novel therapeutic approach by enhancing drug delivery and dual targeting mechanisms, demonstrating the potential of CUR-BBR nanohydrogel as a robust therapy for EC. This strategy offers a promising platform for addressing drug resistance and improving outcomes in endometrial cancer therapy.

Water-Soluble Curcumin Derivatives Including Aza-Crown Ether Macrocycles as Enhancers of Their Cytotoxic Activity

The synthesis of three novel curcumin derivative compounds, featuring aza-crown ether macrocycles of various sizes (aza-12-crown-4, aza-15-crown-5, and aza-18-crown-6), is described. The incorporation of these aza-crown macrocycles significantly enhances their water solubility, positioning them as groundbreaking instances of curcumin derivatives that are fully soluble in aqueous environments. These curcumin ligands (L1, L2, and L3) were then reacted with zinc acetate to afford the coordination metal complexes (L1-Zn, L2-Zn, and L3-Zn). Comprehensive characterization of all compounds was achieved using various analytical techniques, including 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy, ATR-FTIR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry (ESI+), elemental analysis and UV-Vis spectroscopy. The in vitro cytotoxic activity of both, ligands and complexes were evaluated on three human cancer cell lines (U-251, MCF-7, and SK-LU-1). Compared to conventional curcumin, these compounds demonstrated improved antiproliferative potential. Additionally, a wound healing assay was conducted to assess their antimigration properties. The obtained results suggest that these modifications to the curcumin structure represent a promising approach for developing therapeutic agents with enhanced cytotoxic properties.

Targeting epithelial-mesenchymal transition signaling pathways with Dietary Phytocompounds and repurposed drug combinations for overcoming drug resistance in various cancers

The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a crucial step in metastasis formation. It enhances the ability of cancer cells' to self-renew and initiate tumors, while also increasing resistance to apoptosis and chemotherapy. Among the signaling pathways a few signaling pathways such as Notch, TGF-beta, and Wnt-beta catenin are critically involved in the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) acquisition. Therefore, regulating EMT is a key strategy for controlling malignant cell behavior. This is done by interconnecting other signaling pathways in many cancer types. Although there is extensive preclinical evidence regarding EMT's function in the development of cancer, there is still a deficiency in clinical translation at the therapeutic level. Thus, there is a need for medications that are both highly effective and with low cytotoxic for modulating EMT transitions at ground level. Thus, this led to the study of the evaluation and efficiency of phytochemicals found in dietary sources of fruits and vegetables and also the combination of small molecular repurposed drugs that can enhance the effectiveness of traditional cancer treatments. This review summarises major EMT-associated pathways and their cross talks with their mechanistic insights and the role of different dietary phytochemicals (curcumin, ginger, fennel, black pepper, and clove) and their natural analogs and also repurposed drugs (metformin, statin, chloroquine, and vitamin D) which are commonly used in regulating EMT in various preclinical studies. This review also investigates the concept of low-toxicity and broad spectrum ("The Halifax Project") approach which can help for site targeting of several key pathways and their mechanism. We also discuss the mechanisms of action, models for our dietary phytochemicals, and repurposed drugs and their combinations used to identify potential anti-EMT activities. Additionally, we also analyzed existing literature and proposed new directions for accelerating the discovery of novel drug candidates that are safe to administer.

Fluorescent Microorganism-Based Composite: Enhancing Curcumin Delivery Efficiency and its Antitumor Application in Prostate Cancer

Prostate cancer is a major global health concern, ranking as the second most common malignancy in men and the fifth leading cause of cancer-related deaths. Although curcumin exhibits potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antitumor properties, its clinical application is limited by poor solubility, low bioavailability, and rapid metabolism. In this study, we developed a microorganism-metal-organic framework (MOF)-based carrier (1-CP1) by combining a novel Zn(II) coordination polymer, [Zn(Hbcb)(PYTPY)] (1), with CP1. The carrier, loaded with curcumin to form 1-CP1@Curcumin, significantly enhanced the solubility, bioavailability, and stability of curcumin. Fluorescence assays revealed that the composite demonstrated a fluorescence emission peak at 511 nm, with a strong response to Fe³⁺ ions, showing a quenching efficiency of over 95%. In vitro experiments on LNCaP prostate cancer cells showed that 1-CP1@Curcumin significantly inhibited cell viability, with a reduction of approximately 50% at 20 µM curcumin concentration after 48 h of treatment. Additionally, quantitative PCR analysis of apoptosis-related gene expression revealed a significant decrease in Bcl-2 mRNA levels, indicating that the composite induced apoptosis in prostate cancer cells. These results highlight that 1-CP1@Curcumin effectively overcomes curcumin's delivery limitations and offers strong antitumor efficacy, providing an innovative platform for potential clinical applications in prostate cancer therapy.

Comprehensive pharmacokinetic profiling and molecular docking analysis of natural bioactive compounds targeting oncogenic biomarkers in breast cancer

Breast cancer is one of the leading causes of death in women worldwide, highlighting the crucial need for novel and effective treatments. In this study, we look at the ability of four natural compounds i.e. Berberine, Curcumin, Withaferin A, and Ellagic Acid to target important breast cancer biomarkers such as B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL-2), programmed death-ligand 1 (PDL-1), cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 (CDK4/6) and fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR). These indicators have important roles in tumor development, survival, immune response, and cell cycle control, making them potential targets for future cancer treatments. Our study employs a variety of techniques, including pharmacokinetic profiling (ADME), molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulations, to determine how successful these drugs could be in therapy. The pharmacokinetic investigation found that Berberine and Ellagic Acid stand out due to their high absorption and solubility, implying that they could be suitable for clinical application. When we ran docking simulations, we discovered substantial connections between these chemicals and the target proteins. Additionally, Berberine has a binding affinity of - 9.3 kcal/mol for BCL-2, indicating that it can impair the protein's cancer cell-protective activities. Ellagic Acid, on the other hand, has an even higher binding affinity for PDL-1 of - 9.8 kcal/mol, showing that it may be able to increase immune responses against tumors. Molecular dynamics simulations over 100 ns demonstrated the stability of these protein-ligand complexes. Interestingly, Ellagic Acid was found to be more structurally stable than Berberine throughout these simulations. We found consistent interactions between the chemicals and key residues in the target proteins. For example, Ellagic Acid (CID: 5281855) established persistent linkages with LYS43, ASP163, and VAL27, whereas Berberine (CID: 2353) interacted with VAL27, ALA41, and LEU152 throughout the simulation. In conclusion, the combination of good pharmacokinetics, robust interactions with cancer biomarkers, and stable complexes makes Berberine and Ellagic Acid interesting candidates for further investigation as natural inhibitors in breast cancer treatment. These findings establish the framework for future research into novel and inventive techniques to effectively combating breast cancer.

Curcuminoids as natural modulators of necroptosis: therapeutic implications

Necroptosis is an emerging form of programmed cell death characterized by necrosis, an inflammatory type of cell death. Necroptosis is primarily initiated by specific mediators that interact with receptor proteins, leading to the activation of protein kinases RIPK1 and RIPK3. These kinases transmit death signals and recruit and phosphorylate mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL), which ultimately triggers cell death and necroptosis. Curcuminoids, natural compounds derived from turmeric, have been shown to possess various therapeutic benefits, including neuroprotective, anti-metabolic syndrome, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer effects. In this concise overview, we aim to explore the relationship between curcuminoids and the molecular mechanisms of the necroptosis pathway based on recent in vivo and in vitro studies. The available literature indicates that curcuminoids, mainly curcumin, can act as inhibitors of necroptosis in tissue damage scenarios while serving as a necroptosis inducer in cancer cells. Curcuminoids significantly influence key indicators of necroptosis, highlighting their potential to enhance disease treatment. Future studies should focus on further investigating this important component of turmeric to advance therapeutic approaches.

siRNA-mediated inhibition of hTERT enhances the effects of curcumin in promoting cell death in precursor-B acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells: an in silico and in vitro study

This study investigates the interrelationship between human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) and ferroptosis in precursor-B (pre-B) acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), specifically examining how hTERT modulation affects ferroptotic cell death pathways. Given that hTERT overexpression characterizes various cancer phenotypes and elevated telomerase activity is observed in early-stage and relapsed ALL, we investigated the molecular mechanisms linking hTERT regulation and ferroptosis in leukemia cells. The experimental design employed Nalm-6 and REH cell lines under three distinct conditions: curcumin treatment, hTERT siRNA knockdown, and their combination. Cell viability and proliferation were assessed via MTT and BrdU assays at 24- and 48-hour intervals post-treatment. Ferroptotic and oxidative markers were quantified using commercial assays, while cell death parameters and gene expression were evaluated through flow cytometry and qRT-PCR analyses. Molecular docking studies were performed to evaluate protein-ligand interactions. Results demonstrated that combined curcumin treatment and hTERT knockdown significantly enhanced cytotoxicity in Nalm-6 cells compared to individual interventions. This was characterized by the upregulation of ferroptosis promoters (lipid-ROS, Fe²⁺, ACSL4) and suppression of inhibitors (GSH, GPx, SLC7A11, GPx4). The response showed cell-line specificity, with Nalm-6 cells exhibiting enhanced ferroptotic sensitivity while REH cells underwent apoptotic cell death. Molecular docking revealed strong curcumin-protein interactions (∆G = -34.24 kcal/mol for hTERT). This study establishes hTERT as a critical regulator of ferroptotic cell death in pre-B ALL, operating through redox homeostasis, iron metabolism, and lipid peroxidation pathways. The cell-type-specific responses suggest promising therapeutic strategies through combined hTERT suppression and ferroptosis induction.

Changes in Lysine Methylation Contribute to the Cytotoxicity of Curcumin in Colon Cancer Cells

Epigenetic abnormalities play a critical role in colon carcinogenesis, making them a promising target for therapeutic interventions. In this study, we demonstrated that curcumin reduces colon cancer cell survival and that a decrease in lysine methylation was involved in such an effect. This correlated with the downregulation of methyltransferases EZH2, MLL1, and G9a, in both wild-type p53 (wtp53) HCT116 cells and mutant p53 (mutp53) SW480 cells, as well as SET7/9 specifically in wtp53 HCT116 cells. The effects induced by curcumin were more pronounced in wtp53 cells, where it induced a stronger apoptosis and ferroptosis. Interestingly, curcumin also reduced mutp53 expression, suggesting that it could enhance the efficacy of other therapies, particularly in overcoming drug resistance mechanisms associated with mutp53. For instance, in this study, we show that curcumin sensitized SW480 cells to SET7/9 inhibition by sinefungin, further supporting its potential as a combinatorial therapeutic agent. However, although to a lesser extent, curcumin also impaired cell survival in HCT 116 p53 null cells, suggesting that other molecular pathways or factors, beyond p53, may be involved in curcumin-induced cytotoxicity.

Advances in Dendritic Systems and Dendronized Nanoparticles: Paradigm Shifts in Cancer Targeted Therapy and Diagnostics

Cancer has emerged as a global health crisis, claiming millions of lives annually. Dendrimers and dendronized nanoparticles, a novel class of nanoscale molecules with highly branched three-dimensional macromolecular structures, have gained significant attention in cancer treatment and diagnosis due to their unique properties. These dendritic macromolecules offer a precisely controlled branching architecture, enabling functionalization with specific targeting molecules to enhance the selective delivery of therapeutic agents to tumor cells while minimizing systemic toxicity. Through surface modifications and the incorporation of various components, dendrimers demonstrate remarkable adaptability as nanocarriers for biomedical imaging and theranostic applications. Surface functionalization strategies, including PEGylation and ligand attachment (e.g., folic acid, RGD peptide, lactobionic acid), further enhance biocompatibility and facilitate targeted tumor cell imaging. Leveraging their improved biocompatibility and target specificity, dendritic nanosystems offer heightened sensitivity and precision in cancer diagnostics. Notably, the encapsulation of metal nanoparticles within dendrimers, such as gold nanoparticles, has shown promise in enhancing tumor imaging capabilities. Ongoing advancements in nanotechnology are poised to increase the sophistication and complexity of dendrimer-based systems, highlighting their potential as nanocarriers in drug delivery platforms, with a growing number of clinical trials on the horizon. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the potential and future prospects of dendrimers and dendrimer-based nanocarriers in targeted cancer therapy and diagnosis, exploring their ability to enhance biocompatibility, reduce toxicity, and improve therapeutic outcomes across various malignancies.

The anticancer activity of fucoidan coated selenium nanoparticles and curcumin nanoparticles against colorectal cancer lines

Cancers still globally endanger millions of people yearly; the incidences/mortalities of colorectal cancers are particularly increasing. The natural nanoparticles (NPs) and marine biopolymers were anticipated to provide effectual safe significances for managing cancers. The transformation of curcumin to nano-curcumin (NCur) was conducted with gum Arabic. The resulted NCur was utilized for the biosynthesis of selenium NPs (SeNPs), then bioactive nanocomposites (NC) from them with fucoidan (Fu) were fabricated and evaluated as candidates to suppress colorectal cancers (CaCo-2 and HT-29) cells. The NCur and NCur-synthesized SeNPs were effectually produced with mean diameters of 34.67 ± 4.32 and 5.17 ± 1.06 nm, respectively. The plain and NCs of Fu/NCur/SeNPs characterization, with infrared spectroscopy and electron microscopy, emphasized their interaction and conjugations. The entire agents/NCs had potent cytotoxic effects against cancers' lines; the NC of Fu/NCur/SeNPs was the most effectual with IC50 of 10.35 ± 0.83 and 19.44 ± 1.39 mg/L against CaCo-2 and HT-29 cells, respectively, which were significantly exceeded the action of standard cisplatin drug. The NCs led to vigorous DNA damages in CaCo-2 cancerous cells, as proved with comet assay. The ultrastructure imagining (scanning/transmission microscopy) of treated cells with Fu/NCur/SeNPs confirmed the capability of NCs to induce severe apoptosis and deformation signs in cancerous cells. The bio-based constituents of Fu/NCur/SeNPs and advocate their prospective applications for preventing/managing colorectal adenocarcinoma.

Terpenoids mediated cell apoptotsis in cervical cancer: Mechanisms, advances and prospects

BACKGROUND

Cervical cancer remains one of the most common malignancies among women globally, causing hundreds of thousands of deaths annually. Despite widespread vaccination and screening programs, the incidence of cervical cancer remains high in developing countries.

OBJECTIVE

This review aims to systematically summarize the existing terpenoids effective in preventing cervical cancer, elucidate their potential mechanisms in the prophylaxis and treatment of cervical cancer, and assess the limitations of current studies.

RESULTS

Studies have shown that terpenoids can decrease the incidence of cervical cancer and promote apoptosis of cancer cells through various signaling pathways, including the PI3K/AKT pathway, the endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) pathway, and the mitochondria- and caspase-dependent cell death pathways. Furthermore, some terpenoids have been found to enhance the sensitivity to chemotherapy drugs, thus improving patients' quality of life.

CONCLUSION

Terpenoids play a significant role in inhibiting the progression of cervical cancer. However, due to their diversity and complex mechanisms of action, further research is necessary to investigate their specific targets and bioactivities to advance their clinical trials and applications.

Anti-tumor Effects of Curcumin and ABT-737 in Combination Therapy for Glioblastoma in Vivo

The resistance of tumor cells to ABT-737 can be attributed to alterations in the equilibrium of Bcl-2 family proteins. In this study, the effect of curcumin on the Mcl-1expression and the sensitivity of glioblastoma cells to ABT-737 were examined. Trypan blue assay and colony formation assay were performed to explore the effects of treatments on cell proliferation. MTT assay was performed to measure cytotoxicity. Cell migration was determined using a wound healing assay. Cell apoptosis was measured by Hoechst 33342 staining, ELISA cell death, and caspase-3 activity assay. The expression levels of Mcl-1 mRNA were also tested by qRT-PCR. Our results revealed that combination therapy significantly lowered the IC50 value and synergistically decreased the colony formation and migration, cell survival and growth of glioblastoma cells compared with curcumin or ABT-737 alone. Treatment with curcumin clearly inhibited the expression of Mcl-1 mRNA. Moreover, suppression of Mcl-1 mRNA by curcumin was associated with enhancement of apoptosis induced by ABT-737. In conclusion, curcumin has the ability to inhibit the cell proliferation and migration, and activate the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis. Moreover, it can enhance the sensitivity of glioblastoma cells to ABT-737 by suppressing the expression of Mcl-1.

Soothing the Itch: The Role of Medicinal Plants in Alleviating Pruritus in Palliative Care

Chronic pruritus, or persistent itching, is a debilitating condition that severely impacts quality of life, especially in palliative care settings. Traditional treatments often fail to provide adequate relief or are associated with significant side effects, prompting interest in alternative therapies. This review investigates the antipruritic potential of eight medicinal plants: chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla), aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis), calendula (Calendula officinalis), curcumin (Curcuma longa), lavender (Lavandula angustifolia), licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra), peppermint (Mentha piperita), and evening primrose (Oenothera biennis). These plants are analyzed for their traditional applications, active bioactive compounds, mechanisms of action, clinical evidence, usage, dosage, and safety profiles. Comprehensive searches were conducted in databases including PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and b-on, focusing on in vitro, animal, and clinical studies using keywords like "plant", "extract", and "pruritus". Studies were included regardless of publication date and limited to English-language articles. Findings indicate that active compounds such as polysaccharides in aloe vera, curcuminoids in turmeric, and menthol in peppermint exhibit significant anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immune-modulating properties. Chamomile and calendula alleviate itching through anti-inflammatory and skin-soothing effects, while lavender and licorice offer antimicrobial benefits alongside antipruritic relief. Evening primrose, rich in gamma-linolenic acid, is effective in atopic dermatitis-related itching. Despite promising preclinical and clinical results, challenges remain in standardizing dosages and formulations. The review highlights the necessity of further clinical trials to ensure efficacy and safety, advocating for integrating these botanical therapies into complementary palliative care practices. Such approaches emphasize holistic treatment, addressing chronic pruritus's physical and emotional burden, thereby enhancing patient well-being.

Epigenetic and Cellular Reprogramming of Doxorubicin-Resistant MCF-7 Cells Treated with Curcumin

The MCF-7R breast cancer cell line, developed by treating the parental MCF-7 cells with increasing doses of doxorubicin, serves as a model for studying acquired multidrug resistance (MDR). MDR is a major challenge in cancer therapy, often driven by overexpression of the efflux pump P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and epigenetic modifications. While many P-gp inhibitors show promise in vitro, their nonspecific effects on the efflux pump limit in vivo application. Curcumin, a natural compound with pleiotropic action, is a nontoxic P-gp inhibitor capable of modulating multiple pathways. To explore curcumin's molecular effects on MCF-7R cells, we analyzed the expression of genes involved in DNA methylation and transcription regulation, including ABCB1/MDR1. Reduced representation bisulfite sequencing further unveiled key epigenetic changes induced by curcumin. Our findings indicate that curcumin treatment not only modulates critical cellular processes, such as ribosome biogenesis and cytoskeletal dynamics, but also reverses the resistant phenotype, toward that of sensitive cells. This study highlights curcumin's potential as an adjuvant therapy to overcome chemoresistance, offering new avenues for pharmacological strategies targeting epigenetic regulation to re-sensitize resistant cancer cells.

The Dynamic Role of Curcumin in Mitigating Human Illnesses: Recent Advances in Therapeutic Applications

Herbal medicine, particularly in developing regions, remains highly popular due to its cost-effectiveness, accessibility, and minimal risk of adverse effects. Curcuma longa L., commonly known as turmeric, exemplifies such herbal remedies with its extensive history of culinary and medicinal applications across Asia for thousands of years. Traditionally utilized as a dye, flavoring, and in cultural rituals, turmeric has also been employed to treat a spectrum of medical conditions, including inflammatory, bacterial, and fungal infections, jaundice, tumors, and ulcers. Building on this longstanding use, contemporary biochemical and clinical research has identified curcumin-the primary active compound in turmeric-as possessing significant therapeutic potential. This review hypothesizes that curcumin's antioxidant properties are pivotal in preventing and treating chronic inflammatory diseases, which are often precursors to more severe conditions, such as cancer, and neurological disorders, like Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease. Additionally, while curcumin demonstrates a favorable safety profile, its anticoagulant effects warrant cautious application. This article synthesizes recent studies to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying curcumin's actions and evaluates its therapeutic efficacy in various human illnesses, including cancer, inflammatory bowel disease, osteoarthritis, atherosclerosis, peptic ulcers, COVID-19, psoriasis, vitiligo, and depression. By integrating diverse research findings, this review aims to provide a comprehensive perspective on curcumin's role in modern medicine and its potential as a multifaceted therapeutic agent.

Synergistic Anti-Cancer Effects of Isocnicin and Radiotherapy in Glioblastoma: A Natural Compound's Potential

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive type of brain tumor in adults. Currently, the only treatments available are surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy based on temozolomide (TMZ); however, the prognosis is dismal. Several natural substances are under investigation for cancer treatment. 8α-O-(3,4-dihydroxy-2-methylenebutanoyloxy) dehydromelitensine (Isocnicin) is a natural compound derived from Centaurea species and was found to exhibit cytostatic/cytotoxic effect against different cell lines. In this study, we investigated the anti-glioma effects of isocnicin in U87 and T98 glioblastoma cell lines, as well as the effects of combined treatment with radiotherapy.

METHODS

Cell viability was evaluated with the trypan blue exclusion assay, cell cycle distribution was examined using flow cytometry, and the effects of the combination treatment were analyzed with CompuSyn software(1.0).

RESULTS

The result showed that isocnicin significantly reduced cell viability in U87 and T98 cell lines in a dose-dependent manner and IC50 values were calculated. Administration of isocnicin alone induced both S and G2/M cell cycle arrest in U87 and T98 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, when cells were treated with increasing concentrations of isocnicin, followed by 2 or 4 Gy of radiation, the percentage distribution of the cells in the G2/M phase was increased considerably in both U87 and T98 cell lines.

CONCLUSIONS

Here, we show for the first time that co-treatment of isocnicin with radiation exerts a synergistic antiproliferative effect in glioblastoma cell lines. Natural compounds are promising for glioblastoma treatment. Further studies will be necessary to unravel isocnicin's mechanism of action and its synergistic effect with radiation on glioblastoma treatment.

Microneedles as an Emerging Platform for Transdermal Delivery of Phytochemicals

Phytochemicals, which are predominantly found in plants, hold substantial medicinal value. Despite their potential, challenges such as poor oral bioavailability and instability in the gastrointestinal tract have limited their therapeutic use. Traditional intra/transdermal drug delivery systems offer some advantages over oral administration but still suffer from issues such as limited penetration depth, slow drug release rates, and inconsistent drug absorption. In contrast, microneedles (MNs) represent a significant advancement in intra/transdermal drug delivery by providing precise control over phytochemical delivery and enhanced penetration capabilities. By circumventing skin barriers, MNs directly access dermal layers rich in blood vessels and lymphatics, thus facilitating efficient phytochemical delivery. This review extensively discusses the obstacles of traditional oral delivery and the benefits of intra/transdermal delivery routes with a particular focus on the transformative potential of MNs for phytochemical delivery. This review explores the complexities of delivering phytochemicals through intra/transdermal routes, the development and types of MNs as innovative delivery tools, and the optimal design and properties of MNs for effective phytochemical delivery. Additionally, this review examines the versatile applications of MN-mediated phytochemical delivery, including its role in administering phytophotosensitizers for photodynamic therapy, and concludes with insights into relevant patents and future perspectives.

Targeting JNK kinase inhibitors via molecular docking: A promising strategy to address tumorigenesis and drug resistance

Among members of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family, c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs) are vital for cellular responses to stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. Recent advances have highlighted their important implications in cancer biology, where dysregulated JNK signalling plays a role in the growth, progression, and metastasis of tumors. The present understanding of JNK kinase and its function in the etiology of cancer is summarized in this review. By modifying a number of downstream targets, such as transcription factors, apoptotic regulators, and cell cycle proteins, JNKs exert diverse effects on cancer cells. Apoptosis avoidance, cell survival, and proliferation are all promoted by abnormal JNK activation in many types of cancer, which leads to tumor growth and resistance to treatment. JNKs also affect the tumour microenvironment by controlling the generation of inflammatory cytokines, angiogenesis, and immune cell activity. However, challenges remain in deciphering the context-specific roles of JNK isoforms and their intricate crosstalk with other signalling pathways within the complex tumor environment. Further research is warranted to delineate the precise mechanisms underlying JNK-mediated tumorigenesis and to develop tailored therapeutic strategies targeting JNK signalling to improve cancer management. The review emphasizes the role of JNK kinases in cancer biology, as well as their potential as pharmaceutical targets for precision oncology therapy and cancer resistance. Also, this review summarizes all the available promising JNK inhibitors that are suggested to promote the responsiveness of cancer cells to cancer treatment.

Bone Healing via Carvacrol and Curcumin Nanoparticle on 3D Printed Scaffolds

Carvacrol is a potent antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory agent, while curcumin possesses antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties. These phytochemicals have poor solubility, bioavailability, and stability in their free form. Nanoencapsulation can reduce these limitations with enhanced translational capability. Integrating nanocarriers with 3D-printed calcium phosphate (CaP) scaffolds presents a novel strategy for bone regeneration. Carvacrol and curcumin-loaded nanoparticles (CC-NP) synthesized with melt emulsification produced negatively charged, monodispersed particles with a hydrodynamic diameter of ≈127 nm. Their release from the scaffold shows a biphasic release under physiological and acidic conditions. At pH 5.0, the CC-NP exhibits a 53% release of curcumin and nearly 100% release of carvacrol, compared to 19% and 36% from their respective drug solutions. At pH 7.4, ≈40% of curcumin and 76% of carvacrol releases, highlighting their pH-sensitive release mechanism. In vitro studies demonstrate a 1.4-fold increase in osteoblast cell viability with CC-NP treatment. CC-NP exhibit cytotoxic effects against osteosarcoma cells, reducing cell viability by ≈2.9-fold. The antibacterial efficacy of CC-NP evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus (SA) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) exhibiting 98% antibacterial efficacy. This approach enhances therapeutic outcomes and minimizes the potential side effects associated with conventional treatments, paving the way for innovative applications in regenerative medicine.

Curcumin enhances ATG3-dependent autophagy and inhibits metastasis in cervical carcinoma

Cervical carcinoma poses a significant health threat, with traditional treatments proving inadequate in advanced stages. Curcumin, a bioactive compound derived from turmeric, exhibits notable anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antineoplastic properties, potentially modulating autophagy, and metastasis in cancer cells. This study examines curcumin's impact on autophagy and metastasis in cervical carcinoma, focusing on its interaction with autophagy-related gene 3 (ATG3). SiHa and HeLa cervical carcinoma cell lines were treated with curcumin, ATG3 knockdown (shATG3), and their combination. Cell migration was evaluated via wound healing assays, while cell proliferation was evaluated with CCK-8 assays. LC3 expression was assessed using immunofluorescence and western blotting. Molecular docking simulations identified curcumin's binding interactions with key proteins. Curcumin and shATG3 significantly inhibited both cell migration and proliferation, with a synergistic effect observed when combined. LC3 expression was enhanced, indicating increased autophagy. Docking studies revealed curcumin's potential binding to MMP2, MMP9, TGF-β, ATG3, LC3, and p62, suggesting modulation of these pathways. The combination of curcumin and ATG3 knockdown significantly inhibited cervical carcinoma cell migration and proliferation, while also enhancing autophagy, supporting the potential of curcumin as a therapeutic agent for cervical carcinoma. Further clinical research is needed to validate these findings.

Effects of High Pressure on In Vitro Bioavailability of Curcumin Loaded in Whey Protein Isolate/Carrageenan Composite Emulsion Gel: In Vitro Digestion Coupled with Cell Culture Model

The oral bioavailability of curcumin is inherently low, which significantly limits its application in food systems. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of high-pressure processing on the stability and bioaccessibility of curcumin within an emulsion gel during simulated gastrointestinal transit and to assess its cellular uptake. Our findings suggest that increasing pressure levels and high κ-carrageenan concentrations can enhance the stability of the curcumin delivery system. Elevated κ-CG concentrations were found to retard the action of proteases on dissociating protein molecules from the gel network. The emulsion gel effectively slowed the release of free fatty acids and reduced the curcumin release rate during the gastric phase. Scanning electron microscopy images revealed that higher pressures induced the formation of a more uniform and dense network structure in the gel. While the gel network structures were well-preserved after gastric digestion, they were disrupted into smaller particles following intestinal digestion, with particle size increasing with higher applied pressures. Cytotoxicity assays indicated that the digesta from the intestinal phase was highly toxic to Caco-2 cells. Among the tested samples, the emulsion gel prepared with 1.0% κ-CG at 600 MPa demonstrated the highest curcumin bioavailability, reaching 63.82 ± 7.10%. These findings underscore the potential of HPP-induced emulsion gels as a viable delivery system for enhancing curcumin bioaccessibility and cellular uptake.

Curcumin Administration Routes in Breast Cancer Treatment

Breast cancer is a public health concern worldwide, characterized by increasing incidence and mortality rates, requiring novel and effective therapeutic strategies. Curcumin is a bioactive compound extracted from turmeric with several pharmacological activities. Curcumin is a multifaceted anticancer agent through mechanisms including the modulation of signaling pathways, inhibition of cell proliferation, induction of apoptosis, and production of reactive oxygen species. However, the poor water solubility and bioavailability of curcumin create important barriers in its clinical application. This review elaborates on the therapeutic potential of curcumin in breast cancer treatment, focusing on the efficacy of different administration routes and synergistic effects with other therapeutic agents. The intravenous administration of curcumin-loaded nanoparticles significantly improves bioavailability and therapeutic outcomes compared to oral routes. Innovative formulations, such as nano-emulsifying drug delivery systems, have shown promise in enhancing oral bioavailability. While intravenous delivery ensures higher bioavailability and direct action on tumor cells, it is more invasive and expensive than oral administration. Advancing research on curcumin in breast cancer treatment is essential for improving therapeutic outcomes and enhancing the quality of life of patients.

Recent Developments in Luteolin-Loaded Nanoformulations for Enhanced Anti-Carcinogenic Activities: Insights from In Vitro and In Vivo Studies

With approximately 18 million people affected by cancer in 2020 globally, scientists are exploring innovative approaches to develop effective treatments for various types of cancer. Traditional chemotherapy drugs, although effective against cancer cells, often lead to significant side effects on healthy tissues, such as hair loss, anemia, and nausea. To discover safer alternatives, researchers are investigating natural bioactive compounds found abundantly in plants. Luteolin, a flavonoid found in celery and artichokes, stands out due to its diverse anti-carcinogenic properties, including inhibiting proliferation, inducing apoptosis, activating autophagy, and inhibiting angiogenesis and metastasis. However, the therapeutic potential of luteolin is hindered by challenges related to its bioavailability and solubility. This critical review explores the specific anti-carcinogenic properties of luteolin while analyzing the impact of its limited bioavailability and solubility on effectiveness. Additionally, it investigates the outcomes of encapsulating luteolin in nanoformulations, providing insights into potential strategies for enhancing its anti-carcinogenic effects. Finally, the review compares the efficacy of luteolin with and without nanoformulations. This review provides valuable insights into the potential of utilizing luteolin-loaded nanoformulations as a safer and more effective method for treating cancer, contributing to the ongoing efforts in improving cancer care and outcomes worldwide.

Selective Inhibition of Deamidated Triosephosphate Isomerase by Disulfiram, Curcumin, and Sodium Dichloroacetate: Synergistic Therapeutic Strategies for T-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia in Jurkat Cells

T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is a challenging childhood cancer to treat, with limited therapeutic options and high relapse rates. This study explores deamidated triosephosphate isomerase (dTPI) as a novel therapeutic target. We hypothesized that selectively inhibiting dTPI could reduce T-ALL cell viability without affecting normal T lymphocytes. Computational modeling and recombinant enzyme assays revealed that disulfiram (DS) and curcumin (CU) selectively bind and inhibit dTPI activity without affecting the non-deamidated enzyme. At the cellular level, treatment with DS and CU significantly reduced Jurkat T-ALL cell viability and endogenous TPI enzymatic activity, with no effect on normal T lymphocytes, whereas the combination of sodium dichloroacetate (DCA) with DS or CU showed synergistic effects. Furthermore, we demonstrated that dTPI was present and accumulated only in Jurkat cells, confirming our hypothesis. Finally, flow cytometry confirmed apoptosis in Jurkat cells after treatment with DS and CU or their combination with DCA. These findings strongly suggest that targeting dTPI represents a promising and selective target for T-ALL therapy.

Integrative Geriatric Oncology: A Review of Current Practices

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

This article aims to offer a comprehensive review of optimal integrative medicine practices for geriatric oncology patients. Given the aging population and the global rise in cancer incidence, it is crucial to identify evidence-based modalities and employ an integrated approach to enhance cancer outcomes and quality of life in older adults.

RECENT FINDINGS

It has been predicted that 20.5% (6.9 million) of new cancer cases in 2050 will occur in adults over 80 years old.1 The increasing focus on lifestyle factors in healthy aging has shed light on various overlooked areas of significance. Notably, anti-inflammatory diets and the promotion of a healthy gut microbiome have demonstrated significant impacts on overall health outcomes, bolstering the body's innate capacity to combat disease. This review delves into further evidence and extrapolation concerning integrative approaches and their influence on cancer outcomes and older adults quality of life. The complexity and unique nature of cancer in older adults requires a wide range of support from medical providers. Incorporating various integrative techniques as part of cancer treatment and side effect support can improve health outcomes and patient's quality of life. Familiarity with the lifestyle interventions and other topics explored in this review equips healthcare providers to offer tailored and holistic care to geriatric patients navigating cancer.

Plant‐Derived Phytochemicals and Their Nanoformulations for Inducing Programed Cell Death in Cancer

Phytochemicals are a diverse class of compounds found in various plant‐based foods and beverages that have displayed the capacity to exert powerful anticancer effects through the induction of programed cell death (PCD) in malignancies. PCD is a sophisticated process that maintains in upholding tissue homeostasis and eliminating injured or neoplastic cells. Phytochemicals have shown the potential to induce PCD in malignant cells through various mechanisms, including modulation of cell signaling pathways, regulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and interaction with critical targets in cells such as DNA. Moreover, recent studies have suggested that nanomaterials loaded with phytochemicals may enhance cell death in tumors, which can also stimulate antitumor immunity. In this review, a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of the anticancer effects of phytochemicals and their potential as a promising approach to cancer therapy, is provided. The impacts of phytochemicals such as resveratrol, curcumin, apigenin, quercetin, and some approved plant‐derived drugs, such as taxanes on the regulation of some types of PCD, including apoptosis, pyroptosis, anoikis, autophagic cell death, ferroptosis, and necroptosis, are discussed. The underlying mechanisms and the potential of nanomaterials loaded with phytochemicals to enhance PCD in tumors are also explained.

Heat shock proteins as hallmarks of cancer: insights from molecular mechanisms to therapeutic strategies

Heat shock proteins are essential molecular chaperones that play crucial roles in stabilizing protein structures, facilitating the repair or degradation of damaged proteins, and maintaining proteostasis and cellular functions. Extensive research has demonstrated that heat shock proteins are highly expressed in cancers and closely associated with tumorigenesis and progression. The "Hallmarks of Cancer" are the core features of cancer biology that collectively define a series of functional characteristics acquired by cells as they transition from a normal state to a state of tumor growth, including sustained proliferative signaling, evasion of growth suppressors, resistance to cell death, enabled replicative immortality, the induction of angiogenesis, and the activation of invasion and metastasis. The pivotal roles of heat shock proteins in modulating the hallmarks of cancer through the activation or inhibition of various signaling pathways has been well documented. Therefore, this review provides an overview of the roles of heat shock proteins in vital biological processes from the perspective of the hallmarks of cancer and summarizes the small-molecule inhibitors that target heat shock proteins to regulate various cancer hallmarks. Moreover, we further discuss combination therapy strategies involving heat shock proteins and promising dual-target inhibitors to highlight the potential of targeting heat shock proteins for cancer treatment. In summary, this review highlights how targeting heat shock proteins could regulate the hallmarks of cancer, which will provide valuable information to better elucidate and understand the roles of heat shock proteins in oncology and the mechanisms of cancer occurrence and development and aid in the development of more efficacious and less toxic novel anticancer agents.

Natural Compounds and Cancer: Current Evidences

Natural compounds are constantly gaining ground in the treatment of various chronic diseases and in cancer research. Recent efforts have been focusing on them due to their special features consisting of low toxicity and high bioavailability. These compounds have already demonstrated important antitumor activity against several cancers in vitro through several mechanisms, including cell viability reduction, suppression of cell proliferation, cell death induction and cell cycle arrest. Herewith, we reviewed natural compounds that can be potentially used for head and neck cancer, glioblastoma and gastrointestinal cancers.

Targeting the Akt signaling pathway: Exploiting curcumin's anticancer potential

Cancer is recognized as one of the leading causes of death worldwide. In recent years, advancements in early detection and expanding treatment options have contributed to a decrease in mortality rates. However, the emergence of drug-resistant cancers necessitates the exploration of innovative and more effective drugs. The Akt kinases play a central role in various signaling pathways that regulate crucial cellular processes, including cell growth, proliferation, survival, angiogenesis, and glucose metabolism. Due to frequent disruptions of the Akt signaling pathway in numerous human cancers and its broad biological implications, targeting this pathway has become a key focus in combating tumor aggressiveness and a promising avenue for therapeutic intervention. Curcumin, a compound found in turmeric, has been extensively studied for its potential as an anti-cancer agent. It demonstrates inhibitory effects on cancer initiation, progression, and metastasis by influencing various processes involved in tumor growth and development. These effects are achieved through negative regulation of transcription factors, growth factors, cytokines, protein kinases, and other oncogenic molecules. This review aims to explore curcumin's anticancer activity against different types of cancer mediated via the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, as well as its practical applications in treatment.

Gut microbial metabolites in lung cancer development and immunotherapy: Novel insights into gut-lung axis

Metabolic derivatives of numerous microorganisms inhabiting the human gut can participate in regulating physiological activities and immune status of the lungs through the gut-lung axis. The current well-established microbial metabolites include short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), tryptophan and its derivatives, polyamines (PAs), secondary bile acids (SBAs), etc. As the study continues to deepen, the critical function of microbial metabolites in the occurrence and treatment of lung cancer has gradually been revealed. Microbial derivates can enter the circulation system to modulate the immune microenvironment of lung cancer. Mechanistically, oncometabolites damage host DNA and promote the occurrence of lung cancer, while tumor-suppresive metabolites directly affect the immune system to combat the malignant properties of cancer cells and even show considerable application potential in improving the efficacy of lung cancer immunotherapy. Considering the crosstalk along the gut-lung axis, in-depth exploration of microbial metabolites in patients' feces or serum will provide novel guidance for lung cancer diagnosis and treatment selection strategies. In addition, targeted therapeutics on microbial metabolites are expected to overcome the bottleneck of lung cancer immunotherapy and alleviate adverse reactions, including fecal microbiota transplantation, microecological preparations, metabolite synthesis and drugs targeting metabolic pathways. In summary, this review provides novel insights and explanations on the intricate interplay between gut microbial metabolites and lung cancer development, and immunotherapy through the lens of the gut-lung axis, which further confirms the possible translational potential of the microbiome metabolome in lung cancer treatment.

Curcumin nanopreparations: recent advance in preparation and application

Curcumin is a natural polyphenolic compound extracted from turmeric with antibacterial, antioxidant, antitumor, preventive and therapeutic neurological disorders and a variety of bioactivities, which is widely used in the field of food and medicine. However, the drawbacks of curcumin such as poor aqueous solubility and stability have limited the practical application of curcumin. To overcome these defects and enhance its functional properties, various nanoscale systems (liposomes, polymer nanoparticles, protein nanoparticles, solid lipid nanoparticles, metal nanoparticles, etc) have been extensively employed for curcumin encapsulation and delivery. Despite the rapid development of curcumin nanoformulations, there is a lack of comprehensive reviews on their preparation and properties. This review provides an overview of the construction of curcumin nano-delivery systems, mechanisms of action, nanocarrier preparation methods and the applications of curcumin nanocarriers in the food and pharmaceutical fields to provide a theoretical basis and technological support for the efficient bio-utilization, product development and early clinical application of curcumin.

Green Extraction of Plant Materials Using Supercritical CO2: Insights into Methods, Analysis, and Bioactivity

In recent years, the supercritical CO2 extraction method has gained attention due to its use of environmentally friendly, non-toxic solvents, ability to operate at lower temperatures that do not cause the degradation of bioactive compounds, and capacity for rapid extraction. This method is particularly notable for isolating bioactive compounds from plants. The extracts obtained have shown superior properties due to their activity against diseases such as cancer, which is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. The aim of this study is to provide an in-depth understanding of the supercritical CO2 extraction method, as well as to discuss its advantages and disadvantages. Furthermore, the study includes specific data on various plant materials, detailing the following parameters: plant name and region, bioactive compounds or compound classes, extraction temperature (°C), pressure (bar), time (minutes), co-solvent used, and flow rate. Additionally, this study covers extensive research on the isolation of bioactive compounds and the efficacy of the obtained extracts against cancer.

Targeting cuproptosis for cancer therapy: mechanistic insights and clinical perspectives

Cuproptosis is a newly identified form of cell death induced by excessive copper (Cu) accumulation within cells. Mechanistically, cuproptosis results from Cu-induced aggregation of dihydrolipoamide S-acetyltransferase, correlated with the mitochondrial tricarboxylic acid cycle and the loss of iron-sulfur cluster proteins, ultimately resulting in proteotoxic stress and triggering cell death. Recently, cuproptosis has garnered significant interest in tumor research due to its potential as a crucial therapeutic strategy against cancer. In this review, we summarized the cellular and molecular mechanisms of cuproptosis and its relationship with other types of cell death. Additionally, we reviewed the current drugs or strategies available to induce cuproptosis in tumor cells, including Cu ionophores, small compounds, and nanomedicine. Furthermore, we targeted cell metabolism and specific regulatory genes in cancer therapy to enhance tumor sensitivity to cuproptosis. Finally, we discussed the feasibility of targeting cuproptosis to overcome tumor chemotherapy and immunotherapy resistance and suggested future research directions. This study suggested that targeting cuproptosis could open new avenues for developing tumor therapy.

Investigating mechanistic insights of curcumin in blocking the Interleukin-8 signaling pathway associated with Breast Cancer: An in-silico approach

Interleukin-8 (IL-8) is a chemokine, a type of signaling molecule that has a role in immunological responses and inflammation. In recent years, IL-8 is additionally related to cancer growth and recurrence. Breast cancer growth, progression, and metastatic development are all linked to IL-8. Breast cancer cells are known to develop faster when IL-8 stimulates their proliferation and survival. It can also cause angiogenesis, or the creation of new blood vessels, which is necessary for tumor nutrition and growth. IL-8 and curcumin have been subjects of interest in drug design, particularly in the context of inflammation-related disorders and cancer. This study aims to give an overview of the role of IL-8. Inhibitor-based treatment approaches were being used to target IL-8 with curcumin. Molecular docking method was employed to find a potential interaction to supress competitive inhibition of IL-8 with curcumin. PASS analysis and ADMET characteristics were also being carried out. In the end, IL-8 complexed with curcumin is chosen for MD simulations. Overall, our results showed that during the simulation, the complex stayed comparatively stable. It is also possible to investigate curcumin further as a possible treatment option. The combined results imply that IL-8 and their genetic alterations can be studied in precision cancer therapeutic treatments, utilizing target-driven therapy and early diagnosis.

The Emerging Role of Natural Products in Cancer Treatment

The exploration of natural products as potential agents for cancer treatment has garnered significant attention in recent years. In this comprehensive review, we delve into the diverse array of natural compounds, including alkaloids, carbohydrates, flavonoids, lignans, polyketides, saponins, tannins, and terpenoids, highlighting their emerging roles in cancer therapy. These compounds, derived from various botanical sources, exhibit a wide range of mechanisms of action, targeting critical pathways involved in cancer progression such as cell proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Through a meticulous examination of preclinical and clinical studies, we provide insights into the therapeutic potential of these natural products across different cancer types. Furthermore, we discuss the advantages and challenges associated with their use in cancer treatment, emphasizing the need for further research to optimize their efficacy, pharmacokinetics, and delivery methods. Overall, this review underscores the importance of natural products in advancing cancer therapeutics and paves the way for future investigations into their clinical applications.

Functional roles of microRNAs in vasculogenic mimicry and resistance to therapy in human cancers: an update

INTRODUCTION

Vasculogenic mimicry (VM) alludes to the ability of cancer cells to organize on three-dimensional channel-like structures to obtain nutrients and oxygen. This mechanism confers an aggressive phenotype, metastatic potential, and resistance to chemotherapy resulting in a poor prognosis. Recent studies have been focused on the identification of microRNAs (miRNAs) that regulate the VM representing potential therapeutic targets in cancer.

AREAS COVERED

An overview of the roles of miRNAs on VM development and their functional relationships with tumor microenvironment. The functions of cancer stem-like cells in VM, and resistance to therapy are also discussed. Moreover, the modulation of VM by natural compounds is explored. The clinical significance of deregulated miRNAs as potential therapeutic targets in tumors showing VM is further highlighted.

EXPERT OPINION

The miRNAs are regulators of protein-encoding genes involved in VM; however, their specific expression signatures with clinical value in large cohorts of patients have not been established yet. We considered that genomic profiling of miRNAs could be useful to define some hallmarks of tumors such as stemness, drug resistance, and VM in cancer patients. However, additional studies are needed to establish the relevant role of miRNAs as effective therapeutic targets in tumors that have developed VM.

The Bright Side of Curcumin: A Narrative Review of Its Therapeutic Potential in Cancer Management

Curcumin, a polyphenolic compound derived from Curcuma longa, exhibits significant therapeutic potential in cancer management. This review explores curcumin's mechanisms of action, the challenges related to its bioavailability, and its enhancement through modern technology and approaches. Curcumin demonstrates strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, contributing to its ability to neutralize free radicals and inhibit inflammatory mediators. Its anticancer effects are mediated by inducing apoptosis, inhibiting cell proliferation, and interfering with tumor growth pathways in various colon, pancreatic, and breast cancers. However, its clinical application is limited by its poor bioavailability due to its rapid metabolism and low absorption. Novel delivery systems, such as curcumin-loaded hydrogels and nanoparticles, have shown promise in improving curcumin bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy. Additionally, photodynamic therapy has emerged as a complementary approach, where light exposure enhances curcumin's anticancer effects by modulating molecular pathways crucial for tumor cell growth and survival. Studies highlight that combining low concentrations of curcumin with visible light irradiation significantly boosts its antitumor efficacy compared to curcumin alone. The interaction of curcumin with cytochromes or drug transporters may play a crucial role in altering the pharmacokinetics of conventional medications, which necessitates careful consideration in clinical settings. Future research should focus on optimizing delivery mechanisms and understanding curcumin's pharmacokinetics to fully harness its therapeutic potential in cancer treatment.

Carrier-free chemo-phototherapeutic nanomedicines with endo/lysosomal escape function enhance the therapeutic effect of drug molecules in tumors

Carrier-free nanomedicines offer advantages of extremely high drug loading capacity (>80%), minimal non-drug constituent burden, and facile preparation processes. Numerous studies have proved that multimodal cancer therapy can enhance chemotherapy efficiency and mitigate multi-drug resistance (MDR) through synergistic therapeutic effects. Upon penetration into the tumor matrix, nanoparticles (NPs) are anticipated to be uptaken by cancer cells, primarily through clathrin-meditated endocytosis pathways, leading to their accumulation in endosomes/lysosomes within cells. However, endo/lysosomes exhibit a highly degradative environment for organic NPs and drug molecules, often resulting in treatment failure. Hence, this study designed a lysosomal escape mechanism with carrier-free nanomedicine, combining the chemotherapeutic drug, curcumin (Cur), and the photothermal/photodynamic therapeutic drug, indocyanine green (ICG), for synergistic cancer treatment (ICG-Cur NPs) via a facile preparation process. To facilitate endo/lysosomal escape, ICG-Cur NPs were modified with metal-phenolic networks (MPNs) of different thickness. The results indicate that a thick MPN coating promotes rapid endo/lysosomal escape of ICG-Cur NPs within 4 h and enhances the photothermal conversion efficiency of ICG-Cur NPs by 55.8%, significantly improving anticancer efficacy in both chemo- and photo-therapies within 3D solid tumor models. This finding underscores the critical role of endo/lysosomal escape capacity in carrier-free drug NPs for therapeutic outcomes and offers a facile solution to achieve it.

Harnessing the capacity of phytochemicals to enhance immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy of cancers: A focus on brain malignancies

Brain cancers, particularly glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), are challenging health issues with frequent unmet aspects. Today, discovering safe and effective therapeutic modalities for brain tumors is among the top research interests. Immunotherapy is an emerging area of investigation in cancer treatment. Since immune checkpoints play fundamental roles in repressing anti-cancer immunity, diverse immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have been developed, and some monoclonal antibodies have been approved clinically for particular cancers; nevertheless, there are significant concerns regarding their efficacy and safety in brain tumors. Among the various tools to modify the immune checkpoints, phytochemicals show good effectiveness and excellent safety, making them suitable candidates for developing better ICIs. Phytochemicals regulate multiple immunological checkpoint-related signaling pathways in cancer biology; however, their efficacy for clinical cancer immunotherapy remains to be established. Here, we discussed the involvement of immune checkpoints in cancer pathology and summarized recent advancements in applying phytochemicals in modulating immune checkpoints in brain tumors to highlight the state-of-the-art and give constructive prospects for future research.

Current advances in the pain treatment and mechanisms of Traditional Chinese Medicine

Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), as a unique medical model in China, has been shown to be effective in the treatment of many diseases. It has been proven that TCM can increase the pain threshold, increase the level of endorphins and enkephalins in the body, and reduce the body's response to adverse stimuli. In recent years, TCM scholars have made valuable explorations in the field of pain treatment, using methods such as internal and external application of TCM and acupuncture to carry out research on pain treatment and have achieved more satisfactory results. TCM treats pain in a variety of ways, and with the discovery of a variety of potential bioactive substances for pain treatment. With the new progress in the research of other TCM treatment methods for pain, TCM will have greater potential in the clinical application of pain.

Enhancement of Solubility, Stability, Cellular Uptake, and Bioactivity of Curcumin by Polyvinyl Alcohol

The biological activities and related mechanisms of curcumin, a major polyphenolic compound in turmeric, the rhizome of Curcuma longa, have been extensively investigated. Due to its poor solubility in water, the analysis of curcumin's biological activities is limited in most aqueous experimental systems. In the present study, the effects of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), a dietary-compatible vehicle, on the solubility, stability, cellular uptake, and bioactivities of curcumin were investigated. Curcumin solubility was improved significantly by PVA; the color intensity of curcumin aqueous solution in the presence of PVA increased concentration-dependently with its peak shift to a shorter wavelength. Improved suspension stability and photostability of curcumin in an aqueous solution were also observed in the presence of PVA, even at 62.5 μg/mL. The scavenging activities of curcumin against DPPH, ABTS, AAPH radicals, and nitric oxide were enhanced significantly in the presence of PVA. PVA at 250 μg/mL also significantly enhanced the cytotoxic activity of curcumin against both HCT 116 colon cancer and INT 407 (HeLa-derived) embryonic intestinal cells by reducing the IC50 from 16 to 11 μM and 25 to 15 μM, respectively. PVA improved the cellular uptake of curcumin in a concentration-dependent manner in INT 407 cells; it increased the cellular levels more effectively at lower curcumin treatment concentrations. The present results indicate that PVA improves the solubility and stability of curcumin, and changes in these chemical behaviors of curcumin in aqueous systems by PVA could enhance the bioavailability and pharmacological efficacy of curcumin.

Mini-encyclopedia of mitochondria-relevant nutraceuticals protecting health in primary and secondary care-clinically relevant 3PM innovation

Despite their subordination in humans, to a great extent, mitochondria maintain their independent status but tightly cooperate with the "host" on protecting the joint life quality and minimizing health risks. Under oxidative stress conditions, healthy mitochondria promptly increase mitophagy level to remove damaged "fellows" rejuvenating the mitochondrial population and sending fragments of mtDNA as SOS signals to all systems in the human body. As long as metabolic pathways are under systemic control and well-concerted together, adaptive mechanisms become triggered increasing systemic protection, activating antioxidant defense and repair machinery. Contextually, all attributes of mitochondrial patho-/physiology are instrumental for predictive medical approach and cost-effective treatments tailored to individualized patient profiles in primary (to protect vulnerable individuals again the health-to-disease transition) and secondary (to protect affected individuals again disease progression) care. Nutraceuticals are naturally occurring bioactive compounds demonstrating health-promoting, illness-preventing, and other health-related benefits. Keeping in mind health-promoting properties of nutraceuticals along with their great therapeutic potential and safety profile, there is a permanently growing demand on the application of mitochondria-relevant nutraceuticals. Application of nutraceuticals is beneficial only if meeting needs at individual level. Therefore, health risk assessment and creation of individualized patient profiles are of pivotal importance followed by adapted nutraceutical sets meeting individual needs. Based on the scientific evidence available for mitochondria-relevant nutraceuticals, this article presents examples of frequent medical conditions, which require protective measures targeted on mitochondria as a holistic approach following advanced concepts of predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine (PPPM/3PM) in primary and secondary care.

Robust reactive oxygen species modulator hitchhiking yeast microcapsules for colitis alleviation by trilogically intestinal microenvironment renovation

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is characterized by chronic inflammatory processes of the intestinal tract of unknown origin. Current treatments lack understanding on how to effectively alleviate oxidative stress, relieve inflammation, as well as modulate gut microbiota for maintaining intestinal homeostasis synchronously. In this study, a novel drug delivery system based on a metal polyphenol network (MPN) was constructed via metal coordination between epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and Fe3+. Curcumin (Cur), an active polyphenolic compound, with distinguished anti-inflammatory activity was assembled and encapsulated into MPN to generate Cur-MPN. The obtained Cur-MPN could serve as a robust reactive oxygen species modulator by efficiently scavenging superoxide radical (O2•-) as well as hydroxyl radical (·OH). By hitchhiking yeast microcapsule (YM), Cur-MPN was then encapsulated into YM to obtain CM@YM. Our findings demonstrated that CM@YM was able to protect Cur-MPN to withstand the harsh gastrointestinal environment and enhance the targeting and retention abilities of the inflamed colon. When administered orally, CM@YM could alleviate DSS-induced colitis with protective and therapeutic effects by scavenging ROS, reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines, and regulating the polarization of macrophages to M1, thus restoring barrier function and maintaining intestinal homeostasis. Importantly, CM@YM also modulated the gut microbiome to a favorable state by improving bacterial diversity and transforming the compositional structure to an anti-inflammatory phenotype as well as increasing the content of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) (such as acetic acid, propionic acid, and butyric acid). Collectively, with excellent biocompatibility, our findings indicate that synergistically regulating intestinal microenvironment will be a promising approach for UC.