1
|
Hiya F, Lamour JPM, Khan AA, Wood R, Rodriguez de la Vega PE, Castro G, Ruiz JG, Barengo NC. Parenting Practices Are Associated With Out-of-School Physical Activity in US Adolescents in 2014. J Phys Act Health 2024; 21:578-585. [PMID: 38561000 DOI: 10.1123/jpah.2023-0314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Lack of physical activity (PA) is associated with obesity, diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. Parenting practices influence PA in young children. However, there is little evidence available for adolescents. We examined whether parenting practices were associated with out-of-school PA (OSPA) in US adolescents. METHODS This cross-sectional 2019 study analyzed data from the 2014 FLASHE study, a web-based, quota-sampled survey of parent-adolescent dyads. Inclusion required survey completion and parents to live with their teen (ages 12-17 y old). Physically limited adolescents were excluded. Dyads were stratified by teen age. Exposures included parental modeling, monitoring, facilitation, restriction, guided choice, and pressure. The outcomes of interest were OSPA Youth Activity Profile scores. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using adjusted logistic regressions. RESULTS A total of 1109 dyads were included. Guided choice increased odds of OSPA for 15- to 17-year-olds (OR = 2.12; 95% CI, 1.17-3.84). Facilitation increased odds of OSPA for 12- to 14-year-olds (OR = 2.21; 95% CI, 1.13-4.33). Monitoring decreased odds of OSPA for 15- to 17-year-olds (OR = 0.34; 95% CI, 0.20-0.57) and 12- to 14-year-olds (OR = 0.45; 95% CI, 0.27-0.74). Friend support increased odds of OSPA in 15- to 17-year-olds (OR = 4.03; 95% CI, 2.29-7.08) and 12- to 14-year-olds (OR = 3.05; 95% CI 1.69-5.51). CONCLUSION Future interventions should prioritize (1) shared decision making for older teens, (2) access to PA opportunities for younger adolescents, and (3) promoting peer PA and friend support for everyone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farhan Hiya
- Department of Translational Medicine, Florida International University Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Jean-Paul M Lamour
- Department of Medical Education, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Anwar A Khan
- Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Robert Wood
- Department of Medical Education, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Pura E Rodriguez de la Vega
- Department of Medical Education, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Grettel Castro
- Department of Medical Education, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Juan G Ruiz
- Department of Medical Education, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Noel C Barengo
- Department of Medical Education, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
- Escuela Superior de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Mar del Plata, Argentina
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Muniz FB, Kalina E, Patock-Peckham JA, Berberian S, Fulop B, Williams J, Leeman RF. A Test of the Self-Medication Hypothesis Using a Latent Measurement Model: Are Stress and Impaired Control over Alcohol Mediating Mechanisms of Parenting Styles on Heavy Episodic Drinking and Alcohol-Related Problems among University Students? Behav Sci (Basel) 2024; 14:384. [PMID: 38785875 PMCID: PMC11117968 DOI: 10.3390/bs14050384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The self-medication hypothesis (SMH) suggests that individuals consume alcohol to alleviate stressful emotions. Still, the underlying mechanisms between stress and heavy episodic drinking remain to be explored. Impaired control over drinking (IC) reflects a failure of self-regulation specific to the drinking context, with individuals exceeding self-prescribed limits. Parenting styles experienced during childhood have a lasting influence on the stress response, which may contribute to IC. METHOD We examined the indirect influences of parenting styles (e.g., permissive, authoritarian, and authoritative) on heavy episodic drinking and alcohol-related problems through the mediating mechanisms of stress and IC. We fit a latent measurement model with 938 (473 men; 465 women) university students, utilizing bootstrap confidence intervals, in Mplus 8.0. RESULTS Higher levels of authoritative parenting (mother and father) were indirectly linked to fewer alcohol-related problems and less heavy episodic drinking through less stress and IC. Maternal permissiveness was indirectly linked to more alcohol-related problems and heavy episodic drinking through more stress and, in turn, more IC. Impaired control appeared to be a mediator for stress and alcohol-related problems. CONCLUSIONS Maternal permissiveness contributes to the use of alcohol to alleviate stress. Thus, reducing stress may reduce problematic heavy drinking and alcohol problems among emerging adults with high IC who may also have experienced permissive parenting. Stress may exacerbate behavioral dysregulation of drinking within self-prescribed limits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felix B. Muniz
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-1104, USA; (J.A.P.-P.); (S.B.)
| | - Elena Kalina
- Department of Health Education and Behavior, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA;
| | - Julie A. Patock-Peckham
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-1104, USA; (J.A.P.-P.); (S.B.)
| | - Sophia Berberian
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-1104, USA; (J.A.P.-P.); (S.B.)
| | - Brittney Fulop
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-1104, USA; (J.A.P.-P.); (S.B.)
| | - Jason Williams
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA;
| | - Robert F. Leeman
- Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Juras MM, Coelho ACF, Vázquez AL, Ribeiro M, Kohlsdorf M, Custódio AL, Amador Buenabad NG, Perez LV, Hooley C, Barnett ML, Baumann AA. Parenting practices and interventions during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown: an exploratory cross-sectional study of caregivers in Brazil, Mexico, and the United States. PSICOLOGIA-REFLEXAO E CRITICA 2024; 37:12. [PMID: 38583110 PMCID: PMC10999397 DOI: 10.1186/s41155-024-00295-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The COVID-19 pandemic led countries' governments to rapidly establish lockdowns and social distancing, which altered family routines and the quality of family relationships worldwide. OBJECTIVES This exploratory cross-sectional study aimed to identify the impacts of the social distancing and lockdown in parenting practices of caregivers from Brazil, Mexico, and the USA, and to analyze the continuity of parenting intervention support for children and their families at the beginning of the pandemic in these countries. METHODS The sample consisted of 704 caregivers of children (286 from Brazil, 225 from Mexico, and 193 from the USA) who answered an online survey about parenting practices before/after quarantine, caregiver/child routines, feelings related to quarantine, changes in everyday life since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, contact with health professionals, and sources of parenting information. RESULTS Data indicate that caregivers from the three countries experienced similar parenting practices during this time, and did not report significant changes before and after the lockdown. They sought information about parenting predominantly via social media. Those receiving previous mental health care perceived the transition from in-person to telehealth services during the pandemic as feasible and acceptable. CONCLUSION This study will be helpful for clinicians and parents to contextualize their practices amid long-standing effects that the COVID-19 pandemic can have on children and their families during and post-pandemic from multiple cultural backgrounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lucia Vazquez Perez
- National Institute of Psychiatry Ramon de la Fuente Muniz, Huntsville, Mexico
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Villarejo S, Garcia OF, Alcaide M, Villarreal ME, Garcia F. Early Family Experiences, Drug Use, and Psychosocial Adjustment across the Life Span: Is Parental Strictness Always a Protective Factor? PSYCHOSOCIAL INTERVENTION = INTERVENCION PSICOSOCIAL 2024; 33:15-27. [PMID: 38298214 PMCID: PMC10826981 DOI: 10.5093/pi2023a16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Objective: This study analyzes whether parental strictness, which is shared by authoritative parenting (strictness and warmth) and authoritarian parenting (strictness without warmth) styles, always acts as a main protective factor against drug use and psychosocial maladjustment in children. This conclusion has already been stated in numerous classic studies, though emergent research suggests that there are benefits to parental warmth regardless of whether strictness is present or not. Method: Sample were 2,095 Spanish participants (1,227 females, 58.6%), 581 adolescent children (aged 12-18 years, 27.7%) and 1,514 adult children (72.3%). The measures were the main parenting style dimensions (warmth and strictness), drug use, and a set of indicators of psychosocial adjustment. A 4 × 2 × 4 MANOVA was applied for all outcomes with parenting style, sex, and age as independent variables. Results: Indulgent parenting (warmth without strictness) was related to less drug use than parenting without warmth (authoritarian and neglectful). Additionally, indulgent and authoritative parenting styles were related to better scores on psychosocial adjustment than authoritarian and neglectful styles, although the indulgent parenting was the only style related to the optimal scores being equal or even more effective than the authoritative style. Conclusion: Contrary to classical studies, present findings suggest that it is the parental warmth instead of the parental strictness that seems to be effective in protecting against drug use and psychosocial maladjustment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Villarejo
- University of ValenciaValenciaSpainUniversity of Valencia, Spain;
| | - Oscar F. Garcia
- University of ValenciaValenciaSpainUniversity of Valencia, Spain;
| | - Marta Alcaide
- University of ValenciaValenciaSpainUniversity of Valencia, Spain;
| | - Maria E. Villarreal
- Autonomous University of Nuevo LeonMonterreyMexicoAutonomous University of Nuevo Leon, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Fernando Garcia
- University of ValenciaValenciaSpainUniversity of Valencia, Spain;
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Șițoiu A, Pânișoară G. The emotional intelligence of today's parents - influences on parenting style and parental competence. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1120994. [PMID: 37469689 PMCID: PMC10352801 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1120994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The emotional intelligence of parents and parental competence become two premises of effective parenting. This study contributes to the understanding of how parents' emotional intelligence exerts its effect on both their parenting style and parenting competence. The present research also sought to identify the factors that determine the level of parental competence. The research method used is the questionnaire-based survey. The research sample, represented by 610 respondents, was determined by the sampling strategy based on convenience, respectively by the snowball method. The results indicated that the emotional intelligence of parents is associated with an increased level of parental competence (r = 0.24, p < 0.001), and 15% of the variability of parental competence is determined by the level of parental emotional intelligence (R = 0.38, p < 0.00, R2 = 0.15). It was demonstrated that 6% of the variability of parental competence is determined by the level of parents' self-esteem (R = 0.24, p < 0.001, R2 = 0.06). The emotional intelligence and self-esteem of the parents contribute to the development of a high level of parental competence, while the level of education of the respondents according to this research partially influences the development of parental competence. Despite the fact that a high educational level of parents is assumed to give them access to quality information, the Barnum effect is experienced regardless of educational level. According to the field of parenting, the Barnum effect refers to consulting non-scientifically validated sources and trusting information that responds to parents' wishes, but not to children's educational needs.These results highlight the role of parents' emotional intelligence on the growth and education of children, but also the usefulness of training programs in the field of parenting with the aim of training parents in the necessary skills for effective parenting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreea Șițoiu
- Doctoral School “Psychology and Educational Sciences”, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Transilvania University, Brasov, Romania
| | - Georgeta Pânișoară
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Loinaz I, Irureta M, San Juan C. Child-to-Parent Violence Specialist and Generalist Perpetrators: Risk Profile and Gender Differences. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:healthcare11101458. [PMID: 37239744 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11101458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Like other forms of domestic violence, child-to-parent violence (CPV) is a social and health-related problem. The identification of risk factors has preventive and therapeutic implications. This paper analyzes the risk profiles and gender differences of 206 CPV cases between 12 and 28 years of age (58% males) from clinical and judicial contexts in Spain, assessed using the Child to Parent Violence Risk (CPVR) Assessment tool. Two profiles were compared according to the extent of their violence: those using only CPV (specialist, 64.1%) and those also using other types of violence (generalist, 35.9%), as coded by professionals working with the cases. Generalist perpetrators had a significantly higher prevalence in terms of the bidirectionality of the violence (being victims at home), bullying victimization, empathy problems, anger management issues, attitudes justifying violence, antisocial behavior, failure of previous interventions, violence between parents, cohabitation problems other than CPV, problematic education style, and inversion of the hierarchy. Females were less likely to be generalists, and, in the case of female specialists, violence from parents and issues in the family context may have been among the main explanations for their violence. The results suggest differences between groups, which is consistent with previous research, but also the need for more accurate typological classification methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ismael Loinaz
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, University of Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Social Psychology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Maialen Irureta
- Psychiatry Service, Donostia University Hospital, Begiristain Doktorea Pasealekua, 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - César San Juan
- Department of Social Psychology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhang L, Eggum ND. Chinese Adolescents' Perceptions of Aggressive Peers: The Roles of Gender and Cultural Values. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2023:8862605231165751. [PMID: 37070814 DOI: 10.1177/08862605231165751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Aggression is a prevalent, maladaptive behavioral problem, yet how adolescents view and respond to aggressive peers vary across individual characteristics and cultural contexts. Using a dyadic peer-rating approach, this study investigated adolescents' perceptions of real-world, rather than hypothetical, aggressive peers, and the role of dyadic gender and individual cultural values. The sample included 274 adolescents (Mage = 13.23 years, SD = 0.68; 52% boys) from two public schools in rural China. Adolescents rated each classmate's physical and relational aggression, as well as their affiliative preference and social acceptance toward the classmate. Adolescents reported horizontal and vertical individualistic and collectivistic cultural values. Results indicated that (a) adolescents had similarly negative perceptions of physically and relationally aggressive peers; (b) boys and girls had more negative perceptions of male than female physically aggressive peers, and of same-gender than other-gender relationally aggressive peers; and (c) horizontal collectivistic values were associated with more negative, whereas vertical collectivistic and vertical individualistic values were associated with more benign, perceptions of aggressive peers. These findings uncover the complexity of adolescents' perceptions of aggressive peers and highlight the role of gender and cultural values in understanding attitudes toward aggression in a collectivistic context.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Learning and Cognition, School of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Natalie D Eggum
- T. Denny Sanford School of Social and Family Dynamics, Arizona State University, Tempe, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Li D, Guo X. The effect of the time parents spend with children on children's well-being. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1096128. [PMID: 37077856 PMCID: PMC10106685 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1096128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundThe time spent with parents is a crucial factor in the growth of children, and children's well-being is an important indicator of their mental health.MethodsTo promote the children's well-being, this study, which is relying on the data from the 2017 China Time Use Survey (CTUS), explores the relationship between parental time and children's well-being and specific influencing factors.ResultsThe more time parents spent with children, the higher their children's well-being will be (coefficient 0.1020, p < 0.01). The life and leisure time parents spent with children promoted children's well-being (coefficient 0.1020, p < 0.01). The life and leisure time the mother spent with children (coefficient 0.1030, p < 0.05) the life and leisure time (coefficient 0.1790, p < 0.05) and the educational interactions time the father spent with children (coefficient 0.3630, p < 0.10) positively affected children's well-being. The influence of the time parents spent with children on children's well-being was heterogeneous based on their children's academic performance.ConclusionsParental accompaniment is an important determinant of children's well-being. Family education, guidance services, and mental health services should be strengthened, and it is necessary to improve the time spent with children and to pay attention to individual differences in children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongxu Li
- School of Public Administration, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Xi Guo
- Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot, China
- *Correspondence: Xi Guo
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Maciel L, Gomis-Pomares A, Day C, Basto-Pereira M. Cross-cultural adaptability of parenting interventions designed for childhood behavior problems: A meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev 2023; 102:102274. [PMID: 37018934 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2023.102274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/28/2023]
Abstract
The dissemination of parenting interventions is one of the advised approaches to globally counteract childhood behavior problems, delinquency, and future criminal careers. Many of these interventions are developed in Anglosphere countries and transported to other contexts with distinct cultural backgrounds. However, there are no meta-analyses evaluating the overall effectiveness of these Anglosphere parenting programs in non-Anglosphere settings. This meta-analysis aimed to examine the effectiveness of parenting interventions developed in Anglosphere countries when transported to non-Anglosphere countries, as well as compare effectiveness levels between Anglosphere and non-Anglosphere trials; and analyze the impact of research and contextual factors in the dissemination of these interventions. Parenting interventions were included if they were: created in an Anglosphere setting; tested in non-Anglosphere countries; focused on reducing childhood behavioral problems; designed for children ranging from two to 12 years old; and tested in an experimental randomized trial. A random-effects model was selected for our meta-analysis. Standardized mean differences, confidence intervals and prediction intervals were also computed. Twenty studies were included, and results suggest that parenting interventions designed for childhood behavior problems can be transported to non-Anglosphere countries and potentially maintain effectiveness. This study is a relevant contribution to the evidence of cross-cultural transportability of parenting interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Maciel
- William James Center for Research, Ispa-Instituto Universitário, Rua Jardim do Tabaco 34, 1149-041 Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Aitana Gomis-Pomares
- Developmental Psychology Department, Universitat Jaume I, Avinguda de Vicent Sos Baynat, s/n, 12006 Castelló de la Plana, Castelló, Spain.
| | - Crispin Day
- Department of Psychology, Child & Adolescent Mental Health Service Research Unit, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, and Centre for Parent and Child Support, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Michael Rutter Centre, 16 De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, United Kingdom.
| | - Miguel Basto-Pereira
- William James Center for Research, Ispa-Instituto Universitário, Rua Jardim do Tabaco 34, 1149-041 Lisbon, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Gómez-Escalonilla Lorenzo S, Martínez I, Notario Pacheco B. Influence of COVID-19 on treatment adherence and psychological well-being in a sample of hypertensive patients: a cross-sectional study. BMC Psychiatry 2023; 23:121. [PMID: 36823568 PMCID: PMC9947937 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-022-04473-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The COVID-19 pandemic has caused a global health crisis. This situation has affected the general population, especially the most vulnerable populations such as individuals with cardiovascular diseases. The main objective of this study was to analyse adherence to treatment and psychological well-being in hypertensive patients before and after the COVID-19 lockdown in Spain. METHODS A cross-sectional study was performed in a Basic Health Area of Toledo, Spain. Adherence and psychological well-being (resilience, self-esteem, and health-related quality of life [HRQoL]) were measured in hypertensive patients, a group of patients before the COVID-19 lockdown and, in another group after the COVID-19 lockdown using a heteroadministered and anonymous questionnaire. A factorial multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was applied for the outcome variables using pre- and post-COVID-19 lockdown assessment, gender, and age (< 65 years-old vs. ≥ 65 years-old) as independent variables. Univariate F follow-up tests were conducted within the multivariate significant overall differences. RESULTS The sample of the present study included 331 hypertensive patients. The mean age was 67.68 years (SD = 10.94). Women comprise 53.5% of the sample and men account for the remaining 46.5%. A total of 144 questionnaires were collected before the COVID-19 pandemic and 187 questionnaires were collected after the onset of the pandemic and once the lockdown was over. MANOVA showed significant main effects for pandemic lockdown (F = 13.383, p < 0.001,) age group (F = 3.74, p = 0.003) and gender (F = 8.85, p < 0.001). Therapeutic adherence decreased after the lockdown (F = 15.393, p < 0.001). However, scores on resilience (F = 17.771, p < 0.001), self-esteem (F = 4.789, p = 0.029), and physical component of HRQoL (F = 13.448, p < 0.001) increased after the lockdown. Regarding age, the univariate test showed a significant effect for the physical component of HRQoL, with scores decreasing in those aged ≥ 65 years (F = 9.375, p = 0.002). Regarding gender, women scored lower on resilience (F = 20.280 p < 0.001), self-esteem (F = 18.716, p < 0.001), the physical component of HRQoL (F = 5.722, p = 0.017), and the mental component of HRQoL (F = 28.912, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The COVID-19 pandemic had a negative effect on treatment adherence of hypertensive patients in Spain. However, variables related to psychological well-being have increased in these patients, which may serve as a protective factor against pandemic stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Isabel Martínez
- grid.8048.40000 0001 2194 2329Department of Psychology, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Cuenca, Spain
| | - Blanca Notario Pacheco
- grid.8048.40000 0001 2194 2329Universidad of Castilla-La Mancha, Faculty of Nursing, Cuenca, Spain ,grid.8048.40000 0001 2194 2329Universidad of Castilla-La Mancha, Social and Health Research Center, Cuenca, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Fute A, Sun B, Oubibi M. General Self-Esteem as the Mechanism Through Which Early-Childhood Parental Trust and Support Affect Adolescents' Learning Behavior: A Moderated Mediation Model. INQUIRY : A JOURNAL OF MEDICAL CARE ORGANIZATION, PROVISION AND FINANCING 2023; 60:469580231152076. [PMID: 36786367 PMCID: PMC9932760 DOI: 10.1177/00469580231152076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Parental trust and support are machineries for children's cognitive growth and behaviors exhibited at a later age. Their influence on students' learning engagement at school has been reported, but little is known about the mechanisms through which such a proposed causal effect occurs. This study tested 2 major proposed hypotheses; (1) general self-esteem (GSE) mediates the causal relationship between parents' trust and support (PTS) and Learning engagement (LE). (2) The mediation effect is further moderated by students' college grade level. Data was collected from 1139 college students in Tanzania (Mage = 22.5, SDage = 0.681) who filled out an online-designed questionnaire. SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Science), PROCESS macro of SPSS, and JASP (Jeffrey's Amazing Statistical Program) were used for analyzing data. The results indicated that GSE had a mediating effect (β = .0912, SE = 0.0134, P < .001) on the causal relationship between PTS and LE. The unmediated (direct) effect of PTS on LE (β = .2125, SE = 0.0419, P < .001) was lower than the total effect (β = .3037, SE = 0.0553, P < .001) after the mediation. The interaction effects of PTS (β = .0463, P < .001) and GSE (β = .0495, P < .001) on students' college grades were statistically significant, indicating that the mediation effect of GSE on the causal relationship between PTS and LE was moderated by college grades. Parental trust and support enhance students' behavioral learning at school through their general self-esteem, built from the family level (parenting).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antony Fute
- Zhejiang Normal University, Zhejiang
Province, P.R. China
| | - Binghai Sun
- Zhejiang Normal University, Zhejiang
Province, P.R. China,Binghai Sun, Department of psychology,
College of Teacher Education, Zhejiang Normal University, Zhejiang Province, 688
Yingbin Road, Jinhua 321004, P.R. China.
| | - Mohamed Oubibi
- Zhejiang Normal University, Zhejiang
Province, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Martinez-Escudero JA, Garcia OF, Alcaide M, Bochons I, Garcia F. Parental Socialization and Adjustment Components in Adolescents and Middle-Aged Adults: How are They Related? Psychol Res Behav Manag 2023; 16:1127-1139. [PMID: 37063616 PMCID: PMC10103705 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s394557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Classic studies mainly of European-American families broadly identify the benefits of parental strictness combined with parental warmth. However, current research tends to identify parental warmth as positive for adjustment, even without parental strictness. In addition, less is known about the relationship between parenting and adjustment beyond adolescence. The present study examined warmth and strictness and its relationship with self, sexism, and stimulation values. Self-esteem, academic-professional self-concept, benevolent sexism, and stimulation values were used to capture adjustment. Patients and Methods Participants (n = 1125) were adolescents and adult children of middle-age from Spain. The statistical analyses used were correlation analysis and multiple linear regression. Results In general, the relationship between parenting and adjustment was found to have a similar pattern for adolescent and middle-aged adult children, although more marked in adolescents. Parental warmth and strictness were predictors of adjustment, but in a different direction. Specifically, parental warmth positively predicted academic-professional self-concept and self-esteem, whereas parental strictness was detrimental as a predictor of higher benevolent sexism. Conclusion Overall, the present findings suggest that an effective socialization during the socialization years and even beyond can be positively predicted by parental warmth, whereas parental strictness might be unnecessary or even detrimental.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Oscar F Garcia
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Valencia, Valencia, 46010, Spain
- Correspondence: Oscar F Garcia, Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Valencia, Valencia, 46010, Spain, Tel +34 963983846, Email
| | - Marta Alcaide
- Department of Methodology of Behavioral Sciences, Faculty of Psychology, University of Valencia, Valencia, 46010, Spain
| | - Isabel Bochons
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, Faculty of Teacher Training, University of Valencia, Valencia, 46010, Spain
| | - Fernando Garcia
- Department of Methodology of Behavioral Sciences, Faculty of Psychology, University of Valencia, Valencia, 46010, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Alcaide M, Garcia OF, Queiroz P, Garcia F. Adjustment and maladjustment to later life: Evidence about early experiences in the family. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1059458. [PMID: 36935989 PMCID: PMC10017455 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1059458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Previous parenting studies with European-American families have identified optimal parenting as being based on warmth combined with strictness (i.e., authoritative parenting). The present study analyzes, in adolescents and adults, their adjustment and maladjustment related to age and their early experiences in the family. Methods The sample consisted of 2,158 Spanish people (58.29% women): 624 adolescents, 630 young adults, 504 middle-aged adults, and 400 older adults. The families were classified into one of the four parental typologies (authoritative, indulgent, authoritarian, and neglectful) based on their scores in the two main dimensions (warmth and strictness). Child functioning was measured as components of adjustment (self-esteem, emotional self-concept, and empathy) and maladjustment (aggression and hostile sexism). Results Overall, only adolescents and adult children raised in indulgent families reported the highest self-esteem, emotional self-concept, and empathy, and the lowest aggression and hostile sexism. Authoritative parenting (warmth with strictness) was related to a lower emotional self-concept and greater aggression and hostile sexism than indulgent parenting (warmth without strictness). The worst scores corresponded to authoritarian and neglectful parenting. Discussion The present findings provide new evidence about early experiences in the family, even after parental socialization has ended. Interestingly, contrary to the main findings from classic studies with European-American families, only high parental warmth combined with low parental strictness (i.e., indulgent parenting) is always positive for greater adjustment and less maladjustment in all age groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Alcaide
- Department of Methodology of the Behavioural Sciences, Faculty of Psychology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Oscar F. Garcia
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- *Correspondence: Oscar F. Garcia,
| | - Pablo Queiroz
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Trairi, Brazil
| | - Fernando Garcia
- Department of Methodology of the Behavioural Sciences, Faculty of Psychology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
McCoy DC, Hanno EC. Systemic barriers and opportunities for implementing school-based social-emotional learning interventions in low-income and conflict-affected settings. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1011039. [PMID: 36949925 PMCID: PMC10025294 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1011039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Children living in low-income and conflict-affected settings face unique systemic risk factors that shape their social, emotional, and mental well-being. However, little is known about how these and other systemic factors may impede or support the delivery of social-emotional learning (SEL) interventions in these contexts. In this article, we draw from our experience delivering and evaluating a classroom-based SEL curriculum in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil to surface systemic barriers and opportunities for implementing SEL interventions in low-income, conflict-affected settings. Specifically, we identify (1) culture, (2) timing, and (3) government support and stability as factors underlying SEL program demand, dosage, quality, and effectiveness. We provide recommendations for improving implementation of SEL programs in low-income and conflict-affected contexts, including the importance of building pro-active partnerships, using qualitative research, and investing in adaptation to both understand and address systemic barriers.
Collapse
|
15
|
Palacios I, Garcia OF, Alcaide M, Garcia F. Positive parenting style and positive health beyond the authoritative: Self, universalism values, and protection against emotional vulnerability from Spanish adolescents and adult children. Front Psychol 2022; 13:1066282. [PMID: 36591008 PMCID: PMC9800864 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1066282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Recent research is fully questioning whether the combination of parenting warmth and strictness (the authoritative style) is always identified as positive parenting across the globe. This study analyzes parenting styles and the positive health of adolescents and adult children. Methods The sample was 2,090 Spanish children (59.9% women), from four age groups: 600 adolescents, 591 young adults, 507 middle-aged adults, and 392 older adults. Parenting styles (indulgent, authoritative, authoritarian, and neglectful) were obtained by warmth and strictness measures. Children's positive health was measured by self (family self-concept, self-esteem, and negative self-efficacy), universalism values, and emotional vulnerability. Results The main results showed that the indulgent parenting style was associated with equal and even better scores than the authoritative style, whereas the authoritarian and neglectful styles were consistently associated with low scores in positive health indicators for all age groups. However, two triple interactions of sex by age group by parenting style showed that women children from neglectful families reported the lowest family self-concept in old age and the highest emotional vulnerability in middle age. Discussion The study findings question the universal benefits of the so-called positive parenting (the authoritative style) for positive health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iria Palacios
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Oscar F. Garcia
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Marta Alcaide
- Department of Methodology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Fernando Garcia
- Department of Methodology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain,*Correspondence: Fernando Garcia,
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Fuentes MC, Garcia OF, Alcaide M, Garcia-Ros R, Garcia F. Analyzing when parental warmth but without parental strictness leads to more adolescent empathy and self-concept: Evidence from Spanish homes. Front Psychol 2022; 13:1060821. [PMID: 36544447 PMCID: PMC9760939 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1060821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Classical research mainly conducted with European-American families has identified the combination of warmth and strictness (authoritative style) as the parenting always associated with the highest scores on developmental outcomes. Additionally, despite the benefits of empathy for prosocial behaviors and protection against antisocial behaviors, most research has considered the contribution of specific practices (e.g., reasoning or power assertion), but not so much the parenting styles. Similarly, family studies tend to study the relationship between parenting and global self-perceptions (self-esteem), but not so much those of each dimension (self-concept). Methods In the present study, 600 Spanish adolescents from 12 to 17 years old (M = 15.25, SD = 2.01) were classified within one of the four household typologies (i.e., authoritative, indulgent, authoritarian, or neglectful). Adolescent developmental outcomes were cognitive empathy (adopting perspectives and emotional understanding), emotional empathy (empathic stress and empathic happiness), and self-concept (academic, social, emotional, family and physical). Results The results showed that the indulgent parenting (warmth but not strictness) was related to equal or even better empathy and self-concept than the authoritative style (warmth and strictness), whereas non-warm parenting (authoritarian and neglectful) was consistently associated with poor results. Discussion Overall, the present findings seriously question that parental strictness combined with parental warmth (authoritative style) is always the parenting style related to the greatest outcomes. By contrast, it seems that reasoning, warmth and involvement, without strictness (indulgent parenting) help adolescents to achieve a good orientation toward others in terms of cognitive and affective empathy and a good self-evaluation in terms of self-concept.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria C. Fuentes
- Department of Methodology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Oscar F. Garcia
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain,*Correspondence: Oscar F. Garcia,
| | - Marta Alcaide
- Department of Methodology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Rafael Garcia-Ros
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Fernando Garcia
- Department of Methodology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Parental Socialization, Delinquency during Adolescence and Adjustment in Adolescents and Adult Children. Behav Sci (Basel) 2022; 12:bs12110448. [PMID: 36421744 PMCID: PMC9687913 DOI: 10.3390/bs12110448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although parental socialization has an influence on child development, current research is questioning which combination of parental strictness and warmth acts as protective or risk factors, especially during adolescence when the child is more vulnerable. The sample was 2125 participants, 58.7% female, divided into four age groups: adolescents (28.57%), young adults (28.38%), middle-aged adults (23.95%), and older adults (19.11%). The families were classified into four parenting styles: neglectful, indulgent, authoritative, and authoritarian according to their warmth and strictness scores. The psychosocial adjustment was measured by children’s scores on academic/professional self-concept, self-esteem, delinquency during adolescence, and benevolence values. A MANOVA 4 × 2 × 4 was applied with parenting styles, sex, and age group as independent variables. The results showed that, for adolescents and adult children, only parenting styles characterized by warmth (i.e., indulgent, and authoritative) were found to factor against delinquency during adolescence and benefit greater academic/professional self-concept, self-esteem, and benevolence values, while parenting without warmth (i.e., authoritarian, and neglectful) were identified as risk factors. Contrary to classical research, the present findings seriously question the universal benefits of strict parenting as the only optimal strategy to protect not only against delinquency, but also to foster an adequate self and the internalization of social values.
Collapse
|
18
|
Parenting Styles Predict Future-Oriented Cognition in Children: A Cross-Sectional Study. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 9:children9101589. [PMID: 36291525 PMCID: PMC9600440 DOI: 10.3390/children9101589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Parenting is a crucial environmental factor in children’s social and cognitive development. This study investigated the association between parenting styles and future-oriented cognition skills in elementary school-aged children. Cross-sectional data were collected from parents of 200 Iranian elementary school aged children (6–13 years), 139 boys and 61 girls. Baumrind’s Parenting Styles Questionnaire and Children’s Future Thinking Questionnaire (CFTQ) were administered to parents. There was a significant positive association between authoritative parenting and children’s abilities in prospective memory, episodic foresight, planning, delay of gratification, and future-oriented cognition total score. In contrast, authoritarian parenting was negatively correlated with children’s abilities in planning, delay of gratification, and future-oriented cognition. Increases in authoritative parenting scores predicted better future-oriented cognition abilities in children.
Collapse
|
19
|
Khomaeny EFF, Kusumaputeri ES. Parental anxiety and form of parenting during the COVID-19 pandemic. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CHILD CARE AND EDUCATION POLICY 2022; 16:10. [PMID: 36247493 PMCID: PMC9551246 DOI: 10.1186/s40723-022-00103-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The massive development of information technology based on big data, internet, and artificial intelligence has brought fundamental changes to human patterns and lifestyles, especially after the COVID-19 pandemic that hit globally, has added to a large and complex problems in parenting, as well as demanding people to take care of their children. Parents must be able to adapt and reposition themselves with new and effective forms of parenting, this can increase parental anxiety. To determine the level of parental anxiety, this research was conducted using a quantitative descriptive method through the distribution of questionnaires based on the GAD-7 instrument. This study focuses on efforts to capture the level of parental anxiety and the need for a new form of parenting. The results can be the basis for further research to find and develop new forms of parenting. The results of research on 669 parents living in West Java, Indonesia, showed that the level of parental anxiety was 63.08% at the level of moderate and severe anxiety. The level of parental satisfaction regarding the form of parenting used is at a low level of 67.12%, while the level of parental interest in the new form of parenting is at a very high level of 98.51%. The need for the latest form of parenting that can respond to the challenges and demands of the times is very necessary to minimize parental anxiety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elfan Fanhas Fatwa Khomaeny
- Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Muhammadiyah University of Tasikmalaya, Tamansari street km. 2,5, Tasikmalaya, West Java Indonesia
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Wu Y, Yuan R, Wu Y. Good can be stronger than bad: the daily relationship among maternal warmth, mother-teen conflict and adolescents' self-esteem. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 42:1-10. [PMID: 36068882 PMCID: PMC9436732 DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-03718-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Self-esteem is associated with adaptive adolescent outcomes but tends to decline in adolescence. Parent-teen warmth has been linked to concurrent increases in adolescents' self-esteem while adolescents' conflict with parents is detrimental to their self-esteem in cross-sectional or longitudinal studies. However, it is unknown how adolescents experience of maternal warmth and conflict with mothers are correlated with their daily self-esteem, and whether these associations vary in adolescents' gender, age and family subjective socioeconomic status (SES) from the perspective of Process-Person-Context-Time (PPCT) theory. To address this gap, 293 adolescents (M age = 13.88 years, SD = .62) were recruited from a school, reporting their daily experience of maternal warmth, conflict with mothers and self-esteem by answering checklists for up to 7 days. Multilevel analysis showed that adolescents reported significantly higher self-esteem on days they experienced more warmth or less conflict with mothers than usual. Moreover, maternal warmth was linked to next-day self-esteem positively, yet mother-teen conflict not shown this spill-over effect. Gender, age and subjective SES did not moderate all the daily associations among mother-teen warmth, conflict and self-esteem. Findings suggest that mother-teen interactions play both protective and detrimental role in adolescents' daily self-image and that "good" interaction goes a longer way than "bad" one.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingshengnan Wu
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
| | - Rong Yuan
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
| | - Yanhong Wu
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health; Key Laboratory of Machine Perception, Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Qiu Z, Guo Y, Wang J, Zhang H. Associations of Parenting Style and Resilience With Depression and Anxiety Symptoms in Chinese Middle School Students. Front Psychol 2022; 13:897339. [PMID: 35846635 PMCID: PMC9285101 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.897339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Parenting style and resilience are independently associated with symptoms of depression and anxiety. However, no study has tested the interaction effects between the patterns of parenting style and resilience on mental health in adolescent populations. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the interaction effects between the patterns of parenting style and resilience on depression/anxiety symptoms among middle school students in China. Methods A sample of 2,179 Chinese middle school students were included in this study. Latent profile analysis (LPA) was used to examine parenting style patterns. Multivariable logistic regression was used to analyze the associations of different parenting patterns and resilience with depression/anxiety symptoms, as well as the interaction effect. Results Latent profile analysis results showed that the most suitable model included three-profile solution, which were labeled as positive parenting, negative parenting, and moderate parenting. Subsequent analyses indicated that students across profiles exhibited significant differences in their depression/anxiety symptoms. Specifically, compared to moderate parenting, negative parenting was positively associated with depression/anxiety symptoms, while positive parenting was negatively associated with these symptoms. Moreover, low levels of resilience were positively associated with depression/anxiety symptoms compared to a high level of resilience. Although the interaction effect was not significant, there were differences in the associations between different parenting patterns and symptoms of depression and anxiety when stratifying resilience. Conclusion The present study identified three-profile solution of parenting styles among Chinese middle school students using LPA as a person-centered approach. Future interventions targeting depression/anxiety symptoms in adolescents may consider the potential influence of patterns of parenting styles, or improved resilience, to achieve better intervention outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhihai Qiu
- The School of Mental Health and Psychological Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Ying Guo
- Psychological Center of Hefei No.1 High Senser School, Hefei, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, Hefei, China
- *Correspondence: Jun Wang,
| | - Hongbo Zhang
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Hongbo Zhang,
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Emotional Regulation in Parental Optimism—The Influence of Parenting Style. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14084509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This study contributes to determining the relationship between parental emotional regulation, optimism, and parenting style. The responses collected from respondents with parental status were used in the research. The majority of respondents were female; in terms of the age of participants, they were predominantly in the category of 31–40 years, followed by those in the category 41–50 years. The data were analyzed statistically through operations such as correlations, regression, and analysis of variance. The results indicate that the authoritative parenting style is associated with the emotional regulation of parents (r = 0.25, p < 0.001), but also with their level of optimism (r = 0.29, p < 0.001). It has been demonstrated both through correlations and through confirmatory factor analysis that optimism and emotional regulation are two factors that contribute to the adoption of the authoritative parenting style. The analysis of variance indicated that the emotional regulation of the parents does not vary according to their age. Based on multiple linear regression, it was established that 5% of parents’ level of optimism is predicted by their level of emotional regulation. These new results reveal the contribution of emotional regulation and parental optimism in the process of raising and educating a child.
Collapse
|
23
|
Beyond Parenting Socialization Years: The Relationship between Parenting Dimensions and Grandparenting Functioning. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19084528. [PMID: 35457396 PMCID: PMC9026310 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19084528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Parental socialization has been studied mainly when is in process, but less is known about its long-term impact on older adults, particularly on one of the most important developmental tasks in later life: being a grandparent. Participants were 313 Spanish grandparents. The present study examined the relationship between parenting and its impacts in the long term, when the child is a grandparent. The variables examined were parenting (parental warmth and parental strictness) and grandparenting functioning (satisfaction with life, meaning of life, parent–adult child relationship quality, emotional closeness with grandchildren, and role overload). The statistical analyses were a correlation analysis and multiple linear regression analyses. A constant pattern between parenting and grandparenting functioning has been found. Warmth was positively associated with grandparenting functioning, as opposed to strictness, which did not show benefits for grandparents and even showed a significant negative relationship with an indicator of grandparenting functioning. Present findings highlight that, during the socialization years, greater parental warmth but not parental strictness might be of benefit for children at the end of their life (i.e., when they are grandparents) but also for their descendants because they have a better relationship with the two following generations (i.e., adult children and grandchildren).
Collapse
|
24
|
Koutra K, Paschalidou A, Roumeliotaki T, Triliva S. Main and interactive retrospective associations between parental rearing behavior and psychological adjustment in young adulthood. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-03011-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
25
|
Zawadzka AM, Borchet J, Iwanowska M, Lewandowska-Walter A. Can Self-Esteem Help Teens Resist Unhealthy Influence of Materialistic Goals Promoted By Role Models? Front Psychol 2022; 12:687388. [PMID: 35058828 PMCID: PMC8764233 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.687388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to examine the role of self-esteem in resisting the influence of materialistic goals of four social role models (mother, father, peers, and media) in adolescents (aged 13–16). Previous studies showed a negative correlation between the psychological health of teens and striving for materialistic goals, one of the main sources is the social modeling of materialism. Two studies were carried out. The first, correlational study, was conducted on target teens and their mothers, fathers, and peers of their choice. It examined if self-esteem is a moderator of the relationship between the materialism of social role models (mothers, fathers, peers, and media) and the materialism of teens. The second, experimental study, was conducted on target teens only. It examined how boosting the self-esteem of teens and activating materialism of social role models (mothers, fathers, peers, and media) may affect the materialism of teens. Study 1 showed a significant interaction effect of self-esteem and the materialism of peers on the materialism of teens. The interaction effects of self-esteem and other role models (parents and media) were not significant. Study 2 showed that elevated self-esteem lowered the influence of the materialism of peers on the materialism of teens. The results were not significant when other role models (parents and media) were analyzed. The results obtained in the presented studies indicate that the self-esteem of teens may have an important role in resisting the influence of materialism role models of peers. Practical implications of the studies for the psychological health of teens are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Zawadzka
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Institute of Psychology, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Judyta Borchet
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Institute of Psychology, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Magdalena Iwanowska
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Institute of Psychology, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Parental Attachment and Peer Relationships in Adolescence: A Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19031064. [PMID: 35162088 PMCID: PMC8834420 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19031064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
According to attachment theory, children’s early experiences with their primary caregivers, in terms of protection and security, are the basis for socioemotional development and for the establishment of close relationships throughout their lives. During adolescence, friends and peers become a primary developmental environment, and thereby establishing quality bonds with peers will foster good psychological adjustment. The aim of the present study was to review the evidence on the relation of parental attachment to the quality of peer relationships during adolescence. A systematic review was conducted according to the recommendations of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. The search was performed in the PsycInfo, Scopus, and Web of Science (WOS) databases. Inclusion criteria were studies published since 2001, in English, that are academic publications in scientific journals, that explore adolescence, and that analyze the relationship between attachment styles and adolescent peer interactions. The search resulted in 1438 studies, of which 19 studies met the criteria and were included in the review. The results highlighted that secure attachment predicts and promotes the creation of affective relationships with peers and friends based on communication, support, intimacy, trust, and quality. In addition, some variables, such as gender differences or family characteristics, were found to be involved in attachment and provide a better understanding.
Collapse
|
27
|
Luo S, Lin L, Chen W, Li C, Ren Y, Zhang M, Guo VY. Association between maternal intimate partner violence and health-related quality of life in their preschool children: The mediating role of maternal parenting styles. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:996971. [PMID: 36424988 PMCID: PMC9679020 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.996971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although intimate partner violence (IPV) against women is a public health issue around the world, there is a lack of evidence regarding the impact of maternal IPV on preschool children's health-related quality of life (HRQOL). Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the association between maternal IPV and HRQOL among Chinese preschool children, as well as the mediating role of maternal parenting styles. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted with 4,243 mother-child dyads who attended preschools. Mothers self-reported their parenting styles and experience of IPV. Children's HRQOL was collected through mother-proxy report with the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory version 4.0 (PedsQL 4.0). Multivariate linear regression analysis was conducted to evaluate the association between maternal IPV and children's HRQOL. Mediation models were further applied to explore the possible mediating role of maternal parenting styles. RESULTS Of the included mothers, 7.4% had experience of IPV. Compared to children of mothers without any IPV exposure, those of mothers with experience of IPV had significantly lower scores in all HRQOL dimensions and summary scales. After adjustment for covariates, maternal IPV was significantly associated with children's lower physical health summary score, psychosocial health summary score, and total scale score. Mediation analysis showed that both rejection and overprotection mediated such associations, but not for the emotional warmth. CONCLUSION Our findings indicated the need to screen maternal IPV supplemented with targeted interventions focusing on parenting styles, in order to mitigate the negative impact of maternal IPV on children's HRQOL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shengyu Luo
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Lin
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weiqing Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunrong Li
- Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Ren
- Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Vivian Yawei Guo
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Nainee S, Tan SA, Tan CS, Gan SW, Tan JP. Asian "Guan" Parenting and Life Satisfaction Among Adolescents in Malaysia: The Mediating Role of Filial Piety. Front Psychol 2021; 12:746540. [PMID: 34899486 PMCID: PMC8661088 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.746540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Literature on adolescent development has shown that parenting practices have positive relationships with adolescents’ life satisfaction. Adolescents’ life satisfaction improves when they have parents low in psychological control who uphold reciprocal self-disclosure in their communication. Guan parenting was found to correlate positively with adolescents’ development. Therefore, it is methodologically important to replicate the investigation on the relationship between adolescents’ life satisfaction and Guan parenting. Literature suggests that filial piety is shaped by parenting practices and adolescents who perceived intense parental concern, care, and involvement tend to uphold filial piety and express gratitude toward parents which may promote the adolescents’ life satisfaction. In this study, mediation analysis was done to elucidate the relationship among parents’ guan parenting style, filial piety, and life satisfaction on 606 adolescents (Mage=15.07; SDage=1.03; 52.1% females) in Malaysia. The adolescents were sampled through cluster sampling, and data were collected using self-administered questionnaires. The results showed positive relationship between paternal and maternal guan parenting with filial piety and adolescents’ life satisfaction. Greater parents’ filial piety was linked to higher life satisfaction among adolescents. Findings from the mediation models indicated the association among guan parenting with filial piety, gratitude toward parents, and higher life satisfaction. The findings also offered empirical evidence to the underlying mechanism of how guan parenting could affect adolescent life satisfaction via the mediating role of filial piety. The findings also supported the importance of culture-infused parenting in inculcating adolescents’ filial piety besides establishing its link to life satisfaction in Asian families.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarvarubini Nainee
- Department of Psychology and Counselling, Faculty of Arts and Social Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Soon-Aun Tan
- Department of Psychology and Counselling, Faculty of Arts and Social Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Chee-Seng Tan
- Department of Psychology and Counselling, Faculty of Arts and Social Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Su-Wan Gan
- Department of Psychology and Counselling, Faculty of Arts and Social Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Jo-Pei Tan
- Faculty of Health, Psychology and Social Care, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Gimenez-Serrano S, Garcia F, Garcia OF. Parenting styles and its relations with personal and social adjustment beyond adolescence: Is the current evidence enough? EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/17405629.2021.1952863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Gimenez-Serrano
- Department of Methodology of Behavioral Sciences, Faculty of Psychology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Fernando Garcia
- Department of Methodology of Behavioral Sciences, Faculty of Psychology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Oscar F. Garcia
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Parental Beliefs about Childhood and Adolescence from a Longitudinal Perspective. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18041760. [PMID: 33670282 PMCID: PMC7918126 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18041760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Research into family context as a socializing agent points to the need to take parental beliefs into account due to the role they play in both parenting strategies and, ultimately, in the psychosocial adjustment of children and adolescents. The present study aims to explore possible relationships between parental beliefs about childhood and adolescence from a longitudinal and qualitative perspective. The beliefs held by parents of teenagers about adolescence are compared with those they hold about childhood at that same moment, and the evolution of these ideas is charted over the course of 16 years as their children grow. A total of 102 parents participated in the longitudinal study. They completed two types of semi-structured interviews: one of them throughout the entire study period and the other once their children became teenagers. The results reveal an association between the type of beliefs parents hold about childhood and their perception of adolescence, and they indicate that these ideas change over time as more adjusted and modern beliefs about child development correlate with a more positive perception of adolescence. These results are interpreted from the perspective of their influence on beliefs about parenting styles, reflecting what is reported in the recent literature regarding the most successful styles for fostering children’s and adolescents’ psychosocial adjustment.
Collapse
|
31
|
Louis JP, Ortiz V, Barlas J, Lee JS, Lockwood G, Chong WF, Louis KM, Sim P. The Good Enough Parenting early intervention schema therapy based program: Participant experience. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0243508. [PMID: 33481822 PMCID: PMC7822299 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and objectives Schema therapy (ST) has become a mainstream therapy for the treatment of psychopathology and has been validated through a series of large scale, international randomized control trials. Among other things, schema therapy emphasizes the meeting of core emotional needs in children by primary caregivers as these unmet needs continue to adversely affect their lives into adulthood. An early intervention parenting program has been developed to help parents meet these core emotional needs in order to prevent the development of psychopathology in the first place. The program, Good Enough Parenting, is equally focused on reducing problems and strengthening parenting practices, regardless of where the child is on the “disordered to well-being continuum”. This study aims to explore “patient experience” by users of this program. Best clinical research guidelines advocate that participants should be used as collaborators rather than pure recipients; this process should predate large scale trials. Design An exploratory qualitative study with 55 parent-participants of Good Enough Parenting was conducted. Methods One-to-one interviews were conducted with participants, using critical incident technique and guided by semi-structured interview schedule, to explore their experiences with the program. Transcripts were then analyzed using thematic analysis. Results Coding showed a high degree of inter-rater reliability (kappa value of 0.78). The themes that emerged were Cultivating Awareness of Parents’ Own Schemas, Cultivating Intentionality, Working through Developmental Issues, Responses to Challenges at Home, Performing Multiple Roles, and the Learning Process. Participants overwhelmingly reported satisfaction within these key themes. Conclusions The results support the development of the program and the choice of “participant reported outcome measures” for use in subsequent randomized controlled trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John Philip Louis
- Persatuan Kebajikan HOPE Worldwide Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- * E-mail:
| | - Vida Ortiz
- HOPE Worldwide Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | | | - George Lockwood
- Schema Therapy Institute Midwest, Kalamazoo, Michigan, United States of America
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Campos MLP, Enacan R, Valle MG, Chiesa A. Parenting Styles and Coping Strategies in PKU Early Detected Children. JOURNAL OF INBORN ERRORS OF METABOLISM AND SCREENING 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/2326-4594-jiems-2020-0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- María L. Pardo Campos
- Fundación de Endocrinología Infantil, Argentina; Hospital de Niños R Gutierrez, Argentina; Universidad Católica Argentina, Argentina
| | - Rosa Enacan
- Fundación de Endocrinología Infantil, Argentina; Hospital de Niños R Gutierrez, Argentina
| | - Maria G. Valle
- Fundación de Endocrinología Infantil, Argentina; Hospital de Niños R Gutierrez, Argentina
| | - Ana Chiesa
- Fundación de Endocrinología Infantil, Argentina; Hospital de Niños R Gutierrez, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Milevsky A. Relationships in transition: maternal and paternal parenting styles and change in sibling dynamics during adolescence. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/17405629.2020.1865144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Avidan Milevsky
- Department of Behavioral Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Ramírez Jiménez MS, Serra Desfilis E. Does Christian Spirituality Enhance Psychological Interventions on Forgiveness, Gratitude, and the Meaning of Life? A Quasi-Experimental Intervention with the Elderly and Youth. NURSING REPORTS 2020; 10:182-206. [PMID: 34968363 PMCID: PMC8608047 DOI: 10.3390/nursrep10020022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Scientific research has provided theoretical evidence on the implementation of religious/spiritual interventions (RSI) as a complementary health therapy, where spiritual improvements are also a factor to consider. Despite the above, there are few studies that have evaluated the clinical applicability of these findings. This study was an intervention with older and younger adults divided into two treatment groups and one control group. What is expected is that the two treatment groups will score better than the control group; however, the group with a Christian spiritual focus is expected to perform better than the group without a spiritual focus. Measures of gratitude, meaning of life, forgiveness, spirituality, religiosity, and expected prejudice were recorded. The hypothesis is fulfilled that Christian spirituality enhances psychological interventions on factors associated with personal well-being, mainly in older adults: spirituality (M = 26.00, SE = 2.127/M = 29.38, SE = 1.953, t (12) = -2.436, p < 0.05, r = 0.58), goals (M = 22.92, SE = 1.022/M = 24.54, SE = 0.739, t (12) = -2.298, p < 0.05, r = 0.55), and benevolence (M = 17.31, SE = 1.554/M = 21.08, SE = 1.603, t (12) = -3.310, p < 0.05, r = 0.69). The most powerful results of the study are those associated with religiosity/spirituality.
Collapse
|
35
|
Garcia OF, Fuentes MC, Gracia E, Serra E, Garcia F. Parenting Warmth and Strictness across Three Generations: Parenting Styles and Psychosocial Adjustment. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17207487. [PMID: 33076230 PMCID: PMC7602436 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17207487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent emergent research is seriously questioning whether parental strictness contributes to children’s psychosocial adjustment in all cultural contexts. We examined cross-generational differences in parental practices characterized by warmth and practices characterized by strictness, as well as the relationship between parenting styles (authoritative, indulgent, authoritarian, and neglectful) and psychosocial adjustment in adulthood. Parenting practices characterized by warmth (affection, reasoning, indifference, and detachment) and strictness (revoking privileges, verbal scolding, and physical punishment) were examined. Psychosocial adjustment was captured with multidimensional self-concept and well-being (life satisfaction and happiness). Participants were 871 individuals who were members of three generations of Spanish families: College students (G3), their parents (G2), and their grandparents (G1). Results showed two different cross-generational patterns in parenting practices, with an increased tendency toward parental warmth (parents use more affection and reasoning but less indifference across generations) and a decreased tendency toward parental strictness (parents use revoking privileges, verbal scolding, and physical punishment less across generations). Interestingly, despite cross-generational differences in parenting practices, a common pattern between parenting styles and psychosocial adjustment was found: indulgent parenting was related to equal or even better self-concept and well-being than authoritative parenting, whereas parenting characterized by non-warmth (authoritarian and neglectful) was related to poor scores.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oscar F. Garcia
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (O.F.G.); (E.S.)
| | - Maria C. Fuentes
- Department of Methodology of the Behavioral Sciences, Faculty of Psychology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Enrique Gracia
- Department of Social Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Emilia Serra
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (O.F.G.); (E.S.)
| | - Fernando Garcia
- Department of Methodology of the Behavioral Sciences, Faculty of Psychology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain;
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Protective and Risk Factors for Adolescent Substance Use in Spain: Self-Esteem and Other Indicators of Personal Well-Being and Ill-Being. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12155962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Although self-esteem has traditionally been considered as an important correlate of psychosocial adjustment, some empirical studies have found a positive relationship between some domains of self-esteem and drug use among adolescents. The present study analyzes self-esteem and other adjustment personal indicators as protective or risk factors for substance use. Participants were 644 Spanish adolescents aged 12–17 years. Substance use (cigarettes, alcohol, marijuana, and other illicit drugs), multidimensional self-esteem (academic, social, emotional, family, and physical), and other indicators of adolescents’ well-being and ill-being (psychological problems, behavior problems, and parenting) were measured. We observed, on the one hand, that substance use had a significant negative relationship with academic, family, and physical self-esteem. On the other hand, we also observed a significant positive relationship between drug use and social self-esteem. However, this significant relationship disappeared after statistically controlling for sex and age, using both partial correlation analyses and covariance analysis. Interestingly, beyond the importance of each factor related to drugs, prevention science should first of all be able to identify whether the main psychological variables (e.g., social or physical self-esteem) are risk or protective factors for drug use.
Collapse
|
37
|
Roh SY, Chang IY. Exploring the Role of Family and School as Spaces for 1.5 Generation South Korean's Adjustment and Identity Negotiation in New Zealand: A Qualitative Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17124408. [PMID: 32575447 PMCID: PMC7345826 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17124408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To date, the majority of research on migrant identity negotiation and adjustment has primarily focused on adults. However, identity- and adjustment-related issues linked with global migration are not only related to those who have recently arrived, but are also relevant for their subsequent descendants. Consequently, there is increasing recognition by that as a particular group, the “1.5 generation” who were born in their home country but came to new countries in early childhood and were educated there. This research, therefore, investigates 1.5 generation South Koreans’ adjustment and identity status in New Zealand. More specifically, this study explores two vital social spaces—family and school—which play a pivotal role in modulating 1.5 generation’s identity and adjustment in New Zealand. Drawing upon in-depth interviewing with twenty-five 1.5 generation Korean-New Zealanders, this paper reveals that there are two different experiences at home and school; (1) the family is argued to serve as a key space where the South Korean 1.5 generation confirms and retains their ethnic identity through experiences and embodiments of South Korean traditional values, but (2) school is almost the only space where the South Korean 1.5 generation in New Zealand can acquire the cultural tools of mainstream society through interaction with English speaking local peers and adults. Within this space, the South Korean 1.5 generation experiences the transformation of an ethnic sense of identity which is strongly constructed at home via the family. Overall, the paper discusses that 1.5 generation South Koreans experience a complex and contradictory process in negotiating their identity and adjusting into New Zealand through different involvement at home and school.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Su Yeon Roh
- Department of Exercise Rehabilitation and Welfare, College of Health Science, Gachon University, Inchon 21936, Korea;
| | - Ik Young Chang
- Department of Community Sport, Korea National Sport University, Seoul 05541, Korea
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Martinez-Escudero JA, Villarejo S, Garcia OF, Garcia F. Parental Socialization and Its Impact across the Lifespan. Behav Sci (Basel) 2020; 10:E101. [PMID: 32560214 PMCID: PMC7349393 DOI: 10.3390/bs10060101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical studies have found that parental warmth combined with parental strictness is the best parental strategy to promote children's psychosocial development. Nevertheless, a growing set of emergent studies has questioned the benefits of parental strictness. The present study examined parental socialization and its short- and long-term impact on the psychosocial development of adolescents and adult children. The sample consisted of 2150 Spanish participants, 623 adolescents (12-18 years), 619 young adults (19-35 years), 502 middle-aged adults (35-59 years), and 406 older adults (60 years or older). Families were classified into one of four typologies (indulgent, authoritative, authoritarian, and neglectful). Psychosocial development was examined with five indicators (physical and family self-concept, nervousness, empathy, and internalization of social values of benevolence). The results show a common short- and long-term pattern between parenting styles and psychosocial development: the indulgent style equaled or even surpassed the authoritative style, whereas the neglectful and authoritarian styles were associated with low scores. The present findings were discussed by considering the importance of the cultural context in family socialization. Additionally, the long-term impact of parental socialization seems to be crucial, even in adulthood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jose Antonio Martinez-Escudero
- Department of Methodology of Behavioral Sciences, Faculty of Psychology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (J.A.M.-E.); (S.V.); (F.G.)
| | - Sonia Villarejo
- Department of Methodology of Behavioral Sciences, Faculty of Psychology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (J.A.M.-E.); (S.V.); (F.G.)
| | - Oscar F. Garcia
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Fernando Garcia
- Department of Methodology of Behavioral Sciences, Faculty of Psychology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (J.A.M.-E.); (S.V.); (F.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Queiroz P, Garcia OF, Garcia F, Zacares JJ, Camino C. Self and Nature: Parental Socialization, Self-Esteem, and Environmental Values in Spanish Adolescents. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E3732. [PMID: 32466198 PMCID: PMC7277642 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17103732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Emergent research seriously questions the use of parental strictness as the best parenting strategy in all cultural contexts. Moreover, previous research on environmental socialization offers inconsistent findings about which specific parenting practices would be the most appropriate for environmental socialization. The present paper aims to examine parents' contribution (i.e., authoritative, indulgent, authoritarian, and neglectful) to adolescents' self-esteem and internalization of environmental values. Participants were 308 Spanish adolescents with 171 females (55.5%), between 12 and 17 years old. The four parenting styles were defined using measures of parental warmth and strictness. Self-esteem was captured with global and multidimensional measures. Internalization of environmental values was evaluated by measuring the priority given to biospheric values. Results revealed a consistent pattern between parenting styles and adolescent self-esteem and internalization of environmental values. Overall, adolescents from homes characterized by parental warmth (i.e., indulgent and authoritative) have higher self-esteem and greater internalization of environmental values than their counterparts. These findings clearly contrast with those obtained in other cultural contexts where parental strictness is essential in achieving well-adjusted children with optimal psychosocial development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Queiroz
- Faculty of Health Sciences at Trairi, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, 59200-000 Santa Cruz-Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil;
| | - Oscar F. Garcia
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Fernando Garcia
- Department of Methodology of the Behavioral Sciences, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Juan J. Zacares
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Cleonice Camino
- Departament of Psychology, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 58033-455 João Pessoa-State of Paraíba, Brazil;
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Self-Concept in China: Validation of the Chinese Version of the Five-Factor Self-Concept (AF5) Questionnaire. Symmetry (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/sym12050798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The principle of invariance is a mandatory methodological requirement for the psychological measures, even when items such as self-concept measures frequently present asymmetric heavy-tailed distributions. Few validated self-concept instruments can be applied in Eastern–Western cross-cultural studies. The Five-Factor Self-Concept Questionnaire (AF5) is one of the few psychometrically sound instruments used to assess multidimensional self-concept in Spanish-speaking samples. The availability of the AF5 in Spanish and Chinese would facilitate cross-cultural research. To validate the Chinese version of the AF5, we used multisample confirmatory factor analysis with transformed dichotomous scales from the median to compare four alternative theoretical models. The sample consisted of 2507 participants (52.3% women) from China (n = 1298) and Spain (n = 1209), ranging in age from 19 to 35. Analyses confirmed the five-factor structure of the Chinese AF5 (i.e., academic, social, emotional, family, and physical) compared to the Spanish sample. Moreover, the Chinese version of the AF5 was found to be invariant in terms of item-factor weights, factor variance, and between-factor covariance, compared to the original Spanish version. The findings from this first validation study indicate that the Chinese version of the AF5 is an acceptable measure for use with Chinese-speaking adolescents and young adults.
Collapse
|
41
|
Fernández-Archilla JA, Aguilar-Parra JM, Álvarez-Hernández JF, Luque de la Rosa A, Echeita G, Trigueros R. Validation of the Index for Inclusion Questionnaire for Parents of Non-University Education Students. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E3216. [PMID: 32384615 PMCID: PMC7246626 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17093216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The perspective from the parents of non-university students is essential in determining inclusive education in a school. The Index of Inclusion is one of the most widely used self-assessment tools and strategies to help teaching teams self-assess their political cultures and practices from the perspective of the values and principles of educational inclusion worldwide. For this reason, the present study intends to show evidence of validity of the Index for Inclusion questionnaire for parents of non-university education students, in a quantitative way, through a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). In this study, 108 fathers and 500 mothers took part, aged between 21 and 62 years (M = 43.59; SD = 6.64), whose children belonged to educational institutions throughout Spain. The results revealed adequate adjustment rates, showing invariant structure with respect to sex. The Index for Inclusion for families of non-university education students was shown to be a robust and adequate psychometric instrument to assess the degree of development of inclusive education in educational institutions from the perspective of the parents of said student body. The family is a basic pillar in the education of children and a reference for them. In addition, parents of non-university education students are configured as fundamental participatory elements of the child's educational institution thus; making the family a fundamental element that favors inclusive education. Precisely because of all this, the future administration of this questionnaire (to the parents of these students) is recommended.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José A. Fernández-Archilla
- Department of Psychology, Hum-878 Research Team, Health Research Centre, University of Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain; (J.A.F.-A.); (J.F.Á.-H.)
| | - José M. Aguilar-Parra
- Department of Psychology, Hum-878 Research Team, Health Research Centre, University of Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain; (J.A.F.-A.); (J.F.Á.-H.)
| | - Joaquín F. Álvarez-Hernández
- Department of Psychology, Hum-878 Research Team, Health Research Centre, University of Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain; (J.A.F.-A.); (J.F.Á.-H.)
| | | | - Gerardo Echeita
- Developmental and Educational Psychology Department, Faculty of Psychology, Madrid Autonomous University, 28049 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Rubén Trigueros
- Department of Language and Education, University of Antonio de Nebrija, 28015 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|