Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Zingiber officinale roscoe and Allium subhirsutum: In Silico, Biochemical and Histological Study

Exploration of anti-inflammatory activity of pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine/1,2,4-oxadiazole hybrids as COX-2, 5-LOX and NO release inhibitors: Design, synthesis, in silico and in vivo studies

New pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine derivatives 7a-h and 8a-h were synthesized and evaluated for their in vitro inhibitory potential against COX-1, COX-2, 5-LOX along with the NO release inhibitory activity to assess their anti-inflammatory potential. Most compounds confered inhibitory activity at a micromolar level and exhibited prominent selectivity towards COX-2 especially in the 8a-h series. The most useful compound 8e as a COX-2/5-LOX dual inhibitor, exhibited IC50 results of; 1.837 µM for COX-2, 2.662 µM for 5-LOX with an acceptable NO release inhibition rate of 66.02 %. Compounds 7e, 7f, 8e and 8f proved their efficiency as 5-LOX/NO release dual inhibitors; with IC50 values of 2.833, 1.952, 2.662 and 1.573 µM, respectively for 5-LOX biotarget, and with superior NO inhibitory ratio of 73.85, 65.57, 66.02 and 72.28 %, respectively. The in vivo anti-inflammatory assay explored that 7e is the most effective with minimal gastric ulceration prevalence. Molecular docking in the active site of both COX-2 and 5-LOX showed that, the most active 8e and 7e are correctly oriented inside the COX-2 binding pocket with unique binding mode independently on the reference celecoxib. Also, they demonstrated superior binding affinities to the 5-LOX enzyme over both the Zileuton as a reference drug and the normal ligand 30Z. The stability of the complex formed between the most promising candidates 7e or 8e with the COX-2 and 5-LOX active sites, was considered using a typical atomistic 100 ns dynamic simulation study. Investigation of the SAR revealed the importance of both the sulfonamide group in the 8a-h series and the substituents of the 3-phenyl ring tethered on the 1,2,4-oxadiazole core.

The Effect of Incorporating Fermented Elderberries (Sambucus nigra) into Bread: Quality, Shelf Life, and Biological Enhancement

Elderberries, known for their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiviral properties, have traditionally been used to prevent and treat infections and boost the immune system. By increasing the quantity and quality of certain compounds, fermentation can potentially make them more effective as food additives. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of incorporating fermented elderberries on the bioactivity and shelf life of a traditional bread. The elderberry fermentation process was optimised using Saccharomyces cerevisiae, guided by a Plackett-Burman experimental design. The aim was to assess the impact of incorporating fermented elderberries into bread on its bioactive properties and shelf life. The fermentation of the elderberries was found to enhance their bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity. The total phenolic content ranged from 8.63 to 20.56 mg GAE/g (in samples without and with 2% extract, respectively). The antioxidant capacity, measured using the FRAP method, also showed a significant increase with the addition of the extract (from 9.16 to 26.66 mg Fe (II) E/g of the sample). Furthermore, bread enriched with fermented elderberry extracts demonstrated an extended shelf life during the study period.

Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Potential of Cymbopogon nardus Ethanol Extract on 3T3-L1 Cells

Purpose

Cymbopogon nardus (L). Rendle has traditionally been recognized for its medicinal properties. Recent studies have suggested that its bioactive constituents possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. However, there is limited scientific evidence of its cellular effects. Given that the pathogenesis of many diseases involves oxidative stress and inflammation, this study aimed to evaluate the potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of the plant extracts in 3T3-L1 cells.

Methods

Phytochemical screening of C. nardus extracts was performed to identify bioactive compounds. Antioxidant activity of the extract was assessed using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) assays. Toxicity was evaluated using the MTT assay. Additionally, the effects of the extract on the gene expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) in menadione-induced 3T3-L1 cells, as well as interleukin-6 (IL-6) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced 3T3-L1 cells, were investigated.

Results

Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of phenolics, tannins, alkaloids, and flavonoids in the ethanolic extracts. The extract demonstrated antioxidant activity, with IC50 values of 178.06 ppm for DPPH and 220 ppm for SOD. It did not affect the viability of 3T3-L1 cells at concentrations of up to 500 ppm. At 100 ppm, the extract increased cell viability (p<0.05) and reduced HIF-1α expression in the menadione-treated cells (p<0.05). Additionally, it decreased the expression of IL-6 and COX-2 in LPS-induced cells (p<0.05).

Conclusion

The ethanol extract of C. nardus demonstrated promising potential as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent in 3T3-L1 cells. Further analysis is recommended to confirm the potential.

Lipid nanocarrier-based bigel of Piper betel oil for analgesic and anti-inflammatory applications

Present study reports analgesic and anti-inflammatory potential of Piper betel (L.) leaf oil loaded lipid nanocarrier (BLNs)-embedded bigel. BLNs were developed by solvent evaporation technique and were characterised by FESEM, Cryo-TEM, mean diameter, zeta potential, loading efficiency, etc. BLNs embedded bigel (BLNs-G) was evaluated for analgesic and anti-inflammatory efficacy in rat model. Data showed spherical BLNs with intact lamellarity, 138.2 ± 1.08 nm mean diameter, 0.182 PDI, -46.6 ± 0.61 mV zeta potential, 76.2 ± 2.1% (w/w) loading efficiency and a sustained release in vitro. BLNs-G was homogenous with satisfied viscosity (40 734 ± 1.7 cps), spreadability (8.3 ± 1.5 g.cm sec-1), extrudability (91.33 ± 1.3% w/w) along with a sustained permeation ex vivo. Significant analgesic and anti-inflammatory action were depicted by BLNs-G (1% w/w) in rat model (p ˂ 0.05) within 30 minutes post topical application. In silico docking study revealed high affinity of major phytoactive components with key analgesic/inflammatory mediators. Further pre-clinical investigations are warranted for futuristic clinical application of BLNs-G.

Zingiber officinale Uncovered: Integrating Experimental and Computational Approaches to Antibacterial and Phytochemical Profiling

BACKGROUND

Zingiber officinale rhizome is widely cultivated in the central region of Sudan (Gezira) and data on the biological properties of this variety grown in Sudan's climate are scarce. This study aims to comprehensively analyze the antibacterial, antioxidant, phytochemical, and GC-MS properties of Zingiber officinale (ginger rhizome) to explore its potential applications.

METHODS AND RESULTS

The in vitro antibacterial assessment of the aqueous extract of Sudanese ginger revealed moderate activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumonia, as determined by the disc diffusion method. The inhibition zones ranged from 12.87 ± 0.11 mm to 14.5 ± 0.12 mm at 30 µg/disc. The minimum inhibitory concentration ranged from 6.25 to 25 µg/mL, while the MBC ranged from 25 to 50 µg/mL. The MBC/MIC exhibited a bactericidal effect against all tested bacteria. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of various chemical constituents, such as saponins, flavonoids, glycosides, alkaloids, steroids, terpenoids, and the absence of tannins in Sudanese ginger rhizome. Furthermore, GC-MS analysis of ginger rhizome identified 22 chemical compounds with retention times ranging from 7.564 to 17.023 min. The identification of 22 chemical compounds through GC-MS analysis further underscores the prospect of harnessing ginger rhizome for the development of novel medications. Computational analyses showed that ginger compounds bind the Protein Data Bank (PDB) codes 1JIJ and 2QZW with high binding affinities, reaching -9.5 kcal/mol. Ginger compounds also established promising molecular interactions with some key residues, satisfactorily explaining the in vitro results and supporting the pharmacokinetic and experimental findings.

CONCLUSIONS

This study lays the groundwork for future research and pharmaceutical exploration aimed at harnessing the beneficial properties of ginger rhizome for medicinal and therapeutic purposes, particularly its antimicrobial potential.

Ginger and its constituents in asthma: a mini-review

OBJECTIVE

The primary objective of this review is to focus on research findings that aim to determine the immunomodulatory action of ginger's active components and the molecular mechanisms that reduce asthma. The study aims to provide an overview of the scientific literature available on ginger's efficacy in treating allergic asthma.

DATA SOURCE

The mouse model of asthma has been used to investigate the actions of ginger and its active compounds on allergies and asthma. Various studies and scientific literature on ginger's health-improving qualities and its traditional use have been examined.

RESULTS

The findings indicate that ginger and its active ingredients have anti-asthmatic features and a suppressive impact on mast cell production of histamine. Animals given ginger and compounds derived from ginger demonstrate a notable reduction in allergic response, suggesting a significant role in lowering the allergic reaction.

CONCLUSION

While ginger shows promise as a potential treatment for allergies and asthma due to its anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antidiabetic, anticancer, and antioxidant effects, further examination, extrapolation, and confirmation of these results are necessary before utilizing ginger and its active components in human treatments. This review highlights the need for additional research and provides an overview of the current scientific literature on ginger's efficacy in treating allergic asthma.

Ethnomedical knowledge of plants used in alternative medicine to treat hemorrhoidal diseases in Lubumbashi, Haut-Katanga province, Southern Democratic Republic of Congo

BACKGROUND

A variety of medicinal plants are used in traditional medicine in Lubumbashi for the management of hemorrhoidal diseases. However, no investigation has been conducted to gather the knowledge required for this type of management in the region. The present study was conducted to inventory the plants used in Lubumbashi to treat hemorrhoidal diseases and to relate their ethnomedical characteristics.

METHODS

This study was conducted between March 2022 and February 2023 by interviews using semi-structured questionnaire with households (n = 1520), herbalists (n = 25), and traditional healers: THs (n = 59).

RESULTS

The 1,604 respondents (sex ratio M/F = 0.9; mean age: 56 ± 3 years; experience: 12 ± 3 years) provided information on 100 taxa, 84 of which are used against internal hemorrhoids, Phyllanthus amarus being the most cited (Citation Index, CI: 0.76). Most of them are trees (38%) or shrubs (32%), belonging to 90 genera and 45 families dominated by the Fabaceae (10%) and Asteraceae (9%). They are indicated in 76 other pathologies, dominated by gastrointestinal disorders (GID), wounds and sexually transmitted infections (CI > 0.57). From these 100 taxa, 117 anti-hemorrhoidal formulations were derived, 11 of which combined more than one plant. In all these recipes, the leaf is the most commonly used part (> 60%) and the liniment (> 45%) is the most popular form of application. For the first time, this study reports 14 taxa as plants used in the treatment of hemorrhoids. Among these taxa, Ficus stuhlmannii, Ficus laurifolia, and Ocimum centraliafricanum are listed as medicinal plants for the first time. Khaya nyasica, and Syzygium cordatum, each with 11 uses, have the highest traditional medicinal value.

CONCLUSION

The findings of this study indicate that a significant number of medicinal plants are used in traditional medicine in Lubumbashi for the treatment of hemorrhoidal diseases. Some of these plants are endemic to the biodiversity area, while others are shared with other cultures and regions. A series of pharmacological studies is currently underway with the objective of validating the anti-hemorrhoidal properties of these plants and in order to identify phytochemical compounds responsible of this activity.

Exploring Synergistic Inhibition of Inflammatory and Antioxidant Potential: Integrated In Silico and In Vitro Analyses of Garcinia mangostana, Curcuma comosa, and Acanthus ebracteatus

Compared with the use of a single herb alone, herb combinations can significantly increase their effectiveness in treating various diseases. The objective of this research was to determine the appropriate proportions of Garcinia mangostana (GM), Curcuma comosa (CC), and Acanthus ebracteatus (AE) to enhance their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The study employed computer modeling (in silico) and laboratory testing (in vitro). The optimal levels of phenolic and flavonoid compounds were achieved with a ratio of 15 parts GM, 5 parts CC, and 10 parts AE. In contrast, the 10 : 15 : 5 ratio resulted in the highest antioxidant activity, reducing DPPH radicals by 80.33% and ABTS radicals by 92.20%. The ratio had a synergistic effect and was within the safe range, ranging from 82.97 to 147.04 µg/mL. The ratio of 5 : 10 : 15 had the greatest anti-inflammatory effects, with an exceptional activity level of 98.86%. It effectively suppressed 23 genes or proteins, including the prominent NFE2L2 gene, and had a synergistic effect. This combination effectively inhibits inflammation (IC50: 12.05 µg/mL) and is safe for macrophages at concentrations up to 50 µg/mL. These findings emphasize the potential of these herbal mixtures for antioxidant and anti-inflammatory applications.

Chemical Composition, Nutritional Value, Antioxidative, and In Vivo Anti-inflammatory Activities of Opuntia Stricta Cladode

The cactus family plant has been used in folk medicine for a long time. In this work, Opuntia stricta chemical composition and its antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties were investigated. Our results showed that O. stricta is highly rich in fibers and minerals. The present study assessed the levels of polyphenol contents and antioxidant and in vivo anti-inflammatory activities. The highest phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity were observed in the methanolic extract. Concerning the qualitative analysis, nine phenolic and organic acids were identified and quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Luteolin-7-Glu (4.25 μg/g), apigenin-7-Glu (3.15 μg/g), and catechin (2.85 μg/g) were identified as major phenolic compounds. The predominant fatty acids detected by gas chromatography (GC) coupled to a flame ionization detector were linoleic and linolenic acids (35.11%). A factorial design plan was used to determine the effect of temperature, agitation speed, and maceration period on phenolic contents. In vivo, the methanol extract from Opuntia stricta showed anti-inflammatory activity. The computational modeling reveals that O. stricta compounds bind VEGF, IL-6, and TNF-α with high binding scores that reach -8.7 kcal/mol and establish significant molecular interactions with some key residues that satisfactorily explain both in vitro and in vivo findings. These data indicate that Opuntia stricta cladode powder could be potentially useful in pharmaceutical and food applications.

Unraveling the interconversion pharmacokinetics and oral bioavailability of the major ginger constituents: [6]-gingerol, [6]-shogaol, and zingerone after single-dose administration in rats

Background

The available in vitro evidences suggest the inherent instability and interconvertibility of [6]-gingerol and [6]-shogaol. However, limited data on their in vivo interconversion hinder understanding of their influence on the pharmacokinetic profiles.

Purpose

This study presents the first comprehensive in vivo investigation aiming to determine the interconversion pharmacokinetics in rats, and elucidate the oral bioavailability, target distribution, biotransformation, and excretion profiles of the key ginger constituents, [6]-gingerol, [6]-shogaol, and zingerone.

Methods

The pharmacokinetics was investigated through single intravenous (3 mg/kg) or oral (30 mg/kg) administration of [6]-gingerol, [6]-shogaol, or zingerone, followed by the determination of their tissue distribution after oral dosing (30 mg/kg). Intravenous pharmacokinetics was leveraged to evaluate the interconversion, circumventing potential confounders associated with the oral route.

Results

All rats tolerated these compounds throughout the pharmacokinetic study. The parent compounds exhibited rapid but partial absorption, and extensive organ distribution with substantial biotransformation, thereby limiting the oral bioavailability of each compound to below 2% when administered as pure compounds. Conversion of [6]-gingerol to [6]-shogaol after intravenous administration, demonstrated a significantly larger clearance compared to the reverse conversion ([6]-shogaol to [6]-gingerol). The irreversible metabolic clearance for both compounds was significantly greater than their reversible bioconversions. Furthermore, [6]-gingerol underwent biotransformation to zingerone. Conjugated glucuronides were eliminated partly through renal excretion, with minimal fecal excretion.

Conclusion

This in vivo investigation demonstrates the influence of interconversion on the disposition kinetics of [6]-gingerol, [6]-shogaol, and zingerone, as evidenced by the findings in the systemic circulation. The study further highlights the importance of considering this interconversion and tissue distribution when determining the administration dosage of ginger constituent combinations for therapeutic benefits and clinical applications.

Anti-Vasculogenic, Antioxidant, and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Sulfated Polysaccharide Derived from Codium tomentosum: Pharmacokinetic Assay

The purpose of this paper was to investigate the anti-inflammatory and anti-angiogenic activities of sulfated polysaccharide from C. tomentosum (PCT) using carrageenan (CARR)-induced paw edema in a rat model and anti-vasculogenic activity on a chorioallantoic membrane assay (CAM) model. Based on in vitro tests of anti-radical, total antioxidant, and reducing power activities, PCT presents a real interest via its antioxidant activity and ability to scavenge radical species. The in vivo pharmacological tests suggest that PCT possesses anti-inflammatory action by reducing paw edema and leukocyte migration, maintaining the redox equilibrium, and stabilizing the cellular level of several pro-/antioxidant system markers. It could significantly decrease the malondialdehyde levels and increase superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione activities in local paw edema and erythrocytes during the acute inflammatory reaction of CARR. PCT pretreatment was effective against DNA alterations in the blood lymphocytes of inflamed rats and reduced the hematological alteration by restoring blood parameters to normal levels. The anti-angiogenic activity results revealed that CAM neovascularization, defined as the formation of new vessel numbers and branching patterns, was decreased by PCT in a dose-dependent manner, which supported the in silico bioavailability and pharmacokinetic findings. These results indicated the therapeutic effects of polysaccharides from C. tomentosum and their possible use as anti-proliferative molecules based on their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-angiogenic activities.

Anti-Inflammatory and Immunomodulatory Properties of a Crude Polysaccharide Derived from Green Seaweed Halimeda tuna: Computational and Experimental Evidences

In this study, we investigated for the first time the anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties of crude polysaccharide (PSHT) extracted from green marine algae Halimeda tuna. PSHT exhibited anti-oxidant activity in vitro through scavenging 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydroxyl free radical, reducing Fe3+/ferricyanide complex, and inhibiting nitric oxide. PSHT maintained the erythrocyte membrane integrity and prevented hemolysis. Our results also showed that PSHT exerted a significant anti-edematic effect in vivo by decreasing advanced oxidation protein products and malondialdehyde levels and increasing the superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities in rat's paw model and erythrocytes. Interestingly, PSHT increased the viability of murine RAW264.7 macrophages and exerted an anti-inflammatory effect on lipopolysaccharide-stimulated cells by decreasing pro-inflammatory molecule levels, including nitric oxide, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). Our findings indicate that PSHT could be used as a potential immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, anti-hemolytic, and anti-oxidant agent. These results could be explained by the computational findings showing that polysaccharide building blocks bound both cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and TNF-α with acceptable affinities.

Zingiber officinale Root Capsule Extract Synergistically Enhance the Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Diclofenac Sodium in Experimental Acute Inflammation

The present study aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of ginger (Zingiber officinale) root capsule extract (GRCE) in doses of 100 mg/kg b.w. (body weight) and 200 mg/kg b.w. alone and in combination with a low dose (5 mg/kg b.w.) of diclofenac sodium (D) on carrageenan-induced acute inflammation (AI). The association of GRCE in a dose of 200 mg/kg b.w. with D offered the highest inhibition percentage for edema, reaching the maximum level of inhibition (95%) after 24 h. The association of GRCE in a dose of 200 mg/kg b.w. with D showed the ability to reduce tissue inflammatory changes when compared to D alone, while GRCE alone did not exhibit such properties. The association of both doses of GRCE with D showed significantly lower plasma and tissue levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) by up to 55% (p ≤ 0.0317), with the best results obtained by the group who received GRCE in the higher dose. These associations reduced the serum and tissue levels of prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (COX-2) by up to 71% (p ≤ 0.0371). In conclusion, the association of GRCE with a low dose of D could be an appropriate combination to decrease the dose used to reduce serum and tissue levels of inflammatory molecules, edema, and histological changes in acute inflammation. Further research will be necessary to achieve clinical evaluation.

Dextran coated iron oxide nanoparticles loaded with protocatechuic acid as multifunctional therapeutic agents

Nowadays, there is a growing interest in multifunctional therapeutic agents as valuable tools to improve and expand the applicability field of traditional bioactive compounds. In this context, the synthesis and main characteristics of dextran-coated iron oxide nanoparticles (IONP-Dex) loaded with both an antioxidant, protocatechuic acid (PCA), and an antibiotic, ceftazidime (CAZ) or levofloxacin (LEV) are herein reported for the first time, with emphasis on the potentiation effect of PCA on drugs activity. All nanoparticles were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, vibrating sample magnetometry, differential scanning calorimetry and dynamic light scattering. As evidenced by DPPH method, IONP-Dex loaded with PCA and LEV had similar antioxidant activity like those with PCA only, but higher than PCA and CAZ loaded ones. A synergy of action between PCA and each antibiotic co-loaded on IONP-Dex has been highlighted by an enhanced activity against reference bacterial strains, such as S. aureus and E. coli after 40 min of incubation. It was concluded that PCA, which is the main cause of the antioxidative properties of loaded nanoparticles, further improves the antimicrobial activity of IONP-Dex nanoparticles when was co-loaded with CAZ or LEV antibiotics. All constructs also showed a good biocompatibility with normal human dermal fibroblasts.

Research progress on ginger polysaccharides: extraction, purification and structure-bioactivity relationship

Ginger is a widespread source of herbal medicine and traditional spices. Among its various bioactive components, ginger polysaccharides (GPs) have attracted the attention of researchers worldwide because of their significant bioactivity. Recent studies have demonstrated the antioxidant, antitumour, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, hypoglycaemic, cough suppressant and thrombotic anticoagulant effects of GPs. However, the structure-bioactivity relationship of GPs has yet to be comprehensively investigated. This review aims to explore all the current published studies on GPs. It further examines various aspects, including the extraction and purification methods, structure, bioactivity, application and structure-bioactivity relationship of GPs. Thus, this review intends to provide a reference for future GP-related research and development.

Phytochemical Composition and Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Humboldtia sanjappae Sasidh. & Sujanapal, an Endemic Medicinal Plant to the Western Ghats

Ethnomedicinal plants are important sources of drug candidates, and many of these plants, especially in the Western Ghats, are underexplored. Humboldtia, a genus within the Fabaceae family, thrives in the biodiversity of the Western Ghats, Kerala, India, and holds significant ethnobotanical importance. However, many Humboldtia species remain understudied in terms of their biological efficacy, while some lack scientific validation for their traditional uses. However, Humboldtia sanjappae, an underexplored plant, was investigated for the phytochemical composition of the plant, and its antioxidant, enzyme-inhibitory, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial activities were assessed. The LC-MS analysis indicated the presence of several bioactive substances, such as Naringenin, Luteolin, and Pomiferin. The results revealed that the ethanol extract of H. sanjappae exhibited significant in vitro DPPH scavenging activity (6.53 ± 1.49 µg/mL). Additionally, it demonstrated noteworthy FRAP (Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power) activity (8.46 ± 1.38 µg/mL). Moreover, the ethanol extract of H. sanjappae exhibited notable efficacy in inhibiting the activities of α-amylase (47.60 ± 0.19µg/mL) and β-glucosidase (32.09 ± 0.54 µg/mL). The pre-treatment with the extract decreased the LPS-stimulated release of cytokines in the Raw 264.7 macrophages, demonstrating the anti-inflammatory potential. Further, the antibacterial properties were also evident in both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The observed high zone of inhibition in the disc diffusion assay and MIC values were also promising. H. sanjappae displays significant anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antidiabetic, and antibacterial properties, likely attributable to its rich composition of various biological compounds such as Naringenin, Luteolin, Epicatechin, Maritemin, and Pomiferin. Serving as a promising reservoir of these beneficial molecules, the potential of H. sanjappae as a valuable source for bioactive ingredients within the realms of nutraceutical and pharmaceutical industries is underscored, showcasing its potential for diverse applications.

Do functional traits and biochemical biomarkers of the nematode Oncholaimus campylocercoides De Coninck and Schuurmans Stekhoven, 1933 affected by fluoranthene and polystyrene microplastics? Results from a microcosm bioassay and molecular modeling

The current experiment measured the multifaceted effects of polystyrene and fluoranthene, acting alone or in a mixture, on the meiobenthic nematode species Oncholaimus campylocercoides. This Oncholaimid was first experimentally selected from an entire nematode assemblage taken from the Jeddah coasts (Saudi Arabia). Several discernible changes were found in morphometry and functional traits after exposure to single and combined treatments. An increase in the activity of the biochemical biomarkers catalase and glutathione S-transferase was also observed following the exposure of males and gravid females of O. campylocercoides to 37.5 ng fluoranthene·g-1 dry weight (DW) and 62.5 mg polystyrene·kg-1 DW paralleled by a higher vulnerability of females. Moreover, the reproduction and feeding of this species were impaired, starting from 37.5 ng fluoranthene·g-1 and 62.5 mg polystyrene·kg-1, respectively. These results have been confirmed by good binding affinities and molecular interactions of fluoranthene and polystyrene with both GLD-3 and SDP receptors.

Ginger (Zingiber officinale) Root Capsules Enhance Analgesic and Antioxidant Efficacy of Diclofenac Sodium in Experimental Acute Inflammation

Our study aimed to evaluate the analgesic and antioxidant effects of ginger (Zingiber officinale) root capsule extract (GRCE) in addition to diclofenac (D) sodium treatment in carrageenan-induced acute inflammation (AI). Seven groups of eight Wistar-Bratislava white rats were included in the study. One group was the control (C), and AI was induced in the other six groups. The following treatments were applied: saline solution for C and AI groups, D for the AID group, GRCE for two groups and GRCE and D for another two groups. The GRCE was administered by gavage in two doses (100 mg/Kg b.w. or 200 mg/kg b.w.), while D was administered intraperitoneally in a dose of 5 mg/kg b.w. The association of GRCE with this low dose of diclofenac reduced pain threshold and improved mobility with the best results for the dose of 200 mg/kg b.w. Moreover, this combination reduced, better than D alone, the serum levels of the evaluated pro-oxidant parameters (malondialdehyde, the indirect assessment of NO synthesis, total oxidative status and oxidative stress index) up to 78%, especially oxidative stress index (p < 0.0001). GRCE alone slightly improved the antioxidant parameters (total antioxidant capacity and total thiols), but when associated with, D the results were better, especially for total thiols as their plasma levels increased up to 50% (p < 0.0010), with the best results obtained for the 200 mg/kg b.w. dose of GRCE. In conclusion, ginger root capsules associated with diclofenac might offer additional antioxidant and analgesic effects in a dose-dependent manner in acute inflammation.

Zingiber officinale Roscoe Rhizome Extract Exerts Senomorphic and Anti-Inflammatory Activities on Human Endothelial Cells

Aging is related to a low-grade and sterile inflammation called inflammaging, recognized as the main risk factor for age-related disease (ARD) development. Inflammaging is fostered by the repeated activation of immune cells, as well as by the accumulation of senescent cells. Recently, a number of natural compounds have gained attention to be tested as anti-aging therapies, based on their anti-inflammatory activity and/or ability to reduce the pro-inflammatory secretome of senescent cells (senomorphyc activity). Here, we investigated the anti-inflammatory and senomorphic properties of an Asian-native Zingiber officinale Roscoe extract (ZOE), commonly consumed as a food spice and herbal medicine. We employed two models of primary endothelial cells (HUVECs), such as the replicative-senescence and LPS-induced response, to investigate the anti-inflammatory/senomorphic effect of ZOE, and one cellular model of neuroinflammation, i.e., immortalized murine microglial cells (BV2). First, we found that the ZOE treatment induced the inhibition of NF-kB activation in BV2 cells. Among the constituents of ZOE, we showed that the terpenoid-enriched fraction (ZTE) was the component able to counteract the phosphorylation of NF-kB(p65), while 6-gingerol (GIN) and 6-shogaol (SHO) did not produce any significant effect. Further, we observed that the treatment with 10 µg/mL of ZOE exerted anti-inflammatory activity on LPS-stimulated young (y)HUVEC and senomorphyc activity on replicative senescent (s)HUVEC, significantly reducing the expression levels of IL-1β, TNF -α, IL-8, MCP-1, and ICAM-1. Moreover, the ZTE treatment was able to significantly reduce the IL-8 levels secreted in the medium of both LPS-stimulated yHUVEC and sHUVEC. Overall, our data suggest a potential protective role of ZOE on neuroinflammation and endothelial inflammation/activation, thus suggesting its potential relevance in delaying/postponing ARD development and progression, characterized by endothelial dysfunction.

A subcritical water extract of soil grown Zingiber officinale Roscoe: Comparative analysis of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects and evaluation of bioactive metabolites

Introduction: Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) can scavenge free radicals, which cause oxidative damage and inflamm-ageing. This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of soil ginger's sub-critical water extracts (SWE) on different ages of Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. The antioxidant properties and yield of SWE of soil- and soilless-grown ginger (soil ginger and soilless ginger will be used throughout the passage) were compared and evaluated. Methods: Three (young), nine (adult), and twenty-one (old) months old SD rats were subjected to oral gavage treatments with either distilled water or the SWE of soil ginger at a concentration of 200 mg/kg body weight (BW) for three months. Results: Soil ginger was found to yield 46% more extract than soilless ginger. While [6]-shogaol was more prevalent in soilless ginger, and [6]-gingerol concentration was higher in soil ginger (p < 0.05). Interestingly, soil ginger exhibited higher antioxidant activities than soilless ginger by using 2,2-diphenyl-1-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl) hydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. With ginger treatment, a reduced levels of tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and C-reactive protein (CRP) but not interleukin-6 (IL-6) were observed in young rats. In all ages of SD rats, ginger treatment boosted catalase activity while lowering malondialdehyde (MDA). Reduction of urine 15-isoprostane F_2t in young rats, creatine kinase-MM (CK-MM) in adult and old rats and lipid peroxidation (LPO) in young and adult rats were also observed. Discussion: The findings confirmed that the SWE of both soil and soilless grown ginger possessed antioxidant activities. Soil ginger produced a higher yield of extracts with a more prominent antioxidant activity. The SWE of soil ginger treatment on the different ages of SD rats ameliorates oxidative stress and inflammation responses. This could serve as the basis for developing a nutraceutical that can be used as a therapeutic intervention for ageing-related diseases.

Antimicrobial Potential of Pithecellobium dulce Seed Extract against Pathogenic Bacteria: In Silico and In Vitro Evaluation

Clinical multi-drug-resistant bacteria continue to be a serious health problem. Plant-derived molecules are an important source of bioactive compounds to counteract these pathogenic bacteria. In this paper, we studied the chemical composition of the methanol (80%) extract from Pithecellobium dulce seed (Hail, Saudi Arabia) and its ability to inhibit the growth of clinically relevant multi-drug-resistant bacteria. Molecular docking analysis was performed to predict the best compounds with low binding energy and high affinity to interact with two Staphylococcus aureus receptors. Data showed that P. dulce extract is a rich source of D-turanose (55.82%), hexadecanoic acid (11.56%), indole-1-acetic acid (11.42%), inositol (5.78%), and octadecanoic acid (4.36%). The obtained extract showed antibacterial activity towards tested clinical bacterial strains with MIC values ranging from 233 mg/mL for Acinetobacter baumannii to 300 mg/mL for S. aureus and Escherichia coli. Turanose interaction has resulted in -7.4 and -6.6 kcal/mol for 1JIJ and 2XCT macromolecules, while inositol showed energy values (-7.2 and -5.4 kcal/mol) for the same receptors. Multiple identified compounds showed desirable bioavailability properties indicating its great potential therapeutic use in human. Overall, current investigation highlights the possible use of P. dulce extract as a valuable source for drug development against pathogenic drug-resistant bacteria.

Research progress of p38 as a new therapeutic target against morphine tolerance and the current status of therapy of morphine tolerance

With the development of the medical industry, new painkillers continue to appear in people's field of vision, but so far no painkiller can replace morphine. While morphine has a strong analgesic effect, it is also easy to produce pain sensitivity and tolerance. Due to the great inter-individual differences in patient responses, there are few clear instructions on how to optimise morphine administration regimens, which complicates clinicians' treatment strategies and limits the effectiveness of morphine in long-term pain therapy. P38MAPK is a key member of the MAPK family. Across recent years, it has been discovered that p38MAPK rises dramatically in a wide range of morphine tolerance animal models. Morphine tolerance can be reduced or reversed by inhibiting p38MAPK. However, the role and specific mechanism of p38MAPK are not clear. In this review, we synthesise the relevant findings, highlight the function and potential mechanism of p38MAPK in morphine tolerance, as well as the present status and efficacy of morphine tolerance therapy, and underline the future promise of p38MAPK targeted morphine tolerance treatment.

Acacia Honey-derived Bioactive Compounds Exhibit Induction of p53-dependent Apoptosis in the MCF-7 Human Breast Cancer Cell Line

Background

Research studies have focused on discovering new anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic agents derived from natural products from which honey constitutes a prominent candidate. The Acacia honey (AH) is known to display anticancer activity, but the mechanisms of action are still not well defined.

Objectives

Using in vitro and computational approaches, we aimed to assess the interaction among selected bioactive compounds derived from AH, with the apoptotic protein p53, which could trigger apoptosis.

Methods

The phytocompounds of AH were investigated via gas chromatography–mass spectrophotometry analysis. The cytotoxic effect and induced apoptosis on the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line were assessed by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2,5 diphenyltetrazolium bromide and acridine orange-ethidium bromide staining approaches. The molecular docking analysis between AH compounds and p53 was carried out.

Results

The drug-likeness prediction revealed that most of the identified compounds meet Lipinski’s rules. We demonstrate that AH exerts an interesting cytotoxic effect in a dose-dependent manner against the MCF-7 cell line with IC50 5.053µg/mL. Significant cell alterations and notable induced apoptosis were detected when cells were treated with AH. The molecular docking analysis revealed that melezitose is among the most important potential bioactive compounds that interact with p53 leading to apoptosis. The binding affinity was −8.1 kcal/mol, and the closest molecular interactions in the active site included 10 residues, which could explain the potential biological activity.

Conclusion

This work sheds light on AH as a significant source of bioactive chemicals with potential for promoting apoptosis that may be exploited as an alternative therapy for breast cancer.

Ecotoxicity of chrysene and phenanthrene on meiobenthic nematodes with a case study of Terschellingia longicaudata: Taxonomics, toxicokinetics, and molecular interactions modelling

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are toxic for humans and marine fauna alike. The current study assessed the impact of PAHs on the migratory behaviour of meiobenthic nematodes collected from the Bizerte lagoon, Tunisia. The experiment lasted for 15 days and was carried in open microcosms, which comprised a lower, contaminated and an upper, uncontaminated compartment. Three treatments were used, for each of them an untreated control was set up: sediment contaminated with chrysene (116 ng g^-1 dry weight (DW), with phenanthrene (116 ng g^-1 DW) and a mixture of both. The results showed a significant decrease in diversty and abundance in the lower, contaminated compartments compared to the upper zones. The results also highlighted that under an increased stress some species progressively increased in number, these were considered PAH-tolerant species such as Odontophora villoti, some others had an occasionally increased in number were considered as opportunistic species, such as Paracomesoma dubium and the species that showed a progressive decreased in number, such as Metoncholaimus pristiurus and Steineria sp., Terschellingia. longicaudata, and Oncholaimellus sp. were classified as PAH-sensitive. Moreover, an increase in the activity of biochemical biomarkers was observed following the exposure of males and gravid females of T. longicaudata to 29, 58 and 87 ng g^-1 DW of chrysene and phenanthrene paralleled by a higher vulnerability of the latter demographic category. Besides, a significant decrease in fertility of females and an increase in pharyngeal sucking power were observed for both types of PAHs considered. The sex ratio was also significantly imbalanced in the favor of males, which suggest that chrysene and phenanthrene affect also the hormone system of T. longicaudata. The high affinities of these PAHs and their molecular interactions with both germ line development protein 3 (GLD-3) and sex-determining protein (SDP) may justify these results and explain the toxicokinetic attributes.

Chemical Composition of Ducrosia flabellifolia L. Methanolic Extract and Volatile Oil: ADME Properties, In Vitro and In Silico Screening of Antimicrobial, Antioxidant and Anticancer Activities

In the present study, the chemical composition of the volatile oil and methanolic extract from Ducrosia flabellifolia Boiss. was investigated. The antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer activities of the methanolic extract from D. flabellifolia aerial parts were screened using experimental and computational approaches. Results have reported the identification of decanal (28.31%) and dodecanal (16.93%) as major compounds in the essential oil obtained through hydrodistillation. Farnesyl pyrophosphate, Methyl 7-desoxypurpurogallin-7-carboxylate trimethyl ether, Dihydro-Obliquin, Gummiferol, 2-Phenylaminoadenosine, and 2,4,6,8,10-dodecapentaenal, on the other hand, were the dominant compounds in the methanolic extract. Moreover, the tested extract was active against a large collection of bacteria and yeast strains with diameter of growth inhibition ranging from 6.67 ± 0.57 mm to 17.00 ± 1.73 mm, with bacteriostatic and fungicidal activities against almost all tested microorganisms. In addition, D. flabellifolia methanolic extract was dominated by phenolic compounds (33.85 ± 1.63 mg of gallic acid equivalent per gram of extract) and was able to trap DPPH• and ABTS•+ radicals with IC50 about 0.05 ± 0 mg/mL and 0.105 ± 0 mg/mL, respectively. The highest percentages of anticancer activity were recorded at 500 µg/mL for all cancer cell lines with IC50 about 240. 56 µg/mL (A-549), 202.94 µg/mL (HCT-116), and 154.44 µg/mL (MCF-7). The in-silico approach showed that D. flabellifolia identified compounds bound 1HD2, 2XCT, 2QZW, and 3LN1 with high affinities, which together with molecular interactions and the bond network satisfactorily explain the experimental results using antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer assays. The obtained results highlighted the ethnopharmacological properties of the rare desertic D. flabellifolia plant species growing wild in Hail region (Saudi Arabia).

Phytochemical Characterization, Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Cleome arabica L. Fruits Extract against Formalin Induced Chronic Inflammation in Female Wistar Rat: Biochemical, Histological, and In Silico Studies

In recent decades, the use of herbs and plants has been of great interest, as they have been the sources of natural products, commonly named as bioactive compounds. In specific, the natural compounds from the Capparaceae family which has been proved to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and anti-carcinogenic activities, by several studies. Cleome arabica L. (CA) specie is the most used medicinal plants in Tunisia and elsewhere in North African countries for treatment of various diseases including diabetes, rheumatism, inflammation, cancer, and digestive disorders. The current work was undertaken to estimate the total phenolic, flavonoid and condensed tannin contents, to identify and quantify the polyphenolic compounds, and to evaluate the antioxidant and the anti-inflammatory proprieties of CA fruits extract against formalin induced chronic inflammation in Female Wistar rats. In fact, the antioxidant activity was tested by Diphenyl-1-Picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging (DPPH), Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and Nitric Oxide radical (NO·). Anti-inflammatory effect of fruits extract was examined using formalin (2%) induced paw edema in rats. Molecular docking tools were used to investigate the interaction of some compounds from CA fruits extract with the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) target protein. Our results showed that, the total phenolic, flavonoid and tannins contents, which were assessed by the Folin-Ciocalteu, Quercetin, and Catechin methods, respectively, were 230.22 mg gallic acid equivalent/g dry weight (mg GAE/g DW), 55.08 mg quercetin equivalent/g dry weight (QE/g DW) and 15.17 mg catechin equivalents/g dry weight (CatE/g DW), respectively. HPLC analysis revealed the presence of five polyphenolic compounds whose catechin was found to be the most abundant compounds. The antioxidant activity of extract was quantified by DPPH, FRAP and NO· tests and IC₅₀ reached the values of 3.346 mg/mL, 2.306 and 0.023 mg/mL, respectively. Cleome fruits ameliorated the histological integrity of the skin and alleviated the disruptions in hematological parameters (WBC, LYM, RBC, and HGB), inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α), C-reactive protein, and some oxidative stress markers (TBARS (-49%) and AOPP (-42%) levels, SOD (+33%) and GPx (+75%) activities, and GSH (+49%) content) induced by formalin injection. Moreover, the in-silico investigation had shown that CA fruits extract compounds have a stronger interaction with COX-2 active site, more than the reference drug "indomethacin" (two H-bonds). Our research gives pharmacological backing to the healthcare utilization of Cleome plant in the treatment of inflammatory diseases and oxidative harm.

I Am the 1 in 10-What Should I Eat? A Research Review of Nutrition in Endometriosis

Endometriosis is a chronic, painful, estrogen-related inflammatory disease that affects approximately 10% of the female population. Endometriosis has a significant negative impact on quality of life. Nutrition may be involved in the development and severity of endometriosis. The purpose of this paper is to discuss in detail the nutritional recommendations for patients with endometriosis. This article discusses the importance of nutrients such as polyphenols, vitamins C, D and E, PUFAs, and iron in the development of endometriosis. Alternative diets, such as the Mediterranean, anti-inflammatory, vegetarian, low-nickel and low-FODMAP diets, have also been presented in the context of their potential beneficial effects on the course of endometriosis.

The response of meiobenthinc sediment-dwelling nematodes to pyrene: Results from open microcosms, toxicokinetics and in silico molecular interactions

An experiment conducted with 'open microcosm' made by connected sedimentary compartments with different qualities was for 30 days to evaluate the migratory behaviour of nematodes as induced by exposure to pyrene. The nematofauna was collected along with sediment from a reference site in Bizerte lagoon. Following one week acclimatization period, the populated sediments were topped with azoic sediments, with a pyrene concentration of 150 μg kg^-1. The concentration of pyrene from sediments was measured on a weekly basis. A stable status of nematode assemblages was reached between the upper and lower compartments in each microcosm, whatever the treatment type. An upward exploratory phase was observed during the first two weeks within the assemblages, possibly induced by the repellent chemodetection of pyrene. This observation was confirmed by the toxicokinetic properties and molecular interactions of pyrene with the germ-line development Protein 3 and sex-determining protein of Caenorhabditis elegans as nematode model.

Chitosan-Based Gastric Dressing Materials Loaded with Pomegranate Peel as Bioactive Agents: Pharmacokinetics and Effects on Experimentally Induced Gastric Ulcers in Rabbits

This study reported the fabrication and characterization of gastric dressing, composed of gelatine (GEL), chitosan (CH), and pomegranate peel (PP) extract. The structural changes occurring after γ-irradiation of GEL−CH−PP dressing were reported. The results showed that the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy of un-irradiated GEL−CH−PP showed two paramagnetic centers, which corresponded to g = 2.19 and g = 2.002. After irradiation, a new active centre appeared at g = 2.0035 at 10 kGy. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analyses revealed an increase in peak intensity at C−H chains, as well as the C=O carboxyl groups at 10 kGy, due to the cross-linking phenomenon. The X-ray diffraction analysis showed a low change of crystallinity between the range of 2θ (15−30°). Moreover, γ-rays enhanced scavenging DPPH radical activity (51±%) and chelating power activities 79.12%. A significant inhibition of antibacterial and anti-biofilm activities (p < 0.01) was noticed. The hemolysis rates showed 0.42%, suggesting a high hemocompatibility, and exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activity in vitro (48%). In vivo, the healing effects of GEL−CH−PP dressing showed that the incidence and severity of gastric histopathological lesions decreased, compared with the ulcerated group, which could explain the bioavailability and the pharmacokinetic findings. The results highlight the loading of bioactive agents into polymer-based gastric dressings, with promising pharmacokinetics properties and effects on the induced ulcera in rabbits.

Ginger Extract-Loaded Sesame Oil-Based Niosomal Emulgel: Quality by Design to Ameliorate Anti-Inflammatory Activity

Ginger, a natural plant belonging to the Zingeberaceae family, has been reported to have reasonable anti-inflammatory effects. The current study aimed to examine ginger extract transdermal delivery by generating niosomal vesicles as a promising nano-carrier incorporated into emulgel prepared with sesame oil. Particle size, viscosity, in vitro release, and ex vivo drug penetration experiments were performed on the produced formulations (ginger extract loaded gel, ginger extract loaded emulgel, ginger extract niosomal gel, and ginger extract niosomal emulgel). Carrageenan-induced edema in rat hind paw was employed to estimate the in vivo anti-inflammatory activity. The generated ginger extract formulations showed good viscosity and particle size. The in vitro release of ginger extract from niosomal formulation surpassed other formulations. In addition, the niosomal emulgel formulation showed improved transdermal flux and increased drug permeability through rabbit skin compared to other preparations. Most importantly, carrageenan-induced rat hind paw edema test confirmed the potential anti-inflammatory efficacy of ginger extract niosomal emulgel, compared to other formulations, as manifested by a significant decrease in paw edema with a superior edema inhibition potency. Overall, our findings suggest that incorporating a niosomal formulation within sesame oil-based emulgel might represent a plausible strategy for effective transdermal delivery of anti-inflammatory drugs like ginger extract.

Attenuation of ovalbumin-induced inflammation and lung oxidative injury in asthmatic rats by Zingiber officinale extract: combined in silico and in vivo study on antioxidant potential, STAT6 and TNF-α pathways

In the present study we focused on the anti-asthmatic and antioxidant effects of Zingiber officinalis roscoe L. (ZO) aqueous extract. This study includes 20 adult male rats, which were grouped into four; Group I: control group; Group II: asthmatic group (Ovalbumin sensitized/challenge model, Oval group); Group III: received ovalbumin sensitized/challenge associated a dose of 207 mg/kg body weight (BW) of ZO (Oval + D1 group); Group IV: received ovalbumin sensitized/challenge associated a dose of 414 mg/k BW of ZO (Oval + D2 group). After 21 days, blood and lung samples were collected for biochemical, hematological, and histopathological analyses. The ameliorative effect of ZO phytochemical compounds was also assessed by in silico approach on transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) receptors. The oxidative/antioxidative status was evaluated in the lung tissues. Our results show that ZO extract alleviated the ovalbumin-induced hematological and biochemical disruptions associated oxidative injury. In fact, white and red blood cells (WBC and RBC, respectively), aspartate aminotransaminase (ASAT), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were significantly disrupted (p < 0.05) in Oval group and alleviated following ZO treatment. Besides, several histopathological features were outlined in lung tissues of Oval group. Interestingly, ZO was found to exert ameliorative effects on tissue level. In silico analyses, particularly the binding affinities, the number of H-bonds, the embedding distance and the molecular interactions of ZO phytochemical compounds with either STAT6 or TNF-α supported the in vivo results. These findings confirm the potential ethno-pharmacological effects of ZO against asthma and its associated complications.

The exposure to polyvinyl chloride microplastics and chrysene induces multiple changes in the structure and functionality of marine meiobenthic communities

The effects of microplastics and sorbed polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons at community levels were rarely assessed in laboratory experiments, despite their obvious advantage in reflecting better the natural conditions compared to traditionally single species-focused toxicological experiments. In the current study, the multifaceted effects of polyvinyl chloride and chrysene, acting alone or combined, on general marine meiobenthos, but with a special focus on free-living marine nematode communities were tested in a laboratory experiment carried in microcosms. The meiobenthos was exposed to two polyvinyl chloride (5 and 10 mg.kg^-1 Dry Weight 'DW') and chrysene (37.5 and 75 ng.g^-1 DW) concentrations, respectively, as well as to a mixture of both compounds, for 30 days. The results highlighted a significant decrease in the abundance of all meiobenthic generic groups, including nematodes, directly with increasing dosages of these compounds when added alone. The addition of chrysene adheres to microplastics, making the sediment matrix glueyer, hence inducing greater mortality among generic meiobenthic groups. Moreover, the nematofauna went through a strong restructuring phase following the exposure to both compounds when added alone, leading to the disappearance of sensitive nematodes and their replacement with tolerant taxa. However, the similarity in nematofauna composition between control and polyvinyl chloride and chrysene mixtures suggests that the toxicity of the latter could be attenuated by its physical bonding to the former pollutant. Other changes in the functional traits within the nematode communities were a decline in the fertility of females and an increase of the pharyngeal pumping power following exposure to both pollutants for the dominant species. The latter results were also supported by additional toxicokinetics analyses and in silico modeling.

Chemical Composition and the Anticancer, Antimicrobial, and Antioxidant Properties of Acacia Honey from the Hail Region: The in vitro and in silico Investigation

In consideration of the emergence of novel drug-resistant microbial strains and the increase in the incidences of various cancers throughout the world, honey could be utilized as a great alternative source of potent bioactive compounds. In this context, this study pioneers in reporting the phytochemical profiling and the antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer properties of Acacia honey (AH) from the Hail region of Saudi Arabia, assessed using in vitro and molecular docking approaches. The phytochemical profiling based on high-resolution liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HR-LCMS) revealed eight compounds and three small peptide-like proteins as the constituents. The honey samples exhibited promising antioxidant activities (DPPH-IC₅₀ = 0.670 mg/mL; ABTS-IC₅₀ = 1.056 mg/mL; β-carotene-IC₅₀ > 5 mg/mL). In the well-diffusion assay, a high mean growth inhibition zone (mGIZ) was observed against Staphylococcus aureus (48.33 ± 1.53 mm), Escherichia coli ATCC 10536 (38.33 ± 1.53 mm), and Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 12228 (39.33 ± 1.15 mm). The microdilution assay revealed that low concentrations of AH could inhibit the growth of almost all the evaluated bacterial and fungal strains, with the minimal bactericidal concentration values (MBCs) ranging from 75 mg/mL to 300 mg/mL. On the contrary, high AH concentrations were required to kill the tested microorganisms, with the minimal bactericidal concentration values (MBCs) ranging from approximately 300 mg/mL to over 600 mg/mL and the minimal fungicidal concentration values (MFCs) of approximately 600 mg/mL. The AH exhibited effective anticancer activity in a dose-dependent manner against breast (MCF-7), colon (HCT-116), and lung (A549) cancer cell lines, with the corresponding IC₅₀ values of 5.053 μg/mL, 5.382 μg/mL, and 6.728 μg/mL, respectively. The in silico investigation revealed that the observed antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer activities of the constituent compounds of AH are thermodynamically feasible, particularly those of the tripeptides (Asp-Trp-His and Trp-Arg-Ala) and aminocyclitol glycoside. The overall results highlighted the potential of AH as a source of bioactive compounds with significant antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer activities, which could imply further pharmacological applications of AH.

Pharmacokinetics and Therapeutic Potential of Teucrium polium against Liver Damage Associated Hepatotoxicity and Oxidative Injury in Rats: Computational, Biochemical and Histological Studies

This study investigated the druggability, pharmacokinetics and ethyl acetate extract of Teucrium polium (EA T. polium) and the protective effect against carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄) induced liver cirrhosis in rats. The total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and scavenging activity of the extract were examined. The in vivo protective study was based on the use of an animal model of CCl₄-induced liver cirrhosis. Four groups of rats have been used: Group I: control rats; Group II: received CCl₄ in olive oil (0.5 mL/kg); Group III: received the EA T. polium (25 mg/kg) of pretreatment for seven days by gavage then CCl₄ in olive oil by gavage for 15 days. Group IV: received the EA of T. polium for seven days (25 mg/kg). EA T. polium was found to possess significant antioxidant capacity. CCl₄ caused a hepatotoxicity associated increase in both levels of AST and ALT, which were reduced back to normal values following EA T. polium pretreatment. Hepatotoxicity associated structural modifications of liver tissues and increase in thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), conjugated dienes (CD) and carbonyl proteins (CP), associated decreases in several assessed antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and catalase (CAT). The in vivo findings on the protective effect of T. polium were supported by its druggability, its pharmacokinetic properties and molecular docking assays. These results confirm the modulatory antioxidant and hepatoprotective potential of T. polium in this experimental liver cirrhosis model. T. polium phytochemicals are good candidates for further pharmaceutical explorations and drug design.

Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Essential Oil from Zingiber ottensii Valeton in Animal Models

Zingiber ottensii (ZO) Valeton, a local plant in Northern Thailand, has been widely used in traditional medicine. Many studies using in vitro models reveal its pharmacological activities, including the anti-inflammatory activity of ZO essential oil, extracted from ZO rhizomes. However, the scientific report to confirm its anti-inflammatory activity using animal models is still lacking. The present study aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity and explore the possible mechanisms of action of ZO essential oil in rats. The results revealed that ZO essential oil significantly reduced the ear edema formation induced by ethyl phenylpropiolate. Pre-treatment with ZO essential oil significantly reduced the carrageenan-induced hind paw edema and the severity of inflammation in paw tissue. In addition, pre-treatment with ZO essential oil exhibited decreased COX-2 and pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α expression in paw tissue, as well as PGE₂ levels in serum. On this basis, our study suggests that ZO essential oil possesses anti-inflammatory activity in animal models. Its possible mechanisms of action may involve the inhibition of TNF-α expression as well as the inhibition of COX-2 and PGE₂ production. These findings provide more crucial data of ZO essential oil that may lead to new natural anti-inflammatory product development in the future.

Molecular interactions of polyvinyl chloride microplastics and beta-blockers (Diltiazem and Bisoprolol) and their effects on marine meiofauna: Combined in vivo and modeling study

The ecotoxicological effects of beta-blockers (i.e. Diltiazem and Bisoprolol) and their interactions with the microplastic polyvinyl chloride on marine meiofauna were tested in laboratory microcosms. An experimental factorial design was applied, using meiobenthic fauna collected from the Old Harbor of Bizerte (NE Tunisia), but with a main focus on the nematode communities. The meiobenthic invertebrates were exposed to two concentrations of Diltiazem and Bisoprolol, of 1.8 µg.L^-1 and 1.8 mg.L^-1, respectively, and one concentration of polyvinyl chloride (i.e. 20 mg.kg^-1), separately and mixed. The overall meiofauna abundance was significantly reduced in all treatments, mainly that of polychaetes and amphipods. Moreover, the juveniles-gravid female ratios of the nematode communities were the lowest in the 1.8 µg.L^-1 Bisoprolol treatment and for the 1.8 mg.L^-1 mixture of Diltiazem and microplastics, suggesting that different dosages influence the maturity status of the examined species. The demographic results were also supported by in silico approach. The simulation of molecular interactions revealed acceptable binding affinities (up to -8.1 kcal/mol) and interactions with key residues in the germ line development protein 3 and sex-determining protein from Coenorhabditis elegans. Overall, the experimental outcome strongly indicates synergistic interactions among the beta-blockers Diltiazem and Bisoprolol and the microplastic polyvinyl chloride on marine nematode communities.

Phytochemical Analysis, Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, and Anti-Swarming Properties of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. Calyx Extracts: In Vitro and In Silico Modelling Approaches

The aim of this study was to investigate the phytochemical composition of dried Roselle calyx (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) using both ethanolic and aqueous extracts. We report the antimicrobial activities against a wide range of bacteria, yeast, and fungi. The antioxidant activities were tested using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), hydroxyl, and 2–2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical scavenging assays. We report also for the first time the effect of the swarming motility in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1. Our results showed that the tested two extracts were a rich source of phenols, flavonoids, and tannins with different degrees. Additionally, eleven phytoconstituents were identified by LC/MS technique (Hibiscus acid: 3-caffeoylquinic acid, 5-caffeoylquinic acid, 5-feruloylquinic acid, cyanidin 3-o-glucoside, myricetin, quercetin 7-o-rutinoside, quercetin 3-o-glucoside, delphinidin 3-o-sambubioside, and kaempferol 3-o-p-coumaroyl-glucoside). Also, it was shown that the calyx extract can scavenge 86% of the DPPH radical, while the rate of 53% and 23% of inhibition of the DPPH was obtained only at the concentration of 125 and 50 µg/mL, and a small inhibition was made at a concentration of 5 μg/mL. Roselle extracts inhibited the growth of the selected microorganisms at low concentrations, while higher concentrations are needed to completely kill them. However, no activity against CVB-3 was recorded for both extracts. In addition, the obtained extracts reduced the swarming motility of P. aeruginosa at 2.5 mg/ml. The docking simulation showed acceptable binding affinities (up to −9.6 kcal/mol) and interaction with key residues of 1JIJ, 2QZW, and 2UVO. The obtained results highlighted the potential use of Roselle extract as a source of phytoconstituents with promising antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-quorum sensing activities.

Kidney injury and oxidative damage alleviation by Zingiber officinale: pharmacokinetics and protective approach in a combined murine model of osteoporosis

Ginger (Zingiber officinale) is considered as a nutraceutical spice, which possesses several health promotion and benefits. This study was carried out to investigate the phyto-chemical composition, the antioxidant capacities, the drug-likeness, and pharmacokinetic properties of ginger extract on kidney injury-associated osteoporosis in rats. Phenolic and flavonoid contents were assessed by standard chemical analysis methods and HPLC. In vivo protective effect was based on the use of female rats to evaluate the effect on renal injury as a result of combined osteoporosis using biochemical markers, oxidative status, and histological analyses. Results showed that ZO contained appreciable amounts of phenolics and flavonoids and it exhibited high scavenging activity. Ovariectomy-associated corticotherapy induced severe renal injury marked by altered biochemical markers (creatinine, urea, and uric acid), reduced GFR, significative oxidative damage signs, and disrupted antioxidant status in the combined osteoporotic rats. The histopathological examination revealed structural modifications of kidney tissues. However, all these changes were reversed following the use of ZO. These results confirm the renoprotective and antioxidant potential of ginger against renal injuries in osteoporotic rats.

Effects of the antidepressant paroxetine on migratory behaviour of meiobenthic nematodes: Computational and open experimental microcosm approach

An open experimental setup was established in order to explore the toxic effects of the antidepressant paroxetine on meiobenthic nematodes. Three types of microcosms made from polyvinyl chloride tubes, each comprising two sediments compartments (upper and lower), were used in a laboratory experiment for 15 days. The experimental setup targeted the migratory behaviour of the nematofauna from the above compartments, which were exposed to paroxetine (0.4 and 40 μg.l^-1), towards below compartments. The univariate indices significantly decrease in the contaminated compartments compared to controls. Multivariate analyses revealed also significant taxonomic dissimilarities between contaminated and uncontaminated compartments. Furthermore, SIMPER functional outcomes highlighted a significant decrease in 2A feeding groups, 'co' tail shape, 1-2 mm interval length, 'cr' amphid shape, and c-p2 life history in contaminated compartments. Computational approach showed that paroxetine bound GLD-3 and SDP with high affinities, which together with molecular interactions and toxicokinetics satisfactorily explain the experimental results.

Expression Profiling of Selected Immune Genes and Trabecular Microarchitecture in Breast Cancer Skeletal Metastases Model: Effect of α-Tocopherol Acetate Supplementation

Breast cancer bone metastases (BCBM) result in serious skeletal morbidity. Although there have been important advances in cancer treatment methods such as surgery and chemotherapy, the complementary treatments, such as α-tocopherol acetate (ATA), still remain of key role via complementary and/or synergistic effects. The aim of this work was to study immune response in a rat model of BCBM due to Walker 256/B cells inoculation and the effect of ATA alone. Compared to the control group (CTRL), rat injected with Walker 256/B cells (5 × 10⁴) in the medullar cavity (W256 group) showed osteolytic damages with marked tumor osteolysis of both cancellous and trabecular bone as assessed by X-ray radiology, micro-computed tomography, and histology. Rats inoculated with Walker 256/B cells and treated with ATA (45 mg/kg BW, W256ATA group) presented marked less tumor osteolysis, less disturbance of Tb.Th and Tb.Sp associated with conversion of rods into plates, and increased structure model index and trabecular pattern factor (Tb.Pf). Elsewhere, 3D frequency distributions of Tb.Th and Tb.Sp were highly disturbed in metastatic W256 rats. Overexpression of some genes commonly associated with cancer and metastatic proliferation: COX-2, TNF-α, and pro-inflammatory interleukins 1 and 6 was outlined. ATA alleviated most of the Walker 256/B cells-induced microarchitectural changes in the target parameters without turning back to normal levels. Likewise, it alleviates the BCSM-induced overexpression of COX-2, TNF-α, IL-1, and IL-6. In silico approach showed that ATA bound these proteins with high affinities, which satisfactory explain its beneficial effects. In conclusion, BCBM is associated with bone microarchitectural disorders and an immune response characterized by an overexpression of some key role genes in cancer proliferation and invasion. ATA exerted favorable effects on trabecular bone distribution and morphology, which may involve the COX-2, TNF-α, and ILs pathways.

Phytochemical Profiling of Allium subhirsutum L. Aqueous Extract with Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, Antibiofilm, and Anti-Quorum Sensing Properties: In Vitro and In Silico Studies

The present study was the first to evaluate the phytochemical composition, antioxidant, antimicrobial, antibiofilm, and anti-quorum sensing potential of Allium subhirsutum L. (hairy garlic) aqueous extract through in vitro and in silico studies. The phytochemical profile revealed the presence of saponins, terpenes, flavonols/flavonones, flavonoids, and fatty acids, particularly with flavonoids (231 ± 0.022 mg QE/g extract), tannins (159 ± 0.006 mg TAE/g extract), and phenols (4 ± 0.004 mg GAE/g extract). Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis identified 15 bioactive compounds, such as 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (37.04%), methyl methanethiolsulfonate (21.33%), furfural (7.64%), beta-D-glucopyranose, 1,6-anhydro- (6.17%), 1,6-anhydro-beta-D-glucofuranose (3.6%), trisulfide, di-2-propenyl (2.70%), and diallyl disulfide (1.93%). The extract was found to be non-toxic with 50% cytotoxic concentration higher than 30,000 µg/mL. The investigation of the antioxidant activity via DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and FRAP (IC₅₀ = 1 μg/mL), ABTS (2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid); IC₅₀ = 0.698 ± 0.107 μg/mL), and β-carotene (IC₅₀ = 0.811 ± 0.036 mg/mL) was assessed. Nevertheless, good antimicrobial potential against a diverse panel of microorganisms with bacteriostatic and fungistatic effect was observed. Quorum sensing inhibition effects were also assessed, and the data showed the ability of the extract to inhibit the production of violacein by the mutant C. violaceum strain in concentration-dependent manner. Similarly, the biofilm formation by all tested strains was inhibited at low concentrations. In silico pharmacokinetic and toxicological prediction indicated that, out of the sixteen identified compounds, fourteen showed promising drug ability and could be used as lead compounds for further development and drug design. Hence, these findings support the popular use of hairy garlic as a source of bioactive compounds with potential application for human health.

In silico Analysis of Allium sativum Bioactive Compounds against Effector Protein from Pseudomonas syringae pv. pisi

Allium sativum commonly known as Garlic is a familiar herb, highly studied for its valuable medicinal properties. The main objective involved in the current research is to analyze inhibitor and antibacterial action of bioactive compounds (ligands) present in the methanolic extract of Allium sativum bulbs against phytopathogen protein (receptor) through molecular docking. The effector protein AvrRps4 (4B6X) from phytopathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. pisi, a protein responsible for Effector triggered immunity (ETI) activation and to subvert host responses in Pea plant was selected as protein target. The docking interactions between opted ligands and target protein, with ampicillin as control was done using PyRx software tool and analysed using Discovery studio 3.1 Visualiser. The outcomes obtained from in silico analysis suggested that the bioactive compound namely Diethyl 3-methyl-5-[(2,2,2-trifluoroacetyl)amino]thiophene-2,4-dicarboxylate bind effectively showing -5.7 binding energy value in comparison with antibiotic ampicillin which showed binding energy -5.8 value. This research study concluded that the bioactive compounds from methanolic extract of Allium sativum bulbs displayed a potential inhibitory activity against effector AvrRps4 protein exhibiting antibacterial properties and may be considered as possible substantial lead molecules in future prospects.

Antiviral Effects of Artemisinin and Its Derivatives against SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease: Computational Evidences and Interactions with ACE2 Allelic Variants

Fighting against the emergent coronavirus disease (COVID-19) remains a big challenge at the front of the world communities. Recent research has outlined the potential of various medicinal herbs to counteract the infection. This study aimed to evaluate the interaction of artemisinin, a sesquiterpene lactone extracted from the Artemisia genus, and its derivatives with the SARS-CoV-2 main protease. To assess their potential use against COVID-19, the interactions of the main active principle of Artemisia with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) main protease (Mpro) was investigated through in silico probing. Our results showed that artemesinin and its derivatives manifested good oral absorption and bioavailability scores (0.55). They potently bound to the Mpro site of action—specifically, to its Cys145 residue. The selected compounds established two to three conventional hydrogen bonds with binding affinities ranging between −5.2 and −8.1 kcal/mol. Furthermore, artemisinin interactions with angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) were dependent on the ACE2 allelic variants. The best score was recorded with rs961360700. A molecular dynamic simulation showed sufficient stability of the artemisinin–Mpro complex on the trajectory of 100 ns simulation frame. These binding interactions, together with drug-likeness and pharmacokinetic findings, confirmed that artemisinin might inhibit Mpro activity and explain the ethnopharmacological use of the herb and its possible antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 infection inducing COVID-19. Nevertheless, it interacted differently with the various ACE2 allelic variants reported to bind with the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.

A review of the phytochemistry, ethnopharmacology and biological activities of Teucrium genus (Germander)

Teucrium L (Lamiaceae) is mainly distributed in the Mediterranean area. A comprehensive survey in the electronic databases (during 2000-2020 years) with keywords of 'Teucrium' and 'Germander' showed that chemical analyses are available for 27 species, with sesquiterpenoids, iridoids, di and triterpenoids, and phenolic compounds as identified structures. The neo-clerodane diterpenoids as potential chemotaxonomic markers were the main compounds of this genus. As a result, Italy and Turkey have good attempts at phytochemical analysis. The pharmacological activities of different species including antioxidant, cytotoxic activity, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and anti-insect have been summarized. Teucrium polium and Teucrium chamaedrys mainly have been used in digestive problems and diabetes in traditional medicine. Evidence-based clinical trials are needed to confirm the therapeutic properties of this genus. As well to the popularity of Asian and Anatolian species as ingredients in contemporary medicines and products, further research is required in comparison to European species.

Ginger from Farmyard to Town: Nutritional and Pharmacological Applications

Ginger (Zingiber officinale) is one of the most widely used natural products consumed as a spice and medicine for treating diabetes, flatulent intestinal colic, indigestion, infertility, inflammation, insomnia, a memory booster, nausea, rheumatism, stomach ache, and urinary tract infections. To date, over 400 bioactive components, such as diarylheptanoids, gingerol analogues, phenylalkanoids, sulfonates, monoterpenoid glycosides, steroids, and terpene compounds have been derived from ginger. Increasing evidence has revealed that ginger possesses a broad range of biological activities, especially protective effects against male infertility, nausea and vomiting, analgesic, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity, and other effects. The pharmacological activities of ginger were mainly attributed to its active phytoconstituents such as 6-gingerol, gingerdiol, gingerol, gingerdione, paradols, shogaols, sesquiterpenes, zingerone, besides other phenolics and flavonoids. In recent years, in silico molecular docking studies revealed that gingerol (6-gingerol, 8-gingerol, and 10-gingerol) and Shogaol (6-shogaol, 8-shogaol, 10-shogaol) had the best binding affinities to the receptor protein in disease conditions such as diabetes, inflammation, obesity, and SARS-CoV-2. Furthermore, some clinical trials have indicated that ginger can be consumed for alleviation of nausea and vomiting induced by surgery, pain, diabetes, obesity, inflammation, male infertility. This review provides an updated understanding of the scientific evidence on the development of ginger and its active compounds as health beneficial agents in future clinical trials.

Anti-Inflammatory Effect of 4,5-Dicaffeoylquinic Acid on RAW264.7 Cells and a Rat Model of Inflammation

Anti-inflammatory agents that are safer and more effective than the currently used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are urgently needed. The dicaffeoylquinic acid (diCQA) isomer 4,5-diCQA exhibits antioxidant activity and various other health-promoting benefits; however, its anti-inflammatory properties require further investigation. This study was conducted to evaluate the anti-inflammatory properties of 4,5-diCQA in vitro and in vivo using RAW264.7 cells and a carrageenan-induced inflammation model, respectively. In RAW264.7 cells, 4,5-diCQA pretreatment significantly inhibited lipopolysaccharide-induced expression of nitric oxide, prostaglandin E2, nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, and interleukin-6, without inducing cytotoxicity. The inhibitory effects of 4,5-diCQA were mediated by the suppression of nuclear factor-κB nuclear translocation and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation. Oral administration of 4,5-diCQA at doses of 5, 10, and 20 mg/kg of the body weight suppressed carrageenan-induced edema and the expression of nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, and tumor necrosis factor-α in a dose-dependent manner. Collectively, our results suggest that 4,5-diCQA exerts anti-inflammatory effects by suppressing activation of the nuclear factor-κB and MAPK pathways in vitro and reducing carrageenan-induced edema in vivo. Therefore, 4,5-diCQA shows potential as a natural alternative to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.

The Role of Allium subhirsutum L. in the Attenuation of Dermal Wounds by Modulating Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Wistar Albino Rats

In our study, Allium subhirsutum L. (AS) was investigated to assess its phenolic profile and bioactive molecules including flavonoids and organosulfur compounds. The antioxidant potential of AS and wound healing activity were addressed using skin wound healing and oxidative stress and inflammation marker estimation in rat models. Phytochemical and antiradical activities of AS extract (ASE) and oil (ASO) were studied. The rats were randomly assigned to four groups: group I served as a control and was treated with simple ointment base, group II was treated with ASE ointment, group III was treated with ASO ointment and group IV (reference group; Ref) was treated with a reference drug "Cytolcentella® cream". Phytochemical screening showed that total phenols (215 ± 3.5 mg GAE/g) and flavonoids (172.4 ± 3.1 mg QE/g) were higher in the ASO than the ASE group. The results of the antioxidant properties showed that ASO exhibited the highest DPPH free radical scavenging potential (IC50 = 0.136 ± 0.07 mg/mL), FRAP test (IC50 = 0.013 ± 0.006 mg/mL), ABTS test (IC50 = 0.52 ± 0.03 mg/mL) and total antioxidant capacity (IC50 = 0.34 ± 0.06 mg/mL). In the wound healing study, topical application of ASO performed the fastest wound-repairing process estimated by a chromatic study, percentage wound closure, fibrinogen level and oxidative damage status, as compared to ASE, the Cytolcentella reference drug and the untreated rats. The use of AS extract and oil were also associated with the attenuation of oxidative stress damage in the wound-healing treated rats. Overall, the results provided that AS, particularly ASO, has a potential medicinal value to act as effective skin wound healing agent.