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Haben S, Ciplea AI, Tokic M, Timmesfeld N, Thiel S, Gold R, Langer-Gould AM, Hellwig K. Early postpartum treatment strategies and early postpartum relapses in women with active multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2024; 95:151-157. [PMID: 37536925 PMCID: PMC10850706 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2023-331525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Relapse risk after delivery is increased in women with active multiple sclerosis (MS), the best strategy to reduce it is unknown. We aimed to assess the association of four different postpartum strategies with relapses during the first 6 months post partum. METHODS This cohort study includes data prospectively collected through structured telephone interviews from the German Multiple Sclerosis and Pregnancy Registry. Pregnancies with active MS (fingolimod or natalizumab treatment OR relapse within 1 year before pregnancy) and postpartum follow-up of ≥6 months were included. We compared four strategies: (1) intention to breastfeed exclusively without disease-modifying therapy (DMT) (exclusive breast feeding ≥2 months or switching to non-exclusive/weaning within 2 weeks after a relapse during the first 2 months), (2) early treatment with natalizumab/fingolimod and (3) other DMT initiated within 6 weeks post partum before a relapse. If women did not or only partially breastfed, or started DMT≤6 weeks after delivery after a relapse or later, we assumed (4) no-DMT-no-exclusive- breastfeeding-strategy. Main outcome was time to postpartum MS relapses. RESULTS In 867 women with 911 pregnancies, most (n=416) intended to breastfeed exclusively or had no-DMT-no-exclusive-breastfeeding-strategy (n=290); fewer started fingolimod (n=38), natalizumab (n=74) or another DMT (n=93) early. Recurrent time-to-event analysis showed a statistically significant reduction in relapse hazard only with the natalizumab/fingolimod-strategy as of months 3-4 post partum compared with intention-to-breastfeed-exclusively-strategy. The very early relapse risk was highest in no-DMT-no-exclusive-breastfeeding-strategy. CONCLUSION In active MS, an early postpartum treatment strategy should be determined well before delivery. Natalizumab/fingolimod-strategy reduced postpartum relapse hazard from month 3, but none diminished the early postpartum relapse hazard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Haben
- Department of Neurology, Katholisches Klinikum Bochum, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Andrea I Ciplea
- Department of Neurology, Katholisches Klinikum Bochum, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Marianne Tokic
- Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Ruhr-Universitat Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Nina Timmesfeld
- Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Ruhr-Universitat Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Sandra Thiel
- Department of Neurology, Katholisches Klinikum Bochum, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Ralf Gold
- Department of Neurology, Katholisches Klinikum Bochum, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | | | - Kerstin Hellwig
- Department of Neurology, Katholisches Klinikum Bochum, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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Jakubaszek MP. The significance of prolactin in systemic connective tissue diseases. Reumatologia 2023; 61:264-270. [PMID: 37745140 PMCID: PMC10515120 DOI: 10.5114/reum/170319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Does prolactin (PRL) level testing in the diagnosis of systemic connective tissue diseases make sense and should we test it in everyday practice? Material and methods Connective tissue diseases (CTDs) are a group of heterogeneous disorders, involving multiple body systems. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is one of the most common connective tissue diseases with a global prevalence of 0.3-1% and can be inherited. Less common are systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), antiphospholipid syndrome (APS), systemic sclerosis (SSc), primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) and inflammatory myositis. Prolactin is responsible for lactation, breast growth and many other bodily processes, and is elevated in blood of woman who are pregnant or breastfeeding. Hyperprolactinemia is relatively common in women, so some rheumatic diseases may be caused by high prolactin levels, and it should be detected during diagnosis. Results Prolactin signals are found in arthritic joint tissues (chondrocytes and synovial fibroblasts) to inhibit cartilage degradation, synovitis and osteoclastogenesis. On the other hand, hyperprolactinemia also promotes the conversion of PRL to vasoinhibin, a fragment of PRL that directly stimulates and indirectly inhibits arthritis in a cell type-dependent manner. The role of the PRL/vasoinhibin axis in inflammatory arthritis should still be monitored and further research is needed to help elucidate the role of PRL in rheumatic diseases in order to ultimately develop new therapeutic interventions that can be tested in patients. Conclusions Nowadays, there are no clear indications for prolactin testing in the diagnosis of systemic connective tissue diseases. In the case of suspicion or confirmation of some systemic connective tissue diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis or systemic lupus erythematosus, testing the prolactin level makes sense when severity of disease symptoms is observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Piotr Jakubaszek
- Early Arthritis Clinic, National Institute of Geriatrics, Rheumatology and Rehabilitation, Warsaw, Poland
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Effects of Tele-Pilates and Tele-Yoga on Biochemicals, Physical, and Psychological Parameters of Females with Multiple Sclerosis. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12041585. [PMID: 36836119 PMCID: PMC9966519 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12041585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND People with multiple sclerosis (PwMS) suffer from some comorbidities, including physical and psychiatric disorders, low quality of life (QoL), hormonal dysregulation, and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis dysfunction. The current study aimed to investigate the effects of eight weeks of tele-yoga and tele-Pilates on the serum levels of prolactin and cortisol and selected physical and psychological factors. METHODS Forty-five females with relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis, based on age (18-65), expanded disability status scale (0-5.5), and body mass index (20-32), were randomly assigned to tele-Pilates, tele-yoga, or control groups (n = 15). Serum blood samples and validated questionnaires were collected before and after interventions. RESULTS Following online interventions, there was a significant increase in the serum levels of prolactin (p = 0.004) and a significant decrease in cortisol (p = 0.04) in the time × group interaction factors. In addition, significant improvements were observed in depression (p = 0.001), physical activity levels (p < 0.001), QoL (p ≤ 0.001), and the speed of walking (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that tele-yoga and tele-Pilates training could be introduced as patient-friendly, non-pharmacological, add-on therapeutic methods for increasing prolactin and decreasing cortisol serum levels and achieving clinically relevant improvements in depression, walking speed, physical activity level, and QoL in female MS patients.
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Santiago JA, Potashkin JA. Biological and Clinical Implications of Sex-Specific Differences in Alzheimer's Disease. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2023; 282:181-197. [PMID: 37460661 DOI: 10.1007/164_2023_672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Mounting evidence indicates that the female sex is a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common cause of dementia worldwide. Decades of research suggest that sex-specific differences in genetics, environmental factors, hormones, comorbidities, and brain structure and function may contribute to AD development. However, although significant progress has been made in uncovering specific genetic factors and biological pathways, the precise mechanisms underlying sex-biased differences are not fully characterized. Here, we review several lines of evidence, including epidemiological, clinical, and molecular studies addressing sex differences in AD. In addition, we discuss the challenges and future directions in advancing personalized treatments for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Judith A Potashkin
- Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology Department, Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases and Therapeutics, The Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, USA.
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Santiago JA, Quinn JP, Potashkin JA. Sex-specific transcriptional rewiring in the brain of Alzheimer’s disease patients. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:1009368. [PMID: 36389068 PMCID: PMC9659968 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.1009368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex-specific differences may contribute to Alzheimer’s disease (AD) development. AD is more prevalent in women worldwide, and female sex has been suggested as a disease risk factor. Nevertheless, the molecular mechanisms underlying sex-biased differences in AD remain poorly characterized. To this end, we analyzed the transcriptional changes in the entorhinal cortex of symptomatic and asymptomatic AD patients stratified by sex. Co-expression network analysis implemented by SWItchMiner software identified sex-specific signatures of switch genes responsible for drastic transcriptional changes in the brain of AD and asymptomatic AD individuals. Pathway analysis of the switch genes revealed that morphine addiction, retrograde endocannabinoid signaling, and autophagy are associated with both females with AD (F-AD) and males with (M-AD). In contrast, nicotine addiction, cell adhesion molecules, oxytocin signaling, adipocytokine signaling, prolactin signaling, and alcoholism are uniquely associated with M-AD. Similarly, some of the unique pathways associated with F-AD switch genes are viral myocarditis, Hippo signaling pathway, endometrial cancer, insulin signaling, and PI3K-AKT signaling. Together these results reveal that there are many sex-specific pathways that may lead to AD. Approximately 20–30% of the elderly have an accumulation of amyloid beta in the brain, but show no cognitive deficit. Asymptomatic females (F-asymAD) and males (M-asymAD) both shared dysregulation of endocytosis. In contrast, pathways uniquely associated with F-asymAD switch genes are insulin secretion, progesterone-mediated oocyte maturation, axon guidance, renal cell carcinoma, and ErbB signaling pathway. Similarly, pathways uniquely associated with M-asymAD switch genes are fluid shear stress and atherosclerosis, FcγR mediated phagocytosis, and proteoglycans in cancer. These results reveal for the first time unique pathways associated with either disease progression or cognitive resilience in asymptomatic individuals. Additionally, we identified numerous sex-specific transcription factors and potential neurotoxic chemicals that may be involved in the pathogenesis of AD. Together these results reveal likely molecular drivers of sex differences in the brain of AD patients. Future molecular studies dissecting the functional role of these switch genes in driving sex differences in AD are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Judith A. Potashkin
- Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology Department, Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases and Therapeutics, The Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, United States
- *Correspondence: Judith A. Potashkin,
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In silico identification of the potential molecular mechanisms involved in protective effects of prolactin on motor and memory deficits induced by 1,2-Diacetylbenzene in young and old rats. Neurotoxicology 2022; 93:45-59. [PMID: 36100143 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2022.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to identify the molecular mechanisms through which prolactin protects against 1,2-Diacetylbenzene (DAB)-induced memory and motor impairments. The gene expression omnibus database (no. GSE119435), transcriptomic data, GeneMANIA, ToppGeneSuite, Metascape, STRING database, Cytoscape, and Autodock were used as the core tools in in-silico analyses. We observed that prolactin may improve memory and motor deficits caused by DAB via 13 genes (Scn5a, Lmntd1, LOC100360619, Rgs9, Srpk3, Syndig1l, Gpr88, Egr2, Ctxn3, Drd2, Ttr, Gpr6, and Ecel1) in young rats and 9 genes (Scn5a, Chat, RGD1560608, Ucma, Lrrc31, Gpr88, Col1a2, Cnbd1, and Ttr) in old rats. Almost all of these genes were downregulated in both young and old rats given DAB, but they were increased in both young and old rats given prolactin. Co-expression interactions were identified as the most important interactions (83.2 % for young rats and 100 % for old rats). The most important mechanisms associated with prolactin's ability to counteract DAB were identified, including "learning and memory," and "positive regulation of ion transport" in young rats, as well as "acetylcholine related pathways," "inflammatory response pathway," and "neurotransmitter release cycle" in old rats. We also identified several key miRNAs associated with memory and motor deficits, as well as prolactin and DAB exposure (rno-miR-141-3p, rno-miR-200a-3p, rno-miR-124-3p, rno-miR-26, and rno-let-7 families). The most significant transcription factors associated with differentially expressed gene regulation were Six3, Rxrg, Nkx26, and Tbx20. These findings will contribute to our understanding of the processes through which prolactin's beneficial effects counteract DAB-induced memory and motor deficits.
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Zhao H, Gong S, Shi Y, Luo C, Qiu H, He J, Sun Y, Huang Y, Wang S, Miao Y, Wu W. The role of prolactin/vasoinhibins in cardiovascular diseases. Animal Model Exp Med 2022; 6:81-91. [PMID: 35923071 PMCID: PMC10158951 DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolactin (PRL) is a polypeptide hormone that is mainly synthesized and secreted by the lactotroph cells of the pituitary. There are two main isoforms of PRL: 23-kDa PRL (named full-length PRL) and vasoinhibins (including 5.6-18 kDa fragments). Both act as circulating hormones and cytokines to stimulate or inhibit vascular formation at different stages and neovascularization, including endothelial cell proliferation and migration, protease production, and apoptosis. However, their effects on vascular function and cardiovascular diseases are different or even contrary. In addition to the structure, secretion regulation, and signal transduction of PRL/vasoinhibins, this review focuses on the pathological mechanism and clinical significance of PRL/vasoinhibins in cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhao
- School of Materials and Chemistry & Institute of Bismuth and Rhenium, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.,Department of Cardio-Pulmonary Circulation, School of Medicine, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sugang Gong
- Department of Cardio-Pulmonary Circulation, School of Medicine, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongcong Shi
- Respiratory Medicine, Dongchuan District People's Hospital, Kunming, China
| | - Cijun Luo
- Department of Cardio-Pulmonary Circulation, School of Medicine, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongling Qiu
- Department of Cardio-Pulmonary Circulation, School of Medicine, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing He
- Department of Cardio-Pulmonary Circulation, School of Medicine, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanyuan Sun
- Department of Cardio-Pulmonary Circulation, School of Medicine, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuxia Huang
- Department of Cardio-Pulmonary Circulation, School of Medicine, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shang Wang
- Department of Cardio-Pulmonary Circulation, School of Medicine, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuqing Miao
- School of Materials and Chemistry & Institute of Bismuth and Rhenium, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenhui Wu
- Department of Cardio-Pulmonary Circulation, School of Medicine, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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Duc Nguyen H, Pal Yu B, Hoang NHM, Jo WH, Young Chung H, Kim MS. Prolactin and Its Altered Action in Alzheimer's Disease and Parkinson's Disease. Neuroendocrinology 2022; 112:427-445. [PMID: 34126620 DOI: 10.1159/000517798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prolactin (PRL) is one of the most diverse pituitary hormones and is known to modulate normal neuronal function and neurodegenerative conditions. Many studies have described the influence that PRL has on the central nervous system and addressed its contribution to neurodegeneration, but little is known about the mechanisms responsible for the effects of PRL on neurodegenerative disorders, especially on Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). SUMMARY We review and summarize the existing literature and current understanding of the roles of PRL on various PRL aspects of AD and PD. KEY MESSAGES In general, PRL is viewed as a promising molecule for the treatment of AD and PD. Modulation of PRL functions and targeting of immune mechanisms are needed to devise preventive or therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Duc Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Pal Yu
- Department of Physiology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Ngoc Hong Minh Hoang
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Hee Jo
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Young Chung
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Sun Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, Republic of Korea
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Brinkmeyer-Langford C, Amstalden K, Konganti K, Hillhouse A, Lawley K, Perez-Gomez A, Young CR, Welsh CJ, Threadgill DW. Resilience in Long-Term Viral Infection: Genetic Determinants and Interactions. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111379. [PMID: 34768809 PMCID: PMC8584141 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Virus-induced neurological sequelae resulting from infection by Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) are used for studying human conditions ranging from epileptic seizures to demyelinating disease. Mouse strains are typically considered susceptible or resistant to TMEV infection based on viral persistence and extreme phenotypes, such as demyelination. We have identified a broader spectrum of phenotypic outcomes by infecting strains of the genetically diverse Collaborative Cross (CC) mouse resource. We evaluated the chronic-infection gene expression profiles of hippocampi and thoracic spinal cords for 19 CC strains in relation to phenotypic severity and TMEV persistence. Strains were clustered based on similar phenotypic profiles and TMEV levels at 90 days post-infection, and we categorized distinct TMEV response profiles. The three most common profiles included "resistant" and "susceptible," as before, as well as a "resilient" TMEV response group which experienced both TMEV persistence and mild neurological phenotypes even at 90 days post-infection. Each profile had a distinct gene expression signature, allowing the identification of pathways and networks specific to each TMEV response group. CC founder haplotypes for genes involved in these pathways/networks revealed candidate response-specific alleles. These alleles demonstrated pleiotropy and epigenetic (miRNA) regulation in long-term TMEV infection, with particular relevance for resilient mouse strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candice Brinkmeyer-Langford
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (K.A.); (K.L.); (A.P.-G.); (C.R.Y.); (C.J.W.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Katia Amstalden
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (K.A.); (K.L.); (A.P.-G.); (C.R.Y.); (C.J.W.)
| | - Kranti Konganti
- Texas A&M Institute for Genome Sciences and Society, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (K.K.); (A.H.); (D.W.T.)
| | - Andrew Hillhouse
- Texas A&M Institute for Genome Sciences and Society, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (K.K.); (A.H.); (D.W.T.)
| | - Koedi Lawley
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (K.A.); (K.L.); (A.P.-G.); (C.R.Y.); (C.J.W.)
| | - Aracely Perez-Gomez
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (K.A.); (K.L.); (A.P.-G.); (C.R.Y.); (C.J.W.)
| | - Colin R. Young
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (K.A.); (K.L.); (A.P.-G.); (C.R.Y.); (C.J.W.)
| | - C. Jane Welsh
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (K.A.); (K.L.); (A.P.-G.); (C.R.Y.); (C.J.W.)
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - David W. Threadgill
- Texas A&M Institute for Genome Sciences and Society, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (K.K.); (A.H.); (D.W.T.)
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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Wan L, Huang RJ, Luo ZH, Gong JE, Pan A, Manavis J, Yan XX, Xiao B. Reproduction-Associated Hormones and Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis. Neural Plast 2021; 2021:3651735. [PMID: 34539776 PMCID: PMC8448607 DOI: 10.1155/2021/3651735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The levels of reproduction-associated hormones in females, such as estrogen, progesterone, prolactin, and oxytocin, change dramatically during pregnancy and postpartum. Reproduction-associated hormones can affect adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN), thereby regulating mothers' behavior after delivery. In this review, we first briefly introduce the overall functional significance of AHN and the methods commonly used to explore this front. Then, we attempt to reconcile the changes of reproduction-associated hormones during pregnancy. We further update the findings on how reproduction-related hormones influence adult hippocampal neurogenesis. This review is aimed at emphasizing a potential role of AHN in reproduction-related brain plasticity and its neurobiological relevance to motherhood behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lily Wan
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Rou-Jie Huang
- Medical Doctor Program, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhao-Hui Luo
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Jiao-e Gong
- Department of Neurology, Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha 410007, China
| | - Aihua Pan
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Jim Manavis
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia 5000
| | - Xiao-Xin Yan
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University Xiangya School of Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Bo Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
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Sutiwisesak R, Burns TC, Rodriguez M, Warrington AE. Remyelination therapies for multiple sclerosis: optimizing translation from animal models into clinical trials. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2021; 30:857-876. [PMID: 34126015 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2021.1942840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Demyelination, the main pathology in MS, contributes to clinical symptoms and long-term neurological deficits if left untreated. Remyelination, the natural repair of damaged myelin by cells of the oligodendrocyte lineage, occurs in MS, but eventually fails in most patients as they age. Encouraging timely remyelination can restore axon conduction and minimize deficits.Areas covered: We discuss and correlate human MS pathology with animal models, propose methods to deplete resident oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) to determine whether mature oligodendrocytes support remyelination, and review remyelinating agents, mechanisms of action, and available clinical trial data.Expert opinion: The heterogeneity of human MS may limit successful translation of many candidate remyelinating agents; some patients lack the biological targets necessary to leverage current approaches. Development of therapeutics for remyelination has concentrated almost exclusively on mobilization of innate OPCs. However, mature oligodendrocytes appear an important contributor to remyelination in humans. Limiting the contribution of OPC mediated repair in models of MS would allow the evaluation of remyelination-promoting agents on mature oligodendrocytes. Among remyelinating reagents reviewed, only rHIgM22 targets both OPCs and mature oligodendrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rujapope Sutiwisesak
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Terry C Burns
- Departments of Neurology and Neurologic Surgery Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Moses Rodriguez
- Departments of Neurology and Neurologic Surgery Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Arthur E Warrington
- Departments of Neurology and Neurologic Surgery Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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Søndergaard HB, Airas L, Christensen JR, Nielsen BR, Börnsen L, Oturai A, Sellebjerg F. Pregnancy-Induced Changes in microRNA Expression in Multiple Sclerosis. Front Immunol 2021; 11:552101. [PMID: 33584638 PMCID: PMC7876450 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.552101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pregnancy affects the disease course in multiple sclerosis (MS), particularly in the third trimester, where the relapse rate is reduced by as much as two thirds. This study aimed at identifying changes in microRNA (miRNA) and immune cell phenotypes in pregnant MS patients. Discovery and validation studies to detect differentially expressed miRNAs were performed with quantitative real-time PCR on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Flow cytometry analysis was performed on PBMC stained with antibodies directed against surface markers of antigen presenting cells (APCs), NK-cells, NKT cells, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and subsets of these cell types, including PDL1 and PDL2 expressing subsets. RNA was extracted from whole blood, monocytes, and NK-cells to investigate expression and correlation between regulated miRNAs and mRNAs. In total, 15 miRNAs were validated to be differentially expressed between third trimester pregnant and postpartum MS patients (Benjamini-Hochberg false discovery rate from p = 0.03–0.00004). Of these, 12 miRNAs were downregulated in pregnancy and 6 of the 15 miRNAs were altered by more than ±2-fold (+2.99- to -6.38-fold). Pregnant MS patients had a highly significant increase in the percentage of monocytes and a decrease of NK-cells and myeloid dendritic cells compared to non-pregnant MS patients. We confirm previous reports of a relative increase in CD56-bright NK-cells and a decrease in CD56-dim NK-cells in third trimester of pregnancy and report an increase in non-committed follicular helper cells. PDL1 and PDL2 expression was increased in pregnant patients together with IL10. Also, in monocytes IL10, PDL1, and PDL2 were upregulated whereas miR-1, miR-20a, miR-28, miR-95, miR-146a, miR-335, and miR-625 were downregulated between pregnant and untreated MS patients. IL10, PDL1, and PDL2 were predicted targets of MS pregnancy-changed miRNAs, further supported by their negative correlations. Additionally, previously identified pregnancy-regulated mRNAs were identified as predicted targets of the miRNAs. PDL1 and PDL2 bind PD-1 expressed on T cells with an inhibitory effect on T-cell proliferation and increase in IL10 production. These results indicate that some of the effects behind the disease-ameliorating third trimester of pregnancy might be caused by changed expression of miRNAs and immunoregulatory molecules in monocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helle Bach Søndergaard
- Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Laura Airas
- Department of Neurology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Jeppe Romme Christensen
- Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Birgitte Romme Nielsen
- Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Lars Börnsen
- Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Annette Oturai
- Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Finn Sellebjerg
- Danish Multiple Sclerosis Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
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13
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Short prolactin isoforms are expressed in photoreceptors of canine retinas undergoing retinal degeneration. Sci Rep 2021; 11:460. [PMID: 33432105 PMCID: PMC7801730 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80691-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolactin (PRL) hormone functions as a pleiotropic cytokine with a protective role in the retina. We recently identified by transcriptome profiling that PRL is one of the most highly upregulated mRNAs in the retinas of mutant rcd1 (PDE6B) and xlpra2 (RPGR) dogs at advanced stages of photoreceptor disease. In the present study, we have identified the expression of a short PRL isoform that lacks exon 1 in canine retinas and analyzed the time-course of expression and localization of this isoform in the retinas of these two models. Using laser capture microdissection to isolate RNA from each of the retinal cellular layers, we found by qPCR that this short PRL isoform is expressed in photoreceptors of degenerating retinas. We confirmed by in situ hybridization that its expression is localized to the outer nuclear layer and begins shortly after the onset of disease at the time of peak photoreceptor cell death in both models. PRL protein was also detected only in mutant dog retinas. Our results call for further investigations into the role of this novel PRL isoform in retinal degeneration.
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14
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Sparaco M, Bonavita S. The role of sex hormones in women with multiple sclerosis: From puberty to assisted reproductive techniques. Front Neuroendocrinol 2021; 60:100889. [PMID: 33189769 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2020.100889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple Sclerosis is a multifactorial chronic autoimmune disease, affecting predominantly females in the fertile age. Sex hormones changes during a woman's life, from puberty to menopause, including pregnancy and puerperium, may influence the onset and course of Multiple Sclerosis. The effect of estrogen levels on immune, clinical and radiological aspects of Multiple Sclerosis, also stimulated investigation on the effect of sexual hormones therapies, such as oral contraceptives and assisted reproductive technique, on the Multiple Sclerosis course. SEARCH STRATEGY AND SELECTION CRITERIA A literature search for original articles and reviews was conducted in the databases, including PubMed, Scopus, and ClinicalTrials.gov of the U.S. National Library of Medicine site from 1988 to 2020. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION This review reports the effects of the physiological and iatrogenic hormonal changes either on immune or clinical or paraclinical features in the different life stages of women affected by Multiple Sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maddalena Sparaco
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Piazza Miraglia, 2, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Simona Bonavita
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Piazza Miraglia, 2, 80138 Naples, Italy.
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15
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Ramos-Martinez E, Ramos-Martínez I, Molina-Salinas G, Zepeda-Ruiz WA, Cerbon M. The role of prolactin in central nervous system inflammation. Rev Neurosci 2021; 32:323-340. [PMID: 33661585 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2020-0082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Prolactin has been shown to favor both the activation and suppression of the microglia and astrocytes, as well as the release of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Prolactin has also been associated with neuronal damage in diseases such as multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, and in experimental models of these diseases. However, studies show that prolactin has neuroprotective effects in conditions of neuronal damage and inflammation and may be used as neuroprotector factor. In this review, we first discuss general information about prolactin, then we summarize recent findings of prolactin function in inflammatory and anti-inflammatory processes and factors involved in the possible dual role of prolactin are described. Finally, we review the function of prolactin specifically in the central nervous system and how it promotes a neuroprotective effect, or that of neuronal damage, particularly in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and during excitotoxicity. The overall studies indicated that prolactin may be a promising molecule for the treatment of some neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Ramos-Martinez
- Escuela de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma "Benito Juárez" de Oaxaca, Oaxaca68120, Mexico
- Instituto de Cómputo Aplicado en Ciencias, Oaxaca68000, Mexico
| | - Ivan Ramos-Martínez
- Glycobiology, Cell Growth and Tissue Repair Research Unit (Gly-CRRET), Université Paris Est Créteil (UPEC), 94010Créteil, France
| | - Gladys Molina-Salinas
- Unidad de Investigación en Reproducción Humana, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología-Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX, 04510Coyoacan, Mexico
| | - Wendy A Zepeda-Ruiz
- Unidad de Investigación en Reproducción Humana, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología-Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX, 04510Coyoacan, Mexico
| | - Marco Cerbon
- Unidad de Investigación en Reproducción Humana, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología-Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CDMX, 04510Coyoacan, Mexico
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16
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Potential Biomarkers of Peripheral and Central Fatigue in High-Intensity Trained Athletes at High-Temperature: A Pilot Study with Momordica charantia (Bitter Melon). J Immunol Res 2020; 2020:4768390. [PMID: 32587872 PMCID: PMC7298321 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4768390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Among potent dietary supplements, Momordica charantia, commonly called bitter melon, has various biological effects, such as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, and improves energy metabolism and fatigue recovery. However, it is unknown whether Momordica charantia extract (MCE) induces antifatigue effects during exercise training in high-temperature environments. This study aimed at investigating the efficacy of MCE by examining 10 male tennis players consuming 100 mL MCE/dose (6 times a day over 4 weeks) during the summer training season. Peripheral (ammonia and uric acid) and central (serotonin, dopamine, and prolactin) fatigue parameters were measured before and after MCE consumption; before, during, and after exercise; and the next morning. After consuming MCE supplements, ammonia levels were higher during and after exercise and recovered the next morning, whereas uric acid levels did not change at any time point. Serotonin levels were lower during exercise. Dopamine levels were higher, especially during exercise. Prolactin levels were lower at all time points, especially during and after exercise. Although high-intensity training in a hot environment causes accumulation of fatigue-related metabolites, our results indicate that 4 weeks of MCE intake positively influenced fatigue parameters, suggesting that MCE can efficiently combat fatigue.
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17
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Deems NP, Leuner B. Pregnancy, postpartum and parity: Resilience and vulnerability in brain health and disease. Front Neuroendocrinol 2020; 57:100820. [PMID: 31987814 PMCID: PMC7225072 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2020.100820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Risk and resilience in brain health and disease can be influenced by a variety of factors. While there is a growing appreciation to consider sex as one of these factors, far less attention has been paid to sex-specific variables that may differentially impact females such as pregnancy and reproductive history. In this review, we focus on nervous system disorders which show a female bias and for which there is data from basic research and clinical studies pointing to modification in disease risk and progression during pregnancy, postpartum and/or as a result of parity: multiple sclerosis (MS), depression, stroke, and Alzheimer's disease (AD). In doing so, we join others (Shors, 2016; Galea et al., 2018a) in aiming to illustrate the importance of looking beyond sex in neuroscience research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas P Deems
- The Ohio State University, Department of Psychology, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Benedetta Leuner
- The Ohio State University, Department of Psychology, Columbus, OH, USA.
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18
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Dobson R, Yam C. Pregnancy in multiple sclerosis: influence on disease trajectory. ADVANCES IN CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE & REHABILITATION 2020. [DOI: 10.47795/rmtu3215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Ysrraelit MC, Correale J. Impact of sex hormones on immune function and multiple sclerosis development. Immunology 2019; 156:9-22. [PMID: 30222193 PMCID: PMC6283654 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 08/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) affecting young people and leading to demyelination and neurodegeneration. The disease is clearly more common in women, in whom incidence has been rising. Gender differences include: earlier disease onset and more frequent relapses in women; and faster progression and worse outcomes in men. Hormone-related physiological conditions in women such as puberty, pregnancy, puerperium, and menopause also exert significant influence both on disease prevalence as well as on outcomes. Hormonal and/or genetic factors are therefore believed to be involved in regulating the course of disease. In this review, we discuss clinical evidence for the impact of sex hormones (estrogens, progesterone, prolactin, and testosterone) on MS and attempt to elucidate the hormonal and immunological mechanisms potentially underlying these changes. We also review current knowledge on the relationship between sex hormones and resident CNS cells and provide new insights in the context of MS. Understanding these molecular mechanisms may contribute to the development of new and safer treatments for both men and women.
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Affiliation(s)
- María C. Ysrraelit
- Department of NeurologyRaúl Carrea Institute for Neurological Research (FLENI)Buenos AiresArgentina
| | - Jorge Correale
- Department of NeurologyRaúl Carrea Institute for Neurological Research (FLENI)Buenos AiresArgentina
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20
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Berksoy Hayta S, Guner R, Cam S, Akyol M. ROSACEA IS ASSOCIATED WITH THYROID AUTOIMMUNITY: A CASE CONTROL STUDY. ACTA ENDOCRINOLOGICA (BUCHAREST, ROMANIA : 2005) 2018; 14:248-251. [PMID: 31149265 PMCID: PMC6516508 DOI: 10.4183/aeb.2018.248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS There are numerous intrinsic and extrinsic factors associated with the pathophysiology of rosacea, including immune dysregulation. The aim of this study is to determine the relationship between rosacea and thyroid autoimmunity. METHODS Seventy-two patients with rosacea and 62 rosacea-free control subjects were included in the study. Serum free triiodothyronine (fT3), free thyroxine (fT4), thyrotropin releasing hormone (TSH), antithyroidperoxidase antibody (ATPO), antithyroglobulin (anti-Tg), prolactin, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), basal cortisol, serum CRP concentrations and erythrocyte sedimentation rate were measured. RESULTS The number of the cases with high levels of CRP, anti-M and prolactin in rosacea group were significantly higher than the controls (p<0.05), there was no significant difference according to other parameters in both groups (p>0.05). There was no significant difference according to the presence of a thyroid disease in both groups (p>0.05). The decrease in the CRP parameter in patients with the disease duration of 1-5 years was found to be statistically significant (βCRP=-0.251, pCRP<0.05). There was no statistically significant difference according to disease severity or disease duration (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS Rosacea may be associated with high thyroid autoantibodies, prolactin and CRP levels, in which immune-endocrine interactions are important.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Berksoy Hayta
- Cumhuriyet University School of Medicine, Dept. of Dermatology, Sivas, Turkey
| | - R. Guner
- Cumhuriyet University School of Medicine, Dept. of Dermatology, Sivas, Turkey
| | - S. Cam
- Cumhuriyet University School of Medicine, Hospital Statistics, Sivas, Turkey
| | - M. Akyol
- Cumhuriyet University School of Medicine, Dept. of Dermatology, Sivas, Turkey
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21
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Borba VV, Zandman-Goddard G, Shoenfeld Y. Prolactin and Autoimmunity. Front Immunol 2018; 9:73. [PMID: 29483903 PMCID: PMC5816039 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The great asymmetry of autoimmune diseases between genders represents one of the most enigmatic observations among the mosaic of autoimmunity. Sex hormones are believed to play a crucial role on this dimorphism. The higher prevalence of autoimmunity among women at childbearing ages, disease onset/relapses during pregnancy, and post-partum are some of the arguments that support this hypothesis. Certainly, motherhood represents one of the most remarkable challenges for the immune system, which not only has to allow for the conceptus, but also has to deal with complex endocrine alterations. Hormonal homeostasis is known to exert a crucial influence in achieving a competent and healthy immune system. Prolactin (PRL) has a bioactive function acting as a hormone and a cytokine. It interferes with immune system modulation, mainly inhibiting the negative selection of autoreactive B lymphocytes. Likewise, hyperprolactinemia has been described in relation to the pathogenesis and activity of several autoimmune disorders. Dopamine is an effective inhibitor of PRL secretion due to either a direct influence on the hypophysis or stimulation of postsynaptic dopamine receptors in the hypothalamus, arousing the release of the PRL inhibitory factor. Hence, dopamine agonists have proven to offer clinical benefits among autoimmune patients and represent a promising therapy to be explored. In this review, we attempt to provide a critical overview of the link between PRL, autoimmune diseases, and motherhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vânia Vieira Borba
- Department "A" of Internal Medicine, Coimbra University Hospital Centre, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | | | - Yehuda Shoenfeld
- Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
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22
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González L, Lira-Albarrán S, Méndez I, Díaz L, Larrea F. The role of the ovarian cycle and the effects of mitogen-induced cytokines on human prolactin gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Endocr Res 2018; 43:39-46. [PMID: 28972407 DOI: 10.1080/07435800.2017.1374967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND little is known on the influences of normal menstrual cycle on prolactin gene expression in immune cells. AIM OF THE STUDY to determine the effects of the ovarian cycle on prolactin and its receptor expression. METHODS peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were obtained from twenty-six normal menstruating women at different intervals of their menstrual cycle. The PBMC were incubated during 24 h in the presence or absence of Concanavalin-A (Con-A) and the gene expression of PRL, PRLR and cytokines was evaluated by qPCR. Prolactin, IL-2 and cAMP were determined in each culture by specific immunoassays. RESULTS neither PRL nor its receptor expression in PBMC changed significantly among groups, including the cytokines (IL-2, IL-10, and IFNG) studied. Similar results, among groups, were obtained, when PRL expression was stimulated by PGE2 or 8-Br-cAMP. Concanavalin A-stimulated PBMC expressed significantly less prolactin and a significant negative correlation between secreted IL-2 and PRL expression was found. The presence of anti-IL-2 antibodies in Con-A stimulated-cultures significantly increased PRL expression when compared to control cells regardless the hormonal status. CONCLUSIONS these data suggest that the menstrual cycle does not significantly modulate or influence prolactin and cytokines gene expression in PBMC, and indicate that IL-2 may be involved in the Con-A regulation of PRL expression in immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia González
- a Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción Dr. Carlos Gual Castro , Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán , Mexico City , Mexico
- b Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas , Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Mexico City , México
| | - Saúl Lira-Albarrán
- a Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción Dr. Carlos Gual Castro , Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - Isabel Méndez
- c Instituto de Neurobiología , Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Querétaro , Mexico
| | - Lorenza Díaz
- a Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción Dr. Carlos Gual Castro , Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - Fernando Larrea
- a Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción Dr. Carlos Gual Castro , Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán , Mexico City , Mexico
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