An Integrative Omics Approach Reveals Involvement of BRCA1 in Hepatic Metastatic Progression of Colorectal Cancer

Multipotent neural stem cells originating from neuroepithelium exist outside the mouse central nervous system

Conventional understanding dictates that mammalian neural stem cells (NSCs) exist only in the central nervous system. Here, we report that peripheral NSCs (pNSCs) exist outside the central nervous system and can be isolated from mouse embryonic limb, postnatal lung, tail, dorsal root ganglia and adult lung tissues. Derived pNSCs are distinct from neural crest stem cells, express multiple NSC-specific markers and exhibit cell morphology, self-renewing and differentiation capacity, genome-wide transcriptional profile and epigenetic features similar to control brain NSCs. pNSCs are composed of Sox1+ cells originating from neuroepithelial cells. pNSCs in situ have similar molecular features to NSCs in the brain. Furthermore, many pNSCs that migrate out of the neural tube can differentiate into mature neurons and limited glial cells during embryonic and postnatal development. Our discovery of pNSCs provides previously unidentified insight into the mammalian nervous system development and presents an alternative potential strategy for neural regenerative therapy.

Immune dynamics shaping pre-metastatic and metastatic niches in liver metastases: from molecular mechanisms to therapeutic strategies

Liver metastases are commonly detected in the advanced stages of various malignant tumors, representing a significant clinical challenge. Throughout the process of liver metastases formation, immune cells play a pivotal role, particularly in the pre-metastatic and metastatic niches within the liver. Immune cells establish extensive and intricate interactions with tumor cells and other components in the liver, collectively promoting and sustaining the growth of liver metastases. Despite the limited efficacy of existing therapeutic modalities against some advanced liver metastases, novel immune-based treatment approaches are continuously being explored and validated. Building on the systematic elucidation of the immunosuppressive characteristics of liver metastases, we explored the potential of novel immunotherapies applicable to patients with liver metastases from multiple dimensions.

Drug-delivery and biological activity in colorectal cancer of a supramolecular porous material assembled from heptameric chromium-copper-adenine entities

The therapeutic application of drugs often faces challenges due to non-specific distribution, inadequate dosification and degradation, which limits their efficacy. Two primary strategies are employed to overcome these issues: the use of derivatives of the active substances and incorporation of those into porous materials. The latter, involving materials such as zeolites, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), and hydrogels, has shown promising results in protecting the active ingredients from degradation and enabling a controlled release. This study focuses on supramolecular metal-organic frameworks (SMOFs), which leverage supramolecular interactions for enhanced pore size control. [Cu6Cr(μ-adeninato-κN3:κN9)6(μ3-OH)6(μ-OH2)6](SO4)1.5·nH2O (Cu6Cr) was chosen for its flexible porous structure, water-stability, and paramagnetic properties. Magnetic sustentation studies showed that this compound was able to capture several drug molecules: 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA), 4-aminosalicylic acid (4-ASA) and theophylline (THEO). Their release follows a pseudo-first-order kinetics with desorption half-lives ranging from 2.2 to 4.7 hours. In this sense, a novel approach is proposed using bulkier raffinose and cholesterol as pore-blocking molecules. Cholesterol exhibited the best performance as a blocking molecule increasing the desorption half-life up to 8.2 hours. Cytotoxicity and RNA-seq transcriptomic assays carried out on human colorectal cancer cell cultures showed, on one hand, that the Cu6Cr porous material exhibits a proliferative effect, probably coming from the over-expression of MIR1248 and SUMO2 genes, and on the other hand, that there is a delay in the emergence of the cytotoxicity of 5-FU as expected for a slower release.

SLC14A1 and TGF-β signaling: a feedback loop driving EMT and colorectal cancer metachronous liver metastasis

BACKGROUND

Colorectal cancer (CRC) metachronous liver metastasis is a significant clinical challenge, largely attributable to the late detection and the intricate molecular mechanisms that remain poorly understood. This study aims to elucidate the role of Solute Carrier Family 14 Member 1 (SLC14A1) in the pathogenesis and progression of CRC metachronous liver metastasis.

METHODS

We conducted a comprehensive analysis of CRC patient data from The Cancer Genome Atlas and GSE40967 databases, focusing on the differential expression of genes associated with non-metachronous liver metastasis and metachronous liver metastasis. Functional assays, both in vitro and in vivo, were performed to assess the biological impact of SLC14A1 modulation in CRC cells. Gene set enrichment analysis, molecular assays and immunohistochemical analyses on clinical specimens were employed to unravel the underlying mechanisms through which SLC14A1 exerts its effects.

RESULTS

SLC14A1 was identified as a differentially expressed gene, with its overexpression significantly correlating with poor relapse-free and overall survival. Mechanistically, elevated SLC14A1 levels enhanced CRC cell invasiveness and migratory abilities, corroborated by upregulated TGF-β/Smad signaling and Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition. SLC14A1 interacted with TβRII and stabilized TβRII protein, impeding its Smurf1-mediated K48-linked ubiquitination and degradation, amplifying TGF-β/Smad signaling. Furthermore, TGF-β1 reciprocally elevated SLC14A1 mRNA expression, with Snail identified as a transcriptional regulator, binding downstream of SLC14A1's transcription start site, establishing a positive feedback loop. Clinically, SLC14A1, phosphorylated Smad2, and Snail were markedly upregulated in CRC patients with metachronous liver metastasis, underscoring their potential as prognostic markers.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings unveil SLC14A1 as a critical regulator in CRC metachronous liver metastasis, providing novel insights into the molecular crosstalk between SLC14A1 and TGF-β/Smad signaling. These discoveries not only enhance our understanding of CRC metachronous liver metastasis pathogenesis, but also highlight SLC14A1 as a promising target for therapeutic intervention and predictive marker.

Transcriptomic correlates of cell cycle checkpoints with distinct prognosis, molecular characteristics, immunological regulation, and therapeutic response in colorectal adenocarcinoma

Backgrounds

Colorectal adenocarcinoma (COAD), accounting for the most common subtype of colorectal cancer (CRC), is a kind of malignant digestive tumor. Some cell cycle checkpoints (CCCs) have been found to contribute to CRC progression, whereas the functional roles of a lot of CCCs, especially the integrated role of checkpoint mechanism in the cell cycle, remain unclear.

Materials and methods

The Genomic Data Commons (GDC) The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) COAD cohort was retrieved as the training dataset, and GSE24551 and GSE29623 were downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) as the validation datasets. A total of 209 CCC-related genes were derived from the Gene Ontology Consortium and were subsequently enrolled in the univariate, multivariate, and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) Cox regression analyses, finally defining a CCC signature. Cell proliferation and Transwell assay analyses were utilized to evaluate the functional roles of signature-related CCCs. The underlying CCC signature, molecular characteristics, immune-related features, and therapeutic response were finally estimated. The Genomics of Drug Sensitivity in Cancer (GDSC) database was employed for the evaluation of chemotherapeutic responses.

Results

The aberrant gene expression of CCCs greatly contributed to COAD development and progression. Univariate Cox regression analysis identified 27 CCC-related genes significantly affecting the overall survival (OS) of COAD patients; subsequently, LASSO analysis determined a novel CCC signature. Noticeably, CDK5RAP2, MAD1L1, NBN, RGCC, and ZNF207 were first identified to be correlated with the prognosis of COAD, and it was proven that all of them were significantly correlated with the proliferation and invasion of HCT116 and SW480 cells. In TCGA COAD cohort, CCC signature robustly stratified COAD patients into high and low CCC score groups (median OS: 57.24 months vs. unreached, p< 0.0001), simultaneously, with the good AUC values for OS prediction at 1, 2, and 3 years were 0.74, 0.78, and 0.77. Furthermore, the prognostic capacity of the CCC signature was verified in the GSE24551 and GSE29623 datasets, and the CCC signature was independent of clinical features. Moreover, a higher CCC score always indicated worse OS, regardless of clinical features, histological subtypes, or molecular subgroups. Intriguingly, functional enrichment analysis confirmed the CCC score was markedly associated with extracellular, matrix and immune (chemokine)-related signaling, cell cycle-related signaling, and metabolisms. Impressively, a higher CCC score was positively correlated with a majority of chemokines, receptors, immunostimulators, and anticancer immunity, indicating a relatively immune-promoting microenvironment. In addition, GSE173839, GSE25066, GSE41998, and GSE194040 dataset analyses of the underlying CCC signature suggested that durvalumab with olaparib and paclitaxel, taxane-anthracycline chemotherapy, neoadjuvant cyclophosphamide/doxorubicin with ixabepilone or paclitaxel, and immunotherapeutic strategies might be suitable for COAD patients with higher CCC score. Eventually, the GDSC database analysis showed that lower CCC scores were likely to be more sensitive to 5-fluorouracil, bosutinib, gemcitabine, gefitinib, methotrexate, mitomycin C, and temozolomide, while patients with higher CCC score seemed to have a higher level of sensitivity to bortezomib and elesclomol.

Conclusion

The novel CCC signature exhibited a good ability for prognosis prediction for COAD patients, and the CCC score was found to be highly correlated with molecular features, immune-related characteristics, and therapeutic responses, which would greatly promote clinical management and precision medicine for COAD.

Identification of the hub genes in polycystic ovary syndrome based on disease-associated molecule network

Revealing the key genes involved in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and elucidating its pathogenic mechanism is of extreme importance for the development of targeted clinical therapy for PCOS. Investigating disease by integrating several associated and interacting molecules in biological systems will make it possible to discover new pathogenic genes. In this study, an integrative disease-associated molecule network, combining protein-protein interactions and protein-metabolites interactions (PPMI) network was constructed based on the PCOS-associated genes and metabolites systematically collected. This new PPMI strategy identified several potential PCOS-associated genes, which have unreported in previous publications. Moreover, the systematic analysis of five benchmarks data sets indicated the DERL1 was identified as downregulated in PCOS granulosa cell and has good classification performance between PCOS patients and healthy controls. CCR2 and DVL3 were upregulated in PCOS adipose tissues and have good classification performance. The expression of novel gene FXR2 identified in this study is significantly increased in ovarian granulosa cells of PCOS patients compared with controls via quantitative analysis. Our study uncovers substantial differences in the PCOS-specific tissue and provides a plethora of information on dysregulated genes and metabolites that are linked to PCOS. This knowledgebase could have the potential to benefit the scientific and clinical community. In sum, the identification of novel gene associated with PCOS provides valuable insights into the underlying molecular mechanisms of PCOS and could potentially lead to the development of new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.

Innate Immune Cells in the Tumor Microenvironment of Liver Metastasis from Colorectal Cancer: Contribution to a Comprehensive Therapy

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most prevalent type of cancer, and liver metastasis is the most common site of metastatic development. In the tumor microenvironment (TME), various innate immune cells are known to influence cancer progression and metastasis occurrence. CD274 (PD-L1) and CD206 (MRC1) are proteins that have been associated with poor prognosis and disease progression. We conducted a study on tumoral and non-tumoral biopsies from 47 patients with CRC liver metastasis, using flow cytometry to phenotypically characterize innate immune cells. Our findings showed an increase in the expression of CD274 on classical, intermediate, and non-classical monocytes when comparing tumor with non-tumor samples. Furthermore, tumor samples with a desmoplastic growth pattern exhibited a significantly decreased percentage of CD274- and CD206-positive cells in all monocyte populations compared to non-desmoplastic samples. We found a correlation between a lower expression of CD206 or CD274 on classical, intermediate, and non-classical monocytes and increased disease-free survival, which points to a better prognosis for these patients. In conclusion, our study has identified potential new targets and biomarkers that could be incorporated into a personalized medicine approach to enhance the outcome for colorectal cancer patients.

Metastatic Colorectal Cancer

International experts in the study of metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) present this series of 14 articles (eleven original articles and three literature reviews) [...].

Regulation of signal transduction pathways in colorectal cancer: implications for therapeutic resistance

Resistance to anti-cancer treatments is a critical and widespread health issue that has brought serious impacts on lives, the economy and public policies. Mounting research has suggested that a selected spectrum of patients with advanced colorectal cancer (CRC) tend to respond poorly to both chemotherapeutic and targeted therapeutic regimens. Drug resistance in tumours can occur in an intrinsic or acquired manner, rendering cancer cells insensitive to the treatment of anti-cancer therapies. Multiple factors have been associated with drug resistance. The most well-established factors are the emergence of cancer stem cell-like properties and overexpression of ABC transporters that mediate drug efflux. Besides, there is emerging evidence that signalling pathways that modulate cell survival and drug metabolism play major roles in the maintenance of multidrug resistance in CRC. This article reviews drug resistance in CRC as a result of alterations in the MAPK, PI3K/PKB, Wnt/β-catenin and Notch pathways.

GeromiRs Are Downregulated in the Tumor Microenvironment during Colon Cancer Colonization of the Liver in a Murine Metastasis Model

Cancer is a phenomenon broadly related to ageing in various ways such as cell cycle deregulation, metabolic defects or telomerases dysfunction as principal processes. Although the tumor cell is the main actor in cancer progression, it is not the only element of the disease. Cells and the matrix surrounding the tumor, called the tumor microenvironment (TME), play key roles in cancer progression. Phenotypic changes of the TME are indispensable for disease progression and a few of these transformations are produced by epigenetic changes including miRNA dysregulation. In this study, we found that a specific group of miRNAs in the liver TME produced by colon cancer called geromiRs, which are miRNAs related to the ageing process, are significantly downregulated. The three principal cell types involved in the liver TME, namely, liver sinusoidal endothelial cells, hepatic stellate (Ito) cells and Kupffer cells, were isolated from a murine hepatic metastasis model, and the miRNA and gene expression profiles were studied. From the 115 geromiRs and their associated hallmarks of aging, which we compiled from the literature, 75 were represented in the used microarrays, 26 out of them were downregulated in the TME cells during colon cancer colonization of the liver, and none of them were upregulated. The histone modification hallmark of the downregulated geromiRs is significantly enriched with the geromiRs miR-15a, miR-16, miR-26a, miR-29a, miR-29b and miR-29c. We built a network of all of the geromiRs downregulated in the TME cells and their gene targets from the MirTarBase database, and we analyzed the expression of these geromiR gene targets in the TME. We found that Cercam and Spsb4, identified as prognostic markers in a few cancer types, are associated with downregulated geromiRs and are upregulated in the TME cells.

Proprotein convertases blockage up-regulates specifically metallothioneins coding genes in human colon cancer stem cells

Despite continuous exertion made, colon cancer still represents a major health problem and its incidence continues being high worldwide. There is growing evidence in support of the cancer stem cells (CSCs) being central in the initiation of this cancer, and CSCs have been the focus of various studies for the identification of new ways of treatment. Lately, the proprotein convertases (PCs) were reported to regulate the maturation and expression of various molecules involved in the malignant phenotype of colon cancer cells, however, the identity of the molecules regulated by these serine proteases in CSCs is unknown. In this study, we used the general PCs inhibitor, the Decanoyl-RVKR-chloromethylketone (Decanoyl-RVKR-CMK) that inhibits all the PCs found in the secretory pathway, and analyzed its effect on CSCs using RNA-seq analysis. Remarkably, from the only 9 up-regulated genes in the human SW620-derived sphere-forming cells, we identified 7 of the 11 human metallothioneins, all of them localized on chromosome 16, and zinc related proteins as downstream effectors of the PCs. The importance of these molecules in the regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation and chemoresistance, and their reported potential tumor suppressor role and loss in colon cancer patients associated with worse prognosis, suggests that targeting PCs in the control of the malignant phenotype of CSCs is a new potential therapeutic strategy in colon cancer.