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LeBlang CJ, Pazyra-Murphy MF, Silagi ES, Dasgupta S, Tsolias M, Miller T, Petrova V, Zhen S, Jovanovic V, Castellano D, Gerrish K, Ormanoglu P, Tristan C, Singeç I, Woolf CJ, Tasdemir-Yilmaz O, Segal RA. Satellite glial contact enhances differentiation and maturation of human iPSC-derived sensory neurons. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.07.24.604966. [PMID: 39211268 PMCID: PMC11361066 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.24.604966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Sensory neurons generated from induced pluripotent stem cells (iSNs) are used to model human peripheral neuropathies, however current differentiation protocols produce sensory neurons with an embryonic phenotype. Peripheral glial cells contact sensory neurons early in development and contribute to formation of the canonical pseudounipolar morphology, but these signals are not encompassed in current iSN differentiation protocols. Here, we show that terminal differentiation of iSNs in co-culture with rodent Dorsal Root Ganglion satellite glia (rSG) advances their differentiation and maturation. Co-cultured iSNs develop a pseudounipolar morphology through contact with rSGs. This transition depends on semaphorin-plexin guidance cues and on glial gap junction signaling. In addition to morphological changes, iSNs terminally differentiated in co-culture exhibit enhanced spontaneous action potential firing, more mature gene expression, and increased susceptibility to paclitaxel induced axonal degeneration. Thus, iSNs differentiated in coculture with rSGs provide a better model for investigating human peripheral neuropathies.
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2
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Bukvic N, De Rinaldis M, Chetta M, Trabacca A, Bassi MT, Marsano RM, Holoubkova L, Rivieccio M, Oro M, Resta N, Kerkhof J, Sadikovic B, Viggiano L. De Novo Pathogenic Variant in FBRSL1, Non OMIM Gene Paralogue AUTS2, Causes a Novel Recognizable Syndromic Manifestation with Intellectual Disability; An Additional Patient and Review of the Literature. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:826. [PMID: 39062605 PMCID: PMC11275389 DOI: 10.3390/genes15070826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
FBRSL1, together with FBRS and AUTS2 (Activator of Transcription and Developmental Regulator; OMIM 607270), constitutes a tripartite AUTS2 gene family. AUTS2 and FBRSL1 are evolutionarily more closely related to each other than to FBRS (Fibrosin 1; OMIM 608601). Despite its paralogous relation to AUTS2, FBRSL1's precise role remains unclear, though it likely shares functions in neurogenesis and transcriptional regulation. Herein, we report the clinical presentation with therapeutic approaches and the molecular etiology of a patient harboring a de novo truncating variant (c.371dupC) in FBRSL1, leading to a premature stop codon (p.Cys125Leufs*7). Our study extends previous knowledge by highlighting potential interactions and implications of this variant, alongside maternal and paternal duplications, for the patient's phenotype. Using sequence conservation data and in silico analysis of the truncated protein, we generated a predicted domain structure. Furthermore, our in silico analysis was extended by taking into account SNP array results. The extension of in silico analysis was performed due to the possibility that the coexistence of FBRSL1 truncating variant contemporary with maternal and paternal duplication could be a modifier of proband's phenotype and/or influence the novel syndrome clinical characteristics. FBRSL1 protein may be involved in neurodevelopment due to its homology with AUTS2, together with distinctive neuronal expression profiles, and thus should be considered as a potential modulation of clinical characteristics in a novel syndrome. Finally, considering that FBRSL1 is apparently involved in neurogenesis and in transcriptional regulatory networks that orchestrate gene expression, together with the observation that different genetic syndromes are associated with distinct genomic DNA methylation patterns, the specific episignature has been explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nenad Bukvic
- Medical Genetic, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DiMePRe-J), University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy;
- Medical Genetics Section, University Hospital Consortium Corporation Polyclinics of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Marta De Rinaldis
- Unit for Severe Disabilities in Developmental Age and Young Adults, Associazione “La Nostra Famiglia”—IRCCS “E. Medea”, Scientific Hospital for Neurorehabilitation, Piazza A. Di Summa, 72100 Brindisi, Italy;
| | - Massimiliano Chetta
- Medical Genetics Laboratory, A.O.R.N. Cardarelli, Building Y, 80127 Naples, Italy; (M.C.); (M.O.)
| | - Antonio Trabacca
- Scientific Direction, Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Via D. L. Monza 20, Bosisio Parini, 23842 Lecco, Italy;
| | - Maria Teresa Bassi
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Via D. L. Monza 20, Bosisio Parini, 23842 Lecco, Italy;
| | - René Massimiliano Marsano
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Environment, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70125 Bari, Italy; (R.M.M.); (L.V.)
| | - Lenka Holoubkova
- ReStart—Professional Practice of Occupational Therapy, Via di Vittorio, 76125 Trani, Italy;
| | - Maria Rivieccio
- Medical Genetics Laboratory, A.O.R.N. Cardarelli, Building Y, 80127 Naples, Italy; (M.C.); (M.O.)
| | - Maria Oro
- Medical Genetics Laboratory, A.O.R.N. Cardarelli, Building Y, 80127 Naples, Italy; (M.C.); (M.O.)
| | - Nicoletta Resta
- Medical Genetic, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DiMePRe-J), University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70124 Bari, Italy;
- Medical Genetics Section, University Hospital Consortium Corporation Polyclinics of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Jennifer Kerkhof
- Verspeeten Clinical Genome Centre, London Health Sciences Centre, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada; (J.K.); (B.S.)
| | - Bekim Sadikovic
- Verspeeten Clinical Genome Centre, London Health Sciences Centre, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada; (J.K.); (B.S.)
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Luigi Viggiano
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Environment, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70125 Bari, Italy; (R.M.M.); (L.V.)
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3
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Berger H, Gerstner S, Horstmann MF, Pauli S, Borchers A. Fbrsl1 is required for heart development in Xenopus laevis and de novo variants in FBRSL1 can cause human heart defects. Dis Model Mech 2024; 17:dmm050507. [PMID: 38501224 PMCID: PMC11128277 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.050507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
De novo truncating variants in fibrosin-like 1 (FBRSL1), a member of the AUTS2 gene family, cause a disability syndrome, including organ malformations such as heart defects. Here, we use Xenopus laevis to investigate whether Fbrsl1 plays a role in heart development. Xenopus laevis fbrsl1 is expressed in tissues relevant for heart development, and morpholino-mediated knockdown of Fbrsl1 results in severely hypoplastic hearts. Our data suggest that Fbrsl1 is required for the development of the first heart field, which contributes to the ventricle and the atria, but not for the second heart field, which gives rise to the outflow tract. The morphant heart phenotype could be rescued using a human N-terminal FBRSL1 isoform that contains an alternative exon, but lacks the AUTS2 domain. N-terminal isoforms carrying patient variants failed to rescue. Interestingly, a long human FBRSL1 isoform, harboring the AUTS2 domain, also did not rescue the morphant heart defects. Thus, our data suggest that different FBRSL1 isoforms may have distinct functions and that only the short N-terminal isoform, appears to be critical for heart development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Berger
- Department of Biology, Molecular Embryology, Philipps-University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Sarah Gerstner
- Department of Biology, Molecular Embryology, Philipps-University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Marc-Frederik Horstmann
- Department of Biology, Molecular Embryology, Philipps-University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Silke Pauli
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Annette Borchers
- Department of Biology, Molecular Embryology, Philipps-University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
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4
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Prem S, Dev B, Peng C, Mehta M, Alibutud R, Connacher RJ, St Thomas M, Zhou X, Matteson P, Xing J, Millonig JH, DiCicco-Bloom E. Dysregulation of mTOR signaling mediates common neurite and migration defects in both idiopathic and 16p11.2 deletion autism neural precursor cells. eLife 2024; 13:e82809. [PMID: 38525876 PMCID: PMC11003747 DOI: 10.7554/elife.82809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is defined by common behavioral characteristics, raising the possibility of shared pathogenic mechanisms. Yet, vast clinical and etiological heterogeneity suggests personalized phenotypes. Surprisingly, our iPSC studies find that six individuals from two distinct ASD subtypes, idiopathic and 16p11.2 deletion, have common reductions in neural precursor cell (NPC) neurite outgrowth and migration even though whole genome sequencing demonstrates no genetic overlap between the datasets. To identify signaling differences that may contribute to these developmental defects, an unbiased phospho-(p)-proteome screen was performed. Surprisingly despite the genetic heterogeneity, hundreds of shared p-peptides were identified between autism subtypes including the mTOR pathway. mTOR signaling alterations were confirmed in all NPCs across both ASD subtypes, and mTOR modulation rescued ASD phenotypes and reproduced autism NPC-associated phenotypes in control NPCs. Thus, our studies demonstrate that genetically distinct ASD subtypes have common defects in neurite outgrowth and migration which are driven by the shared pathogenic mechanism of mTOR signaling dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smrithi Prem
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical SchoolPiscatawayUnited States
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Rutgers UniversityPiscatawayUnited States
| | - Bharati Dev
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical SchoolPiscatawayUnited States
| | - Cynthia Peng
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical SchoolPiscatawayUnited States
| | - Monal Mehta
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Rutgers UniversityPiscatawayUnited States
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers UniversityPiscatawayUnited States
| | - Rohan Alibutud
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers UniversityPiscatawayUnited States
| | - Robert J Connacher
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical SchoolPiscatawayUnited States
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Rutgers UniversityPiscatawayUnited States
| | - Madeline St Thomas
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical SchoolPiscatawayUnited States
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Rutgers UniversityPiscatawayUnited States
| | - Xiaofeng Zhou
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical SchoolPiscatawayUnited States
| | - Paul Matteson
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical SchoolPiscatawayUnited States
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers UniversityPiscatawayUnited States
| | - Jinchuan Xing
- Department of Genetics, Rutgers UniversityPiscatawayUnited States
| | - James H Millonig
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical SchoolPiscatawayUnited States
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers UniversityPiscatawayUnited States
| | - Emanuel DiCicco-Bloom
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical SchoolPiscatawayUnited States
- Department of Pediatrics, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical SchoolNew BrunswickUnited States
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5
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Li J, Chen D, Liu H, Xi Y, Luo H, Wei Y, Liu J, Liang H, Zhang Q. Identifying potential genetic epistasis implicated in Alzheimer's disease via detection of SNP-SNP interaction on quantitative trait CSF Aβ 42. Neurobiol Aging 2024; 134:84-93. [PMID: 38039940 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2023.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Although genome-wide association studies have identified multiple Alzheimer's disease (AD)-associated loci by selecting the main effects of individual single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), the interpretation of genetic variance in AD is limited. Based on the linear regression method, we performed genome-wide SNP-SNP interaction on cerebrospinal fluid Aβ42 to identify potential genetic epistasis implicated in AD, with age, gender, and diagnosis as covariates. A GPU-based method was used to address the computational challenges posed by the analysis of epistasis. We found 368 SNP pairs to be statistically significant, and highly significant SNP-SNP interactions were identified between the marginal main effects of SNP pairs, which explained a relatively high variance at the Aβ42 level. Our results replicated 100 previously reported AD-related genes and 5 gene-gene interaction pairs of the protein-protein interaction network. Our bioinformatics analyses provided preliminary evidence that the 5-overlapping gene-gene interaction pairs play critical roles in inducing synaptic loss and dysfunction, thereby leading to memory decline and cognitive impairment in AD-affected brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Li
- College of Intelligent Systems Science and Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China
| | - Dandan Chen
- College of Intelligent Systems Science and Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China; School of Automation Engineering, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin, China
| | - Hongwei Liu
- College of Intelligent Systems Science and Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China
| | - Yang Xi
- School of Computer Science, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin, China
| | - Haoran Luo
- College of Intelligent Systems Science and Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China
| | - Yiming Wei
- College of Intelligent Systems Science and Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China
| | - Junfeng Liu
- School of Computer Science, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin, China
| | - Hong Liang
- College of Intelligent Systems Science and Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China.
| | - Qiushi Zhang
- School of Computer Science, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin, China.
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6
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Liu Y, Guo S, Sun Y, Zhang C, Gan J, Ning S, Wang J. CRS: a circadian rhythm score model for predicting prognosis and treatment response in cancer patients. J Transl Med 2023; 21:185. [PMID: 36895015 PMCID: PMC9996877 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04013-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Circadian rhythm regulates complex physiological activities in organisms. A strong link between circadian dysfunction and cancer has been identified. However, the factors of dysregulation and functional significance of circadian rhythm genes in cancer have received little attention. METHODS In 18 cancer types from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), the differential expression and genetic variation of 48 circadian rhythm genes (CRGs) were examined. The circadian rhythm score (CRS) model was created using the ssGSEA method, and patients were divided into high and low groups based on the CRS. The Kaplan-Meier curve was created to assess the patient survival rate. Cibersort and estimate methods were used to identify the infiltration characteristics of immune cells between different CRS subgroups. Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) dataset is used as verification queue and model stability evaluation queue. The CRS model's ability to predict chemotherapy and immunotherapy was assessed. Wilcoxon rank-sum test was used to compare the differences of CRS among different patients. We use CRS to identify potential "clock-drugs" by the connective map method. RESULTS Transcriptomic and genomic analyses of 48 CRGs revealed that most core clock genes are up-regulated, while clock control genes are down-regulated. Furthermore, we show that copy number variation may affect CRGs aberrations. Based on CRS, patients can be classified into two groups with significant differences in survival and immune cell infiltration. Further studies showed that patients with low CRS were more sensitive to chemotherapy and immunotherapy. Additionally, we identified 10 compounds (e.g. flubendazole, MLN-4924, ingenol) that are positively associated with CRS, and have the potential to modulate circadian rhythms. CONCLUSIONS CRS can be utilized as a clinical indicator to predict patient prognosis and responsiveness to therapy, and identify potential "clock-drugs".
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwei Liu
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Shuang Guo
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yue Sun
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Caiyu Zhang
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jing Gan
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Shangwei Ning
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.
| | - Junwei Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China.
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7
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Liu M, Chen Y, Sun M, Du Y, Bai Y, Lei G, Zhang C, Zhang M, Zhang Y, Xi C, Ma Y, Wang G. Auts2 regulated autism-like behavior, glucose metabolism and oxidative stress in mice. Exp Neurol 2023; 361:114298. [PMID: 36525998 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2022.114298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by abnormal social behavior and communication. The autism susceptibility candidate 2 (AUTS2) gene has been associated with multiple neurological diseases, including ASD. Glucose metabolism plays an important role in social behaviors associated with ASD, but the potential role of AUTS2 in glucose metabolism has not been studied. Here, we generated Auts2flox/flox; Emx1Cre+ conditional knockout mice with Auts2 deletion specifically in Exm1-positive neurons in the brain (Auts2-cKO mice) to evaluate the effects of Auts2 knockdown on social behaviors and metabolic pathways. Auts2-cKO mice exhibited ASD-like behaviors, including impaired social interactions and repetitive grooming behaviors. At the molecular level, we found that Auts2 knockdown reduced brain glucose uptake and inhibited the pentose phosphate pathway. Auts2 knockdown also resulted in signs of oxidative stress, and we documented increased levels of reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde as well as decreased levels of antioxidant molecules, including glutathione and superoxide dismutases in Auts2-cKO mouse brains compared to controls. Finally, Auts2 knockdown significantly disrupted mitochondrial homeostasis and inhibited activity of the SIRT1-SIRT3 axis. Taken together, our findings indicate that loss of AUTS2 expression in Emx1-expressing cells induces multiple changes in metabolic pathways that have been linked to the pathology of ASD. Further characterization of the role of AUTS2 in Emx1-expressing cells in regulating the metabolism of brain neurons may identify opportunities to treat ASD and AUTS2-deficiency disorders with metabolism-targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Yimeng Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Miao Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121000, China
| | - Yingjie Du
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Yafan Bai
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Guiyu Lei
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Congya Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Mingru Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Chunhua Xi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Yulong Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China.
| | - Guyan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China.
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8
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Merdrignac C, Clément AE, Montfort J, Murat F, Bobe J. auts2 Features and Expression Are Highly Conserved during Evolution Despite Different Evolutionary Fates Following Whole Genome Duplication. Cells 2022; 11:2694. [PMID: 36078102 PMCID: PMC9454499 DOI: 10.3390/cells11172694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The AUTS2 gene plays major roles during brain development and is associated with various neuropathologies including autism. Data in non-mammalian species are scarce, and the aim of our study was to provide a comprehensive analysis of auts2 evolution in teleost fish, which are widely used for in vivo functional analysis and biomedical purposes. Comparative genomics in 78 species showed that auts2a and auts2b originate from the teleost-specific whole genome duplication (TGD). auts2a, which is highly similar to human AUTS2, was almost systematically retained following TGD. In contrast, auts2b, which encodes for a shorter protein similar to a short human AUTS2 isoform, was lost more frequently and independently during evolution. RNA-seq analysis in 10 species revealed a highly conserved profile with predominant expression of both genes in the embryo, brain, and gonads. Based on protein length, conserved domains, and expression profiles, we speculate that the long human isoform functions were retained by auts2a, while the short isoform functions were retained by auts2a and/or auts2b, depending on the lineage/species. auts2a showed a burst in expression during medaka brain formation, where it was expressed in areas of the brain associated with neurodevelopmental disorders. Together, our data suggest a strong conservation of auts2 functions in vertebrates despite different evolutionary scenarios in teleosts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Julien Bobe
- INRAE, LPGP UR1037, Fish Physiology and Genomics, Campus de Beaulieu, F-35000 Rennes, France
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9
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Hwang WL, Jagadeesh KA, Guo JA, Hoffman HI, Yadollahpour P, Reeves JW, Mohan R, Drokhlyansky E, Van Wittenberghe N, Ashenberg O, Farhi SL, Schapiro D, Divakar P, Miller E, Zollinger DR, Eng G, Schenkel JM, Su J, Shiau C, Yu P, Freed-Pastor WA, Abbondanza D, Mehta A, Gould J, Lambden C, Porter CBM, Tsankov A, Dionne D, Waldman J, Cuoco MS, Nguyen L, Delorey T, Phillips D, Barth JL, Kem M, Rodrigues C, Ciprani D, Roldan J, Zelga P, Jorgji V, Chen JH, Ely Z, Zhao D, Fuhrman K, Fropf R, Beechem JM, Loeffler JS, Ryan DP, Weekes CD, Ferrone CR, Qadan M, Aryee MJ, Jain RK, Neuberg DS, Wo JY, Hong TS, Xavier R, Aguirre AJ, Rozenblatt-Rosen O, Mino-Kenudson M, Castillo CFD, Liss AS, Ting DT, Jacks T, Regev A. Single-nucleus and spatial transcriptome profiling of pancreatic cancer identifies multicellular dynamics associated with neoadjuvant treatment. Nat Genet 2022; 54:1178-1191. [PMID: 35902743 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-022-01134-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly lethal and treatment-refractory cancer. Molecular stratification in pancreatic cancer remains rudimentary and does not yet inform clinical management or therapeutic development. Here, we construct a high-resolution molecular landscape of the cellular subtypes and spatial communities that compose PDAC using single-nucleus RNA sequencing and whole-transcriptome digital spatial profiling (DSP) of 43 primary PDAC tumor specimens that either received neoadjuvant therapy or were treatment naive. We uncovered recurrent expression programs across malignant cells and fibroblasts, including a newly identified neural-like progenitor malignant cell program that was enriched after chemotherapy and radiotherapy and associated with poor prognosis in independent cohorts. Integrating spatial and cellular profiles revealed three multicellular communities with distinct contributions from malignant, fibroblast and immune subtypes: classical, squamoid-basaloid and treatment enriched. Our refined molecular and cellular taxonomy can provide a framework for stratification in clinical trials and serve as a roadmap for therapeutic targeting of specific cellular phenotypes and multicellular interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- William L Hwang
- Center for Systems Biology and Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Karthik A Jagadeesh
- Center for Systems Biology and Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jimmy A Guo
- Center for Systems Biology and Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.,School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Biological and Biomedical Sciences Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hannah I Hoffman
- Center for Systems Biology and Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Harvard-MIT MD/PhD and Health Sciences and Technology Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Payman Yadollahpour
- Center for Systems Biology and Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Rahul Mohan
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Orr Ashenberg
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Denis Schapiro
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Institute for Computational Biomedicine and Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Heidelberg University and Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | | | - George Eng
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jason M Schenkel
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jennifer Su
- Center for Systems Biology and Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Carina Shiau
- Center for Systems Biology and Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Patrick Yu
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - William A Freed-Pastor
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Arnav Mehta
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Medical Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joshua Gould
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Julia Waldman
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Lan Nguyen
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Toni Delorey
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Devan Phillips
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jaimie L Barth
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marina Kem
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Clifton Rodrigues
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Debora Ciprani
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jorge Roldan
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Piotr Zelga
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Vjola Jorgji
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jonathan H Chen
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zackery Ely
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Jay S Loeffler
- Center for Systems Biology and Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David P Ryan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Colin D Weekes
- Department of Medical Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Cristina R Ferrone
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Motaz Qadan
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Martin J Aryee
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rakesh K Jain
- Center for Systems Biology and Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Edwin L. Steele Laboratory for Tumor Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Donna S Neuberg
- Department of Data Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jennifer Y Wo
- Center for Systems Biology and Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Theodore S Hong
- Center for Systems Biology and Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ramnik Xavier
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Andrew J Aguirre
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Orit Rozenblatt-Rosen
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mari Mino-Kenudson
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Andrew S Liss
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David T Ting
- Department of Medical Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tyler Jacks
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Aviv Regev
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA. .,Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA.
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10
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Nisar S, Bhat AA, Masoodi T, Hashem S, Akhtar S, Ali TA, Amjad S, Chawla S, Bagga P, Frenneaux MP, Reddy R, Fakhro K, Haris M. Genetics of glutamate and its receptors in autism spectrum disorder. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:2380-2392. [PMID: 35296811 PMCID: PMC9135628 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01506-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental impairment characterized by deficits in social interaction skills, impaired communication, and repetitive and restricted behaviors that are thought to be due to altered neurotransmission processes. The amino acid glutamate is an essential excitatory neurotransmitter in the human brain that regulates cognitive functions such as learning and memory, which are usually impaired in ASD. Over the last several years, increasing evidence from genetics, neuroimaging, protein expression, and animal model studies supporting the notion of altered glutamate metabolism has heightened the interest in evaluating glutamatergic dysfunction in ASD. Numerous pharmacological, behavioral, and imaging studies have demonstrated the imbalance in excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters, thus revealing the involvement of the glutamatergic system in ASD pathology. Here, we review the effects of genetic alterations on glutamate and its receptors in ASD and the role of non-invasive imaging modalities in detecting these changes. We also highlight the potential therapeutic targets associated with impaired glutamatergic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabah Nisar
- Laboratory of Molecular and Metabolic Imaging, Sidra Medicine, P.O. Box 26999, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ajaz A Bhat
- Laboratory of Molecular and Metabolic Imaging, Sidra Medicine, P.O. Box 26999, Doha, Qatar
| | - Tariq Masoodi
- Laboratory of Molecular and Metabolic Imaging, Sidra Medicine, P.O. Box 26999, Doha, Qatar
| | - Sheema Hashem
- Laboratory of Molecular and Metabolic Imaging, Sidra Medicine, P.O. Box 26999, Doha, Qatar
| | - Sabah Akhtar
- Laboratory of Molecular and Metabolic Imaging, Sidra Medicine, P.O. Box 26999, Doha, Qatar
| | - Tayyiba Akbar Ali
- Laboratory of Molecular and Metabolic Imaging, Sidra Medicine, P.O. Box 26999, Doha, Qatar
| | - Sara Amjad
- Shibli National College, Azamgarh, Uttar Pradesh, 276001, India
| | - Sanjeev Chawla
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Puneet Bagga
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Michael P Frenneaux
- Academic Health System, Hamad Medical Corporation, P.O. Box 3050, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ravinder Reddy
- Center for Advanced Metabolic Imaging in Precision Medicine, Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Khalid Fakhro
- Department of Human Genetics, Sidra Medicine, P.O. Box 26999, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, P.O. Box 24144, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mohammad Haris
- Laboratory of Molecular and Metabolic Imaging, Sidra Medicine, P.O. Box 26999, Doha, Qatar.
- Center for Advanced Metabolic Imaging in Precision Medicine, Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
- Laboratory of Animal Research, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar.
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11
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何 建, 唐 健, 苏 虹, 沈 翠, 罗 胜, 王 海, 钱 源, 吕 梦. [Whole-transcriptome sequencing analysis of placental differential miRNA expression profile in Down syndrome]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2022; 42:418-424. [PMID: 35426807 PMCID: PMC9010987 DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2022.03.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify new biomarkers and molecular pathogenesis of Down syndrome (DS) by analyzing differentially expressed miRNAs in the placentas and their biological pathways. METHODS Whole transcriptome sequencing was used to identify the differentially expressed miRNAs in DS (n=3) and normal placental samples (n=3) diagnosed by prenatal diagnosis. The target genes were predicted using miRWalk, Targetscan and miRDB, and GO and KEGG pathway analyses were performed for gene enrichment studies. RESULTS We identified a total of 82 differentially expressed miRNAs in the placental tissues of DS, including 29 up-regulated miRNAs (fold change ≥2, P < 0.05) and 15 down-regulated miRNAs (fold change ≥2, P < 0.05), among which 10 miRNAs with relatively high expression abundance were selected for further analysis, including 4 up-regulated and 6 down-regulated miRNAs. These selected miRNAs shared the common target genes BTBD3 and AUTS2, both of which were associated with neurodevelopment. GO analysis showed that the target genes of the selected miRNAs were mainly enriched in protein binding, hydrolytic enzymes, metal ion binding protein combining, transferase activity, nucleotide, cytoplasmic constituents, nucleus composition, transcriptional regulation, RNA metabolism regulation, DNA-dependent RNA polymerase Ⅱ promoter transcriptional regulation, eye development, and sensory organ development. KEGG enrichment analysis showed that the target genes of these differentially expressed miRNAs were involved in the signaling pathways including tumor-related signaling pathway, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, Ras signaling pathway, Rap1 signaling pathway, cytoskeletal regulatory signaling pathway, purine metabolization-related signaling pathway and P53 signaling pathway. CONCLUSION The differentially expressed miRNAs may play important roles in placental damage and pregnancy pathology in DS and provide clues for the prevention and treatment of mental retardation-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- 建萍 何
- 昆明市妇幼保健院医学遗传与产前诊断科,云南 昆明 650031Department of Medical Genetics and Prenatal Diagnosis, Kunming Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Kunming 650031, China
| | - 健 唐
- 昆明市妇幼保健院医学遗传与产前诊断科,云南 昆明 650031Department of Medical Genetics and Prenatal Diagnosis, Kunming Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Kunming 650031, China
| | - 虹 苏
- 昆明市妇幼保健院遗传咨询门诊,云南 昆明 650031Genetic Counseling Clinic, Kunming Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Kunming 650031, China
| | - 翠花 沈
- 昆明市妇幼保健院产科,云南 昆明 650031Department of Obstetrics, Kunming Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Kunming 650031, China
| | - 胜军 罗
- 昆明市妇幼保健院医学遗传与产前诊断科,云南 昆明 650031Department of Medical Genetics and Prenatal Diagnosis, Kunming Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Kunming 650031, China
| | - 海涛 王
- 昆明市妇幼保健院病理科,云南 昆明 650031Department of Pathology, Kunming Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Kunming 650031, China
| | - 源 钱
- 昆明市妇幼保健院医学遗传与产前诊断科,云南 昆明 650031Department of Medical Genetics and Prenatal Diagnosis, Kunming Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Kunming 650031, China
| | - 梦欣 吕
- 昆明市妇幼保健院医学遗传与产前诊断科,云南 昆明 650031Department of Medical Genetics and Prenatal Diagnosis, Kunming Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Kunming 650031, China
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12
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Transcriptome and chromatin alterations in social fear indicate association of MEG3 with successful extinction of fear. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:4064-4076. [PMID: 35338311 PMCID: PMC9718683 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01481-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Social anxiety disorder is characterized by a persistent fear and avoidance of social situations, but available treatment options are rather unspecific. Using an established mouse social fear conditioning (SFC) paradigm, we profiled gene expression and chromatin alterations after the acquisition and extinction of social fear within the septum, a brain region important for social fear and social behaviors. Here, we particularly focused on the successful versus unsuccessful outcome of social fear extinction training, which corresponds to treatment responsive versus resistant patients in the clinics. Validation of coding and non-coding RNAs revealed specific isoforms of the long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) Meg3 regulated, depending on the success of social fear extinction. Moreover, PI3K/AKT was differentially activated with extinction success in SFC-mice. In vivo knockdown of specific Meg3 isoforms increased baseline activity of PI3K/AKT signaling, and mildly delayed social fear extinction. Using ATAC-Seq and CUT&RUN, we found alterations in the chromatin structure of specific genes, which might be direct targets of lncRNA Meg3.
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13
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AUTS2 Gene: Keys to Understanding the Pathogenesis of Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Cells 2021; 11:cells11010011. [PMID: 35011572 PMCID: PMC8750789 DOI: 10.3390/cells11010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs), including autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and intellectual disability (ID), are a large group of neuropsychiatric illnesses that occur during early brain development, resulting in a broad spectrum of syndromes affecting cognition, sociability, and sensory and motor functions. Despite progress in the discovery of various genetic risk factors thanks to the development of novel genomics technologies, the precise pathological mechanisms underlying the onset of NDDs remain elusive owing to the profound genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity of these conditions. Autism susceptibility candidate 2 (AUTS2) has emerged as a crucial gene associated with a wide range of neuropsychological disorders, such as ASD, ID, schizophrenia, and epilepsy. AUTS2 has been shown to be involved in multiple neurodevelopmental processes; in cell nuclei, it acts as a key transcriptional regulator in neurodevelopment, whereas in the cytoplasm, it participates in cerebral corticogenesis, including neuronal migration and neuritogenesis, through the control of cytoskeletal rearrangements. Postnatally, AUTS2 regulates the number of excitatory synapses to maintain the balance between excitation and inhibition in neural circuits. In this review, we summarize the knowledge regarding AUTS2, including its molecular and cellular functions in neurodevelopment, its genetics, and its role in behaviors.
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14
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Scala M, Nishikawa M, Nagata KI, Striano P. Pathophysiological Mechanisms in Neurodevelopmental Disorders Caused by Rac GTPases Dysregulation: What's behind Neuro-RACopathies. Cells 2021; 10:3395. [PMID: 34943902 PMCID: PMC8699292 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Rho family guanosine triphosphatases (GTPases) regulate cellular signaling and cytoskeletal dynamics, playing a pivotal role in cell adhesion, migration, and cell cycle progression. The Rac subfamily of Rho GTPases consists of three highly homologous proteins, Rac 1-3. The proper function of Rac1 and Rac3, and their correct interaction with guanine nucleotide-exchange factors (GEFs) and GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs) are crucial for neural development. Pathogenic variants affecting these delicate biological processes are implicated in different medical conditions in humans, primarily neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs). In addition to a direct deleterious effect produced by genetic variants in the RAC genes, a dysregulated GTPase activity resulting from an abnormal function of GEFs and GAPs has been involved in the pathogenesis of distinctive emerging conditions. In this study, we reviewed the current pertinent literature on Rac-related disorders with a primary neurological involvement, providing an overview of the current knowledge on the pathophysiological mechanisms involved in the neuro-RACopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Scala
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy;
- Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genoa, Italy
| | - Masashi Nishikawa
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Developmental Disability Center, 713-8 Kamiya, Kasugai 480-0392, Japan; (M.N.); (K.-i.N.)
| | - Koh-ichi Nagata
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Developmental Disability Center, 713-8 Kamiya, Kasugai 480-0392, Japan; (M.N.); (K.-i.N.)
- Department of Neurochemistry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Pasquale Striano
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy;
- Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genoa, Italy
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15
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Agarwala S, Ramachandra NB. Risk homozygous haplotype regions for autism identifies population-specific ten genes for numerous pathways. THE EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY, PSYCHIATRY AND NEUROSURGERY 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s41983-021-00323-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Recessive homozygous haplotype (rHH) mapping is a reliable tool for identifying recessive genes by detecting homozygous segments of identical haplotype structures. These are shared at a higher frequency amongst probands compared to parental controls. Finding out such rHH blocks in autism subjects can help in deciphering the disorder etiology.
Objectives
The study aims to detect rHH segments of identical haplotype structure shared at a higher frequency in autism subjects than controls to identify recessive genes responsible for autism manifestation.
Methods
In the present study, 426 unrelated autism genotyped probands with 232 parents (116 trios) were obtained from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) Database. Homozygosity mapping analyses have been performed on the samples using standardized algorithms using the Affymetrix GeneChip® 500K SNP Nsp and Sty mapping arrays datasets.
Results
A total of 38 homozygous haplotype blocks were revealed across sample datasets. Upon downstream analysis, 10 autism genes were identified based on selected autism candidate genes criteria. Further, expressive Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) analysis of SNPs revealed various binding sites for regulatory proteins BX3, FOS, BACH1, MYC, JUND, MAFK, POU2F2, RBBP5, RUNX3, and SMARCA4 impairing essential autism genes CEP290, KITLG, CHD8, and INS2. Pathways and processes such as adherens junction, dipeptidase activity, and platelet-derived growth factor—vital to autism manifestation were identified with varied protein-protein clustered interactions.
Conclusion
These findings bring various population clusters with significant rHH genes. It is suggestive of the existence of common but population-specific risk alleles in related autism subjects.
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16
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Liu S, Aldinger KA, Cheng CV, Kiyama T, Dave M, McNamara HK, Zhao W, Stafford JM, Descostes N, Lee P, Caraffi SG, Ivanovski I, Errichiello E, Zweier C, Zuffardi O, Schneider M, Papavasiliou AS, Perry MS, Humberson J, Cho MT, Weber A, Swale A, Badea TC, Mao CA, Garavelli L, Dobyns WB, Reinberg D. NRF1 association with AUTS2-Polycomb mediates specific gene activation in the brain. Mol Cell 2021; 81:4663-4676.e8. [PMID: 34637754 PMCID: PMC8604784 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2021.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The heterogeneous family of complexes comprising Polycomb repressive complex 1 (PRC1) is instrumental for establishing facultative heterochromatin that is repressive to transcription. However, two PRC1 species, ncPRC1.3 and ncPRC1.5, are known to comprise novel components, AUTS2, P300, and CK2, that convert this repressive function to that of transcription activation. Here, we report that individuals harboring mutations in the HX repeat domain of AUTS2 exhibit defects in AUTS2 and P300 interaction as well as a developmental disorder reflective of Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome, which is mainly associated with a heterozygous pathogenic variant in CREBBP/EP300. Moreover, the absence of AUTS2 or mutation in its HX repeat domain gives rise to misregulation of a subset of developmental genes and curtails motor neuron differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells. The transcription factor nuclear respiratory factor 1 (NRF1) has a novel and integral role in this neurodevelopmental process, being required for ncPRC1.3 recruitment to chromatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanxiong Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Kimberly A Aldinger
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Chi Vicky Cheng
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Takae Kiyama
- Ruiz Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX 77030, USA; National Eye Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mitali Dave
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Hanna K McNamara
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Wukui Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - James M Stafford
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Nicolas Descostes
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Pedro Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Stefano G Caraffi
- Struttura Semplice Dipartimentale di Genetica Medica, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Ivan Ivanovski
- Struttura Semplice Dipartimentale di Genetica Medica, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy; Institute of Medical Genetics, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Edoardo Errichiello
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare, Università di Pavia, Pavia, Italy; IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Christiane Zweier
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Schwabachanlage 10, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; Department of Human Genetics, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Orsetta Zuffardi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare, Università di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Michael Schneider
- Carle Physicians Group, Section of Neurology, St. Christopher's Hospital for Children, Urbana, IL, USA
| | | | - M Scott Perry
- Comprehensive Epilepsy Program, Jane and John Justin Neuroscience Center, Cook Children's Medical Center, Fort Worth, TX 76104, USA
| | - Jennifer Humberson
- Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia Children's Hospital, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | | | | | - Andrew Swale
- Liverpool Women's Hospital, Liverpool, UK; Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Manchester, UK
| | - Tudor C Badea
- National Eye Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Research and Development Institute, Transilvania University of Brasov, School of Medicine, Brasov, Romania
| | - Chai-An Mao
- Ruiz Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX 77030, USA; National Eye Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Livia Garavelli
- Struttura Semplice Dipartimentale di Genetica Medica, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - William B Dobyns
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Pediatrics (Genetic Medicine), University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Danny Reinberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA.
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17
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Pauli S, Berger H, Ufartes R, Borchers A. Comparing a Novel Malformation Syndrome Caused by Pathogenic Variants in FBRSL1 to AUTS2 Syndrome. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:779009. [PMID: 34805182 PMCID: PMC8602103 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.779009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Truncating variants in specific exons of Fibrosin-like protein 1 (FBRSL1) were recently reported to cause a novel malformation and intellectual disability syndrome. The clinical spectrum includes microcephaly, facial dysmorphism, cleft palate, skin creases, skeletal anomalies and contractures, postnatal growth retardation, global developmental delay as well as respiratory problems, hearing impairment and heart defects. The function of FBRSL1 is largely unknown, but pathogenic variants in the FBRSL1 paralog Autism Susceptibility Candidate 2 (AUTS2) are causative for an intellectual disability syndrome with microcephaly (AUTS2 syndrome). Some patients with AUTS2 syndrome also show additional symptoms like heart defects and contractures overlapping with the phenotype presented by patients with FBRSL1 mutations. For AUTS2, a dual function, depending on different isoforms, was described and suggested for FBRSL1. Both, nuclear FBRSL1 and AUTS2 are components of the Polycomb subcomplexes PRC1.3 and PRC1.5. These complexes have essential roles in developmental processes, cellular differentiation and proliferation by regulating gene expression via histone modification. In addition, cytoplasmic AUTS2 controls neural development, neuronal migration and neurite extension by regulating the cytoskeleton. Here, we review recent data on FBRSL1 in respect to previously published data on AUTS2 to gain further insights into its molecular function, its role in development as well as its impact on human genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Pauli
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hanna Berger
- Faculty of Biology, Molecular Embryology, Philipps‐University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Roser Ufartes
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Annette Borchers
- Faculty of Biology, Molecular Embryology, Philipps‐University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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18
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High Behavioral Variability Mediated by Altered Neuronal Excitability in auts2 Mutant Zebrafish. eNeuro 2021; 8:ENEURO.0493-20.2021. [PMID: 34544758 PMCID: PMC8503961 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0493-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are characterized by abnormal behavioral traits arising from neural circuit dysfunction. While a number of genes have been implicated in ASDs, in most cases, a clear understanding of how mutations in these genes lead to circuit dysfunction and behavioral abnormality is absent. The autism susceptibility candidate 2 (AUTS2) gene is one such gene, associated with ASDs, intellectual disability and a range of other neurodevelopmental conditions. However, the role of AUTS2 in neural development and circuit function is not at all known. Here, we undertook functional analysis of Auts2a, the main homolog of AUTS2 in zebrafish, in the context of the escape behavior. Escape behavior in wild-type zebrafish is critical for survival and is therefore, reliable, rapid, and has well-defined kinematic properties. auts2a mutant zebrafish are viable, have normal gross morphology and can generate escape behavior with normal kinematics. However, the behavior is unreliable and delayed, with high trial-to-trial variability in the latency. Using calcium imaging we probed the activity of Mauthner neurons during otic vesicle (OV) stimulation and observed lower probability of activation and reduced calcium transients in the mutants. With direct activation of Mauthner by antidromic stimulation, the threshold for activation in mutants was higher than that in wild-type, even when inhibition was blocked. Taken together, these results point to reduced excitability of Mauthner neurons in auts2a mutant larvae leading to unreliable escape responses. Our results show a novel role for Auts2a in regulating neural excitability and reliability of behavior.
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Tamburri S, Conway E, Pasini D. Polycomb-dependent histone H2A ubiquitination links developmental disorders with cancer. Trends Genet 2021; 38:333-352. [PMID: 34426021 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2021.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cell identity is tightly controlled by specific transcriptional programs which require post-translational modifications of histones. These histone modifications allow the establishment and maintenance of active and repressed chromatin domains. Histone H2A lysine 119 ubiquitination (H2AK119ub1) has an essential role in building repressive chromatin domains during development. It is regulated by the counteracting activities of the Polycomb repressive complex 1 (PRC1) and the Polycomb repressive-deubiquitinase (PR-DUB) complexes, two multi-subunit ensembles that write and erase this modification, respectively. We have catalogued the recurrent genetic alterations in subunits of the PRC1 and PR-DUB complexes in both neurodevelopmental disorders and cancer. These genetic lesions are often shared across disorders, and we highlight common mechanisms of H2AK119ub1 dysregulation and how they affect development in multiple disease contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Tamburri
- European Institute of Oncology (IEO), Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Department of Experimental Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy; University of Milan, Department of Health Sciences, Via Antonio di Rudinì 8, 20142 Milan, Italy.
| | - Eric Conway
- European Institute of Oncology (IEO), Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Department of Experimental Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Diego Pasini
- European Institute of Oncology (IEO), Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Department of Experimental Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy; University of Milan, Department of Health Sciences, Via Antonio di Rudinì 8, 20142 Milan, Italy.
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20
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Parrado A, Rubio G, Serrano M, De la Morena-Barrio ME, Ibáñez-Micó S, Ruiz-Lafuente N, Schwartz-Albiez R, Esteve-Solé A, Alsina L, Corral J, Hernández-Caselles T. Dissecting the transcriptional program of phosphomannomutase 2 deficient cells: B-LCL as a valuable model for congenital disorders of glycosylation studies. Glycobiology 2021; 32:84-100. [PMID: 34420056 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwab087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) include 150 disorders constituting in genetically and clinically heterogeneous diseases, showing significant glycoprotein hypoglycosylation that leads to pathological consequences on multiple organs and systems which underlying mechanisms are not yet understood. A few cellular and animal models have been used to study specific CDG characteristics although they have given limited information due to the few CDG mutations tested and the still missing comprehensive molecular and cellular basic research. Here we provide specific gene expression profiles, based on RNA microarray analysis, together with some biochemical and cellular characteristics of a total of 9 control EBV-transformed lymphoblastoid B cell lines (B-LCL) and 13 CDG B-LCL from patients carrying severe mutations in the PMM2 gene, strong serum protein hypoglycosylation and neurological symptoms. Significantly dysregulated genes in PMM2-CDG cells included those regulating stress responses, transcription factors, glycosylation, motility, cell junction and, importantly, those related to development and neuronal differentiation and synapse such as CA2 and ADAM23. PMM2-CDG associated biological consequences involved the unfolded protein response, RNA metabolism and the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus and mitochondria components. Changes in transcriptional and CA2 protein levels are consistent with CDG physiopathology. These results demonstrate the global transcriptional impact in phosphomannomutase 2 deficient cells, reveal CA2 as a potential cellular biomarker and confirm B-LCL as an advantageous model for CDG studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Parrado
- Immunology Service, Virgen de la Arrixaca University Clinic Hospital, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Rubio
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (B) and Immunology, Universidad de Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - Mercedes Serrano
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Institute of Pediatric Research-Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, U-703 Center for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Eugenia De la Morena-Barrio
- Servicio de Hematología y Oncología Médica, Hospital Universitario Morales Meseguer, Centro Regional de Hemodonación, Universidad de Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, CIBERER, Spain
| | - Salvador Ibáñez-Micó
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Virgen de la Arrixaca University Clinic Hospital, Murcia, Spain
| | - Natalia Ruiz-Lafuente
- Immunology Service, Virgen de la Arrixaca University Clinic Hospital, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Ana Esteve-Solé
- Clinical Immunology and Primary Immunodeficiencies Unit, Pediatric Allergy and Clinical Immunology Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laia Alsina
- Clinical Immunology and Primary Immunodeficiencies Unit, Pediatric Allergy and Clinical Immunology Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Corral
- Servicio de Hematología y Oncología Médica, Hospital Universitario Morales Meseguer, Centro Regional de Hemodonación, Universidad de Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, CIBERER, Spain
| | - Trinidad Hernández-Caselles
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (B) and Immunology, Universidad de Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
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21
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Ghosh A, Singh S. Regulation Of Microtubule: Current Concepts And Relevance To Neurodegenerative Diseases. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS-DRUG TARGETS 2021; 21:656-679. [PMID: 34323203 DOI: 10.2174/1871527320666210728144043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) are abnormalities linked to neuronal structure and irregularities associated with the proliferation of cells, transportation, and differentiation. NDD also involves synaptic circuitry and neural network alterations known as synaptopathies. Microtubules (MTs) and MTs-associated proteins help to maintain neuronal health as well as their development. The microtubular dynamic structure plays a crucial role in the division of cells and forms mitotic spindles, thus take part in initiating stages of differentiation and polarization for various types of cells. The MTs also take part in the cellular death but MT-based cellular degenerations are not yet well excavated. In the last few years, studies have provided the protagonist activity of MTs in neuronal degeneration. In this review, we largely engrossed our discussion on the change of MT cytoskeleton structure, describing their organization, dynamics, transportation, and their failure causing NDDs. At end of this review, we are targeting the therapeutic neuroprotective strategies on clinical priority and also try to discuss the clues for the development of new MT-based therapy as a new pharmacological intervention. This will be a new potential site to block not only neurodegeneration but also promotes the regeneration of neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirban Ghosh
- Neuroscience Division, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga-142001 Punjab, India
| | - Shamsher Singh
- Neuroscience Division, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga-142001 Punjab, India
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22
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Erotomania and phenotypic continuum in a family frameshift variant of AUTS2: a case report and review. BMC Psychiatry 2021; 21:360. [PMID: 34273950 PMCID: PMC8285776 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-021-03342-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pathogenic variants of the AUTS2 (Autism Susceptibility candidate 2) gene predispose to intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, facial dysmorphism and short stature. This phenotype is therefore associated with neurocognitive disturbances and social cognition, indicating potential functional maladjustment in the affected subjects, and a potentially significant impact on quality of life. Although many isolated cases have been reported in the literature, to date no families have been described. This case reports on a family (three generations) with a frameshift variant in the AUTS2 gene. CASE PRESENTATION The proband is 13 years old with short stature, dysmorphic features, moderate intellectual disability and autism spectrum disorder. His mother is 49 years old and also has short stature and similar dysmorphic features. She does not have autism disorder but presents an erotomaniac delusion. Her cognitive performance is heterogeneous. The two aunts are also of short stature. The 50-year-old aunt has isolated social cognition disorders. The 45-year-old aunt has severe cognitive impairment and autism spectrum disorder. The molecular analysis of the three sisters and the proband shows the same AUTS2 heterozygous duplication leading to a frame shift expected to produce a premature stop codon, p.(Met593Tyrfs*85). Previously reported isolated cases revealed phenotypic and cognitive impairment variability. In this case report, these variabilities are present within the same family, presenting the same variant. CONCLUSIONS The possibility of a phenotypic spectrum within the same family highlights the need for joint psychiatry and genetics research.
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23
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Gallenga CE, Lonardi M, Pacetti S, Violanti SS, Tassinari P, Di Virgilio F, Tognon M, Perri P. Molecular Mechanisms Related to Oxidative Stress in Retinitis Pigmentosa. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10060848. [PMID: 34073310 PMCID: PMC8229325 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10060848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is an inherited retinopathy. Nevertheless, non-genetic biological factors play a central role in its pathogenesis and progression, including inflammation, autophagy and oxidative stress. The retina is particularly affected by oxidative stress due to its high metabolic rate and oxygen consumption as well as photosensitizer molecules inside the photoreceptors being constantly subjected to light/oxidative stress, which induces accumulation of ROS in RPE, caused by damaged photoreceptor’s daily recycling. Oxidative DNA damage is a key regulator of microglial activation and photoreceptor degeneration in RP, as well as mutations in endogenous antioxidant pathways involved in DNA repair, oxidative stress protection and activation of antioxidant enzymes (MUTYH, CERKL and GLO1 genes, respectively). Moreover, exposure to oxidative stress alters the expression of micro-RNA (miRNAs) and of long non-codingRNA (lncRNAs), which might be implicated in RP etiopathogenesis and progression, modifying gene expression and cellular response to oxidative stress. The upregulation of the P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) also seems to be involved, causing pro-inflammatory cytokines and ROS release by macrophages and microglia, contributing to neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative progression in RP. The multiple pathways analysed demonstrate that oxidative microglial activation may trigger the vicious cycle of non-resolved neuroinflammation and degeneration, suggesting that microglia may be a key therapy target of oxidative stress in RP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Enrica Gallenga
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (C.E.G.); (F.D.V.); (M.T.)
| | - Maria Lonardi
- Department of Specialized Surgery, Section of Ophthalmology, Sant’Anna University Hospital, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (M.L.); (S.P.); (P.T.)
| | - Sofia Pacetti
- Department of Specialized Surgery, Section of Ophthalmology, Sant’Anna University Hospital, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (M.L.); (S.P.); (P.T.)
| | - Sara Silvia Violanti
- Department of Head and Neck, Section of Ophthalmology, San Paolo Hospital, 17100 Savona, Italy;
| | - Paolo Tassinari
- Department of Specialized Surgery, Section of Ophthalmology, Sant’Anna University Hospital, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (M.L.); (S.P.); (P.T.)
| | - Francesco Di Virgilio
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (C.E.G.); (F.D.V.); (M.T.)
| | - Mauro Tognon
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (C.E.G.); (F.D.V.); (M.T.)
| | - Paolo Perri
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Section of Ophthalmology, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
- Correspondence:
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24
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Castanza AS, Ramirez S, Tripathi PP, Daza RAM, Kalume FK, Ramirez JM, Hevner RF. AUTS2 Regulates RNA Metabolism and Dentate Gyrus Development in Mice. Cereb Cortex 2021; 31:4808-4824. [PMID: 34013328 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Human AUTS2 mutations are linked to a syndrome of intellectual disability, autistic features, epilepsy, and other neurological and somatic disorders. Although it is known that this unique gene is highly expressed in developing cerebral cortex, the molecular and developmental functions of AUTS2 protein remain unclear. Using proteomics methods to identify AUTS2 binding partners in neonatal mouse cerebral cortex, we found that AUTS2 associates with multiple proteins that regulate RNA transcription, splicing, localization, and stability. Furthermore, AUTS2-containing protein complexes isolated from cortical tissue bound specific RNA transcripts in RNA immunoprecipitation and sequencing assays. Deletion of all major functional isoforms of AUTS2 (full-length and C-terminal) by conditional excision of exon 15 caused breathing abnormalities and neonatal lethality when Auts2 was inactivated throughout the developing brain. Mice with limited inactivation of Auts2 in cerebral cortex survived but displayed abnormalities of cerebral cortex structure and function, including dentate gyrus hypoplasia with agenesis of hilar mossy neurons, and abnormal spiking activity on EEG. Also, RNA transcripts that normally associate with AUTS2 were dysregulated in mutant mice. Together, these findings indicate that AUTS2 regulates RNA metabolism and is essential for development of cerebral cortex, as well as subcortical breathing centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony S Castanza
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.,Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Sanja Ramirez
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Prem P Tripathi
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Ray A M Daza
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Franck K Kalume
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98014, USA
| | - Jan-Marino Ramirez
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98014, USA
| | - Robert F Hevner
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.,Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98014, USA
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25
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Pang W, Yi X, Li L, Liu L, Xiang W, Xiao L. Untangle the Multi-Facet Functions of Auts2 as an Entry Point to Understand Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:580433. [PMID: 33967843 PMCID: PMC8102784 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.580433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodevelopmental disorders are psychiatric diseases that are usually first diagnosed in infancy, childhood and adolescence. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder, characterized by core symptoms including impaired social communication, cognitive rigidity and repetitive behavior, accompanied by a wide range of comorbidities such as intellectual disability (ID) and dysmorphisms. While the cause remains largely unknown, genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors are believed to contribute toward the onset of the disease. Autism Susceptibility Candidate 2 (Auts2) is a gene highly associated with ID and ASD. Therefore, understanding the function of Auts2 gene can provide a unique entry point to untangle the complex neuronal phenotypes of neurodevelpmental disorders. In this review, we discuss the recent discoveries regarding the molecular and cellular functions of Auts2. Auts2 was shown to be a key-regulator of transcriptional network and a mediator of epigenetic regulation in neurodevelopment, the latter potentially providing a link for the neuronal changes of ASD upon environmental risk-factor exposure. In addition, Auts2 could synchronize the balance between excitation and inhibition through regulating the number of excitatory synapses. Cytoplasmic Auts2 could join the fine-tuning of actin dynamics during neuronal migration and neuritogenesis. Furthermore, Auts2 was expressed in developing mouse and human brain regions such as the frontal cortex, dorsal thalamus, and hippocampus, which have been implicated in the impaired cognitive and social function of ASD. Taken together, a comprehensive understanding of Auts2 functions can give deep insights into the cause of the heterogenous manifestation of neurodevelopmental disorders such as ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbin Pang
- Key Laboratory of Brain Science Research & Transformation in Tropical Environment of Hainan Province, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Control of Tropical Diseases, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Xinan Yi
- Key Laboratory of Brain Science Research & Transformation in Tropical Environment of Hainan Province, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Pediatric Rehabilitation, Hainan Women and Children's Medical Center, Haikou, China
| | - Liyan Liu
- Department of Pediatric Rehabilitation, Hainan Women and Children's Medical Center, Haikou, China
| | - Wei Xiang
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Control of Tropical Diseases, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Le Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Brain Science Research & Transformation in Tropical Environment of Hainan Province, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
- Department of Pediatric Rehabilitation, Hainan Women and Children's Medical Center, Haikou, China
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26
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Mossink B, Negwer M, Schubert D, Nadif Kasri N. The emerging role of chromatin remodelers in neurodevelopmental disorders: a developmental perspective. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:2517-2563. [PMID: 33263776 PMCID: PMC8004494 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03714-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs), including intellectual disability (ID) and autism spectrum disorders (ASD), are a large group of disorders in which early insults during brain development result in a wide and heterogeneous spectrum of clinical diagnoses. Mutations in genes coding for chromatin remodelers are overrepresented in NDD cohorts, pointing towards epigenetics as a convergent pathogenic pathway between these disorders. In this review we detail the role of NDD-associated chromatin remodelers during the developmental continuum of progenitor expansion, differentiation, cell-type specification, migration and maturation. We discuss how defects in chromatin remodelling during these early developmental time points compound over time and result in impaired brain circuit establishment. In particular, we focus on their role in the three largest cell populations: glutamatergic neurons, GABAergic neurons, and glia cells. An in-depth understanding of the spatiotemporal role of chromatin remodelers during neurodevelopment can contribute to the identification of molecular targets for treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britt Mossink
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Geert Grooteplein 10, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboudumc, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Moritz Negwer
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Geert Grooteplein 10, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboudumc, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk Schubert
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboudumc, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Nael Nadif Kasri
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Geert Grooteplein 10, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboudumc, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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27
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Ogata S, Hashizume K, Hayase Y, Kanno Y, Hori K, Balan S, Yoshikawa T, Takahashi H, Taya S, Hoshino M. Potential involvement of DSCAML1 mutations in neurodevelopmental disorders. Genes Cells 2021; 26:136-151. [PMID: 33501714 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms underlying neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) remain unclear. We previously identified Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule like 1 (Dscaml1) as a responsible gene for Ihara epileptic rat (IER), a rat model for human NDDs with epilepsy. However, the relationship between NDDs and DSCAML1 in humans is still elusive. In this study, we screened databases of autism spectrum disorders (ASD), intellectual disability (ID)/developmental disorders (DD) and schizophrenia for genomic mutations in human DSCAML1. We then performed in silico analyses to estimate the potential damage to the mutated DSCAML1 proteins and chose three representative mutations (DSCAML1C729R , DSCAML1R1685* and DSCAML1K2108Nfs*37 ), which lacked a cysteine residue in the seventh Ig domain, the intracellular region and the C-terminal PDZ-binding motif, respectively. In overexpression experiments in a cell line, DSCAML1C729R lost its mature N-glycosylation, whereas DSCAML1K2108Nfs*37 was abnormally degraded via proteasome-dependent protein degradation. Furthermore, in primary hippocampal neurons, the ability of the wild-type DSCAML1 to regulate the number of synapses was lost with all mutant proteins. These results provide insight into understanding the roles of the domains in the DSCAML1 protein and further suggest that these mutations cause functional changes, albeit through different mechanisms, that likely affect the pathophysiology of NDDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigehiro Ogata
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, National Institute of Neuroscience, NCNP, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichi Hashizume
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, National Institute of Neuroscience, NCNP, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoneko Hayase
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, National Institute of Neuroscience, NCNP, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukie Kanno
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, National Institute of Neuroscience, NCNP, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kei Hori
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, National Institute of Neuroscience, NCNP, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shabeesh Balan
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama, Japan
| | - Takeo Yoshikawa
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hidehiko Takahashi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Taya
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, National Institute of Neuroscience, NCNP, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mikio Hoshino
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, National Institute of Neuroscience, NCNP, Tokyo, Japan
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28
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Gieldon L, Jauch A, Obeid K, Kaufmann L, Hinderhofer K, Haug U, Moog U. Germ cell mosaicism for AUTS2 exon 6 deletion. Am J Med Genet A 2021; 185:1261-1265. [PMID: 33577136 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.62091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Haploinsufficiency of AUTS2 has been associated with neurodevelopmental disorders and dysmorphic features (MIM # 615834). More than 50 patients have been described, mostly carrying de novo deletions of one or more exons, including eight patients with exon 6 deletions. We report on two siblings, a girl and a boy aged 11 and 13 years, in whom the same pathogenic 85 kb deletion on 7q11.22 encompassing exon 6 of AUTS2 by SNP array analysis was identified. Both children had typical symptoms of AUTS2 syndrome such as intellectual impairment and behavioral problems, but with markedly different expression. SNP array analysis excluded the deletion in blood samples of both parents and a healthy brother. Conventional karyotyping of both parents and additional FISH analyses, marking the flanking regions of the deletion, did not show any structural rearrangements involving 7q11.22. A germ cell mosaicism was suggested as the most probable explanation for occurrence of the same deletion in these two siblings. To our knowledge this is the first report of germ cell mosaicism for AUTS2 syndrome. It additionally provides further evidence of intrafamilial phenotypic variability in AUTS2 syndrome and adds clinical information to the phenotypic spectrum of patients with AUTS2 exon 6 deletions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Gieldon
- Institute of Human Genetics, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anna Jauch
- Institute of Human Genetics, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katharina Obeid
- Institute of Human Genetics, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lilian Kaufmann
- Institute of Human Genetics, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Ulrich Haug
- Center for Child Neurology and Social Pediatrics Maulbronn, Maulbronn, Germany
| | - Ute Moog
- Institute of Human Genetics, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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29
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Whole Exome Sequencing Reveals a Novel AUTS2 In-Frame Deletion in a Boy with Global Developmental Delay, Absent Speech, Dysmorphic Features, and Cerebral Anomalies. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12020229. [PMID: 33562463 PMCID: PMC7915150 DOI: 10.3390/genes12020229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) are a group of highly prevalent, clinically and genetically heterogeneous pediatric disorders comprising, according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5th edition (DSM-V), intellectual disability, developmental delay, autism spectrum disorders, and other neurological and cognitive disorders manifesting in the developmental age. To date, more than 1000 genes have been implicated in the etiopathogenesis of NNDs. Among them, AUTS2 (OMIM # 607270) encodes a protein involved in neural migration and neuritogenesis, and causes NNDs with different molecular mechanisms including copy number variations, single or multiple exonic deletion and single nucleotide variants. We describes a 9-year-old boy with global developmental delay, absent speech, minor craniofacial anomalies, hypoplasia of the cerebellar vermis and thinning of the corpus callosum, resulted carrier of the de novo AUTS2 c.1603_1626del deletion at whole exome sequencing (WES) predicted to cause the loss of eight amino acids [p.(His535_Thr542del)]. Notably, our patient is the first reported so far in medical literature carrying an in-frame deletion and the first in which absent language, hypoplasia of the cerebellar vermis and thinning of the corpus callosum has been observed thus useful to expand the molecular spectrum of AUTS2 pathogenic variants and to broaden our knowledge on the clinical phenotype associated.
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30
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Wanner NM, Colwell M, Drown C, Faulk C. Developmental cannabidiol exposure increases anxiety and modifies genome-wide brain DNA methylation in adult female mice. Clin Epigenetics 2021; 13:4. [PMID: 33407853 PMCID: PMC7789000 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-020-00993-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Use of cannabidiol (CBD), the primary non-psychoactive compound found in cannabis, has recently risen dramatically, while relatively little is known about the underlying molecular mechanisms of its effects. Previous work indicates that direct CBD exposure strongly impacts the brain, with anxiolytic, antidepressant, antipsychotic, and other effects being observed in animal and human studies. The epigenome, particularly DNA methylation, is responsive to environmental input and can direct persistent patterns of gene regulation impacting phenotype. Epigenetic perturbation is particularly impactful during embryogenesis, when exogenous exposures can disrupt critical resetting of epigenetic marks and impart phenotypic effects lasting into adulthood. The impact of prenatal CBD exposure has not been evaluated; however, studies using the psychomimetic cannabinoid Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) have identified detrimental effects on psychological outcomes in developmentally exposed adult offspring. We hypothesized that developmental CBD exposure would have similar negative effects on behavior mediated in part by the epigenome. Nulliparous female wild-type Agouti viable yellow (Avy) mice were exposed to 20 mg/kg CBD or vehicle daily from two weeks prior to mating through gestation and lactation. Coat color shifts, a readout of DNA methylation at the Agouti locus in this strain, were measured in F1 Avy/a offspring. Young adult F1 a/a offspring were then subjected to tests of working spatial memory and anxiety/compulsive behavior. Reduced-representation bisulfite sequencing was performed on both F0 and F1 cerebral cortex and F1 hippocampus to identify genome-wide changes in DNA methylation for direct and developmental exposure, respectively. RESULTS F1 offspring exposed to CBD during development exhibited increased anxiety and improved memory behavior in a sex-specific manner. Further, while no significant coat color shift was observed in Avy/a offspring, thousands of differentially methylated loci (DMLs) were identified in both brain regions with functional enrichment for neurogenesis, substance use phenotypes, and other psychologically relevant terms. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate for the first time that despite positive effects of direct exposure, developmental CBD is associated with mixed behavioral outcomes and perturbation of the brain epigenome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Wanner
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, 1334 Eckles Avenue, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Mathia Colwell
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, 1334 Eckles Avenue, 225 Food Science, St. Paul, MN, 55018, USA
| | - Chelsea Drown
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, 1334 Eckles Avenue, 225 Food Science, St. Paul, MN, 55018, USA
| | - Christopher Faulk
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, 1334 Eckles Avenue, 225 Food Science, St. Paul, MN, 55018, USA.
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31
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Martinez-Delgado B, Lopez-Martin E, Lara-Herguedas J, Monzon S, Cuesta I, Juliá M, Aquino V, Rodriguez-Martin C, Damian A, Gonzalo I, Gomez-Mariano G, Baladron B, Cazorla R, Iglesias G, Roman E, Ros P, Tutor P, Mellor S, Jimenez C, Cabrejas MJ, Gonzalez-Vioque E, Alonso J, Bermejo-Sánchez E, Posada M. De novo small deletion affecting transcription start site of short isoform of AUTS2 gene in a patient with syndromic neurodevelopmental defects. Am J Med Genet A 2020; 185:877-883. [PMID: 33346930 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.62017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Disruption of the autism susceptibility candidate 2 (AUTS2) gene through genomic rearrangements, copy number variations (CNVs), and intragenic deletions and mutations, has been recurrently involved in syndromic forms of developmental delay and intellectual disability, known as AUTS2 syndrome. The AUTS2 gene plays an important role in regulation of neuronal migration, and when altered, associates with a variable phenotype from severely to mildly affected patients. The more severe phenotypes significantly correlate with the presence of defects affecting the C-terminus part of the gene. This article reports a new patient with a syndromic neurodevelopmental disorder, who presents a deletion of 30 nucleotides in the exon 9 of the AUTS2 gene. Importantly, this deletion includes the transcription start site for the AUTS2 short transcript isoform, which has an important role in brain development. Gene expression analysis of AUTS2 full-length and short isoforms revealed that the deletion found in this patient causes a remarkable reduction in the expression level, not only of the short isoform, but also of the full AUTS2 transcripts. This report adds more evidence for the role of mutated AUTS2 short transcripts in the development of a severe phenotype in the AUTS2 syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Martinez-Delgado
- Institute of Rare Diseases Research (Instituto de Investigación de Enfermedades Raras/IIER), Carlos III Institute of Health (Instituto de Salud Carlos III/ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.,Consortium for Biomedical Research in Rare Diseases (CIBER de Enfermedades Raras/CIBERER) (CB06/07/1009), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.,Undiagnosed Diseases Network International, Madrid, Spain
| | - Estrella Lopez-Martin
- Institute of Rare Diseases Research (Instituto de Investigación de Enfermedades Raras/IIER), Carlos III Institute of Health (Instituto de Salud Carlos III/ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.,Consortium for Biomedical Research in Rare Diseases (CIBER de Enfermedades Raras/CIBERER) (CB06/07/1009), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.,Undiagnosed Diseases Network International, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julián Lara-Herguedas
- Department of Neuropediatrics, Puerta de Hierro University Teaching Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Monzon
- Undiagnosed Diseases Network International, Madrid, Spain.,Bioinformatics Unit, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Cuesta
- Undiagnosed Diseases Network International, Madrid, Spain.,Bioinformatics Unit, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Juliá
- Undiagnosed Diseases Network International, Madrid, Spain.,Bioinformatics Unit, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Virginia Aquino
- Institute of Rare Diseases Research (Instituto de Investigación de Enfermedades Raras/IIER), Carlos III Institute of Health (Instituto de Salud Carlos III/ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Rodriguez-Martin
- Institute of Rare Diseases Research (Instituto de Investigación de Enfermedades Raras/IIER), Carlos III Institute of Health (Instituto de Salud Carlos III/ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandra Damian
- Institute of Rare Diseases Research (Instituto de Investigación de Enfermedades Raras/IIER), Carlos III Institute of Health (Instituto de Salud Carlos III/ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Gonzalo
- Institute of Rare Diseases Research (Instituto de Investigación de Enfermedades Raras/IIER), Carlos III Institute of Health (Instituto de Salud Carlos III/ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Gema Gomez-Mariano
- Institute of Rare Diseases Research (Instituto de Investigación de Enfermedades Raras/IIER), Carlos III Institute of Health (Instituto de Salud Carlos III/ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.,Undiagnosed Diseases Network International, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Baladron
- Institute of Rare Diseases Research (Instituto de Investigación de Enfermedades Raras/IIER), Carlos III Institute of Health (Instituto de Salud Carlos III/ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.,Undiagnosed Diseases Network International, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosario Cazorla
- Department of Neuropediatrics, Puerta de Hierro University Teaching Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gema Iglesias
- Department of Neuropediatrics, Puerta de Hierro University Teaching Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Enriqueta Roman
- Department of Neuropediatrics, Puerta de Hierro University Teaching Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Pablo Tutor
- Department of Internal Medicine, Puerta de Hierro University Teaching Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana Mellor
- Department of Internal Medicine, Puerta de Hierro University Teaching Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Jimenez
- Department of Neurology, Puerta de Hierro University Teaching Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Jose Cabrejas
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Puerta de Hierro University Teaching Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Emiliano Gonzalez-Vioque
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Puerta de Hierro University Teaching Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Alonso
- Institute of Rare Diseases Research (Instituto de Investigación de Enfermedades Raras/IIER), Carlos III Institute of Health (Instituto de Salud Carlos III/ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.,Consortium for Biomedical Research in Rare Diseases (CIBER de Enfermedades Raras/CIBERER) (CB06/07/1009), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.,Undiagnosed Diseases Network International, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva Bermejo-Sánchez
- Institute of Rare Diseases Research (Instituto de Investigación de Enfermedades Raras/IIER), Carlos III Institute of Health (Instituto de Salud Carlos III/ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.,Undiagnosed Diseases Network International, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Posada
- Institute of Rare Diseases Research (Instituto de Investigación de Enfermedades Raras/IIER), Carlos III Institute of Health (Instituto de Salud Carlos III/ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.,Consortium for Biomedical Research in Rare Diseases (CIBER de Enfermedades Raras/CIBERER) (CB06/07/1009), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.,Undiagnosed Diseases Network International, Madrid, Spain
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32
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Kato H, Kushima I, Mori D, Yoshimi A, Aleksic B, Nawa Y, Toyama M, Furuta S, Yu Y, Ishizuka K, Kimura H, Arioka Y, Tsujimura K, Morikawa M, Okada T, Inada T, Nakatochi M, Shinjo K, Kondo Y, Kaibuchi K, Funabiki Y, Kimura R, Suzuki T, Yamakawa K, Ikeda M, Iwata N, Takahashi T, Suzuki M, Okahisa Y, Takaki M, Egawa J, Someya T, Ozaki N. Rare genetic variants in the gene encoding histone lysine demethylase 4C (KDM4C) and their contributions to susceptibility to schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorder. Transl Psychiatry 2020; 10:421. [PMID: 33279929 PMCID: PMC7719193 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-01107-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of epigenetic processes involving histone methylation induces neurodevelopmental impairments and has been implicated in schizophrenia (SCZ) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Variants in the gene encoding lysine demethylase 4C (KDM4C) have been suggested to confer a risk for such disorders. However, rare genetic variants in KDM4C have not been fully evaluated, and the functional impact of the variants has not been studied using patient-derived cells. In this study, we conducted copy number variant (CNV) analysis in a Japanese sample set (2605 SCZ and 1141 ASD cases, and 2310 controls). We found evidence for significant associations between CNVs in KDM4C and SCZ (p = 0.003) and ASD (p = 0.04). We also observed a significant association between deletions in KDM4C and SCZ (corrected p = 0.04). Next, to explore the contribution of single nucleotide variants in KDM4C, we sequenced the coding exons in a second sample set (370 SCZ and 192 ASD cases) and detected 18 rare missense variants, including p.D160N within the JmjC domain of KDM4C. We, then, performed association analysis for p.D160N in a third sample set (1751 SCZ and 377 ASD cases, and 2276 controls), but did not find a statistical association with these disorders. Immunoblotting analysis using lymphoblastoid cell lines from a case with KDM4C deletion revealed reduced KDM4C protein expression and altered histone methylation patterns. In conclusion, this study strengthens the evidence for associations between KDM4C CNVs and these two disorders and for their potential functional effect on histone methylation patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidekazu Kato
- grid.27476.300000 0001 0943 978XDepartment of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Itaru Kushima
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan. .,Medical Genomics Center, Nagoya University Hospital, Nagoya, Japan.
| | - Daisuke Mori
- grid.27476.300000 0001 0943 978XDepartment of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan ,grid.27476.300000 0001 0943 978XBrain and Mind Research Center, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Akira Yoshimi
- grid.259879.80000 0000 9075 4535Division of Clinical Sciences and Neuropsychopharmacology, Faculty and Graduate School of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Branko Aleksic
- grid.27476.300000 0001 0943 978XDepartment of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Nawa
- grid.27476.300000 0001 0943 978XDepartment of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Miho Toyama
- grid.27476.300000 0001 0943 978XDepartment of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Sho Furuta
- grid.27476.300000 0001 0943 978XDepartment of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yanjie Yu
- grid.27476.300000 0001 0943 978XDepartment of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kanako Ishizuka
- grid.27476.300000 0001 0943 978XDepartment of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kimura
- grid.27476.300000 0001 0943 978XDepartment of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yuko Arioka
- grid.27476.300000 0001 0943 978XDepartment of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan ,grid.437848.40000 0004 0569 8970Center for Advanced Medicine and Clinical Research, Nagoya University Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Keita Tsujimura
- grid.27476.300000 0001 0943 978XDepartment of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan ,grid.27476.300000 0001 0943 978XInnovative Research Unit for Developmental Disorders, Institute of Advanced Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Mako Morikawa
- grid.27476.300000 0001 0943 978XDepartment of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takashi Okada
- grid.27476.300000 0001 0943 978XDepartment of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Toshiya Inada
- grid.27476.300000 0001 0943 978XDepartment of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nakatochi
- grid.27476.300000 0001 0943 978XPublic Health Informatics Unit, Department of Integrated Health Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Keiko Shinjo
- grid.27476.300000 0001 0943 978XDivision of Cancer Biology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yutaka Kondo
- grid.27476.300000 0001 0943 978XDivision of Cancer Biology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kozo Kaibuchi
- grid.27476.300000 0001 0943 978XDepartment of Cell Pharmacology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yasuko Funabiki
- grid.258799.80000 0004 0372 2033Department of Cognitive and Behavioral Science, Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ryo Kimura
- grid.258799.80000 0004 0372 2033Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Toshimitsu Suzuki
- grid.260433.00000 0001 0728 1069Department of Neurodevelopmental Disorder Genetics, Institute of Brain Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan ,grid.474690.8Laboratory for Neurogenetics, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Yamakawa
- grid.260433.00000 0001 0728 1069Department of Neurodevelopmental Disorder Genetics, Institute of Brain Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan ,grid.474690.8Laboratory for Neurogenetics, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama, Japan
| | - Masashi Ikeda
- grid.256115.40000 0004 1761 798XDepartment of Psychiatry, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Nakao Iwata
- grid.256115.40000 0004 1761 798XDepartment of Psychiatry, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Takahashi
- grid.267346.20000 0001 2171 836XDepartment of Neuropsychiatry, University of Toyama Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toyama, Japan ,grid.267346.20000 0001 2171 836XResearch Center for Idling Brain Science, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Michio Suzuki
- grid.267346.20000 0001 2171 836XDepartment of Neuropsychiatry, University of Toyama Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toyama, Japan ,grid.267346.20000 0001 2171 836XResearch Center for Idling Brain Science, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Yuko Okahisa
- grid.261356.50000 0001 1302 4472Department of Neuropsychiatry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Manabu Takaki
- grid.261356.50000 0001 1302 4472Department of Neuropsychiatry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Jun Egawa
- grid.260975.f0000 0001 0671 5144Department of Psychiatry, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Someya
- grid.260975.f0000 0001 0671 5144Department of Psychiatry, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Norio Ozaki
- grid.27476.300000 0001 0943 978XDepartment of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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33
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Stress-Sensitive Protein Rac1 and Its Involvement in Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Neural Plast 2020; 2020:8894372. [PMID: 33299404 PMCID: PMC7707960 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8894372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (Rac1) is a small GTPase that is well known for its sensitivity to the environmental stress of a cell or an organism. It senses the external signals which are transmitted from membrane-bound receptors and induces downstream signaling cascades to exert its physiological functions. Rac1 is an important regulator of a variety of cellular processes, such as cytoskeletal organization, generation of oxidative products, and gene expression. In particular, Rac1 has a significant influence on certain brain functions like neuronal migration, synaptic plasticity, and memory formation via regulation of actin dynamics in neurons. Abnormal Rac1 expression and activity have been observed in multiple neurological diseases. Here, we review recent findings to delineate the role of Rac1 signaling in neurodevelopmental disorders associated with abnormal spine morphology, synaptogenesis, and synaptic plasticity. Moreover, certain novel inhibitors of Rac1 and related pathways are discussed as potential avenues toward future treatment for these diseases.
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34
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Yamashiro K, Hori K, Lai ESK, Aoki R, Shimaoka K, Arimura N, Egusa SF, Sakamoto A, Abe M, Sakimura K, Watanabe T, Uesaka N, Kano M, Hoshino M. AUTS2 Governs Cerebellar Development, Purkinje Cell Maturation, Motor Function and Social Communication. iScience 2020; 23:101820. [PMID: 33305180 PMCID: PMC7708818 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism susceptibility candidate 2 (AUTS2), a risk gene for autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), is implicated in telencephalon development. Because AUTS2 is also expressed in the cerebellum where defects have been linked to ASDs, we investigated AUTS2 functions in the cerebellum. AUTS2 is specifically localized in Purkinje cells (PCs) and Golgi cells during postnatal development. Auts2 conditional knockout (cKO) mice exhibited smaller and deformed cerebella containing immature-shaped PCs with reduced expression of Cacna1a. Auts2 cKO and knock-down experiments implicated AUTS2 participation in elimination and translocation of climbing fiber synapses and restriction of parallel fiber synapse numbers. Auts2 cKO mice exhibited behavioral impairments in motor learning and vocal communications. Because Cacna1a is known to regulate synapse development in PCs, it suggests that AUTS2 is required for PC maturation to elicit normal development of PC synapses and thus the impairment of AUTS2 may cause cerebellar dysfunction related to psychiatric illnesses such as ASDs. Loss of Auts2 leads to the reduction of cerebellar size AUTS2 promotes the dendritic maturation of Purkinje cells AUTS2 participates in PF and CF synapse development of Purkinje cells Auts2 cKO mice exhibit the impaired motor learning and vocal communications
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunihiko Yamashiro
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), Tokyo 187-8502, Japan.,Department of NCNP Brain Physiology and Pathology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Kei Hori
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), Tokyo 187-8502, Japan
| | - Esther S K Lai
- Brain Mechanism for Behavior Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan.,Department of Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Ryo Aoki
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), Tokyo 187-8502, Japan.,Department of NCNP Brain Physiology and Pathology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Kazumi Shimaoka
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), Tokyo 187-8502, Japan
| | - Nariko Arimura
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), Tokyo 187-8502, Japan
| | - Saki F Egusa
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), Tokyo 187-8502, Japan
| | - Asami Sakamoto
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), Tokyo 187-8502, Japan
| | - Manabu Abe
- Department of Animal Model Development, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8585, Japan
| | - Kenji Sakimura
- Department of Animal Model Development, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8585, Japan
| | - Takaki Watanabe
- Department of Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Naofumi Uesaka
- Department of Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.,Department of Cognitive Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Masanobu Kano
- Department of Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Mikio Hoshino
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), Tokyo 187-8502, Japan.,Department of NCNP Brain Physiology and Pathology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
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35
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A genetic window to auditory-verbal problems in bipolar disorder. Psychiatr Genet 2020; 30:169-173. [PMID: 33165203 DOI: 10.1097/ypg.0000000000000265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Bipolar disorder is a high prevalent psychiatric condition entailing recurrent episodes of elevated mood and depression, but also diverse cognitive problems. One deficit observed in patients concerns to auditory-verbal processing. Being a hereditary condition with a complex genetic architecture, it is not clear which genes contribute to this deficit. We show that candidates for bipolar disorder significantly overlap with candidates for clinical conditions resulting from a deficit in the phonological loop of working memory, particularly, developmental dyslexia and specific language impairment. The overlapping genes are involved in aspects of brain development and function (particularly, brain oscillations) potentially underlying phonological processing and accordingly, emerge as promising candidates for auditory-verbal deficits in bipolar disorder.
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36
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Prem S, Millonig JH, DiCicco-Bloom E. Dysregulation of Neurite Outgrowth and Cell Migration in Autism and Other Neurodevelopmental Disorders. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2020; 25:109-153. [PMID: 32578146 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-45493-7_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Despite decades of study, elucidation of the underlying etiology of complex developmental disorders such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD), schizophrenia (SCZ), intellectual disability (ID), and bipolar disorder (BPD) has been hampered by the inability to study human neurons, the heterogeneity of these disorders, and the relevance of animal model systems. Moreover, a majority of these developmental disorders have multifactorial or idiopathic (unknown) causes making them difficult to model using traditional methods of genetic alteration. Examination of the brains of individuals with ASD and other developmental disorders in both post-mortem and MRI studies shows defects that are suggestive of dysregulation of embryonic and early postnatal development. For ASD, more recent genetic studies have also suggested that risk genes largely converge upon the developing human cerebral cortex between weeks 8 and 24 in utero. Yet, an overwhelming majority of studies in autism rodent models have focused on postnatal development or adult synaptic transmission defects in autism related circuits. Thus, studies looking at early developmental processes such as proliferation, cell migration, and early differentiation, which are essential to build the brain, are largely lacking. Yet, interestingly, a few studies that did assess early neurodevelopment found that alterations in brain structure and function associated with neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) begin as early as the initial formation and patterning of the neural tube. By the early to mid-2000s, the derivation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and later induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) allowed us to study living human neural cells in culture for the first time. Specifically, iPSCs gave us the unprecedented ability to study cells derived from individuals with idiopathic disorders. Studies indicate that iPSC-derived neural cells, whether precursors or "matured" neurons, largely resemble cortical cells of embryonic humans from weeks 8 to 24. Thus, these cells are an excellent model to study early human neurodevelopment, particularly in the context of genetically complex diseases. Indeed, since 2011, numerous studies have assessed developmental phenotypes in neurons derived from individuals with both genetic and idiopathic forms of ASD and other NDDs. However, while iPSC-derived neurons are fetal in nature, they are post-mitotic and thus cannot be used to study developmental processes that occur before terminal differentiation. Moreover, it is important to note that during the 8-24-week window of human neurodevelopment, neural precursor cells are actively undergoing proliferation, migration, and early differentiation to form the basic cytoarchitecture of the brain. Thus, by studying NPCs specifically, we could gain insight into how early neurodevelopmental processes contribute to the pathogenesis of NDDs. Indeed, a few studies have explored NPC phenotypes in NDDs and have uncovered dysregulations in cell proliferation. Yet, few studies have explored migration and early differentiation phenotypes of NPCs in NDDs. In this chapter, we will discuss cell migration and neurite outgrowth and the role of these processes in neurodevelopment and NDDs. We will begin by reviewing the processes that are important in early neurodevelopment and early cortical development. We will then delve into the roles of neurite outgrowth and cell migration in the formation of the brain and how errors in these processes affect brain development. We also provide review of a few key molecules that are involved in the regulation of neurite outgrowth and migration while discussing how dysregulations in these molecules can lead to abnormalities in brain structure and function thereby highlighting their contribution to pathogenesis of NDDs. Then we will discuss whether neurite outgrowth, migration, and the molecules that regulate these processes are associated with ASD. Lastly, we will review the utility of iPSCs in modeling NDDs and discuss future goals for the study of NDDs using this technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smrithi Prem
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - James H Millonig
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Emanuel DiCicco-Bloom
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology/Pediatrics, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA.
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Palmer MR, Kim DS, Crosslin DR, Stanaway IB, Rosenthal EA, Carrell DS, Cronkite DJ, Gordon A, Du X, Li YK, Williams MS, Weng C, Feng Q, Li R, Pendergrass SA, Hakonarson H, Fasel D, Sohn S, Sleiman P, Handelman SK, Speliotes E, Kullo IJ, Larson EB, Jarvik GP. Loci identified by a genome-wide association study of carotid artery stenosis in the eMERGE network. Genet Epidemiol 2020; 45:4-15. [PMID: 32964493 PMCID: PMC7891640 DOI: 10.1002/gepi.22360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Carotid artery atherosclerotic disease (CAAD) is a risk factor for stroke. We used a genome-wide association (GWAS) approach to discover genetic variants associated with CAAD in participants in the electronic Medical Records and Genomics (eMERGE) Network. We identified adult CAAD cases with unilateral or bilateral carotid artery stenosis and controls without evidence of stenosis from electronic health records at eight eMERGE sites. We performed GWAS with a model adjusting for age, sex, study site, and genetic principal components of ancestry. In eMERGE we found 1793 CAAD cases and 17,958 controls. Two loci reached genome-wide significance, on chr6 in LPA (rs10455872, odds ratio [OR] (95% confidence interval [CI]) = 1.50 (1.30-1.73), p = 2.1 × 10-8 ) and on chr7, an intergenic single nucleotide variant (SNV; rs6952610, OR (95% CI) = 1.25 (1.16-1.36), p = 4.3 × 10-8 ). The chr7 association remained significant in the presence of the LPA SNV as a covariate. The LPA SNV was also associated with coronary heart disease (CHD; 4199 cases and 11,679 controls) in this study (OR (95% CI) = 1.27 (1.13-1.43), p = 5 × 10-5 ) but the chr7 SNV was not (OR (95% CI) = 1.03 (0.97-1.09), p = .37). Both variants replicated in UK Biobank. Elevated lipoprotein(a) concentrations ([Lp(a)]) and LPA variants associated with elevated [Lp(a)] have previously been associated with CAAD and CHD, including rs10455872. With electronic health record phenotypes in eMERGE and UKB, we replicated a previously known association and identified a novel locus associated with CAAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melody R Palmer
- Division of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Daniel S Kim
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - David R Crosslin
- Department of Biomedical Informatics and Medical Education, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Ian B Stanaway
- Department of Biomedical Informatics and Medical Education, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Elisabeth A Rosenthal
- Division of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - David S Carrell
- Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - David J Cronkite
- Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Adam Gordon
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Xiaomeng Du
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Yatong K Li
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Marc S Williams
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Geisinger, Danville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Chunhua Weng
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Qiping Feng
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Rongling Li
- Division of Genomic Medicine, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Hakon Hakonarson
- Department of Pediatrics, The Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - David Fasel
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Patrick Sleiman
- Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Samuel K Handelman
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Elizabeth Speliotes
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Iftikhar J Kullo
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Eric B Larson
- Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
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- The electronic Medical Records and GEnomics Network, NHGRI, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Gail P Jarvik
- Division of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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38
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Shrestha A, Sultana R, Adeniyi PA, Lee CC, Ogundele OM. Positive Modulation of SK Channel Impedes Neuron-Specific Cytoskeletal Organization and Maturation. Dev Neurosci 2020; 42:59-71. [PMID: 32580196 PMCID: PMC7486235 DOI: 10.1159/000507989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) modulates the structural plasticity of dendritic spines by impacting cytoskeletal organization and kinase signaling. In the developing nervous system, activation of NMDAR is pertinent for neuronal migration, neurite differentiation, and cellular organization. Given that small conductance potassium channels (SK2/3) repress NMDAR ionotropic signaling, this study highlights the impact of neonatal SK channel potentiation on adult cortical and hippocampal organization. Neonatal SK channel potentiation was performed by one injection of SK2/3 agonist (CyPPA) into the pallium of mice on postnatal day 2 (P2). When the animals reached adulthood (P55), the hippocampus and cortex were examined to assess neuronal maturation, lamination, and the distribution of synaptic cytoskeletal proteins. Immunodetection of neuronal markers in the brain of P2-treated P55 mice revealed the presence of immature neurons in the upper cortical layers (layers II-IV) and CA1 (hippocampus). Also, layer-dependent cortical-cell density was attenuated due to the ectopic localization of mature (NeuN+) and immature (Doublecortin+ [DCX+]) neurons in cortical layers II-IV. Similarly, the decreased count of NeuN+ neurons in the CA1 is accompanied by an increase in the number of immature DCX+ neurons. Ectopic localization of neurons in the upper cortex and CA1 caused the dramatic expression of neuron-specific cytoskeletal proteins. In line with this, structural deformity of neuronal projections and the loss of postsynaptic densities suggests that postsynaptic integrity is compromised in the SK2/3+ brain. From these results, we deduced that SK channel activity in the developing brain likely impacts neuronal maturation through its effects on cytoskeletal formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amita Shrestha
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Razia Sultana
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Philip A Adeniyi
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Charles C Lee
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Olalekan M Ogundele
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA,
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39
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AUTS2 Regulation of Synapses for Proper Synaptic Inputs and Social Communication. iScience 2020; 23:101183. [PMID: 32498016 PMCID: PMC7267731 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Impairments in synapse development are thought to cause numerous psychiatric disorders. Autism susceptibility candidate 2 (AUTS2) gene has been associated with various psychiatric disorders, such as autism and intellectual disabilities. Although roles for AUTS2 in neuronal migration and neuritogenesis have been reported, its involvement in synapse regulation remains unclear. In this study, we found that excitatory synapses were specifically increased in the Auts2-deficient primary cultured neurons as well as Auts2 mutant forebrains. Electrophysiological recordings and immunostaining showed increases in excitatory synaptic inputs as well as c-fos expression in Auts2 mutant brains, suggesting that an altered balance of excitatory and inhibitory inputs enhances brain excitability. Auts2 mutant mice exhibited autistic-like behaviors including impairments in social interaction and altered vocal communication. Together, these findings suggest that AUTS2 regulates excitatory synapse number to coordinate E/I balance in the brain, whose impairment may underlie the pathology of psychiatric disorders in individuals with AUTS2 mutations. AUTS2 regulates excitatory synapse number in forebrain pyramidal neurons Loss of Auts2 leads to increased spine formation in development and adulthood Loss of Auts2 alters the balance of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic inputs Auts2 mutant mice exhibit cognitive and sociobehavioral deficits
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40
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Ufartes R, Berger H, Till K, Salinas G, Sturm M, Altmüller J, Nürnberg P, Thiele H, Funke R, Apeshiotis N, Langen H, Wollnik B, Borchers A, Pauli S. De novo mutations in FBRSL1 cause a novel recognizable malformation and intellectual disability syndrome. Hum Genet 2020; 139:1363-1379. [PMID: 32424618 PMCID: PMC7519918 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-020-02175-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
We report truncating de novo variants in specific exons of FBRSL1 in three unrelated children with an overlapping syndromic phenotype with respiratory insufficiency, postnatal growth restriction, microcephaly, global developmental delay and other malformations. The function of FBRSL1 is largely unknown. Interestingly, mutations in the FBRSL1 paralogue AUTS2 lead to an intellectual disability syndrome (AUTS2 syndrome). We determined human FBRSL1 transcripts and describe protein-coding forms by Western blot analysis as well as the cellular localization by immunocytochemistry stainings. All detected mutations affect the two short N-terminal isoforms, which show a ubiquitous expression in fetal tissues. Next, we performed a Fbrsl1 knockdown in Xenopus laevis embryos to explore the role of Fbrsl1 during development and detected craniofacial abnormalities and a disturbance in neurite outgrowth. The aberrant phenotype in Xenopus laevis embryos could be rescued with a human N-terminal isoform, while the long isoform and the N-terminal isoform containing the mutation p.Gln163* isolated from a patient could not rescue the craniofacial defects caused by Fbrsl1 depletion. Based on these data, we propose that the disruption of the validated N-terminal isoforms of FBRSL1 at critical timepoints during embryogenesis leads to a hitherto undescribed complex neurodevelopmental syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roser Ufartes
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Göttingen, Heinrich-Düker-Weg 12, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hanna Berger
- Department of Biology, Molecular Embryology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Till
- Department of Biology, Molecular Embryology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Gabriela Salinas
- NGS Integrative Genomics Core Unit, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Marc Sturm
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, Calwerstr. 7, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Janine Altmüller
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), University of Cologne, Weyertal 115b, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Peter Nürnberg
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), University of Cologne, Weyertal 115b, 50931, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Robert-Koch Str. 21, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Holger Thiele
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), University of Cologne, Weyertal 115b, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Rudolf Funke
- Department of Neuropediatrics, Sozialpädiatrisches Zentrum, Mönchebergstr. 41-43, 34125, Kassel, Germany
| | | | - Hendrik Langen
- Department of Neuropediatrics, Sozialpädiatrisches Zentrum Hannover, Janusz-Korczak-Allee 8, 30173, Hannover, Germany
| | - Bernd Wollnik
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Göttingen, Heinrich-Düker-Weg 12, 37073, Göttingen, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence "Multiscale Bioimaging: From Molecular Machines To Networks of Excitable Cells" (MBExC), University of Göttingen, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Annette Borchers
- Department of Biology, Molecular Embryology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany. .,DFG Research Training Group, Membrane Plasticity in Tissue Development and Remodeling, GRK 2213, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
| | - Silke Pauli
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Göttingen, Heinrich-Düker-Weg 12, 37073, Göttingen, Germany.
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41
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Donato L, Scimone C, Alibrandi S, Nicocia G, Rinaldi C, Sidoti A, D’Angelo R. Discovery of GLO1 New Related Genes and Pathways by RNA-Seq on A2E-Stressed Retinal Epithelial Cells Could Improve Knowledge on Retinitis Pigmentosa. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:E416. [PMID: 32413970 PMCID: PMC7278727 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9050416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Endogenous antioxidants protect cells from reactive oxygen species (ROS)-related deleterious effects, and an imbalance in the oxidant/antioxidant systems generates oxidative stress. Glyoxalase 1 (GLO1) is a ubiquitous cellular enzyme involved in detoxification of methylglyoxal (MG), a cytotoxic byproduct of glycolysis whose excess can produce oxidative stress. In retinitis pigmentosa, one of the most diffuse cause of blindness, oxidative damage leads to photoreceptor death. To clarify the role of GLO1 in retinitis pigmentosa onset and progression, we treated human retinal pigment epithelium cells by the oxidant agent A2E. Transcriptome profiles between treated and untreated cells were performed by RNA-Seq, considering two time points (3 and 6 h), after the basal one. The exposure to A2E highlighted significant expression differences and splicing events in 370 GLO1 first-neighbor genes, and 23 of them emerged from pathway clustered analysis as main candidates to be associated with retinitis pigmentosa. Such a hypothesis was corroborated by the involvement of previously analyzed genes in specific cellular activities related to oxidative stress, such as glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, glycolysis, axo-dendritic transport, lipoprotein activity and metabolism, SUMOylation and retrograde transport at the trans-Golgi network. Our findings could be the starting point to explore unclear molecular mechanisms involved in retinitis pigmentosa etiopathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Donato
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, Division of Medical Biotechnologies and Preventive Medicine, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (C.S.); (S.A.); (C.R.); (R.D.)
- Department of Biomolecular strategies, genetics and avant-garde therapies, I.E.ME.S.T., 90139 Palermo, Italy
| | - Concetta Scimone
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, Division of Medical Biotechnologies and Preventive Medicine, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (C.S.); (S.A.); (C.R.); (R.D.)
- Department of Biomolecular strategies, genetics and avant-garde therapies, I.E.ME.S.T., 90139 Palermo, Italy
| | - Simona Alibrandi
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, Division of Medical Biotechnologies and Preventive Medicine, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (C.S.); (S.A.); (C.R.); (R.D.)
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Giacomo Nicocia
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy;
| | - Carmela Rinaldi
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, Division of Medical Biotechnologies and Preventive Medicine, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (C.S.); (S.A.); (C.R.); (R.D.)
| | - Antonina Sidoti
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, Division of Medical Biotechnologies and Preventive Medicine, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (C.S.); (S.A.); (C.R.); (R.D.)
- Department of Biomolecular strategies, genetics and avant-garde therapies, I.E.ME.S.T., 90139 Palermo, Italy
| | - Rosalia D’Angelo
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, Division of Medical Biotechnologies and Preventive Medicine, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy; (C.S.); (S.A.); (C.R.); (R.D.)
- Department of Biomolecular strategies, genetics and avant-garde therapies, I.E.ME.S.T., 90139 Palermo, Italy
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42
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Saeki S, Enokizono T, Imagawa K, Fukushima H, Kajikawa D, Sakai A, Tanaka M, Ohto T, Suzuki H, Uehara T, Takenouchi T, Kenjiro K, Takada H. A case of autism spectrum disorder with cleft lip and palate carrying a mutation in exon 8 of AUTS2. Clin Case Rep 2019; 7:2059-2063. [PMID: 31788251 PMCID: PMC6878208 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.2377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a patient with autism and cleft lip and palate carrying a de novo heterozygous AUTS2 mutation, c.1464_1467del ACTC (p.Tyr488*). Although the causal relationship between cleft lip and palate and this mutation is unclear, this case report may expand the clinical phenotype of AUTS2 syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saki Saeki
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of TsukubaTsukubaJapan
| | - Takashi Enokizono
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of TsukubaTsukubaJapan
| | - Kazuo Imagawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of TsukubaTsukubaJapan
| | - Hiroko Fukushima
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of TsukubaTsukubaJapan
- Department of Child Health, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of TsukubaTsukubaJapan
| | - Daigo Kajikawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of TsukubaTsukubaJapan
| | - Aiko Sakai
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of TsukubaTsukubaJapan
| | - Mai Tanaka
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of TsukubaTsukubaJapan
| | - Tatsuyuki Ohto
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of TsukubaTsukubaJapan
- Department of Child Health, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of TsukubaTsukubaJapan
| | - Hisato Suzuki
- Center for Medical GeneticsKeio University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Tomoko Uehara
- Center for Medical GeneticsKeio University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | | | - Kosaki Kenjiro
- Center for Medical GeneticsKeio University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Hidetoshi Takada
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of TsukubaTsukubaJapan
- Department of Child Health, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of TsukubaTsukubaJapan
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43
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Yang G, Shcheglovitov A. Probing disrupted neurodevelopment in autism using human stem cell-derived neurons and organoids: An outlook into future diagnostics and drug development. Dev Dyn 2019; 249:6-33. [PMID: 31398277 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) represent a spectrum of neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by impaired social interaction, repetitive or restrictive behaviors, and problems with speech. According to a recent report by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, one in 68 children in the US is diagnosed with ASDs. Although ASD-related diagnostics and the knowledge of ASD-associated genetic abnormalities have improved in recent years, our understanding of the cellular and molecular pathways disrupted in ASD remains very limited. As a result, no specific therapies or medications are available for individuals with ASDs. In this review, we describe the neurodevelopmental processes that are likely affected in the brains of individuals with ASDs and discuss how patient-specific stem cell-derived neurons and organoids can be used for investigating these processes at the cellular and molecular levels. Finally, we propose a discovery pipeline to be used in the future for identifying the cellular and molecular deficits and developing novel personalized therapies for individuals with idiopathic ASDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Yang
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Alex Shcheglovitov
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
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44
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Szczurkowska J, Pischedda F, Pinto B, Managò F, Haas CA, Summa M, Bertorelli R, Papaleo F, Schäfer MK, Piccoli G, Cancedda L. NEGR1 and FGFR2 cooperatively regulate cortical development and core behaviours related to autism disorders in mice. Brain 2019; 141:2772-2794. [PMID: 30059965 PMCID: PMC6113639 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awy190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders are neurodevelopmental conditions with diverse aetiologies, all characterized by common core symptoms such as impaired social skills and communication, as well as repetitive behaviour. Cell adhesion molecules, receptor tyrosine kinases and associated downstream signalling have been strongly implicated in both neurodevelopment and autism spectrum disorders. We found that downregulation of the cell adhesion molecule NEGR1 or the receptor tyrosine kinase fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) similarly affects neuronal migration and spine density during mouse cortical development in vivo and results in impaired core behaviours related to autism spectrum disorders. Mechanistically, NEGR1 physically interacts with FGFR2 and modulates FGFR2-dependent extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and protein kinase B (AKT) signalling by decreasing FGFR2 degradation from the plasma membrane. Accordingly, FGFR2 overexpression rescues all defects due to Negr1 knockdown in vivo. Negr1 knockout mice present phenotypes similar to Negr1-downregulated animals. These data indicate that NEGR1 and FGFR2 cooperatively regulate cortical development and suggest a role for defective NEGR1-FGFR2 complex and convergent downstream ERK and AKT signalling in autism spectrum disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Szczurkowska
- Local Micro-environment and Brain Development Laboratory, Italian Institute of Technology, Genoa, Italy.,Università degli Studi di Genova, Via Balbi, 5, Genoa, Italy
| | - Francesca Pischedda
- Laboratory of Biology of Synapse. Center for Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Bruno Pinto
- Local Micro-environment and Brain Development Laboratory, Italian Institute of Technology, Genoa, Italy.,Bio@SNS, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesca Managò
- Genetics of Cognition Laboratory, Italian Institute of Technology, Genoa, Italy
| | - Carola A Haas
- Experimental Epilepsy Research, Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Maria Summa
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Italian Institute of Technology, Genoa, Italy
| | - Rosalia Bertorelli
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Italian Institute of Technology, Genoa, Italy
| | - Francesco Papaleo
- Genetics of Cognition Laboratory, Italian Institute of Technology, Genoa, Italy
| | - Michael K Schäfer
- Department of Anesthesiology and Focus Program Translational Neurosciences, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany
| | - Giovanni Piccoli
- Laboratory of Biology of Synapse. Center for Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Trento, Italy.,Dulbecco Telethon Institute, Varese Street 16b - 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Cancedda
- Local Micro-environment and Brain Development Laboratory, Italian Institute of Technology, Genoa, Italy.,Dulbecco Telethon Institute, Varese Street 16b - 00185 Rome, Italy
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45
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Li Q, Wang L, Ma Y, Yue W, Zhang D, Li J. P-Rex1 Overexpression Results in Aberrant Neuronal Polarity and Psychosis-Related Behaviors. Neurosci Bull 2019; 35:1011-1023. [PMID: 31286410 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-019-00408-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal polarity is involved in multiple developmental stages, including cortical neuron migration, multipolar-to-bipolar transition, axon initiation, apical/basal dendrite differentiation, and spine formation. All of these processes are associated with the cytoskeleton and are regulated by precise timing and by controlling gene expression. The P-Rex1 (phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate dependent Rac exchange factor 1) gene for example, is known to be important for cytoskeletal reorganization, cell motility, and migration. Deficiency of P-Rex1 protein leads to abnormal neuronal migration and synaptic plasticity, as well as autism-related behaviors. Nonetheless, the effects of P-Rex1 overexpression on neuronal development and higher brain functions remain unclear. In the present study, we explored the effect of P-Rex1 overexpression on cerebral development and psychosis-related behaviors in mice. In utero electroporation at embryonic day 14.5 was used to assess the influence of P-Rex1 overexpression on cell polarity and migration. Primary neuron culture was used to explore the effects of P-Rex1 overexpression on neuritogenesis and spine morphology. In addition, P-Rex1 overexpression in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) of mice was used to assess psychosis-related behaviors. We found that P-Rex1 overexpression led to aberrant polarity and inhibited the multipolar-to-bipolar transition, leading to abnormal neuronal migration. In addition, P-Rex1 overexpression affected the early development of neurons, manifested as abnormal neurite initiation with cytoskeleton change, reduced the axon length and dendritic complexity, and caused excessive lamellipodia in primary neuronal culture. Moreover, P-Rex1 overexpression decreased the density of spines with increased height, width, and head area in vitro and in vivo. Behavioral tests showed that P-Rex1 overexpression in the mouse mPFC caused anxiety-like behaviors and a sensorimotor gating deficit. The appropriate P-Rex1 level plays a critical role in the developing cerebral cortex and excessive P-Rex1 might be related to psychosis-related behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiongwei Li
- Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Peking University Sixth Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China.,National Health Center Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), Beijing, 100191, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Peking University Sixth Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Lifang Wang
- Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Peking University Sixth Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China.,National Health Center Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), Beijing, 100191, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Peking University Sixth Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yuanlin Ma
- Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Peking University Sixth Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China.,National Health Center Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), Beijing, 100191, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Peking University Sixth Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Weihua Yue
- Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Peking University Sixth Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China.,National Health Center Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), Beijing, 100191, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Peking University Sixth Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China.,PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Dai Zhang
- Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Peking University Sixth Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China. .,National Health Center Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), Beijing, 100191, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Peking University Sixth Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China. .,Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China. .,PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
| | - Jun Li
- Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Peking University Sixth Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China. .,National Health Center Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), Beijing, 100191, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Peking University Sixth Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China.
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46
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Xu Z, Chen Y, Chen Y. Spatiotemporal Regulation of Rho GTPases in Neuronal Migration. Cells 2019; 8:cells8060568. [PMID: 31185627 PMCID: PMC6627650 DOI: 10.3390/cells8060568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Revised: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal migration is essential for the orchestration of brain development and involves several contiguous steps: interkinetic nuclear movement (INM), multipolar–bipolar transition, locomotion, and translocation. Growing evidence suggests that Rho GTPases, including RhoA, Rac, Cdc42, and the atypical Rnd members, play critical roles in neuronal migration by regulating both actin and microtubule cytoskeletal components. This review focuses on the spatiotemporal-specific regulation of Rho GTPases as well as their regulators and effectors in distinct steps during the neuronal migration process. Their roles in bridging extracellular signals and cytoskeletal dynamics to provide optimal structural support to the migrating neurons will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyan Xu
- The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China.
| | - Yuewen Chen
- The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Science, Disease and Drug Development, HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, Guangdong, China.
| | - Yu Chen
- The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Science, Disease and Drug Development, HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, Guangdong, China.
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47
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Balicza P, Varga NÁ, Bolgár B, Pentelényi K, Bencsik R, Gál A, Gézsi A, Prekop C, Molnár V, Molnár MJ. Comprehensive Analysis of Rare Variants of 101 Autism-Linked Genes in a Hungarian Cohort of Autism Spectrum Disorder Patients. Front Genet 2019; 10:434. [PMID: 31134136 PMCID: PMC6517558 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is genetically and phenotypically heterogeneous. Former genetic studies suggested that both common and rare genetic variants play a role in the etiology. In this study, we aimed to analyze rare variants detected by next generation sequencing (NGS) in an autism cohort from Hungary. Methods We investigated the yield of NGS panel sequencing of an unselected ASD cohort (N = 174 ) for the detection of ASD associated syndromes. Besides, we analyzed rare variants in a common disease-rare variant framework and performed rare variant burden analysis and gene enrichment analysis in phenotype based clusters. Results We have diagnosed 13 molecularly proven syndromic autism cases. Strongest indicators of syndromic autism were intellectual disability, epilepsy or other neurological plus symptoms. Rare variant analysis on a cohort level confirmed the association of five genes with autism (AUTS2, NHS, NSD1, SLC9A9, and VPS13). We found no correlation between rare variant burden and number of minor malformation or autism severity. We identified four phenotypic clusters, but no specific gene was enriched in a given cluster. Conclusion Our study indicates that NGS panel gene sequencing can be useful, where the clinical picture suggests a clinically defined syndromic autism. In this group, targeted panel sequencing may provide reasonable diagnostic yield. Unselected NGS panel screening in the clinic remains controversial, because of uncertain utility, and difficulties of the variant interpretation. However, the detected rare variants may still significantly influence autism risk and subphenotypes in a polygenic model, but to detect the effects of these variants larger cohorts are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter Balicza
- Institute of Genomic Medicine and Rare Disorders, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Noémi Ágnes Varga
- Institute of Genomic Medicine and Rare Disorders, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bence Bolgár
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Klára Pentelényi
- Institute of Genomic Medicine and Rare Disorders, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Renáta Bencsik
- Institute of Genomic Medicine and Rare Disorders, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anikó Gál
- Institute of Genomic Medicine and Rare Disorders, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - András Gézsi
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Csilla Prekop
- Vadaskert Foundation for Children's Mental Health, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Viktor Molnár
- Institute of Genomic Medicine and Rare Disorders, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mária Judit Molnár
- Institute of Genomic Medicine and Rare Disorders, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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48
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Colson V, Cousture M, Damasceno D, Valotaire C, Nguyen T, Le Cam A, Bobe J. Maternal temperature exposure impairs emotional and cognitive responses and triggers dysregulation of neurodevelopment genes in fish. PeerJ 2019; 7:e6338. [PMID: 30723624 PMCID: PMC6360074 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Fish are sensitive to temperature, but the intergenerational consequences of maternal exposure to high temperature on offspring behavioural plasticity and underlying mechanisms are unknown. Here we show that a thermal maternal stress induces impaired emotional and cognitive responses in offspring rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Thermal stress in mothers triggered the inhibition of locomotor fear-related responses upon exposure to a novel environment and decreased spatial learning abilities in progeny. Impaired behavioural phenotypes were associated with the dysregulation of several genes known to play major roles in neurodevelopment, including auts2 (autism susceptibility candidate 2), a key gene for neurodevelopment, more specifically neuronal migration and neurite extension, and critical for the acquisition of neurocognitive function. In addition, our analysis revealed the dysregulation of another neurodevelopment gene (dpysl5) as well as genes associated with human cognitive disorders (arv1, plp2). We observed major differences in maternal mRNA abundance in the eggs following maternal exposure to high temperature indicating that some of the observed intergenerational effects are mediated by maternally-inherited mRNAs accumulated in the egg. Together, our observations shed new light on the intergenerational determinism of fish behaviour and associated underlying mechanisms. They also stress the importance of maternal history on fish behavioural plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violaine Colson
- Fish Physiology and Genomics, INRA LPGP UR1037, Rennes, France
| | | | | | | | - Thaovi Nguyen
- Fish Physiology and Genomics, INRA LPGP UR1037, Rennes, France
| | - Aurélie Le Cam
- Fish Physiology and Genomics, INRA LPGP UR1037, Rennes, France
| | - Julien Bobe
- Fish Physiology and Genomics, INRA LPGP UR1037, Rennes, France
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49
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Valand R, Magnusson P, Dziendzikowska K, Gajewska M, Wilczak J, Oczkowski M, Kamola D, Królikowski T, Kruszewski M, Lankoff A, Mruk R, Marcus Eide D, Sapierzyński R, Gromadzka-Ostrowska J, Duale N, Øvrevik J, Myhre O. Gene expression changes in rat brain regions after 7- and 28 days inhalation exposure to exhaust emissions from 1st and 2nd generation biodiesel fuels - The FuelHealth project. Inhal Toxicol 2018; 30:299-312. [DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2018.1520370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Renate Valand
- Division of Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Pål Magnusson
- Division of Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Katarzyna Dziendzikowska
- Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Science, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Gajewska
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jacek Wilczak
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michał Oczkowski
- Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Science, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dariusz Kamola
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Królikowski
- Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Science, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Kruszewski
- Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Molecular Biology and Translational Research, Institute of Rural Health, Lublin, Poland
| | - Anna Lankoff
- Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Warsaw, Poland
- Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland
| | - Remigiusz Mruk
- Faculty of Production Engineering, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dag Marcus Eide
- Division of Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Rafał Sapierzyński
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Nur Duale
- Division of Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Johan Øvrevik
- Division of Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Oddvar Myhre
- Division of Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
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50
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Liu Z, Tan X, Orozco-terWengel P, Zhou X, Zhang L, Tian S, Yan Z, Xu H, Ren B, Zhang P, Xiang Z, Sun B, Roos C, Bruford MW, Li M. Population genomics of wild Chinese rhesus macaques reveals a dynamic demographic history and local adaptation, with implications for biomedical research. Gigascience 2018; 7:5079661. [PMID: 30165519 PMCID: PMC6143732 DOI: 10.1093/gigascience/giy106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The rhesus macaque (RM, Macaca mulatta) is the most important nonhuman primate model in biomedical research. We present the first genomic survey of wild RMs, sequencing 81 geo-referenced individuals of five subspecies from 17 locations in China, a large fraction of the species’ natural distribution. Results Populations were structured into five genetic lineages on the mainland and Hainan Island, recapitulating current subspecies designations. These subspecies are estimated to have diverged 125.8 to 51.3 thousand years ago, but feature recent gene flow. Consistent with the expectation of a larger body size in colder climates and smaller body size in warmer climates (Bergman's rule), the northernmost RM lineage (M. m. tcheliensis), possessing the largest body size of all Chinese RMs, and the southernmost lineage (M. m. brevicaudus), with the smallest body size of all Chinese RMs, feature positively selected genes responsible for skeletal development. Further, two candidate selected genes (Fbp1, Fbp2) found in M. m. tcheliensis are involved in gluconeogenesis, potentially maintaining stable blood glucose levels during starvation when food resources are scarce in winter. The tropical subspecies M. m. brevicaudus showed positively selected genes related to cardiovascular function and response to temperature stimuli, potentially involved in tropical adaptation. We found 118 single-nucleotide polymorphisms matching human disease-causing variants with 82 being subspecies specific. Conclusions These data provide a resource for selection of RMs in biomedical experiments. The demographic history of Chinese RMs and their history of local adaption offer new insights into their evolution and provide valuable baseline information for biomedical investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijin Liu
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Xinxin Tan
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Pablo Orozco-terWengel
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, United Kingdom
| | - Xuming Zhou
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China.,Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Liye Zhang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shilin Tian
- Novogene Bioinformatics Institute, Jiuxianqiao North Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Zhongze Yan
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China.,Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Jiulong Road, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Huailiang Xu
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Xinkang Road, Yucheng District, Ya'an, 625014, China
| | - Baoping Ren
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- School of Sociology and Anthropology, Sun Yat-sen University, Xingang Xi Road, Guang Zhou, 510275, China
| | - Zuofu Xiang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Shaoshan South Road, Changsha, 410004, China
| | - Binghua Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Jiulong Road, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Christian Roos
- Gene Bank of Primates and Primate Genetics Laboratory, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, Göttingen, 37077, Germany
| | - Michael W Bruford
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, United Kingdom
| | - Ming Li
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China.,Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China
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