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Tiwari PK, Ko TH, Dubey R, Chouhan M, Tsai LW, Singh HN, Chaubey KK, Dayal D, Chiang CW, Kumar S. CRISPR/Cas9 as a therapeutic tool for triple negative breast cancer: from bench to clinics. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1214489. [PMID: 37469704 PMCID: PMC10352522 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1214489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) is a third-generation genome editing method that has revolutionized the world with its high throughput results. It has been used in the treatment of various biological diseases and infections. Various bacteria and other prokaryotes such as archaea also have CRISPR/Cas9 systems to guard themselves against bacteriophage. Reportedly, CRISPR/Cas9-based strategy may inhibit the growth and development of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) via targeting the potentially altered resistance genes, transcription, and epigenetic regulation. These therapeutic activities could help with the complex issues such as drug resistance which is observed even in TNBC. Currently, various methods have been utilized for the delivery of CRISPR/Cas9 into the targeted cell such as physical (microinjection, electroporation, and hydrodynamic mode), viral (adeno-associated virus and lentivirus), and non-viral (liposomes and lipid nano-particles). Although different models have been developed to investigate the molecular causes of TNBC, but the lack of sensitive and targeted delivery methods for in-vivo genome editing tools limits their clinical application. Therefore, based on the available evidences, this review comprehensively highlighted the advancement, challenges limitations, and prospects of CRISPR/Cas9 for the treatment of TNBC. We also underscored how integrating artificial intelligence and machine learning could improve CRISPR/Cas9 strategies in TNBC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Kumar Tiwari
- Biological and Bio-Computational Lab, Department of Life Sciences, Sharda School of Basic Science and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Tin-Hsien Ko
- Department of Orthopedics, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Rajni Dubey
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Mandeep Chouhan
- Biological and Bio-Computational Lab, Department of Life Sciences, Sharda School of Basic Science and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Lung-Wen Tsai
- Department of Medicine Research, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan
- Department of Information Technology Office, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Data Science, College of Management, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Himanshu Narayan Singh
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Centre, New York, NY, United States
| | - Kundan Kumar Chaubey
- Division of Research and Innovation, School of Applied and Life Sciences, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Deen Dayal
- Department of Biotechnology, GLA University, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Chih-Wei Chiang
- Department of Orthopedics, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Biological and Bio-Computational Lab, Department of Life Sciences, Sharda School of Basic Science and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
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TrkA expression directs the anti-neoplastic activity of MLK3 inhibitors in triple-negative breast cancer. Oncogene 2023; 42:1132-1143. [PMID: 36813855 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-023-02633-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Mixed Lineage Kinase 3 (MLK3) is a viable target for neoplastic diseases; however, it is unclear whether its activators or inhibitors can act as anti-neoplastic agents. We reported that the MLK3 kinase activity was higher in triple-negative (TNBC) than in hormone receptor-positive human breast tumors, where estrogen inhibited MLK3 kinase activity and provided a survival advantage to ER+ breast cancer cells. Herein, we show that in TNBC, the higher MLK3 kinase activity paradoxically promotes cancer cell survival. Knockdown of MLK3 or MLK3 inhibitors, CEP-1347 and URMC-099, attenuated tumorigenesis of TNBC cell line and Patient-Derived (PDX) xenografts. The MLK3 kinase inhibitors decreased both the expression and activation of MLK3, PAK1, and NF-kB protein and caused cell death in TNBC breast xenografts. RNA-seq analysis identified several genes downregulated by MLK3 inhibition, and the NGF/TrkA MAPK pathway was significantly enriched in tumors sensitive to growth inhibition by MLK3 inhibitors. The TNBC cell line unresponsive to kinase inhibitor had substantially lower TrkA, and overexpression of TrkA restored the sensitivity to MLK3 inhibition. These results suggest that the functions of MLK3 in breast cancer cells depend on downstream targets in TNBC tumors expressing TrkA, and MLK3 kinase inhibition may provide a novel targeted therapy.
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Li M, Guo M, Xu Y, Wu L, Chen M, Dong Y, Zheng L, Chen D, Qiao Y, Ke Z, Shi X. Murine cytomegalovirus employs the mixed lineage kinases family to regulate the spiral ganglion neuron cell death and hearing loss. Neurosci Lett 2023; 793:136990. [PMID: 36455693 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2022.136990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV)-induced sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) is a worldwide epidemic. Recent studies have shown that the degree of spiral ganglion neuron (SGN) loss is correlated with hearing loss after CMV infection. We aimed to better understand the pathological mechanisms of CMV-related SGN death and to search for intervention measures. We found that both apoptosis and pyroptosis are involved in CMV-induced SGN death, which may be caused by the simultaneous activation of the p53/JNK and NLRP3/caspase-1 signaling pathways, respectively. Moreover, considering that mixed lineage kinase family (MLK1/2/3) are host restriction factors against viral infection and upstream regulators of the p53/JNK and inflammatory (including NLRP3-caspase1) signaling pathways, we further demonstrated that the MLKs inhibitor URMC-099 exhibited a protective effect against CMV-induced SGN death and hearing loss. These results indicate that MLKs signaling may be a key regulator and promising novel target for preventing apoptosis and even pyroptosis during the CMV infection of SGN cells and for treating hearing loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menghua Li
- Department of Otolaryngology, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Shenzhen 518020, China; The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Minyan Guo
- Department of Otolaryngology, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Shenzhen 518020, China; The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yice Xu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Xiaogan Hospital, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Xiaogan 432000, China
| | - Liyuan Wu
- Artificial Auditory Laboratory of Jiangsu Province, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221000, China; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314000, China
| | | | - Yanfen Dong
- Artificial Auditory Laboratory of Jiangsu Province, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221000, China
| | - Liting Zheng
- Artificial Auditory Laboratory of Jiangsu Province, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221000, China
| | - Daishi Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Shenzhen 518020, China; The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yuehua Qiao
- Artificial Auditory Laboratory of Jiangsu Province, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221000, China.
| | - Zhaoyang Ke
- Department of Otolaryngology, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Shenzhen 518020, China; The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Xi Shi
- Artificial Auditory Laboratory of Jiangsu Province, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221000, China.
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Yang X, Mai YX, Wei L, Peng LY, Pang FX, Wang LJ, Li ZP, Zhang JF, Jin AM. MLK3 silence suppressed osteogenic differentiation and delayed bone formation via influencing the bone metabolism and disturbing MAPK signaling. J Orthop Translat 2023; 38:98-105. [PMCID: PMC9619354 DOI: 10.1016/j.jot.2022.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Yang
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong-xin Mai
- Lingnan Medical Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, The First Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lan Wei
- Lingnan Medical Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li-yang Peng
- Lingnan Medical Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, The First Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Feng-xiang Pang
- Lingnan Medical Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, The First Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ling-jun Wang
- Lingnan Medical Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhi-peng Li
- Lingnan Medical Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, The First Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Corresponding author. Lingnan Medical Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China. Tel: +86 13724839892.
| | - Jin-fang Zhang
- Lingnan Medical Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, The First Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Corresponding author. Department of Spinal Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China. Tel: +86 13802983267.
| | - An-min Jin
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Corresponding author. Lingnan Medical Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
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Zhang J, Cai X, Cui W, Wei Z. Bioinformatics and Experimental Analyses Reveal MAP4K4 as a Potential Marker for Gastric Cancer. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13101786. [PMID: 36292671 PMCID: PMC9601900 DOI: 10.3390/genes13101786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Gastric cancer remains the most prevalent and highly lethal disease worldwide. MAP4K4, a member of Ste20, plays an important role in various pathologies, including cancer. However, its role in gastric cancer is not yet fully elucidated. Therefore, this study aims to determine the tumor-promoting role of MAP4K4 in gastric cancer and whether it can be used as a new and reliable biomarker to predict the prognosis of gastric cancer. For this purpose, we divide the samples into high- and low-expression groups according to the expression level of MAP4K4. The association of MAP4K4 expression with prognosis is assessed using the Kaplan–Meier survival analysis. Furthermore, immune infiltration analysis using ESTIMATE is conducted to evaluate the tumor immune scores of the samples. Results: The findings reveal a significantly higher expression of MAP4K4 in tumor samples than in adjacent samples. The high-expression group was significantly enriched in tumor-related pathways, such as the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. In addition, immune infiltration analysis revealed a positive correlation between immune scores and MAP4K4 expression. We also observed that miRNAs, such as miR-192-3p (R = −0.317, p-value 3.111 × 10−9), miR-33b-5p (R= −0.238, p-value 1.166 × 10−5), and miR-582-3p (R = −0.214, p-value 8.430 × 10−5), had potential negative regulatory effects on MAP4K4. Moreover, we identified several transcription factors, ubiquitinated proteins, and interacting proteins that might regulate MAP4K4. The relationship between MAP4K4 and DNA methylation was also identified. Finally, we verified the high expression of MAP4K4 and its effect on promoting cancer. Conclusion: MAP4K4 might be closely related to gastric cancer’s progression, invasion, and metastasis. Its high expression negatively impacts the prognosis of gastric cancer patients. This suggests MAP4K4 as an important prognostic factor for gastric cancer and could be regarded as a new potential prognostic detection and therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junping Zhang
- Cancer Research Institute, Henan Academy Institute of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450000, China
- School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine; Zhengzhou 450004, China
| | - Xiaoping Cai
- Cancer Research Institute, Henan Academy Institute of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450000, China
- School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine; Zhengzhou 450004, China
| | - Weifeng Cui
- Cancer Research Institute, Henan Academy Institute of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450000, China
- School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine; Zhengzhou 450004, China
| | - Zheng Wei
- Cancer Research Institute, Henan Academy Institute of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450000, China
- School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine; Zhengzhou 450004, China
- Correspondence:
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6
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The role of mixed lineage kinase 3 (MLK3) in cancers. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 238:108269. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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7
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Liu P, Chen C, Ger L, Tsai W, Tseng H, Lee C, Yang W, Shu C. MAP3K11 facilitates autophagy activity and is correlated with malignancy of oral squamous cell carcinoma. J Cell Physiol 2022; 237:4275-4291. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pei‐Feng Liu
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, College of Life Science Kaohsiung Medical University Kaohsiung Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital Kaohsiung Taiwan
- Center for Cancer Research Kaohsiung Medical University Kaohsiung Taiwan
| | - Chun‐Feng Chen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital Kaohsiung Taiwan
- School of Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine Kaohsiung Medical University Kaohsiung Taiwan
| | - Luo‐Ping Ger
- Department of Medical Education and Research Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital Kaohsiung Taiwan
| | - Wei‐Lun Tsai
- Department of Internal Medicine Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital Kaohsiung Taiwan
| | - Ho‐Hsing Tseng
- Department of Medical Research Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital Kaohsiung Taiwan
| | - Cheng‐Hsin Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, College of Life Science Kaohsiung Medical University Kaohsiung Taiwan
| | - Wen‐Hsin Yang
- Institute of BioPharmaceutical Sciences National Sun Yat‐sen University Kaohsiung Taiwan
| | - Chih‐Wen Shu
- Institute of BioPharmaceutical Sciences National Sun Yat‐sen University Kaohsiung Taiwan
- Department of Post‐Baccalaureate Medicine National Sun Yat‐sen University Kaohsiung Taiwan
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8
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Chen S, Shu L, Zhao R, Zhao Y. Molecular dynamics simulations reveal the activation mechanism of mutations G12V and Q61L of Cdc42. Proteins 2022; 90:1376-1389. [PMID: 35152498 DOI: 10.1002/prot.26320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cell division control protein 42 homolog (Cdc42), which contributes to multiple cellular processes including cell proliferation and migration, is a potential target for cancer therapy, especially in the intervention of tumor migration. Cdc42's mutants G12V and Q61L are discovered constitutively active, and the overexpression of them exhibits oncogenic activities. Here, using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and dynamic analysis, we illustrated the activation mechanism of Cdc42G12V and Cdc42Q61L . Without GAP, the two mutations differently elicited state transition from the wild-type's open "inactive" state 1 to the closed "active" state 2, induced by the introduction of a newly formed water-mediated T35-γ-phosphate hydrogen bond in G12V system and the additional hydrophobic interactions between L61 and T35 together with the direct T35-γ-phosphate hydrogen bond in Q61L system. When binding with GAP, both mutations weakened the hydrogen bond interactions between Cdc42-GTP and GAP's finger loop, and disturbed the catalytically competent organizations of GAP's catalytic R305/R306 and Cdc42's Q61, thereby impairing the GAP-mediated GTP hydrolysis. Our findings first reveal the activation mechanism of Cdc42's G12V and Q61L mutants on a molecular basis, which provide new insights into the structural and dynamical characteristics of Cdc42 and its mutants and can be exploited in the further development of novel therapies targeting Cdc42-related cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyao Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liang Shu
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rong Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaxue Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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9
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Dai C, Zhu J, Huang H. 混合谱系激酶3在心血管疾病中的研究进展. CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN-CHINESE 2022. [DOI: 10.1360/tb-2022-0308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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10
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Park HB, Baek KH. E3 ligases and deubiquitinating enzymes regulating the MAPK signaling pathway in cancers. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2022; 1877:188736. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2022.188736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Chen X, Qi G, Fang F, Miao Y, Wang L. Silence of MLK3 alleviates lipopolysaccharide-induced lung epithelial cell injury via inhibiting p53-mediated ferroptosis. J Mol Histol 2022; 53:503-510. [PMID: 35247112 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-022-10064-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) is characterized with a high rate of morbidity and mortality. The injury and apoptosis of lung epithelial cells play crucial roles in the progression of ALI. Mixed lineage kinase 3 (MLK3) has been reported to be involved in the regulation of cellular biological functions, such as cell proliferation, apoptosis and ferroptosis. However, the effect of MLK3 exerted on ALI has not been reported. Here, LPS-stimulated MLE12 pulmonary epithelial cells were used as an in vitro model for ALI. In this research, LPS elevated the expression of MLK3 in MLE12 cells. The silence of MLK3 alleviated LPS-induced cell injury. Notably, LPS promoted ferroptosis through enhancing GSH depletion and the productions of MDA and iron, which was attenuated by MLK3 knockdown. Moreover, the silence of MLK3 inhibited p53 expression in LPS-induced cells along with a decrease in the expressions of p21 and Bax, while overexpressing p53 reversed these effects of MLK3 silence. Meanwhile, p53 overexpression reversed the positive effects of MLK3 knockdown on LPS-induced cell ferroptosis and injury. Together, our results confirmed that the silence of MLK3 alleviated LPS-induced lung epithelial cell injury by inhibiting p53-mediated ferroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangjun Chen
- The 2nd department of Critical Care Medicine, Xi'an Chest Hospital, 710061, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Gangqiang Qi
- The 2nd department of Critical Care Medicine, Xi'an Chest Hospital, 710061, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Fang Fang
- The 2nd department of Critical Care Medicine, Xi'an Chest Hospital, 710061, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yi Miao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Li Wang
- The 2nd department of Critical Care Medicine, Xi'an Chest Hospital, 710061, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
- East section of Hangtian Avenue, Chang'an District, 710061, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
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Kciuk M, Gielecińska A, Budzinska A, Mojzych M, Kontek R. Metastasis and MAPK Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073847. [PMID: 35409206 PMCID: PMC8998814 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide. In many cases, the treatment of the disease is limited due to the metastasis of cells to distant locations of the body through the blood and lymphatic drainage. Most of the anticancer therapeutic options focus mainly on the inhibition of tumor cell growth or the induction of cell death, and do not consider the molecular basis of metastasis. The aim of this work is to provide a comprehensive review focusing on cancer metastasis and the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway (ERK/JNK/P38 signaling) as a crucial modulator of this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Kciuk
- Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Lodz, Banacha Street 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 12/16 Banacha St., 90-237 Lodz, Poland; (A.G.); (R.K.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Adrianna Gielecińska
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 12/16 Banacha St., 90-237 Lodz, Poland; (A.G.); (R.K.)
| | - Adrianna Budzinska
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial Biochemistry, Department of Bioenergetics, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, 61-614 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Mariusz Mojzych
- Department of Chemistry, Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, 3 Maja 54, 08-110 Siedlce, Poland;
| | - Renata Kontek
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 12/16 Banacha St., 90-237 Lodz, Poland; (A.G.); (R.K.)
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13
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Balinda HU, Sedgwick A, D'Souza-Schorey C. Mechanisms underlying melanoma invasion as a consequence of MLK3 loss. Exp Cell Res 2022; 415:113106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2022.113106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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14
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Singh SK, Kumar S, Viswakarma N, Principe DR, Das S, Sondarva G, Nair RS, Srivastava P, Sinha SC, Grippo PJ, Thatcher GRJ, Rana B, Rana A. MAP4K4 promotes pancreatic tumorigenesis via phosphorylation and activation of mixed lineage kinase 3. Oncogene 2021; 40:6153-6165. [PMID: 34511598 PMCID: PMC8553609 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-02007-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
MAP4K4 is a Ste20 member and reported to play important roles in various pathologies, including in cancer. However, the mechanism by which MAP4K4 promotes pancreatic cancer is not fully understood. It is suggested that MAP4K4 might function as a cancer promoter via specific downstream target(s) in an organ-specific manner. Here we identified MLK3 as a direct downstream target of MAP4K4. The MAP4K4 and MLK3 associates with each other, and MAP4K4 phosphorylates MLK3 on Thr738 and increases MLK3 kinase activity and downstream signaling. The phosphorylation of MLK3 by MAP4K4 promotes pancreatic cancer cell proliferation, migration, and colony formation. Moreover, MAP4K4 is overexpressed in human pancreatic tumors and directly correlates with the disease progression. The MAP4K4-specific pharmacological inhibitor, GNE-495, impedes pancreatic cancer cell growth, migration, induces cell death, and arrests cell cycle progression. Additionally, the GNE-495 reduced the tumor burden and extended survival of the KPC mice with pancreatic cancer. The MAP4K4 inhibitor also reduced MAP4K4 protein expression, tumor stroma, and induced cell death in murine pancreatic tumors. These findings collectively suggest that MLK3 phosphorylation by MAP4K4 promotes pancreatic cancer, and therefore therapies targeting MAP4K4 might alleviate the pancreatic cancer tumor burden in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Kumar Singh
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, the University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, the University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Navin Viswakarma
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, the University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Daniel R Principe
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, the University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Subhasis Das
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, the University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Gautam Sondarva
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, the University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Rakesh Sathish Nair
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, the University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Piush Srivastava
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, the University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | | | - Paul J Grippo
- Department of Medicine, the University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Gregory R J Thatcher
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Basabi Rana
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, the University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
- University of Illinois Hospital & Health Sciences System Cancer Center, the University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
- Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Ajay Rana
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, the University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
- University of Illinois Hospital & Health Sciences System Cancer Center, the University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
- Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
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15
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Viswakarma N, Sondarva G, Principe DR, Nair RS, Kumar S, Singh SK, Das S, Sinha SC, Grippo PJ, Grimaldo S, Giulianotti PC, Rana B, Rana A. Mixed Lineage Kinase 3 phosphorylates prolyl-isomerase PIN1 and potentiates GLI1 signaling in pancreatic cancer development. Cancer Lett 2021; 515:1-13. [PMID: 34052323 PMCID: PMC8215900 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor Glioma-Associated Oncogene Homolog 1 (GLI1) is activated by sonic hedgehog (SHH) cascade and is an established driver of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). However, therapies targeting upstream hedgehog signaling have shown little to no efficacy in clinical trials. Here, we identify Mixed Lineage Kinase 3 (MLK3) as a druggable regulator of oncogenic GLI1. Earlier, we reported that MLK3 phosphorylated a peptidyl-prolyl isomerase PIN1 on the S138 site, and the PIN1-pS138 translocated to the nucleus. In this report, we identify GLI1 as one of the targets of PIN1-pS138 and demonstrate that PIN1-pS138 is upregulated in human PDAC and strongly associates with the upregulation of GLI1 and MLK3 expression. Moreover, we also identified two new phosphorylation sites on GLI1, T394, and S1089, which are directly phosphorylated by MLK3 to promote GLI1 nuclear translocation, transcriptional activity, and cell proliferation. Additionally, pharmacological inhibition of MLK3 by CEP-1347 promoted apoptosis in PDAC cell lines, reduced tumor burden, extended survival, and reduced GLI1 expression in the Pdx1-Cre x LSL-KRASG12D x LSL-TP53R172H (KPC) mouse model of PDAC. These findings collectively suggest that MLK3 is an important regulator of oncogenic GLI1 and that therapies targeting MLK3 warrant consideration in the management of PDAC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navin Viswakarma
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Gautam Sondarva
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Daniel R Principe
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Rakesh Sathish Nair
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Sunil Kumar Singh
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Subhasis Das
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | | | - Paul J Grippo
- Department of Medicine, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Sam Grimaldo
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Pier Cristoforo Giulianotti
- Division of General, Minimally Invasive, and Robotic Surgery, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Basabi Rana
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA; University of Illinois Hospital & Health Sciences System Cancer Center, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA; Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Ajay Rana
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA; University of Illinois Hospital & Health Sciences System Cancer Center, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA; Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
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16
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Isermann T, Şener ÖÇ, Stender A, Klemke L, Winkler N, Neesse A, Li J, Wegwitz F, Moll UM, Schulz-Heddergott R. Suppression of HSF1 activity by wildtype p53 creates a driving force for p53 loss-of-heterozygosity. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4019. [PMID: 34188043 PMCID: PMC8242083 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24064-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The vast majority of human tumors with p53 mutations undergo loss of the remaining wildtype p53 allele (loss-of-heterozygosity, p53LOH). p53LOH has watershed significance in promoting tumor progression. However, driving forces for p53LOH are poorly understood. Here we identify the repressive WTp53-HSF1 axis as one driver of p53LOH. We find that the WTp53 allele in AOM/DSS chemically-induced colorectal tumors (CRC) of p53R248Q/+ mice retains partial activity and represses heat-shock factor 1 (HSF1), the master regulator of the proteotoxic stress response (HSR) that is ubiquitously activated in cancer. HSR is critical for stabilizing oncogenic proteins including mutp53. WTp53-retaining CRC tumors, tumor-derived organoids and human CRC cells all suppress the tumor-promoting HSF1 program. Mechanistically, retained WTp53 activates CDKN1A/p21, causing cell cycle inhibition and suppression of E2F target MLK3. MLK3 links cell cycle with the MAPK stress pathway to activate the HSR response. In p53R248Q/+ tumors WTp53 activation by constitutive stress represses MLK3, thereby weakening the MAPK-HSF1 response necessary for tumor survival. This creates selection pressure for p53LOH which eliminates the repressive WTp53-MAPK-HSF1 axis and unleashes tumor-promoting HSF1 functions, inducing mutp53 stabilization enabling invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Isermann
- Institute of Molecular Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Özge Çiçek Şener
- Institute of Molecular Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Adrian Stender
- Institute of Molecular Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Luisa Klemke
- Institute of Molecular Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Nadine Winkler
- Institute of Molecular Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Albrecht Neesse
- Department of Gastroenterology, Gastrointestinal Oncology and Endocrinology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jinyu Li
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Florian Wegwitz
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ute M Moll
- Institute of Molecular Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
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17
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Ahmed M, Daoud GH, Mohamed A, Harati R. New Insights into the Therapeutic Applications of CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing in Breast Cancer. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12050723. [PMID: 34066014 PMCID: PMC8150278 DOI: 10.3390/genes12050723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the most prevalent forms of cancer globally and is among the leading causes of death in women. Its heterogenic nature is a result of the involvement of numerous aberrant genes that contribute to the multi-step pathway of tumorigenesis. Despite the fact that several disease-causing mutations have been identified, therapy is often aimed at alleviating symptoms rather than rectifying the mutation in the DNA sequence. The Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 is a groundbreaking tool that is being utilized for the identification and validation of genomic targets bearing tumorigenic potential. CRISPR/Cas9 supersedes its gene-editing predecessors through its unparalleled simplicity, efficiency and affordability. In this review, we provide an overview of the CRISPR/Cas9 mechanism and discuss genes that were edited using this system for the treatment of breast cancer. In addition, we shed light on the delivery methods—both viral and non-viral—that may be used to deliver the system and the barriers associated with each. Overall, the present review provides new insights into the potential therapeutic applications of CRISPR/Cas9 for the advancement of breast cancer treatment.
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18
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Khani D, Hedayati MA, Nasseri S, Sheikhesmaeili F, Ghadiany R. ZAK Gene Expression in Patients with Helicobacter pylori Infection. J Gastrointest Cancer 2021; 53:326-332. [PMID: 33620708 DOI: 10.1007/s12029-021-00611-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND ZAK protein is a member of the MLK family proteins defined as mediators in the cell cycle. A survey of ZAK gene expression in gastric antral epithelial cells (GAECs) of gastritis and gastric adenocarcinoma patients with Helicobacter pylori genotypes infection can elucidate carcinogenesis of H. pylori genotypes. METHODS In a case-control study, ZAK gene expression was evaluated in GAECs biopsy samples of gastritis and gastric adenocarcinoma patients with (n 23, 21) and without H. pylori infection (n 27, 32), respectively. Total RNA was extracted from each gastric antral biopsy samples and cDNA synthesized by using Takara kits. H. pylori virulence genes֝ cDNA were detected by traditional PCR and specific primers. The ZAK gene expression was measured using the relative Real-Time RT PCR. RESULTS The prevalence of gastric adenocarcinoma was the highest in man and 61-85 aged groups (p < .05). There was no significant correlation between the prevalence of H. pylori infection and patients' demographic groups. This study showed that ZAK gene overexpression gradually increases with increasing age and tumor grade among gastric adenocarcinoma patients. The gastric antral biopsy samples with H. pylori vacA s1m2 genotype infection showed a weak correlation with ZAK gene overexpression (p < .1). CONCLUSION ZAK gene expression was higher in GAECs of gastritis cancer than in gastric adenocarcinoma, indicating the protective effect of ZAK against gastric cancer (p < .005). Reducing ZAK gene expression shows the negative correlations with H. pylori infection and gastric adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delniya Khani
- Student Research Committee, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Manouchehr Ahmadi Hedayati
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran. .,Liver and Digestive Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.
| | - Sherko Nasseri
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Farshad Sheikhesmaeili
- Liver and Digestive Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Roghaie Ghadiany
- Liver and Digestive Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
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19
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Kohrt SE, Awadallah WN, Phillips RA, Case TC, Jin R, Nanda JS, Yu X, Clark PE, Yi Y, Matusik RJ, Anderson PD, Grabowska MM. Identification of Genes Required for Enzalutamide Resistance in Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer Cells In Vitro. Mol Cancer Ther 2020; 20:398-409. [PMID: 33298586 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-20-0244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Castration-resistant prostate cancer can be treated with the antiandrogen enzalutamide, but responses and duration of response are variable. To identify genes that support enzalutamide resistance, we performed a short hairpin RNA (shRNA) screen in the bone-homing, castration-resistant prostate cancer cell line, C4-2B. We identified 11 genes (TFAP2C, CAD, SPDEF, EIF6, GABRG2, CDC37, PSMD12, COL5A2, AR, MAP3K11, and ACAT1) whose loss resulted in decreased cell survival in response to enzalutamide. To validate our screen, we performed transient knockdowns in C4-2B and 22Rv1 cells and evaluated cell survival in response to enzalutamide. Through these studies, we validated three genes (ACAT1, MAP3K11, and PSMD12) as supporters of enzalutamide resistance in vitro Although ACAT1 expression is lower in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer samples versus primary prostate cancer samples, knockdown of ACAT1 was sufficient to reduce cell survival in C4-2B and 22Rv1 cells. MAP3K11 expression increases with Gleason grade, and the highest expression is observed in metastatic castration-resistant disease. Knockdown of MAP3K11 reduced cell survival, and pharmacologic inhibition of MAP3K11 with CEP-1347 in combination with enzalutamide resulted in a dramatic increase in cell death. This was associated with decreased phosphorylation of AR-Serine650, which is required for maximal AR activation. Finally, although PSMD12 expression did not change during disease progression, knockdown of PSMD12 resulted in decreased AR and AR splice variant expression, likely contributing to the C4-2B and 22Rv1 decrease in cell survival. Our study has therefore identified at least three new supporters of enzalutamide resistance in castration-resistant prostate cancer cells in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Kohrt
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio.,Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Wisam N Awadallah
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio.,Department of Urology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | | | - Thomas C Case
- Department of Urology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Renjie Jin
- Department of Urology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Jagpreet S Nanda
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio.,Department of Urology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Xiuping Yu
- Department of Biochemistry, Louisiana State University Health Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana
| | - Peter E Clark
- Department of Urology, Levine Cancer Center/Atrium Health, Charlotte, North Carolina
| | - Yajun Yi
- Quality, Safety and Risk Prevention, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Robert J Matusik
- Department of Urology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | | | - Magdalena M Grabowska
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio. .,Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio.,Department of Urology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio.,Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
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20
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Niu ZS, Wang WH, Dong XN, Tian LML. Role of long noncoding RNA-mediated competing endogenous RNA regulatory network in hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2020; 26:4240-4260. [PMID: 32848331 PMCID: PMC7422540 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v26.i29.4240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs) are noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) that occupy over 90% of the human genome, and their main function is to directly or indirectly regulate messenger RNA (mRNA) expression and participate in the tumorigenesis and progression of malignances. In particular, some lncRNAs can interact with miRNAs as competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) to modulate mRNA expression. Accordingly, these RNA molecules are interrelated and coordinate to form a dynamic lncRNA-mediated ceRNA regulatory network. Mounting evidence has revealed that lncRNAs that act as ceRNAs are closely related to tumorigenesis. To date, numerous studies have established many different regulatory networks in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and perturbations in these ceRNA interactions may result in the initiation and progression of HCC. Herein, we emphasize recent advances concerning the biological function of lncRNAs as ceRNAs in HCC, with the aim of elucidating the molecular mechanism underlying these HCC-related RNA molecules and providing novel insights into the diagnosis and treatment of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Shan Niu
- Laboratory of Micromorphology, School of Basic Medicine, Medical Department of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, Shandong Province, China
| | - Wen-Hong Wang
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine, Medical Department of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xian-Ning Dong
- Department of Pathology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266061, Shandong Province, China
| | - Li-Mei-Li Tian
- BGI Gene Innovation Class, School of Basic Medicine, Medical Department of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, Shandong Province, China
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21
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Wang J, Deng B, Liu Q, Huang Y, Chen W, Li J, Zhou Z, Zhang L, Liang B, He J, Chen Z, Yan C, Yang Z, Xian S, Wang L. Pyroptosis and ferroptosis induced by mixed lineage kinase 3 (MLK3) signaling in cardiomyocytes are essential for myocardial fibrosis in response to pressure overload. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:574. [PMID: 32710001 PMCID: PMC7382480 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-02777-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Chronic heart failure (CHF) is the final outcome of many cardiovascular diseases, and is a severe health issue faced by the elderly population. Mixed lineage kinase 3 (MLK3), a member of MAP3K family, is associated with aging, inflammation, oxidative stress, and related diseases, such as CHF. MLK3 has also been reported to play an important role in protecting against cardiomyocyte injury; however, its function in myocardial fibrosis is unknown. To investigate the role of MLK3 in myocardial fibrosis, we inhibited the expression of MLK3, and examined cardiac function and remodeling in TAC mice. In addition, we assessed the expression of MLK3 protein in ventricular cells and its downstream associated protein. We found that MLK3 mainly regulates NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling pathway-mediated inflammation and that pyroptosis causes myocardial fibrosis in the early stages of CHF. Similarly, MLK3 mainly regulates the JNK/p53 signaling pathway-mediated oxidative stress and that ferroptosis causes myocardial fibrosis in the advanced stages of CHF. We also found that promoting the expression of miR-351 can inhibit the expression of MLK3, and significantly improve cardiac function in mice subjected to TAC. These results suggest the pyroptosis and ferroptosis induced by MLK3 signaling in cardiomyocytes are essential for adverse myocardial fibrosis, in response to pressure overload. Furthermore, miR-351, which has a protective effect on ventricular remodeling in heart failure caused by pressure overload, may be a key target for the regulation of MLK3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyan Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China
- The First Clinical Medical School, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China
- Lingnan Medical Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China
| | - Bo Deng
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China
- The First Clinical Medical School, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China
- Lingnan Medical Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China
| | - Qing Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China
- The First Clinical Medical School, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China
- Lingnan Medical Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China
| | - Yusheng Huang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China
- The First Clinical Medical School, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China
- Lingnan Medical Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Heart Failure, Guangzhou, 510405, China
| | - Weitao Chen
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China
- The First Clinical Medical School, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China
- Lingnan Medical Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China
| | - Jing Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China
- The First Clinical Medical School, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China
- Lingnan Medical Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China
| | - Zheng Zhou
- The First Clinical Medical School, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China
- Lingnan Medical Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China
- The First Clinical Medical School, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China
- Lingnan Medical Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China
| | - Birong Liang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China
- The First Clinical Medical School, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China
- Lingnan Medical Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China
| | - Jiaqi He
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China
- The First Clinical Medical School, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China
- Lingnan Medical Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China
| | - Zixin Chen
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China
- The First Clinical Medical School, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China
- Lingnan Medical Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Heart Failure, Guangzhou, 510405, China
| | - Cui Yan
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China
- The First Clinical Medical School, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China
- Lingnan Medical Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China
| | - Zhongqi Yang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China
- The First Clinical Medical School, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China
- Lingnan Medical Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Heart Failure, Guangzhou, 510405, China
- National Clinical Research Base of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China
| | - Shaoxiang Xian
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China.
- The First Clinical Medical School, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China.
- Lingnan Medical Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China.
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Heart Failure, Guangzhou, 510405, China.
- National Clinical Research Base of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China.
| | - Lingjun Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China.
- The First Clinical Medical School, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China.
- Lingnan Medical Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China.
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Heart Failure, Guangzhou, 510405, China.
- National Clinical Research Base of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, China.
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22
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Heo YJ, Choi SE, Lee N, Jeon JY, Han SJ, Kim DJ, Kang Y, Lee KW, Kim HJ. CCL20 induced by visfatin in macrophages via the NF-κB and MKK3/6-p38 signaling pathways contributes to hepatic stellate cell activation. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:4285-4293. [PMID: 32418112 PMCID: PMC7295719 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05510-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines interact with hepatic resident cells during inflammation and fibrosis. CC chemokine ligand (CCL) 20 has been reported to be important in inflammation and fibrosis in the liver. We hypothesized that visfatin, an adipocytokine, could play a role in hepatic fibrosis via CCL20. We investigated the effect of visfatin on CCL20 in THP-1 human promonocytic cells and examined the molecular mechanisms involved. Following treatment of THP-1 cells with visfatin, CCL20 expression and secretion were assessed. We assessed the intracellular signaling molecules IKK/NF-κB, JAK2/STAT3, MAPKs, and MKK3/6 by western blotting. We treated THP-1 cells with visfatin and signaling inhibitors, and examined CCL20 mRNA and protein levels. To investigate the effect of visfatin-induced CCL20 expression in hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), LX-2 cells were co-cultured with the culture supernatant of THP-1 cells with or without anti-CCL20 neutralizing antibodies, and fibrosis markers were examined by RT-PCR and immunoblotting. In THP-1 cells, visfatin increased the CCL20 mRNA and protein levels. visfatin increased the activities of the NF-κB, p38, and MLK3/6 signaling pathways but not those of the JAK2/STAT3 and ERK pathways. Visfatin treatment together with an NF-κB, p38, or MLK3 inhibitor reduced the mRNA and protein levels of CCL20. The visfatin-induced CCL20 increased the expression of fibrosis markers and CCR6 in HSCs. Following neutralization of CCL20, the levels of fibrosis markers and CCR6 were decreased. Visfatin increases the expression of CCL20 via the NF-κB and MKK3/6-p38 signaling pathways in macrophages, and visfatin-induced CCL20 expression promotes the fibrosis markers in HSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Jung Heo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-E Choi
- Department of Physiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Nami Lee
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ajou University School of Medicine, 206, World cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Ja Young Jeon
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ajou University School of Medicine, 206, World cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Jin Han
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ajou University School of Medicine, 206, World cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Jung Kim
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ajou University School of Medicine, 206, World cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Yup Kang
- Department of Physiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwan Woo Lee
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ajou University School of Medicine, 206, World cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Jin Kim
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ajou University School of Medicine, 206, World cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea.
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Gallo KA, Ellsworth E, Stoub H, Conrad SE. Therapeutic potential of targeting mixed lineage kinases in cancer and inflammation. Pharmacol Ther 2019; 207:107457. [PMID: 31863814 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.107457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation of intracellular signaling pathways is a key attribute of diseases associated with chronic inflammation, including cancer. Mitogen activated protein kinases have emerged as critical conduits of intracellular signal transmission, yet due to their ubiquitous roles in cellular processes, their direct inhibition may lead to undesired effects, thus limiting their usefulness as therapeutic targets. Mixed lineage kinases (MLKs) are mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinases (MAP3Ks) that interact with scaffolding proteins and function upstream of p38, JNK, ERK, and NF-kappaB to mediate diverse cellular signals. Studies involving gene silencing, genetically engineered mouse models, and small molecule inhibitors suggest that MLKs are critical in tumor progression as well as in inflammatory processes. Recent advances indicate that they may be useful targets in some types of cancer and in diseases driven by chronic inflammation including neurodegenerative diseases and metabolic diseases such as nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. This review describes existing MLK inhibitors, the roles of MLKs in various aspects of tumor progression and in the control of inflammatory processes, and the potential for therapeutic targeting of MLKs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen A Gallo
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - Edmund Ellsworth
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Hayden Stoub
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Susan E Conrad
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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24
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Ma L, Cheng Y, Zeng J. MLK3 silence induces cervical cancer cell apoptosis via the Notch-1/autophagy network. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2019; 46:854-860. [PMID: 31192472 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Mixed-lineage kinase 3 (MLK3), the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase (MAP3K), has been recognized as a player in tumorigenesis and oncogenic signalling, yet its detailed functions and signalling in cervical cancer have not been fully elucidated. Here, we identify that cervical cancer cells display higher mRNA and protein levels of MLK3 than normal cervical epithelial squamous cells. In HeLa and SiHa cell, MLK3 knockdown using siRNA remarkably suppressed cell survival and promoted cell apoptosis, with increased expression of the apoptosis-related protein Bax and reduced Bcl-2. Moreover, MLK3 knockdown promoted cell autophagy, demonstrated by increased ratio of autophagy-related proteins LC3II/LC3I and decreased p62 expression in MLK3 depletion cells. Furthermore, MLK3 knockdown remarkably abolished Notch-1 expression in cervical cancer cells. By co-treating Hela cells with MLK3 specific siRNA and pcDNA3.1-Notch-1 overexpression plasmid or autophagy inhibitor 3-MA, we found that MLK3 played its role in cervical cancer cells via the Notch-1/autophagy network. Our results demonstrate the importance of MLK3 in cervical cancer progression via modulating the Notch-1/autophagy network, and suggest that MLK3 is a promising therapeutic target for cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liya Ma
- Clinical Skills Training Center of the Academic Affairs Department, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yongchong Cheng
- Anesthesiology Department, The Third PLA Hospital, Baoji, China
| | - Jingjie Zeng
- Department of Obstetrics, Xi'an Gaoxin Hospital, Xi'an, China
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25
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Sun Q, He Q, Xu J, Liu Q, Lu Y, Zhang Z, Xu X, Sun B. Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i)α2 aggravates hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury in mice by regulating MLK3 signaling. FASEB J 2019; 33:7049-7060. [PMID: 30840837 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201802462r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury is a major challenge in liver resection and transplantation surgeries. Previous studies have revealed that guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i)α2 (GNAI2) was involved in the progression of myocardial and cerebral I/R injury, but the role and function of GNAI2 in hepatic I/R have not been elucidated. The hepatocyte-specific GNAI2 knockout (GNAI2hep-/-) mice were generated and subjected to hepatic I/R injury. Primary hepatocytes isolated from GNAI2hep-/- and GNAI2flox/flox mice were cultured and challenged to hypoxia-reoxygenation insult. The specific function of GNAI2 in I/R-triggered hepatic injury and the underlying molecular mechanism were explored by various phenotypic analyses and molecular biology methods. In this study, we demonstrated that hepatic GNAI2 expression was significantly increased in liver transplantation patients and wild-type mice after hepatic I/R. Interestingly, hepatocyte-specific GNAI2 deficiency attenuated I/R-induced liver damage, inflammation cytokine expression, macrophage/neutrophil infiltration, and hepatocyte apoptosis in vivo and in vitro. Mechanistically, up-regulation of GNAI2 phosphorylates mixed-lineage protein kinase 3 (MLK3) through direct binding, which exacerbated hepatic I/R damage via MAPK and NF-κB pathway activation. Furthermore, blocking MLK3 signaling reversed GNAI2-mediated hepatic I/R injury. Our study firstly identifies GNAI2 as a promising target for prevention of hepatic I/R-induced injury and related liver diseases.-Sun, Q., He, Q., Xu, J., Liu, Q., Lu, Y., Zhang, Z., Xu, X., Sun, B. Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i)α2 aggravates hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury in mice by regulating MLK3 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qikai Sun
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; and
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Qifeng He
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; and
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianbo Xu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; and
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiaoyu Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; and
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Yijun Lu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; and
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Zechuan Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; and
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoliang Xu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; and
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Beicheng Sun
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; and
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
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Regulating Cdc42 and Its Signaling Pathways in Cancer: Small Molecules and MicroRNA as New Treatment Candidates. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23040787. [PMID: 29596304 PMCID: PMC6017947 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23040787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite great improvements in the diagnosis and treatment of neoplasms, metastatic disease is still the leading cause of death in cancer patients, with mortality rates still rising. Given this background, new ways to treat cancer will be important for development of improved cancer control strategies. Cdc42 is a member of the Rho GTPase family and plays an important role in cell-to-cell adhesion, formation of cytoskeletal structures, and cell cycle regulation. It thus influences cellular proliferation, transformation, and homeostasis, as well as the cellular migration and invasion processes underlying tumor formation. Cdc42 acts as a collection point for signal transduction and regulates multiple signaling pathways. Moreover, recent studies show that in most human cancers Cdc42 is abnormally expressed and promoting neoplastic growth and metastasis. Regarding possible new treatments for cancer, miRNA and small molecules targeting Cdc42 and related pathways have been recently found to be effective on cancer. In this review, we analyze the newly recognized regulation mechanisms for Cdc42 and Cdc42-related signal pathways, and particularly new treatments using small molecules and miRNAs to inhibit the abnormal overexpression of Cdc42 that may slow down the metastasis process, improve cancer therapy and lead to novel strategies for development of antineoplastic drugs.
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27
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Jin J, Lv H, Wu J, Li D, Chen K, Zhang F, Han J, Feng J, Zhang N, Yu H, Su D, Ying L. Regenerating Family Member 4 (Reg4) Enhances 5-Fluorouracil Resistance of Gastric Cancer Through Activating MAPK/Erk/Bim Signaling Pathway. Med Sci Monit 2017; 23:3715-3721. [PMID: 28759561 PMCID: PMC5549713 DOI: 10.12659/msm.903134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reg4, a member of the Reg multigene family, is highly upregulated in many gastrointestinal cancers including gastric cancer (GC). The enhanced expression of Reg4 is associated with the resistance of GC to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), while the underlying mechanism is not clear. The aim of the present study was to explore the resistant mechanism underlying 5-FU resistance. MATERIAL AND METHODS Reg4 expression was assessed by Western blot analysis for SGC-7901, BGC-823, AGS, MKN28, and MKN45. Synthetic short single strand RNA oligonucleotides and Flag-Reg4 plasmid were used to investigate the biological function of Reg4 in vitro. The cell viability assay was performed by MTT. Flow cytometry was carried out to measure the apoptosis caused by 5-FU. Reverse-transcriptase quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was used to examine the expression of 5-FU metabolism related enzymes. The effect of Reg4 on intracellular signaling was evaluated by Western blot. RESULTS Western blot analysis of 5 GC cells showed that Reg4 was low or null in SGC-7901 and BGC-823, while high in AGS, MKN28, and MKN45. Over-expression of flag-Reg4 in SGC-7901 led to an increase in cell viability and lower apoptosis with 5-FU treatment. In contrast, siRNA knockdown of Reg4 enhanced 5-FU induced apoptosis. However, over-expression or knockdown of Reg4 had no significant influence on the expression of 5-FU metabolic enzymes. Further investigation revealed that Reg4 could activate Erk1/2-Bim-caspase3 cascade. CONCLUSIONS Reg4 inhibited apoptosis through regulating MAPK/Erk/Bim signaling pathway and thereby enhanced the resistance of GC to 5-FU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaoyue Jin
- Cancer Research Institute, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital and Key Laboratory Diagnosis and Treatment Technology on Thoracic Oncology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Hang Lv
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Diagnosis and Treatment of Digestive System Tumor, Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Junzhou Wu
- Cancer Research Institute, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital and Key Laboratory Diagnosis and Treatment Technology on Thoracic Oncology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Dan Li
- Cancer Research Institute, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital and Key Laboratory Diagnosis and Treatment Technology on Thoracic Oncology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Kaiyan Chen
- Cancer Research Institute, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital and Key Laboratory Diagnosis and Treatment Technology on Thoracic Oncology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Fanrong Zhang
- Cancer Research Institute, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital and Key Laboratory Diagnosis and Treatment Technology on Thoracic Oncology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Jing Han
- Tissue Bank, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Jianguo Feng
- Cancer Research Institute, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital and Key Laboratory Diagnosis and Treatment Technology on Thoracic Oncology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Cancer Research Institute, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital and Key Laboratory Diagnosis and Treatment Technology on Thoracic Oncology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Herbert Yu
- Cancer Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, U.S.A
| | - Dan Su
- Cancer Research Institute, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital and Key Laboratory Diagnosis and Treatment Technology on Thoracic Oncology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | - Lisha Ying
- Cancer Research Institute, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital and Key Laboratory Diagnosis and Treatment Technology on Thoracic Oncology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P.R. China
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28
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Rattanasinchai C, Llewellyn BJ, Conrad SE, Gallo KA. MLK3 regulates FRA-1 and MMPs to drive invasion and transendothelial migration in triple-negative breast cancer cells. Oncogenesis 2017; 6:e345. [PMID: 28604765 PMCID: PMC5519193 DOI: 10.1038/oncsis.2017.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mixed-lineage kinase 3 (MLK3), a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase (MAP3K), has critical roles in metastasis of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), in part by regulating paxillin phosphorylation and focal adhesion turnover. However the mechanisms and the distinct step(s) of the metastatic processes through which MLK3 exerts its influence are not fully understood. Here we report that in non-metastatic, estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer (ER+ BC) cells, induced MLK3 expression robustly upregulates the oncogenic transcription factor, FOS-related antigen-1 (FRA-1), which is accompanied by elevation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), MMP-1 and MMP-9. MLK3-induced ER+ BC cell invasion is abrogated by FRA-1 silencing, demonstrating that MLK3 drives invasion through FRA-1. Conversely, in metastatic TNBC models, high FRA-1 levels are significantly reduced upon depletion of MLK3 by either gene silencing or by the CRISPR/Cas9n editing approach. Furthermore, ablation of MLK3 or MLK inhibitor treatment decreases expression of both MMP-1 and MMP-9. Consistent with the role of tumor cell-derived MMP-1 in endothelial permeability and transendothelial migration, both of these are reduced in MLK3-depleted TNBC cells. In addition, MLK inhibitor treatment or MLK3 depletion, which downregulates MMP-9 expression, renders TNBC cells defective in Matrigel invasion. Furthermore, circulating tumor cells derived from TNBC-bearing mice display increased levels of FRA-1 and MMP-1 compared with parental cells, supporting a role for the MLK3–FRA-1–MMP-1 signaling axis in vascular intravasation. Our results demonstrating the requirement for MLK3 in controlling the FRA-1/MMPs axis suggest that MLK3 is a promising therapeutic target for treatment of TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Rattanasinchai
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.,Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - B J Llewellyn
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - S E Conrad
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - K A Gallo
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.,Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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29
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Jafari SM, Joshaghani HR, Panjehpour M, Aghaei M, Zargar Balajam N. Apoptosis and cell cycle regulatory effects of adenosine by modulation of GLI-1 and ERK1/2 pathways in CD44 + and CD24 - breast cancer stem cells. Cell Prolif 2017; 50. [PMID: 28370734 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Breast cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a small population of tumour cells with the ability of self-renewal and resistance to chemotherapy. Targeting CSCs is a promising strategy for treatment of cancer. A recent study demonstrated that adenosine receptor agonists inhibit glioblastoma CSCs proliferation. At present, the effect of adenosine on breast CSCs has not been reported. Therefore, this study was designed to evaluate the effect of adenosine and its signalling pathways in breast CSCs. MATERIALS AND METHODS Anti-proliferative effect of adenosine on breast CSCs was evaluated by mammosphere formation and MTS assay. The effect of adenosine on cell cycle progression was examined using flow cytometry. Detection of apoptosis was conducted by Annexin V-FITC. The expression levels of cell cycle and apoptosis regulatory proteins as well as ERK1/2, and GLI-1 were measured by Western blot. RESULTS Adenosine reduced CSCs population and mammosphere formation in breast CSCs. Adenosine induced G1 cell cycle arrest in breast CSCs in conjunction with a marked down-regulation of cyclin D1 and CDK4. Adenosine also induced apoptosis by regulation of Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, mitochondrial membrane potential depletion and activation of caspase-6. Moreover, adenosine inhibited ERK1/2 phosphorylation and GLI-1 protein expression. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicated that adenosine induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis through inhibition of GLI-1 and ERK1/2 pathways in breast CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Jafari
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - H R Joshaghani
- Medical Laboratory Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - M Panjehpour
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.,Bioinformatics Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - M Aghaei
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.,Isfahan Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - N Zargar Balajam
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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30
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Pavan AR, Silva GDBD, Jornada DH, Chiba DE, Fernandes GFDS, Man Chin C, Dos Santos JL. Unraveling the Anticancer Effect of Curcumin and Resveratrol. Nutrients 2016; 8:nu8110628. [PMID: 27834913 PMCID: PMC5133053 DOI: 10.3390/nu8110628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2016] [Revised: 09/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Resveratrol and curcumin are natural products with important therapeutic properties useful to treat several human diseases, including cancer. In the last years, the number of studies describing the effect of both polyphenols against cancer has increased; however, the mechanism of action in all of those cases is not completely comprehended. The unspecific effect and the ability to interfere in assays by both polyphenols make this challenge even more difficult. Herein, we analyzed the anticancer activity of resveratrol and curcumin reported in the literature in the last 11 years, in order to unravel the molecular mechanism of action of both compounds. Molecular targets and cellular pathways will be described. Furthermore, we also discussed the ability of these natural products act as chemopreventive and its use in association with other anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Renata Pavan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista, Araraquara 14800903, Brazil.
| | | | | | - Diego Eidy Chiba
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista, Araraquara 14800903, Brazil.
| | | | - Chung Man Chin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista, Araraquara 14800903, Brazil.
| | - Jean Leandro Dos Santos
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista, Araraquara 14800903, Brazil.
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